Knowledge (XXG)

Leon Chechemian

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1068: 1048: 27: 598:) asserts that the consecrators were Dominicus Agostina (cardinal patriarch of Venice), Luigi Nazari di Caliana (archbishop of Milan), Vincentius Moretti (a cardinal), and Ignatios Ghiurekian (a Byzantine archbishop and abbot-general of Ordo Mechitaristarum Venetiarum from the island of St Lazarus near Venice), and that they acted with the authority of Pope Pius IX. 594:. The three of them claimed to have been secretly consecrated (c. 1877) as bishops. There has been much speculation and conjecture as to who their consecrators were. Owing to the secrecy that long surrounded these consecrations, it may be difficult definitively to establish the facts. However, the website of the Order of Corporate Reunion (as at 2015 led by 262:
While Persson did not write in a section about "The apostolic succession of the Apostolic Episcopal Church from the Armenian Catholic Church" that Chechemian was consecrated as bishop by Chorchorunian, Persson had not removed that section but equivocated that Chechemian was only "blessed as vardapet"
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If Bain is correct that there was this 1879 consecration on 23 April 1879, it took place precisely twelve months after the date on which it is known that Chechemian had been blessed as a vardapet, 23 April 1878. An alternative possibility might be that Bain's 23 April 1879 date is a transcription
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Hassun (lived 1809–1884) was archbishop of Malatya and an Armenian Catholic patriarch. Hassun is also known as Antoine-Pierre IX, and sometimes, for example by Bain, as Pierre Antoine IX. There are various spellings of his surname, such as Hassum, Hassoun and Hassounian. In 1880, the Pope of Rome
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The questions of whether the consecration (1890) by Stevens and Richardson was the first consecration of Chechemian, or whether he had earlier (c. 1878 or 1879) been consecrated as a bishop for the Armenian Catholic Church by Chorchorunian and/or (c. 1889) as a bishop for the Protestant Episcopal
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Whether Chechemian was ever raised (within the Armenian Catholic jurisdiction) from vardapet to bishop is disputed. According to Alan Bain, Chechemian was first consecrated as a bishop on 23 April 1879 by Leon Chorchorunian. However, Bain also notes that Henry Brandreth considers it doubtful that
371:", and resulted in a canonical case brought against Richardson. Richardson resigned and the case did not proceed. According to Anson, the conditional consecration of Chechemian by Stevens and Richardson shows that both consecrators did not comprehend that a vardapet "has no episcopal status." 235:
never referred to Chechemian as a bishop. According to Anson, Chechemian both used "the word 'doctor' as more intelligible to Scottish Presbertarian readers" in the 1880s, and years later stated that he was consecrated a bishop in 1879. Anson also noted that in the 1880s
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In 1890, Chechemian was described as "an Armenian Catholic priest of the highest degree" who received "his degree of very honourable doctor" from Chorchorunian on 23 April 1878, and was later, while in Constantinople, "referred to as a prominent, well known dignitary."
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From the above, it can be seen that there is certainly a line of presbyteral succession from Leon Chorchorunian (lived 1822–1897) of the Armenian Catholic Church. However, whether it is an episcopal succession is disputed as explained above, and may be doubtful.
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On 30 December 1900, Chechemian resigned as primus of the Free Protestant Episcopal Church. Stevens then took over as primus of the Free Protestant Episcopal Church. (Stevens had been appointed second patriarch of the Ancient British Church in 1889).
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The Ancient British Church and the Free Protestant Episcopal Church were separated when Herbert James Monanzi-Heard, McLagan's successor, was succeeded by William Hall in the Free Protestant Episcopal Church on 18 May 1939, and was succeeded by
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Brandreth noted that Chechemian was "said to have been" a titular bishop who "had no jurisdiction to perform consecrations", his doubt, about whether Chechemian was consecrated as a bishop by Chorchorunian, is supported by others. An 1890
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Alan Bain writes that Chechemian was elected archbishop of the Free Protestant Church of England and that he was consecrated for this office by six bishops, but adds that no details of these bishops are known.
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The Free Protestant Episcopal Church continues today as the Anglican Free Communion (renamed in 2012), led (for more than twenty years) by Bishop Edwin Duane Follick. A schism occurred from 1978 to 2011.
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Chechemian was appointed first primus of the new church. George Maaers and Frederick Boucher were consecrated on 2 November 1897 by Chechemian and Martin, to assist in the leadership of the new church.
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Chechemian became a notable lecturer at various churches in the city of Belfast and c. 1889 founded a meeting place for a mix of Protestant denominations called the Free Protestant Church of England.
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Martin died in 1919. Andrew Charles Albert McLagen (Mar Andries) was patriarch of the Ancient British Church and primus of the Free Protestant Episcopal church from 1919 until his death in 1928.
296:. Initially (1878–79), this was as a vardapet. The question of whether, in 1878 or 1879, he was raised to episcopal status in the Armenian Catholic Church is discussed earlier in this article. 583:. Ferrette (originally a Roman Catholic priest) claimed to have been consecrated as a bishop in 1866 by the Syrian Orthodox bishop of Damascus, MV Bedros, who later (1872) became Maran Mar 463:
Stevens died on 2 February 1917. Martin (Mar Jacobus I Antipas) then took over as third patriarch of the Ancient British Church and as third primus of the Free Protestant Episcopal Church.
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Here Chechemian is spelled Checkemian with an alternate spelling of Khekemian; and Leon Chorchorunian is spelled Leon Chorchorunian with an alternate spelling of Ghevont Khorkhorounian.
1269: 419:, London by uniting the Ancient British Church, led by Stevens; the Free Protestant Church, founded and led by Chechemian; and the Nazarene Episcopal Church, founded and led by Martin. 359:
Richardson's unauthorised acts, the consecration of James Martin c. 1888 and participation in the conditional consecration of Chechemian in 1890, were according to John Fenwick, in
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According to Anson, the Ancient British Church archives "cannot produce documentary evidence" that Stevens used the religious title and name "Mar Theophilus".
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According to Anson, the Ancient British Church archives "cannot produce documentary evidence" that McLagen used the religious title and name "Mar Andries".
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According to Anson, the Ancient British Church archives "cannot produce documentary evidence" that Martin used the religious title and name "Mar Jacobus".
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error for 23 April 1878 and that Bain (or Bain's sources) did not appreciate the significant and important distinction between a vardapet and a bishop.
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On 15 August 1890, Chechemian founded the United Armenian Catholic Church to provide for fellow British Armenian refugees with a non-Catholic option.
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According to Anson, the Ancient British Church archives "cannot produce documentary evidence" that Chechemian used the religious title of "Mar".
352:, (also known as Mar Theophilus I), patriarch of the Ancient British Church, assisted by Alfred Spencer Richardson, bishop of the branch of the 1260: 520:(now united with the French Orthodox Church and the Orthodox Church of the Gauls, forming the Communion of Western Orthodox Churches (CWOC)). 1195: 873: 844: 474: 513: 501:
The Free Protestant Episcopal Church has also used the names "Episcopal Apostolic Church of England" and "Ecumenical Church Foundation".
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Comment is not possible as details of this consecration or alleged consecration are not known. For succession after Chechemian, see
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According to Bertil Persson, "Checkemian has not, as has been stated, been consecrated a Bishop in The Armenian Catholic Church."
553: 131: 44: 91: 1098: 1015: 982: 491: 48: 63: 1401: 1359: 1072: 1288: 1242: 256:—or did Chechemian mislead him?" There was an unsubstantiated story in 1897 that embellished details about Chechemian. 70: 611: 444: 244:, "recommended him as 'a bishop of a church other than the established church'", but Anson supposed that in the 1880s 187:
In this capacity, Chechemian served at Besui (1866–1868), Aintab (1868), Gurum (1868–1877) and then moved to Malatya.
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The Free Protestant Episcopal Church of England was official recognised as a legally constituted denomination by the
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Alfred Spencer Richardson was consecrated on 22 June 1879 in the Reformed Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, USA by
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The apostolic successions of the Apostolic Episcopal Church : an outline at the prospect of the 21st century
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Between 1878 and 1881 Chechemian served in a leadership role in the Armenian Catholic Church in his home town of
77: 1411: 1314:. Dutch studies in Armenian language and literature. Vol. 6. Amsterdam : Rodopi. pp. 43–47, 123–126. 1090: 921: 667: 249: 173: 735:
This may have been his first episcopal consecration, or it may have been a further or subsequent consecration.
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Felix Marie De Neckere was the Latin Church titular archbishop of Melitene, living in Rome, from 1875 to 1903.
1256: 651: 565: 505: 59: 1268:(3rd rev. ed.). Solna: St. Ephrem's Institute; The Apostolic Episcopal Church Inc; Bertil Persson. . 1020: 987: 631: 517: 364: 345: 312: 615: 523:
There are many hundreds, perhaps thousands, of bishops deriving lines of succession through Chechemian.
349: 622:, American Episcopal assistant bishop of Kentucky, USA, and who was consecrated (15 November 1866) by 1386: 1381: 1223:
Church Eclectic: A Monthly Magazine of Church Literature and Correspondence, with Notes and Summaries
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Chechemian was ordained as a priest on 27 November 1866 by Leon Chorchorunian (lived 1822–1897), the
532:(A) via the Armenian Catholic Church, (from Leon Chorchorunian and Cardinal/Patriarch Antony Hassun) 204:. A vardapet may hold rank similar to that of a bishop, though without the power to ordain priests. 426:
Chechemian led the new church as a separate organisation from the United Armenian Catholic Church.
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or its constituent bodies one of its bishops took part in the consecrations of what are known as
304: 201: 161: 157: 805:. Independent Catholic Heritage series (1st Apocryphile ed.). Berkeley: Apocryphile Press. 1218: 630:(enthroned archbishop of Canterbury, 1678) via Thomas White (bishop of Peterborough, England), 1315: 1307: 1230: 1191: 1140: 964: 956: 869: 861: 840: 834: 806: 584: 415:
The Free Protestant Episcopal Church was formed on 2 November 1897 at St. Stephen's Church in
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Lee and Seccombe, together with Thomas Mossman were the three founders and leaders of the
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The lawcode (Datastanagirk') of Mxit'ar Goš : translated with commentary and indices
889: 626:, Episcopal bishop of Vermont, USA. The line of succession to Hopkins is traceable from 156:, Eastern Anatolia to parents Jacob and Rose (née Gruchian). His family were originally 663: 655: 647: 639: 635: 610:, a bishop of the Reformed Episcopal Church, USA. WR Nicholson was consecrated for the 580: 579:
Morgan had been consecrated at Marholm in Northamptonshire, England on 6 March 1874 by
245: 1067: 1047: 1025: 992: 963:(in Italian). Rome: Tipografia Vaticana. 1885. pp. 187, 299, 384, 390, 451, 611. 477:. Ernest A. Asquith helped obtain this recognition that allowed clergy exemption from 1375: 509: 197: 1303: 957:"Gerarchia cattolica e la famighia pontifica per l' anno 1880...e per l' anno 1885" 1052: 134:(full name: Free Protestant Episcopal Church of England), and that church's first 587:(or III) of Antioch, known as "Peter the Humble", the Syrian Orthodox patriarch. 798: 659: 231: 26: 1356: 271:"which symbolizes wisdom and authority to teach and to preach", nevertheless a 839:. London; New York: T & T Clark International. pp. 121–122, 128–129. 300: 177: 968: 504:
The Ancient British Church continues today in several bodies, including the
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Consecration (disputed, or doubtful) as an Armenian Catholic bishop, c. 1879
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appointed him a cardinal. He retired in 1881, becoming patriarch-emeritus.
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Formation and early life of the Free Protestant Episcopal Church, 1897–1900
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Bishops irregular : an international directory of independent bishops
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At Malatya, probably in 1878 or thereabouts, Chechemian was blessed as
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The website does not seem to declare the sources of this information.
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Leon Chorchorunian was consecrated on 7 April 1861 by Antony Hassun.
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reuses information from other sources without citing them in detail.
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reuses information from other sources without citing them in detail.
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On 4 May 1890, Chechemian received consecration as a bishop for the
1229:(12). Milwaukee, Wisconsin: The Young Churchman: 1149. March 1897. 430:
Resignation as primus of the Free Protestant Episcopal Church, 1900
670:(bishop of Eastern Diocese, USA) who in 1832 consecrated Hoskins. 836:
The Free Church of England: introduction to an Anglican tradition
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in 1890, and was licensed as a cleric in the Church of Ireland's
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Consecration as a bishop of the Ancient British Church, May 1890
315:, and worked with the Scottish Reformation Society; he moved to 267:"receives a scholarly degree" through ordination and receives a 331:
Consecration as a bishop of the Free Protestant Church, c. 1889
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The website of the Order of Corporate Reunion may be found at
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Formation of the United Armenian Catholic Church, August 1890
303:. He emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1885 and worked as a 961:
Gerarchia cattolica e la famighia pontifica per l'anno 1885
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Cross, Frank L.; Livingstone, Elizabeth A., eds. (2005).
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Charles Isaac Stevens was consecrated on 6 March 1879 by
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Free Protestant Episcopal Church#Succession of primuses
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Chorchorunian ever consecrated Chechemian as a bishop.
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Stewart, H. W.; Cunningham, J. G. (10 October 1890) .
868:(3rd rev. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 695:
Leon Chorchorunian was the Armenian Catholic Church
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Here Leon Chorchorunian is spelled Leone Korkoruni.
130:Christian cleric. In 1897, he was a founder of the 51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 920: 494:in the Ancient British Church on 29 January 1945. 311:, Scotland, where he lived on charity, studied at 1085: 1083: 1179: 1177: 323:Formation of the Free Protestant Church, c. 1889 375:Church are discussed earlier in this article. 828: 826: 824: 822: 8: 1357:http://www.orgsites.com/ny/corporatereunion/ 793: 791: 789: 473:in early 1917 after a test case of the 1916 252:, "was not aware of the precise status of a 1190:. Wildside Press LLC. pp. 46, 50, 52. 787: 785: 783: 781: 779: 777: 775: 773: 771: 769: 1407:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom 1184:Henry R. T. Brandreth (1 September 2007). 618:who was consecrated (14 December 1873) by 866:Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church 634:(assistant bishop of Thetford, England), 284:did not note any prior episcopal status. 111:Learn how and when to remove this message 1187:Episcopi Vagates and the Anglican Church 196:, a highly educated celibate priest, or 1397:Priests of the Armenian Catholic Church 1308:"Concerning the statutes for vardapets" 1130: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1120: 765: 679: 363:, "the only time in the history of the 1346:Here Chechemian is spelled Checkemian. 1163: 1152: 943:Here Chechemian is spelled Checkemian. 387:Reception into Church of Ireland, 1890 1275:from the original on 30 December 2014 1105:from the original on 31 December 2014 229:from a promoter of Chechemian to the 152:Chechemian or Checkemian was born in 16:Armenian Christian cleric (1848–1920) 7: 890:"The Most Rev'd Dr. Leon Checkemian" 514:Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria 455:Chechemian died on 3 December 1920. 49:adding citations to reliable sources 1016:"Archbishop Felix-Marie de Neckere" 447:in 1901 while living in Edinburgh. 1139:. Bristol: A.M. Bain. p. 71. 401:William Plunket, 4th Baron Plunket 14: 1344:. 3 September 1901. p. 5814. 1024:. David M. Cheney. Archived from 991:. David M. Cheney. Archived from 717:see below – comments by Brandreth 646:(bishop of Caithness, Scotland), 397:Diocese of Dublin and Glendalough 1392:Alumni of New College, Edinburgh 1066: 1046: 662:(bishop of Massachusetts, USA), 650:(bishop of Aberdeen, Scotland), 638:(bishop of Aberdeen, Scotland), 132:Free Protestant Episcopal Church 25: 1310:. In Thomson, Robert W. (ed.). 642:(bishop of Dunkeld, Scotland), 548:(B) Protestant Episcopal Church 516:from 1994 until 2015), and the 36:needs additional citations for 1099:Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin 699:of Melitene from 1861 to 1897. 666:(bishop of Connecticut, USA), 654:(bishop of Connecticut, USA), 644:William Falconer (or Falconar) 492:Hugh George de Willmott Newman 281:Crockford's Clerical Directory 126:(Mar Leon) (1848–1920) was an 1: 1071:The dictionary definition of 1051:The dictionary definition of 614:, USA on 24 February 1876 by 983:"Archbishop Leone Korkoruni" 263:by Chorchorunian in 1878. A 658:(bishop of Maryland, USA), 612:Protestant Episcopal Church 445:naturalised British citizen 138:. He is also considered an 1428: 922:"Rev. Dr. Leon Checkemian" 592:Order of Corporate Reunion 361:The Free Church of England 275:is not a bishop but monk. 939:British Newspaper Archive 439:British citizenship, 1901 391:He was received into the 354:Reformed Episcopal Church 168:Ministry, 1866-circa 1879 929:. Belfast, NI. p. 6 668:Alexander Viets Griswold 250:archbishop of Canterbury 174:Armenian Catholic Church 1362:9 November 2007 at the 894:Anglican Free Communion 608:William Rufus Nicholson 566:Richard Williams Morgan 506:British Orthodox Church 1021:Catholic-Hierarchy.org 988:Catholic-Hierarchy.org 833:Fenwick, John (2004). 518:Celtic Orthodox Church 365:Free Church of England 346:Ancient British Church 313:New College, Edinburgh 616:Charles Edward Cheney 459:Leadership succession 350:Charles Isaac Stevens 1402:Armenian Protestants 1097:. Vagharshapat, AM: 620:George David Cummins 574:John Thomas Seccombe 570:Frederick George Lee 475:Military Service Act 443:Chechemian became a 405:archbishop of Dublin 278:The 1893 edition of 227:letter to the editor 45:improve this article 1135:Bain, Alan (1985). 927:Belfast News-Letter 862:"episcopi vagantes" 697:diocesan archbishop 602:(D) from Richardson 527:Lines of succession 232:Belfast News Letter 1341:The London Gazette 1095:armenianchurch.org 624:John Henry Hopkins 596:Peter Paul Brennan 471:British Government 202:doctor of theology 162:Armenian Catholics 158:Armenian Apostolic 1292: 1246: 1197:978-0-89370-558-9 1162:Missing or empty 1155:cite encyclopedia 875:978-0-19-280290-3 846:978-0-567-08433-0 585:Ignatius Peter IV 393:Church of Ireland 369:episcopi vagantes 288:Ministry, 1878–89 160:and converted to 121: 120: 113: 95: 60:"Leon Chechemian" 1419: 1367: 1353: 1347: 1345: 1332: 1326: 1325: 1300: 1294: 1286: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1274: 1267: 1253: 1247: 1240: 1238: 1215: 1209: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1181: 1172: 1171: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1150: 1132: 1115: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1087: 1078: 1070: 1064: 1058: 1050: 1044: 1038: 1037: 1035: 1033: 1012: 1006: 1004: 1002: 1000: 979: 973: 972: 953: 944: 942: 936: 934: 924: 916: 905: 904: 902: 900: 886: 880: 879: 857: 851: 850: 830: 817: 816: 803:Bishops at large 795: 754: 751: 745: 742: 736: 733: 727: 724: 718: 715: 709: 706: 700: 693: 687: 684: 628:William Sancroft 560:(C) from Stevens 481:in World War I. 479:military service 242:bishop of London 238:Frederick Temple 164:when he was 13. 141:episcopus vagans 116: 109: 105: 102: 96: 94: 53: 29: 21: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1412:British bishops 1372: 1371: 1370: 1364:Wayback Machine 1354: 1350: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1322: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1289:tertiary source 1278: 1276: 1272: 1265: 1257:Persson, Bertil 1255: 1254: 1250: 1243:tertiary source 1217: 1216: 1212: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1183: 1182: 1175: 1161: 1151: 1147: 1134: 1133: 1118: 1108: 1106: 1089: 1088: 1081: 1065: 1061: 1045: 1041: 1031: 1029: 1028:on 18 July 2014 1014: 1013: 1009: 998: 996: 995:on 16 July 2014 981: 980: 976: 955: 954: 947: 932: 930: 918: 917: 908: 898: 896: 888: 887: 883: 876: 859: 858: 854: 847: 832: 831: 820: 813: 797: 796: 767: 763: 758: 757: 752: 748: 743: 739: 734: 730: 725: 721: 716: 712: 707: 703: 694: 690: 685: 681: 676: 604: 562: 550: 534: 529: 487: 461: 453: 441: 432: 413: 389: 381: 342: 333: 325: 290: 214: 170: 150: 124:Leon Chechemian 117: 106: 100: 97: 54: 52: 42: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1425: 1423: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1348: 1327: 1320: 1295: 1248: 1210: 1196: 1173: 1145: 1116: 1079: 1059: 1039: 1007: 974: 945: 906: 881: 874: 852: 845: 818: 811: 799:Anson, Peter F 764: 762: 759: 756: 755: 746: 737: 728: 719: 710: 701: 688: 678: 677: 675: 672: 664:Abraham Jarvis 656:Thomas Clagett 652:Samuel Seabury 648:Robert Kilgour 640:Thomas Rattray 636:James Gadderar 603: 600: 581:Jules Ferrette 568:, assisted by 561: 558: 549: 546: 533: 530: 528: 525: 486: 483: 460: 457: 452: 449: 440: 437: 431: 428: 412: 409: 388: 385: 380: 377: 341: 338: 332: 329: 324: 321: 307:; he moved to 289: 286: 246:Archibald Tait 213: 210: 169: 166: 149: 146: 119: 118: 33: 31: 24: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1424: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1377: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1337: 1331: 1328: 1323: 1321:9789042007901 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1296: 1290: 1271: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1252: 1249: 1244: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1214: 1211: 1199: 1193: 1189: 1188: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1156: 1148: 1146:9780951029800 1142: 1138: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1077:at Wiktionary 1076: 1075: 1069: 1063: 1060: 1057:at Wiktionary 1056: 1055: 1049: 1043: 1040: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1011: 1008: 994: 990: 989: 984: 978: 975: 970: 966: 962: 958: 952: 950: 946: 940: 928: 923: 915: 913: 911: 907: 895: 891: 885: 882: 877: 871: 867: 863: 856: 853: 848: 842: 838: 837: 829: 827: 825: 823: 819: 814: 812:0-9771461-8-9 808: 804: 800: 794: 792: 790: 788: 786: 784: 782: 780: 778: 776: 774: 772: 770: 766: 760: 750: 747: 741: 738: 732: 729: 723: 720: 714: 711: 705: 702: 698: 692: 689: 683: 680: 673: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 632:George Hickes 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 601: 599: 597: 593: 588: 586: 582: 577: 575: 571: 567: 559: 557: 555: 547: 545: 541: 538: 531: 526: 524: 521: 519: 515: 511: 508:(a canonical 507: 502: 499: 495: 493: 484: 482: 480: 476: 472: 467: 464: 458: 456: 450: 448: 446: 438: 436: 429: 427: 424: 420: 418: 410: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 386: 384: 378: 376: 372: 370: 366: 362: 357: 355: 351: 347: 339: 337: 330: 328: 322: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 297: 295: 287: 285: 283: 282: 276: 274: 270: 266: 260: 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 234: 233: 228: 222: 218: 211: 209: 205: 203: 199: 198:archimandrite 195: 194: 188: 185: 183: 179: 175: 167: 165: 163: 159: 155: 147: 145: 143: 142: 137: 133: 129: 125: 115: 112: 104: 101:December 2014 93: 90: 86: 83: 79: 76: 72: 69: 65: 62: –  61: 57: 56:Find sources: 50: 46: 40: 39: 34:This article 32: 28: 23: 22: 19: 1351: 1339: 1330: 1311: 1298: 1277:. 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