240:
226:. The royalist parties abstained from the December elections, paving the way for the electoral triumph of the Venizelist parties. King George II left the country on 19 December, and on 25 March 1924, a presidential Republic was proclaimed. Its short existence would be troubled by coups and counter-coups amidst the ever-continuing conflict between Venizelists and royalists, until the restoration of monarchy in yet another coup in October 1935.
404:
174:
Metaxas had advised that the coup should take place in Athens, the country's nerve centre, but in the event, it was launched in the provinces in the early hours of 22 October. In its initial stages it proved rapidly successful: by the morning, in the entire Greek mainland, only the cities of Athens,
217:
The failed coup was a turning point in Greek history, as the royalist cause was comprehensively defeated, at least for the moment. In the coup's aftermath, the royalist faction lost in influence and was effectively decapitated. More than 1200 royalist officers were dismissed from the Armed Forces.
141:
The prospect of the elections and an almost-certain regime change led to the creation of a heterogeneous coalition in the ranks of the army, which aimed to overthrow the government. Its main driving force was the so-called "Majors' Organization" (Οργάνωση Ταγματαρχών) of royalist middle-ranking
486:
416:
372:
133:
to be held on 16 December for a
National Assembly which would decide on the country's future form of government. The Revolutionary Government however, headed by Gonatas, had passed an electoral law which heavily favoured the Venizelist
194:
preempted the coup from taking over the city, and subsequently confronted the rebel forces under
Colonel Ziras. The government forces prevailed and reestablished control over northern Greece by October 25, while Ziras himself fled to
128:
six leading royalists to death as scapegoats for the country's military defeat, and gradually steered the country in the direction of a republic. On 18 October 1923, the
Revolutionary Government proclaimed
150:, but several disgruntled Venizelists, most prominently Leonardopoulos and Gargalidis, also joined. The conspirators managed to win over the bulk of the military units in northern Greece and the
461:
339:
559:
554:
269:
544:
332:
218:
Leonardopoulos and
Gargalidis were court-martialled and sentenced to death, although they were eventually pardoned. Ioannis Metaxas, who was in
325:
384:
549:
454:
291:
564:
348:
130:
203:
and marched towards Athens, but were surrounded by government troops and forced to surrender unconditionally on 27 October.
449:
389:
184:
113:
394:
362:
143:
539:
481:
367:
17:
252:
124:
succeeded him, but the position of the monarchy remained precarious. The military-led "Revolutionary
Government"
411:
399:
262:
256:
248:
212:
67:
183:
remained under government control. The government was initially caught by surprise but soon rallied. General
534:
476:
471:
466:
117:
55:
273:
135:
196:
59:
423:
63:
121:
89:
83:
200:
105:
187:, the head of the Army, launched energetic countermeasures, while the putschists prevaricated.
191:
109:
66:. Its failure discredited the monarchy and contributed decisively to the establishment of the
47:
223:
125:
147:
79:
35:
528:
498:
163:
43:
503:
159:
199:. In the Peloponnese, Leonardopoulos and Gargalidis with their troops crossed the
142:
officers, which was in close contact with the royalist former Deputy Chief of the
493:
433:
428:
151:
379:
101:
97:
515:
317:
222:
at the time of the coup, managed to flee the country and went to exile in
180:
51:
219:
176:
162:
or the other major cities, as well as in the overwhelmingly
Venizelist
155:
93:
310:
Thanos
Veremis (1999), "I Ellada tou Mesopolemou (1922–1940)", in
321:
233:
46:
launched on 22 October 1923 (11 October O.S.) in the
190:
442:
355:
312:Ekpedeftiki Elliniki Egiklopedia: Elliniki Istoria
154:, but failed to make inroads in the garrisons of
18:Leonardopoulos-Gargalidis coup d'état attempt
261:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
54:military officers under the Lieutenant Generals
333:
27:1923 Greek pro-royalist military coup attempt
8:
340:
326:
318:
292:Learn how and when to remove this message
314:, Vol. 22, pp. 389–96, Ekdotiki Athinon.
138:and the other anti-monarchist parties.
32:Leonardopoulos–Gargalidis coup attempt
7:
560:1920s coups d'état and coup attempts
120:into renewed exile. His eldest son,
116:in September 1922 and forced King
88:Following the Greek defeat in the
25:
114:overthrew the royalist government
555:Attempted coups d'état in Europe
238:
40:Κίνημα Λεοναρδόπουλου-Γαργαλίδη
1:
545:History of Greece (1909–1924)
146:and future dictator, General
581:
210:
77:
512:
39:
550:Military coups in Greece
349:Military coups in Greece
247:This article includes a
213:Second Hellenic Republic
68:Second Hellenic Republic
565:1920s in Greek politics
276:more precise citations.
56:Georgios Leonardopoulos
60:Panagiotis Gargalidis
514: •
126:tried and convicted
90:Asia Minor Campaign
84:Asia Minor Campaign
249:list of references
201:Isthmus of Corinth
185:Theodoros Pangalos
144:Army General Staff
106:Nikolaos Plastiras
62:, and the Colonel
540:Conflicts in 1923
522:
521:
390:11 September 1922
302:
301:
294:
192:Georgios Kondylis
110:Stylianos Gonatas
48:Kingdom of Greece
16:(Redirected from
572:
504:24 February 1975
494:13 December 1967
490:
458:
434:25 November 1973
420:
408:
376:
363:3 September 1843
356:Successful coups
342:
335:
328:
319:
297:
290:
286:
283:
277:
272:this article by
263:inline citations
242:
241:
234:
170:The coup attempt
41:
21:
580:
579:
575:
574:
573:
571:
570:
569:
525:
524:
523:
518:
508:
484:
462:22 October 1923
452:
438:
414:
412:10 October 1935
402:
370:
368:23 October 1862
351:
346:
307:
298:
287:
281:
278:
267:
253:related reading
243:
239:
232:
215:
209:
172:
148:Ioannis Metaxas
86:
80:National Schism
78:Main articles:
76:
70:in March 1924.
42:) was a failed
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
578:
576:
568:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
535:1923 in Greece
527:
526:
520:
519:
513:
510:
509:
507:
506:
501:
496:
491:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
446:
444:
440:
439:
437:
436:
431:
426:
421:
409:
400:22 August 1926
397:
392:
387:
385:17 August 1916
382:
380:15 August 1909
377:
365:
359:
357:
353:
352:
347:
345:
344:
337:
330:
322:
316:
315:
306:
303:
300:
299:
257:external links
246:
244:
237:
231:
228:
211:Main article:
208:
205:
175:Thessaloniki,
171:
168:
75:
72:
64:Georgios Ziras
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
577:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
530:
517:
511:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
488:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
456:
451:
448:
447:
445:
443:Coup attempts
441:
435:
432:
430:
429:21 April 1967
427:
425:
424:4 August 1936
422:
418:
413:
410:
406:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
374:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
358:
354:
350:
343:
338:
336:
331:
329:
324:
323:
320:
313:
309:
308:
304:
296:
293:
285:
275:
271:
265:
264:
258:
254:
250:
245:
236:
235:
229:
227:
225:
221:
214:
206:
204:
202:
198:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
169:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
139:
137:
136:Liberal Party
132:
127:
123:
119:
118:Constantine I
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
85:
81:
73:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:military coup
37:
33:
19:
477:28 July 1938
472:1 March 1935
467:6 March 1933
450:1831 attempt
395:25 June 1925
311:
288:
279:
268:Please help
260:
216:
189:
173:
160:Thessaloniki
140:
87:
31:
29:
499:23 May 1973
485: [
482:31 May 1951
453: [
415: [
403: [
371: [
274:introducing
152:Peloponnese
529:Categories
305:References
282:March 2018
197:Yugoslavia
102:Venizelist
98:Greek Army
74:Background
516:self-coup
230:Footnotes
207:Aftermath
131:elections
122:George II
104:Colonels
100:, led by
181:Ioannina
92:against
52:royalist
270:improve
220:Corinth
177:Larissa
50:by pro-
156:Athens
96:, the
94:Turkey
489:]
457:]
419:]
407:]
375:]
255:, or
224:Italy
36:Greek
179:and
164:Navy
108:and
82:and
58:and
30:The
531::
487:el
455:el
417:el
405:el
373:el
259:,
251:,
166:.
158:,
112:,
38::
341:e
334:t
327:v
295:)
289:(
284:)
280:(
266:.
34:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.