2933:
3049:
language should be kept for nonofficial uses, and about 30 per cent believe it should be on a par with
Spanish. Twenty-two per cent favour its disappearance. Nearly the population supports granting official status to Leonese by amending the Statute of Autonomy. About 70 per cent favour linguistic coordination between León and Asturias, with 20 per cent opposing. Leonese in education is favoured by more than 63 per cent of the population, and opposed by about 34 per cent. Institutional promotion of the dialect, especially by town councils, was favoured by more than 83 per cent of respondents.
2716:
2842:
2708:
2724:
3075:
3569:
436:
32:
3041:
484:
607:
Menéndez Pidal used "Leonese" for the entire linguistic area, including
Asturias. This designation has been replaced by Ibero-Romance scholars with "Asturian-Leonese", but "Leonese" is still often used to denote Asturian-Leonese by non-speakers of Asturian or Mirandese. Sometimes the language as a
3048:
Two sociolinguistic studies, in northern Leon and the entire province analysed the prevalence of
Leonese and the linguistic attitudes of its speakers. According to the latter, maintenance of the language is the primary wish but opinions differ about how to do so. Almost 37 per cent think that the
3122:
The
Autonomous Community of Castile and León lacks a government agency to promote minority languages and a nongovernmental agency in an advisory capacity in matters pertaining to minority languages. The Academy of the Asturian Language has sponsored linguistic and sociolinguistic research, which
3065:
presented a proposition to the Cortes of
Castile and León to recognize the value of Leonese and implement a plan to protect and promote it. Although the proposition was approved unanimously by the plenary session of the parliament of Castile and León on 26 May, the government's position has not
3057:
The
Statute of Autonomy of Castile and León, amended 30 November 2007, addresses the status of Spanish, Leonese, and Galician. According to Section 5.2, "Leonese will be specifically protected by the institutions for its particular value within the linguistic patrimony of the Community. Its
608:
whole is simply called "Asturian" for several reasons, such as the
Leonese dialects being on the brink of extinction, or the widespread ignorance of its very existence (even in León), as well as their lack of recognition and institutional support (as opposed to their Asturias counterparts).
2849:
Although the Astur-Leonese linguistic domain covers most of the principality of
Asturias, the north and west of the province of Leon, the northeast of Zamora, both provinces in Castile and León, and the region of Miranda do Douro in the east of the Portuguese district of
2784:, written between 974 and 980 AD, an inventory of cheeses owned by a monastery written in the margin of the reverse of a document written in Latin. During the 12th and 13th centuries, Leonese reached its territorial zenith as the administrative language of the
2820:
After the 1230 union of Leon and
Castile, Leonese had greater written and institutional use, although at the end of the 13th century Castilian began to replace it as a written language. Leonese became an oral, rural language with little literary development.
2924:). This area is characterized by a blur and progressive disappearance, greater as we move to the East, of the features still clearly seen in the previous area. The gradual and negative character of this characteristic explains how vague the limits are".
3143:
Promote study of
Leonese through the universities and centres of study and investigation such as the Institute of Studies in Zamora, the Cultural Institute in Leon, the Institute of Studies of El Bierzo and the Marcelo Macías Institute of Studies in
487:
491:
490:
486:
485:
492:
2940:
A "speaker of Leonese" is defined here as a person who knows (and can speak) a variety of Leonese. There is no linguistic census of the number of Leonese speakers in the provinces of León and Zamora, and estimates vary from 5,000 to 50,000.
620:. However, the division between Leonese and Asturian is due to the distinctly different identities of both areas, separated by a mighty mountain range, while the dialects have enough common traits to consider them part of a single language,
2758:
in the 5th century, and never regained its former prominence. The region remained unified until the eighth-century Islamic invasion. Around the 11th century, it began to be defined as Leonese territory roughly corresponding to the southern
489:
3139:
Support cultural and literary Leonese and its publications and collaborate with associations which base their work on the recovery of Leonese, encourage Leonese in social media, and promote literary contests in the
580:, sometimes considered another language. In the past, it was spoken in a wider area, including most of the historical region of Leon. The current number of Leonese speakers is estimated at 20,000 to 50,000.
2832:
provinces. Its scientific study and a nascent cultural movement began in the province of Leon in 1906. During the 1950s and 60s, the number of Leonese speakers and the area in which it was spoken decreased.
684:, is most certainly a dialect on its own, considering the numerous differences it has when compared to dialects in the Spanish side. In fact, it is often considered as a separate language, especially in
595:. The division between Asturian and Leonese is extra-linguistic, as the main divisions within the Asturleonese complex are between eastern and western varieties, rather than between varieties spoken in
3602:
3182:
3123:
encompasses the non-Asturian dialects of Asturian-Leonese. Two congresses about Leonese have been held, at which the following measures were proposed to move towards language standardization:
2854:, this article focuses on the autonomous community of Castile and León. Borrego Nieto wrote that the area in where Leonese is best preserved, defined as "area 1", consists of the regions of
628:
in this region do not divide Asturias and Leon, dialectal areas (western, central, eastern) are in fact shaped along a north-south axis (thus encompassing lands both north and south of the
3177:
2881:
Borrego Nieto describes another geographical circle, which he calls "area 2", where Leonese is fading: " ... It is extended to the regions between the interior area and the Ribera del
3159:
For about 15 years cultural associations have offered Leonese-language courses, sometimes with the support of local administrations in the provinces of Leon and Zamora. In 2001, the
4009:
Fernández Catón, José M.ª (2004). "La "Nodicia de Kesos" y los problemas de la documentación del siglo X sobre el origen de los monasterios independientes de Rozuela y Cillanueva".
4213:[Amendment to the Statute of Autonomy of the Castille and Leon] (Ley Orgánica 14/2007, 5) (in Spanish). Vol. 288. 1 December 2007. pp. 49486–49505 – via
719:
488:
6869:
4110:. International Congress of Romance Linguistics and Philology (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Academiei Republicii Socialiste România (published 1971). pp. 411–417.
6841:
4399:
4291:. Congress of the International Association of Hispanists. Nijmegen, The Netherlands: Asociación Internacional de Hispanistas (published 1967). pp. 411–419.
3868:(in Spanish). Translated by Sánchez Nieto, M.ª Teresa; González Martínez, María. Zamora, Spain: Instituto de Estudios Zamoranos "Florián de Ocampo". p. 13.
4604:
4952:
3090:
445:
659:
and encompassing two groups: the Asturian dialects on one hand, and dialects spoken in the provinces of León and Zamora in Spain and a related dialect in
3181:
courses, following an agreement between the Leonese provincial government and the organization. The Leonese Language Teachers and Monitors Association (
3894:
Agard, Frederick B. (1990). "The Place Of Aragonese And Asturo-leonese In Iberian Romance". In Garza Cuarón, Beatriz; Levy Podolsky, Paulette (eds.).
3617:
3130:
Create an autonomous administrative organ under the Department of Culture and Tourism responsible for protecting and promoting Leonese and Galician.
3760:
Segura da Cruz, Luísa; Saramago, João; Vitorino, Gabriela (September 1993). "Os dialectos leoneses em território português: coesão e diversidade".
660:
5403:
6874:
4535:
4427:
4358:
4305:
4270:
4090:
3993:
3821:
3727:
3666:
3553:
3538:
3523:
3504:
3489:
3474:
3459:
3444:
3429:
3415:
3400:
3385:
3370:
3355:
3340:
3325:
3296:
3281:
3266:
3251:
3236:
3221:
3206:
3147:
Coordinate and cooperate with linguistic institutions, study centres, and administrations in the rest of the Asturialeonese linguistic area.
2731:
The native languages of Leon, Zamora, Asturias, and the Terra de Miranda in Portugal are the result of the evolution of Latin introduced by
833:, may occur in stressed position. In the unstressed positions, the distinction between close and mid vowels is neutralized in favor of the
4062:
689:
3799:"La elaboración y aceptación de una norma lingüística en comunidades dialectalmente divididas: el caso del leonés y del frisio del norte"
5077:
4965:
4631:
3062:
2932:
3764:. Encontro Regional da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística. Miranda do Douro: Associação Portuguesa de Linguística. pp. 281–293.
6192:
4576:
4018:
3940:
3873:
3699:
3310:
115:
49:
6252:
4597:
715:
4233:
5540:
5145:
4945:
456:
96:
4319:
4197:
Estudiu sociollingüísticu de Lleón: Identidá, conciencia d'usu y actitúes llingüístiques nes fasteres que llenden con Asturies
6340:
6241:
68:
53:
6148:
5826:
4374:
4214:
497:
342:
4083:
Estudio léxico-semántico de los fueros leoneses de Zamora, Salamanca, Ledesma y Alba de Tormes: Concordancias lematizadas
6275:
5678:
4919:
4106:
Lomax, Derek W. (April 1968). "La lengua oficial de Castilla". In Rosetti, Alexandru; Reinheimer-Rîpeanu, Sanda (eds.).
798:
75:
6716:
6154:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5052:
4590:
3127:
Based on articles 5.2 and 5.3 of the Statute of Autonomy, raise the legal status of Leonese to equal that of Galician.
766:
6879:
549:
4263:
II Estudiu Sociollingüísticu De Lleón: Identidá, conciencia d'usu y actitúes llingüístiques de la población lleonesa
4241:. Working Papers. Vol. 25. Translated by Jenkins, Peter David. Barcelona, Spain: Mercator Legislation; CIEMEN.
3798:
3163:(University of León) created a course for teachers of Leonese. The dialect can be studied in the larger villages of
2959:
II Estudiu sociollingüísticu de Lleón: Identidá, conciencia d'usu y actitúes llingüístiques de la población lleonesa
6437:
6009:
5444:
5002:
4938:
4315:
3691:
814:
652:
5936:
82:
42:
6884:
6024:
5545:
5386:
5353:
5101:
5030:
5012:
4995:
4990:
4980:
2748:
789:
245:
225:
19:
This article is about the dialects in León, Zamora, and Salamanca provinces. For the wider linguistic area, see
6729:
6633:
5506:
5233:
5181:
775:
466:
408:
6097:
414:
3682:
Llorente Maldonado de Guevara, Antonio (1986). "Las hablas vivas de Zamora y Salamanca en la actualidad". In
64:
5642:
5523:
5496:
5372:
5318:
5025:
4985:
4903:
4767:
4343:
3003:
2789:
944:
909:
621:
505:
250:
240:
215:
4329:(in Spanish). No. 2–3. Cuerpo de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueólogos. pp. 128–172, 294–311.
2715:
367:
6815:
6211:
6031:
5449:
5395:
5047:
4013:(in Spanish). Vol. 1. León, Spain: Centro de Estudios e Investigación "San Isidoro". pp. 35–86.
3895:
3160:
2796:
841:
837:
830:
309:
255:
6115:
5528:
6847:
6792:
6598:
6593:
6246:
6224:
6043:
5866:
5335:
5291:
5238:
4898:
4893:
4762:
4737:
4478:
4265:. Estaya Sociollingüística (in Asturian). Vol. 4. Oviedo, Spain: Academia de la Llingua Asturiana.
588:
565:
260:
20:
6511:
5479:
4199:. Estaya Sociollingüística (in Asturian). Vol. 3. Oviedo, Spain: Academia de la Llingua Asturiana.
3661:. Beltenebros (in Spanish). León, Spain: Instituto Castellano y Leonés de la Lengua. pp. 207–235.
2871:
4566:
6797:
6581:
6571:
6187:
6160:
6086:
5994:
5946:
5745:
5673:
5625:
5619:
5582:
5565:
5062:
3172:
3008:
2851:
629:
314:
6545:
6282:
6174:
6142:
6136:
5978:
5757:
5717:
5683:
5587:
5511:
5454:
5275:
4818:
4450:
3638:
939:
637:
557:
346:
173:
165:
5653:
4281:
2902:
6787:
6516:
6372:
6330:
6296:
6290:
6180:
6123:
6080:
6063:
5801:
5794:
5688:
5630:
5435:
5418:
5359:
5215:
5203:
5082:
5020:
4833:
4793:
4747:
4701:
4666:
4613:
4393:
4368:
3587:
3168:
2910:
2829:
2803:
857:
853:
680:
561:
169:
6565:
5693:
5057:
3164:
2785:
4571:
2863:
6744:
6723:
6643:
6603:
6586:
6462:
6390:
6384:
6308:
6200:
6110:
6051:
5963:
5921:
5722:
5668:
5555:
5533:
5474:
5459:
5430:
5413:
5323:
5286:
5255:
5243:
5162:
5150:
5067:
5042:
5036:
4961:
4823:
4706:
4671:
4531:
4514:
4465:
4423:
4354:
4330:
4301:
4266:
4242:
4170:
4086:
4043:
4014:
3989:
3936:
3869:
3817:
3723:
3695:
3662:
3607:
3582:
3549:
3534:
3519:
3500:
3485:
3470:
3455:
3440:
3425:
3411:
3396:
3381:
3366:
3351:
3336:
3321:
3306:
3292:
3277:
3262:
3247:
3232:
3217:
3202:
2764:
2736:
934:
711:
645:
641:
617:
592:
545:
541:
533:
422:
235:
89:
4383:
3014:
6697:
6687:
6672:
6660:
6576:
6525:
6489:
6467:
6454:
6448:
6422:
6377:
6366:
6270:
6235:
6219:
6056:
5989:
5953:
5941:
5909:
5834:
5806:
5779:
5609:
5604:
5592:
5572:
5560:
5501:
5408:
5365:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5260:
5191:
5175:
5072:
4863:
4828:
4803:
4798:
4757:
4676:
4662:
4627:
4493:
4415:
3956:
3809:
3592:
2825:
2813:
2780:
2772:
2740:
949:
671:
581:
220:
4121:
6781:
6767:
6648:
6550:
6540:
6484:
6335:
6323:
6263:
6258:
6073:
6002:
5984:
5931:
5861:
5818:
5730:
5711:
5663:
5550:
5516:
5469:
5464:
5186:
5118:
5090:
4871:
4813:
4808:
4682:
4657:
3612:
3597:
3574:
2841:
523:
207:
5784:
4439:
4085:. Publicaciones de la Cátedra de Historia de la Lengua Española. Universidad de Granada.
3019:
4300:. Beltenebros. Vol. 23. Burgos, Spain: Instituto Castellano y Leonés de la Lengua.
4210:
616:
In a narrow geographical sense, Leonese is distinct from the dialects grouped under the
6832:
6739:
6734:
6655:
6535:
6497:
6229:
5878:
5789:
5735:
5705:
5597:
5281:
5209:
5155:
2915:
2906:
2886:
2744:
656:
188:
722:
and local legislation, the Leonese dialects are not officially promoted or regulated.
400:
6863:
6774:
6677:
6665:
6397:
6105:
5762:
5700:
5196:
4930:
4742:
4250:
4108:
Actele celui de-al XII-lea congres internaţional de lingvistică şi filologie romanică
2898:
2768:
748:
6556:
6416:
5811:
4732:
4155:
3683:
2855:
2824:
At the beginning of the 20th century, it survived in oral form only in mid-western
2732:
834:
304:
6472:
2719:
The Leonese Romance language expanded into new territories of the Kingdom of León.
501:
5958:
648:, with the westernmost variants effectively constituting dialects of Galician.
6618:
6611:
6348:
5914:
5883:
4298:
El leonés en el siglo XXI: Un romance milenario ante el reto de su normalización
2707:
760:
743:
435:
31:
3568:
3150:
Require local governments to assume responsibility for the recovery of Leonese.
5896:
5888:
5489:
5248:
4838:
4038:(Disputa del clérigo y el caballero): Poesía leonesa inédita del siglo XIII".
3564:
806:
753:
4518:
4469:
4334:
4246:
4174:
4047:
6692:
6530:
5872:
5167:
4497:
4282:"Elementos leoneses en la lengua del teatro pastoril de los siglos XV y XVI"
4156:"Linguas en contacto na bisbarra do Bierzo: castelán, astur-leonés e galego"
3094:, listed Leonese in the most at-risk category. The category's criteria are:
3074:
2999:
2890:
2755:
2723:
783:
509:
393:
377:
359:
299:
6318:
5856:
2980:
El asturiano-leonés: aspectos lingüísticos, sociolingüísticos y legislación
2921:
2882:
2807:), in the Leonese court, judiciary (with the translation of the Visigothic
921:
Evolution from Latin to Galician, Portuguese, Astur-Leonese, and Castilian
2990:
Linguas en contacto na bisbarra do Bierzo: castelán, astur-leonés e galego
2936:
Percentage of Asturleonese speakers, according to Iniciativa pol Asturianu
688:, where it has been granted official recognition, and is regulated by the
384:
6682:
6477:
6313:
6129:
5577:
5425:
4551:
3025:
2894:
2875:
2735:
conquerors in the region. Their colonization and organization led to the
685:
675:
664:
640:). In the west of Asturias and Leon, dialects of Asturo-Leonese begin to
633:
625:
596:
577:
573:
474:
462:
154:
4349:. In Sánchez Prieto, Raúl; Veith, Daniel; Martínez Areta, Mikel (eds.).
3804:. In Sánchez Prieto, Raúl; Veith, Daniel; Martínez Areta, Mikel (eds.).
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
6301:
6166:
5926:
5904:
5844:
5839:
5328:
5313:
4772:
4385:Étude sur l'ancien dialecte léonais d'après les chartes du XIIIe siècle
4064:
The Leonese features in the Madrid manuscript of the Libro de Alexandre
3935:(in Spanish). Salamanca, Spain: Luso-Española de Ediciones. p. 9.
3813:
2859:
692:. Thus, Asturleonese is sometimes considered a group of two languages,
470:
3986:
Comunidades indígenas y administración romana en el Noroeste hispánico
3040:
670:
The Asturleonese dialect (considered part of the Leonese dialects) of
6503:
5849:
5772:
5752:
5484:
4788:
4752:
4582:
3718:
Borrego Nieto, Julio (1996). "Leonés". In Alvar López, Manuel (ed.).
3085:
2867:
861:
442:
4011:
Orígenes de las lenguas romances en el Reino de León: siglos IX-XII
655:
and fellow scholars discussed a "Leonese language" descending from
5767:
5740:
3866:
Estudio fonético-histórico de los dialectos españoles occidentales
929:
826:
569:
553:
513:
482:
339:
230:
177:
150:
3897:
Homenaje a Jorge A. Suárez: lingüística indoamericana e hispánica
3410:(Commemorative edition with stories and poems in Leonese), 2006.
180:, and the towns of Rionor and Guadramil in northeastern Portugal.
4505:
Krüger, Fritz (1923). "El dialecto de San Ciprián de Sanabria".
4934:
4586:
4235:
Asturian-leonese: Linguistic, Sociolinguistic and Legal Aspects
4441:
Das Altleonesische: Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Altspanischen
3185:) was created in 2008 to promote Leonese-language activities.
25:
4261:
González Riaño, Xosé Antón; García Arias, Xosé Lluis (2008).
4195:
González Riaño, Xosé Antón; García Arias, Xosé Lluis (2006).
3694:; Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana. pp. 107–131.
4557:
Leonese Council Official Website with information in Leonese
3864:
Krüger, Fritz (2006) . González Ferrero, Juan Carlos (ed.).
3743:
3741:
3739:
441:
Astur-Leonese is classified as Definitely Endangered by the
4561:
4556:
4528:
El dialecto de San Ciprián de Sanabria: monografía leonesa
3781:
3303:
Cuentos de Lleón: Antoloxía d'escritores lleoneses de güei
473:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4287:. In Sánchez Romeralo, Jaime; Poulussen, Norbert (eds.).
3808:(in Spanish). Vol. 1. Peter Lang. pp. 145–153.
544:
currently spoken in northern and western portions of the
4572:
Asociación de Profesores y Monitores de Llingua Llïonesa
3603:
Asociación de Profesores y Monitores de Llingua Llïonesa
3183:
Asociación de Profesores y Monitores de Llingua Llïonesa
4353:(in Spanish). Vol. 1. Peter Lang. pp. 55–65.
4289:
Actas del Segundo Congreso Internacional de Hispanistas
3762:
Variação Linguística no Espaço, no Tempo e na Sociedade
3722:. Barcelona, Spain: Editorial Ariel. pp. 139–158.
3720:
Manual de dialectología hispánica: el español de España
4081:
Carrasco Cantos, Pilar; Carrasco Cantos, Inés (1998).
3859:
3857:
3133:
Introduce Leonese into adult and childhood education.
3101:
without legitimized significant use in the news media
864:). The main masculine noun and adjective endings are
4211:
Reforma del Estatuto de Autonomía de Castilla y León
3713:
3711:
3061:
On 24 February 2010, a parliamentary group from the
3058:
protection, usage and promotion will be regulated".
6808:
6759:
6708:
6632:
6436:
6409:
6358:
6210:
6096:
6042:
6023:
5652:
5641:
5394:
5385:
5346:
5226:
5111:
5100:
5011:
4973:
4912:
4886:
4856:
4781:
4719:
4694:
4650:
4641:
4620:
888:for plural. Masculine and feminine nouns ending in
421:
407:
391:
375:
357:
352:
332:
327:
292:
204:
194:
184:
160:
146:
132:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4530:(3rd ed.). Madrid: Fundación Menéndez Pidal.
4492:(2). Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux: 135–139.
4363:. Archived from the original on 20 September 2009.
4479:"Los infinitivos leoneses del poema de Alejandro"
2817:into Leonese), administration, and organization.
3961:(in Portuguese) – via diariodarepublica.pt
3848:
2778:The first known text in Asturian-Leonese is the
2727:Atlas of 20th-century European Romance languages
2661:
2595:
2539:
2466:
2407:
2342:
2281:
2233:
2170:
2126:
2082:
1995:
1909:
1833:
1767:
1708:
1656:
1646:
1577:
1516:
1455:
1393:
1328:
1276:
1226:
1183:
1128:
1080:
1026:
978:
3971:
3422:Cuentos populares leoneses (escritos por niños)
3136:Recover native toponymy with bilingual signage.
3747:
3348:Pan d'amore : antoloxía poética 1980–2003
2909:, with at least a part of its adjacent lands (
2672:
2650:
2616:
2606:
2584:
2550:
2528:
2487:
2477:
2455:
2414:
2400:
2359:
2349:
2335:
2298:
2288:
2274:
2240:
2226:
2183:
2177:
2163:
2133:
2119:
2089:
2075:
2032:
2022:
2012:
1984:
1974:
1940:
1930:
1920:
1898:
1888:
1854:
1844:
1822:
1788:
1778:
1756:
1719:
1697:
1667:
1635:
1596:
1587:
1567:
1535:
1526:
1506:
1474:
1465:
1445:
1436:
1400:
1386:
1344:
1335:
1321:
1292:
1283:
1269:
1233:
1219:
1190:
1176:
1135:
1121:
1087:
1073:
1043:
1033:
1019:
985:
971:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
527:
138:
4946:
4598:
2683:
2627:
2561:
2498:
2425:
2370:
2305:
2251:
2190:
2140:
2096:
2043:
1951:
1865:
1799:
1730:
1678:
1606:
1545:
1484:
1410:
1354:
1302:
1240:
1197:
1146:
1098:
1054:
996:
584:is now the predominant language in the area.
8:
3988:. Leioa, Spain: Universidad del País Vasco.
3931:Marcos de Dios, Ángel; Serra, Pedro (1999).
6842:languages with more than 5 million speakers
3688:Lenguas peninsulares y proyección hispánica
2643:
2577:
2521:
2448:
2393:
2328:
2267:
2219:
2213:
2156:
2112:
2068:
1967:
1881:
1815:
1749:
1690:
1628:
1560:
1499:
1429:
1379:
1373:
1314:
1262:
1212:
1169:
1114:
1066:
1012:
964:
6425:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
6039:
5649:
5391:
5108:
4953:
4939:
4931:
4725:
4647:
4605:
4591:
4583:
4552:Official website of Asociación L'Alderique
4398:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4141:
3918:
3836:
3639:"El leonés en Salamanca cien años después"
434:
129:
16:Set of certain vernacular Romance dialects
4420:Trabajos sobre el dominio románico leonés
4327:Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos
3649:. In Morala Rodríguez, José Ramón (ed.).
3637:Herrero Ingelmo, José Luis (March 2006).
3110:not used as a medium of primary education
2945:Number of speakers, according to studies
2711:Conventus Asturum in the first century BC
876:for plural. Typical feminine endings are
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
6870:Languages attested from the 10th century
4579:, an independent encyclopedia in Leonese
3889:
3887:
3885:
3393:Leyendas, cuentos y romances de Sanabria
3091:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
3073:
3039:
2943:
2931:
2840:
2722:
2714:
2706:
919:
734:
591:linguistic group along with dialects of
446:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
4451:"Estudios sobre la conjugación leonesa"
4280:López Morales, Humberto (August 1965).
3629:
2698:Historical, social and cultural aspects
467:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
4391:
4366:
3900:. El Colegio de México. pp. 69–84
3782:González Riaño & García Arias 2008
3437:Filandón: lliteratura popular llionesa
3044:2009 linguistic map of Zamora and León
2754:The city of Astorga was sacked by the
338:As of 2010, has special status in the
4507:Revista de Filología Española: Anejos
4296:Morala Rodríguez, José Ramón (2009).
3792:
3790:
568:), the village of Riudenore (in both
7:
3933:Historia de la literatura portuguesa
3544:Juan Andrés Oria de Rueda Salguero,
2775:languages evolved and spread south.
54:adding citations to reliable sources
4163:Ianua: Revista Philologica Romanica
690:Institute of the Mirandese Language
624:or Asturian-Leonese. The principle
6846:Languages between parentheses are
14:
6726:(unknown further classification)
4458:Anales de la Universidad de Chile
3465:Francisco Javier Pozuelo Alegre,
3104:low levels of proficiency and use
912:with nouns in number and gender.
856:(masculine and feminine) and two
813:
797:
788:
774:
765:
4154:Gómez Bautista, Alberto (2006).
3567:
3289:Poesía completa : 1980–1991
3063:Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
2897:... ). In Zamora, the region of
2763:. In medieval León, the Romance
716:Academy of the Asturian Language
30:
4034:Menéndez Pidal, Ramón (1914). "
41:needs additional citations for
6850:of the language on their left.
6720:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
4342:Pardo Fernández, Abel (2008).
4122:"La "llingua" de los leoneses"
3958:Lei n.º 7/99, de 29 de Janeiro
3641:[Ramón Menéndez Pidal and
1:
4416:Catalán Menéndez-Pidal, Diego
4070:(PhD). Ohio State University.
4040:Revista de Filología Española
3984:Santos Yanguas, Juan (1985).
3797:Sánchez Prieto, Raúl (2008).
3363:El Sil que baxaba de la nieve
3193:Leonese literature includes:
3113:not used in official toponyms
6875:Endangered Romance languages
4920:Andalusian language movement
4567:Top Level Domain for Leonese
4562:Leonese Language Association
3497:Breve hestoria d'un gamusinu
2845:Dialects of Asturian-Leonese
2751:for the indigenous tribes).
956:Diphthongization of ŏ and ĕ
714:, which is regulated by the
6717:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
4477:Hanssen, Friedrich (1910).
4449:Hanssen, Friedrich (1896).
4414:Galmés de Fuentes, Álvaro;
4351:Mikroglottika Yearbook 2008
4232:García Gil, Héctor (2008).
3806:Mikroglottika Yearbook 2008
718:(ALLA) and promoted by the
6903:
6419:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
5445:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
5239:Central−Southern Calabrian
3510:Antoine De Saint-Exupéry,
3361:Roberto González-Quevedo,
3346:Roberto González-Quevedo,
3331:Roberto González-Quevedo,
3316:Roberto González-Quevedo,
3274:Delina nel valle'l Faloupu
3214:Cuentos en dialecto leonés
3081:"translation" into Leonese
2874:; in Zamora, non-Galician
587:Leonese forms part of the
542:Romance language varieties
528:
139:
18:
6824:
5974:
4733:Gomeran whistled language
4728:
4373:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
4061:Bishop, Sarah G. (1977).
3692:Fundación Friedrich Ebert
3657:. Ramón Menéndez Pidal y
3482:Epífora y outros rellatos
3467:Poemas pa nun ser lleídos
3435:Nicolás Bartolomé Pérez,
3212:Cayetano Álvarez Bardón,
2512:
2439:
2384:
2319:
2204:
2057:
1740:
1619:
1420:
1364:
1253:
1160:
955:
925:
644:into the closely related
556:(the modern provinces of
540:) is a set of vernacular
453:
433:
334:Official language in
200:20,000–50,000 (2008)
137:
5727:North American dialects
5234:Extreme Southern Italian
4169:. Romania Minor: 15–22.
3450:José Aragón y Escacena,
3287:Eva González Fernández,
3272:Manuel García Menéndez,
3257:Manuel García Menéndez,
825:In Leonese, any of five
612:Leonese and Asturleonese
5146:Central−Northern Latian
4904:Valencian Sign Language
4768:Roquetas Pidgin Spanish
4498:10.3406/hispa.1910.1644
4344:"El Llïonés y las TICs"
3651:Ramón Menéndez Pidal y
3495:Xosepe Vega Rodríguez,
3480:Xosepe Vega Rodríguez,
3259:Corcuspin el Rozcayeiru
2788:, a literary language (
2673:
2617:
2607:
2551:
2488:
2478:
2415:
2360:
2350:
2299:
2289:
2241:
2184:
2178:
2134:
2090:
2033:
2023:
2013:
1941:
1931:
1921:
1855:
1845:
1789:
1779:
1720:
1668:
1597:
1588:
1536:
1527:
1475:
1466:
1401:
1345:
1336:
1293:
1284:
1234:
1191:
1136:
1088:
1044:
1034:
986:
896:
890:
884:
878:
872:
866:
537:
5450:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
4526:Krüger, Fritz (2001).
4438:Gessner, Emil (1900).
3690:(in Spanish). Madrid:
3406:Ramón Menéndez Pidal,
3378:Atsegrías ya tristuras
3376:Emilce Núñez Álvarez,
3333:Pol sendeiru la nueite
3197:Benigno Suárez Ramos,
3082:
3045:
2969:Facendera pola Llengua
2950:Sociolinguistic study
2937:
2846:
2791:Poema de Elena y María
2739:, with its capital at
2728:
2720:
2712:
2684:
2662:
2651:
2644:
2628:
2596:
2585:
2578:
2562:
2540:
2529:
2522:
2499:
2467:
2456:
2449:
2426:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2371:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2306:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2252:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2191:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2141:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2097:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2044:
1996:
1985:
1975:
1968:
1952:
1910:
1899:
1889:
1882:
1866:
1834:
1823:
1816:
1800:
1768:
1757:
1750:
1731:
1709:
1698:
1691:
1679:
1657:
1647:
1636:
1629:
1607:
1578:
1568:
1561:
1546:
1517:
1507:
1500:
1485:
1456:
1446:
1437:
1430:
1421:Initial pl-, cl-, fl-
1411:
1394:
1387:
1380:
1374:
1355:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1303:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1241:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1198:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1147:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1099:
1081:
1074:
1067:
1055:
1027:
1020:
1013:
997:
979:
972:
965:
726:Linguistic description
667:), on the other hand.
516:
455:This article contains
5937:Poitevin–Saintongeais
4899:Catalan Sign Language
4894:Spanish Sign Language
4382:Staaff, Erik (1907).
4316:Menéndez Pidal, Ramón
3849:Morala Rodríguez 2009
3529:Ramón Rei Rodríguez,
3391:Luis Cortés Vázquez,
3077:
3043:
2935:
2901:– with the subregion
2844:
2726:
2718:
2710:
894:in the singular take
495:
21:Asturleonese language
5746:St. Marys Bay French
5270:Neapolitan–Calabrese
4320:"El dialecto leonés"
3972:Pardo Fernández 2008
3107:poor social prestige
2837:Use and distribution
343:autonomous community
50:improve this article
6098:Galician–Portuguese
5124:Central Marchigiano
4876:Catalan / Valencian
4782:Immigrant languages
4642:Regional / minority
4621:Official / national
4486:Bulletin Hispanique
3748:Menéndez Pidal 1906
3684:Alvar López, Manuel
3643:The Leonese dialect
3229:Nel cuartu mariellu
3161:Universidad de León
2953:Number of speakers
2946:
1620:Falling diphthongs
922:
737:
720:Asturian Government
651:On the other hand,
576:) and Guadramil in
6512:Catalan Ribagorçan
6359:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
5631:Judaeo-Piedmontese
5541:Bustocco–Legnanese
5336:Northern Calabrian
4614:Languages of Spain
4388:. Uppsala, Sweden.
3659:El dialecto leonés
3653:El dialecto leonés
3588:Mirandese language
3408:El dialecto leonés
3083:
3046:
2944:
2938:
2928:Number of speakers
2847:
2804:Libro de Alexandre
2729:
2721:
2713:
920:
735:
517:
168:(north and west),
65:"Leonese language"
6857:
6856:
6833:extinct languages
6755:
6754:
6432:
6431:
6391:Navarro-Aragonese
6276:Peruvian Ribereño
6201:Judaeo-Portuguese
6116:Galician–Asturian
6019:
6018:
6010:Old Gallo-Romance
5964:Wisconsin Walloon
5381:
5380:
5354:Dalmatian Romance
4962:Romance languages
4928:
4927:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4685:
4537:978-84-89934-04-7
4429:978-84-249-3436-1
4360:978-3-631-58027-1
4307:978-84-936383-8-2
4272:978-84-8168-448-3
4256:on 27 March 2014.
4092:978-84-338-2315-1
3995:978-84-7585-019-1
3823:978-3-631-58027-1
3729:978-84-344-8217-3
3668:978-84-935774-5-2
3583:Asturian language
3554:978-84-613-1822-3
3546:Llogas carbayesas
3539:978-84-613-1824-7
3524:978-84-96872-03-5
3516:The Little Prince
3505:978-84-612-5316-6
3490:978-84-612-5315-9
3475:978-84-612-4484-3
3460:978-84-8012-569-7
3445:978-84-933380-7-7
3430:978-84-611-0795-7
3416:978-84-933781-6-5
3401:978-84-95195-55-5
3386:978-84-8177-093-3
3371:978-84-96413-31-3
3356:978-84-95640-95-6
3341:978-84-95640-37-6
3326:978-84-8168-323-3
3297:978-84-86936-58-7
3282:978-84-600-4133-7
3267:978-84-600-3676-0
3252:978-84-8053-040-8
3244:Telva ya los osos
3237:978-84-300-6521-9
3222:978-84-391-4102-0
3207:978-84-400-1451-1
3033:
3032:
3029:
2984:20,000 to 25,000
2737:Conventus Asturum
2695:
2694:
2385:Intervocalic -n-
2205:Intervocalic -l-
916:Comparative table
882:for singular and
870:for singular and
823:
822:
646:Galician language
618:Asturian language
546:historical region
493:
481:
480:
463:rendering support
459:phonetic symbols.
126:
125:
118:
100:
6892:
6885:Leonese language
6378:Judaeo-Aragonese
6367:Andalusi Romance
6220:Amazonic Spanish
6057:Western Asturian
6040:
5979:Franco-Provençal
5650:
5546:Comasco–Lecchese
5404:Emilian–Romagnol
5392:
5192:Regional Italian
5182:Italo-Australian
5109:
5031:Megleno-Romanian
4955:
4948:
4941:
4932:
4726:
4681:
4648:
4632:a.k.a. Castilian
4607:
4600:
4593:
4584:
4541:
4522:
4501:
4483:
4473:
4455:
4445:
4433:
4403:
4397:
4389:
4378:
4372:
4364:
4348:
4338:
4324:
4311:
4292:
4286:
4276:
4257:
4255:
4249:. Archived from
4240:
4219:
4218:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4160:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4126:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3891:
3880:
3879:
3861:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3803:
3794:
3785:
3779:
3766:
3765:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3734:
3733:
3715:
3706:
3705:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3648:
3634:
3593:Spanish language
3577:
3572:
3571:
3514:(Translation of
3023:
3012:
2997:
2947:
2919:
2814:Liber Iudiciorum
2800:
2781:Nodicia de kesos
2769:Asturian-Leonese
2747:, the centre of
2741:Asturica Augusta
2691:
2680:
2669:
2658:
2647:
2635:
2624:
2614:
2603:
2592:
2581:
2569:
2558:
2547:
2536:
2525:
2506:
2495:
2485:
2474:
2463:
2452:
2433:
2422:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2378:
2367:
2357:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2313:
2302:
2296:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2259:
2248:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2217:
2198:
2187:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2148:
2137:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2104:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2051:
2040:
2030:
2020:
2003:
1992:
1982:
1971:
1959:
1948:
1938:
1928:
1917:
1906:
1896:
1885:
1873:
1862:
1852:
1841:
1830:
1819:
1807:
1796:
1786:
1775:
1764:
1753:
1734:
1727:
1716:
1705:
1694:
1682:
1675:
1664:
1654:
1643:
1632:
1613:
1603:
1594:
1584:
1574:
1564:
1552:
1542:
1533:
1523:
1513:
1503:
1491:
1481:
1472:
1462:
1452:
1443:
1433:
1414:
1407:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1358:
1351:
1342:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1306:
1299:
1290:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1247:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1204:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1154:
1143:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1106:
1095:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1058:
1051:
1041:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1004:
993:
982:
975:
968:
923:
900:for the plural.
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
852:Leonese has two
843:
839:
832:
817:
801:
792:
778:
769:
738:
672:Miranda do Douro
638:Castile and León
531:
494:
438:
429:
417:
403:
387:
380:
371:
370:
362:
347:Castile and León
210:
172:(north-west) in
142:
130:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
6902:
6901:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6891:
6890:
6889:
6880:Kingdom of León
6860:
6859:
6858:
6853:
6820:
6804:
6782:Pannonian Latin
6768:African Romance
6751:
6704:
6635:
6628:
6566:Judeo-Provençal
6439:
6428:
6405:
6354:
6264:Chilean Chilote
6206:
6092:
6033:
6029:
6026:
6015:
6003:Moselle Romance
5970:
5819:Missouri French
5780:Franco-Ontarian
5655:
5644:
5637:
5377:
5342:
5319:Southern Latian
5222:
5187:Maltese Italian
5119:Central Italian
5103:
5096:
5091:Common Romanian
5007:
4991:Italo-Dalmatian
4969:
4959:
4929:
4924:
4908:
4882:
4844:
4777:
4721:
4715:
4690:
4643:
4637:
4616:
4611:
4548:
4538:
4525:
4523:
4504:
4481:
4476:
4453:
4448:
4437:
4430:
4413:
4410:
4408:Further reading
4390:
4381:
4365:
4361:
4346:
4341:
4322:
4314:
4308:
4295:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4260:
4253:
4238:
4231:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4177:
4165:(in Galician).
4158:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4142:García Gil 2008
4140:
4136:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4093:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4067:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3919:García Gil 2008
3917:
3913:
3903:
3901:
3893:
3892:
3883:
3876:
3863:
3862:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3837:García Gil 2008
3835:
3831:
3824:
3801:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3780:
3769:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3746:
3737:
3730:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3646:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3626:
3613:Cuentos del Sil
3598:Bercian dialect
3575:Language portal
3573:
3566:
3563:
3318:L.lume de l.luz
3191:
3157:
3120:
3118:Standardization
3072:
3055:
3038:
3017:
3006:
2996:
2930:
2913:
2839:
2794:
2786:Kingdom of León
2705:
2700:
2615:
2486:
2358:
2297:
2218:
2182:
2109:hunger, famine
2031:
2021:
1983:
1939:
1929:
1897:
1853:
1787:
1655:
1595:
1534:
1473:
1444:
1378:
1343:
1291:
1042:
918:
906:
850:
736:Vowel phonemes
733:
728:
614:
605:
483:
461:Without proper
449:
448:
427:
413:
399:
383:
376:
366:
365:
358:
335:
328:Official status
323:
295:
288:
226:Latino-Faliscan
211:
208:Language family
206:
197:
196:Native speakers
174:Castilla y León
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6900:
6899:
6896:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6862:
6861:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6851:
6844:
6835:
6825:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6763:
6761:
6757:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6721:
6712:
6710:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6670:
6669:
6668:
6663:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6640:
6638:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6622:
6608:
6607:
6606:
6601:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6533:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6506:
6501:
6498:Judaeo-Catalan
6494:
6493:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6481:
6480:
6475:
6465:
6457:
6444:
6442:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6420:
6413:
6411:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6401:
6387:
6382:
6381:
6380:
6370:
6362:
6360:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6305:
6304:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6280:
6279:
6278:
6268:
6267:
6266:
6253:Latin American
6249:
6244:
6232:
6230:Judaeo-Spanish
6227:
6222:
6216:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6204:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6171:
6170:
6169:
6157:
6152:
6145:
6133:
6126:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6108:
6102:
6100:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6083:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6066:
6061:
6060:
6059:
6048:
6046:
6037:
6021:
6020:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5966:
5961:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5944:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5893:
5892:
5891:
5881:
5876:
5859:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5804:
5799:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5776:
5775:
5770:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5725:
5720:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5660:
5658:
5647:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5623:
5616:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5569:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5543:
5538:
5537:
5536:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5499:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5416:
5400:
5398:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5375:
5373:Judaeo-Italian
5370:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5253:
5252:
5251:
5241:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5206:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5115:
5113:
5106:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5094:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5033:
5028:
5026:Istro-Romanian
5023:
5017:
5015:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4974:Major branches
4971:
4970:
4966:classification
4960:
4958:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4935:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4916:
4914:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4890:
4888:
4887:Sign languages
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4869:
4866:
4860:
4858:
4857:Standard forms
4854:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4704:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4674:
4669:
4660:
4654:
4652:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4635:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4617:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4547:
4546:External links
4544:
4543:
4542:
4536:
4524:Reprinted in:
4509:(in Spanish).
4502:
4474:
4446:
4435:
4428:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4379:
4359:
4339:
4312:
4306:
4293:
4277:
4271:
4258:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4202:
4187:
4146:
4134:
4113:
4098:
4091:
4073:
4053:
4042:(in Spanish).
4026:
4019:
4001:
3994:
3976:
3964:
3948:
3941:
3923:
3911:
3881:
3874:
3853:
3841:
3829:
3822:
3786:
3767:
3752:
3735:
3728:
3707:
3700:
3674:
3667:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3608:Caitano Bardón
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3542:
3527:
3508:
3493:
3478:
3463:
3448:
3433:
3419:
3404:
3389:
3374:
3359:
3344:
3329:
3314:
3300:
3285:
3270:
3255:
3240:
3225:
3210:
3199:El tío perruca
3190:
3187:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3071:
3068:
3054:
3051:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3030:
2995:2,500 to 4,000
2993:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2929:
2926:
2862:, part of Los
2838:
2835:
2745:Astorga, Spain
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2681:
2670:
2659:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2625:
2604:
2593:
2582:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2559:
2548:
2537:
2526:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2513:c’l, t’l, g’l
2511:
2508:
2507:
2496:
2475:
2464:
2453:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2423:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2368:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2303:
2286:
2279:
2272:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2249:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2188:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2041:
2010:
1993:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1949:
1918:
1907:
1886:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1863:
1842:
1831:
1820:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1797:
1776:
1765:
1754:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1741:-ct- and -lt-
1739:
1736:
1735:
1728:
1717:
1706:
1695:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1665:
1644:
1633:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1604:
1585:
1575:
1565:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1543:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1463:
1453:
1434:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1398:
1391:
1384:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1217:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1144:
1133:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1096:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1006:
1005:
994:
983:
976:
969:
962:
958:
957:
953:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
917:
914:
905:
902:
860:(singular and
849:
846:
821:
820:
818:
811:
809:
803:
802:
795:
793:
786:
780:
779:
772:
770:
763:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
732:
729:
727:
724:
661:Trás-os-Montes
653:Menéndez Pidal
613:
610:
604:
601:
508:, recorded in
479:
478:
465:, you may see
451:
450:
440:
439:
431:
430:
425:
419:
418:
411:
405:
404:
397:
389:
388:
381:
373:
372:
363:
355:
354:
353:Language codes
350:
349:
336:
333:
330:
329:
325:
324:
322:
321:
320:
319:
318:
317:
298:
296:
293:
290:
289:
287:
286:
285:
284:
283:
282:
281:
280:
279:
278:
277:
276:
275:
274:
273:
272:
271:
270:
269:
268:
214:
212:
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
162:
158:
157:
148:
147:Native to
144:
143:
135:
134:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6898:
6897:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6849:
6845:
6843:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6823:
6817:
6816:Proto-Romance
6814:
6813:
6811:
6809:Reconstructed
6807:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6783:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6775:British Latin
6772:
6770:
6769:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6758:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6719:
6718:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6671:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6642:
6641:
6639:
6637:
6631:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6595:
6594:Vivaro-Alpine
6592:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6524:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6441:
6435:
6424:
6421:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6412:
6408:
6400:
6399:
6398:Old Navarrese
6395:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6357:
6351:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6298:
6295:
6294:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6281:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6272:
6269:
6265:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6248:
6247:Equatoguinean
6245:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6237:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6209:
6203:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6035:
6028:
6022:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5973:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5952:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5874:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5701:Frainc-Comtou
5699:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5640:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5497:Judeo-Italian
5495:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5424:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5292:Castelmezzano
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5217:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5197:Swiss Italian
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5078:Transylvanian
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5037:Daco-Romanian
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5004:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4986:Italo-Western
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4956:
4951:
4949:
4944:
4942:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4718:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4649:
4646:
4640:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4603:
4601:
4596:
4594:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4529:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4480:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4387:
4386:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4362:
4356:
4352:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4290:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4264:
4259:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4237:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4216:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4198:
4191:
4188:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4135:
4131:(in Spanish).
4130:
4123:
4117:
4114:
4109:
4102:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4074:
4066:
4065:
4057:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4036:Elena y María
4030:
4027:
4022:
4020:84-87667-65-1
4016:
4012:
4005:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3977:
3973:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3959:
3952:
3949:
3944:
3942:84-930359-4-7
3938:
3934:
3927:
3924:
3921:, p. 10.
3920:
3915:
3912:
3899:
3898:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3882:
3877:
3875:84-96100-13-8
3871:
3867:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3842:
3839:, p. 12.
3838:
3833:
3830:
3825:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3701:9788439872092
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3633:
3630:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3531:El ñegru amor
3528:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3512:El Prencipicu
3509:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:84-87562-12-4
3308:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3242:Miguel Rojo,
3241:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3175:provinces as
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3154:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3117:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2934:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2899:La Carballeda
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2809:Liber Iudicum
2806:
2805:
2798:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2743:(present-day
2742:
2738:
2734:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2566:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2523:novac(u)la(m)
2520:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2356:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2277:
2276:fieito, fento
2273:
2270:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2186:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2029:
2027:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1937:
1935:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1895:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1851:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1653:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1381:nativitate(m)
1376:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
995:
992:
990:
984:
981:
977:
974:
970:
967:
963:
960:
959:
954:
951:
948:
946:
945:Astur-Leonese
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
924:
915:
913:
911:
903:
901:
898:
892:
886:
880:
874:
868:
863:
859:
855:
847:
845:
836:
835:archiphonemes
828:
819:
816:
812:
810:
808:
805:
804:
800:
796:
794:
791:
787:
785:
782:
781:
777:
773:
771:
768:
764:
762:
759:
758:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
739:
730:
725:
723:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
701:
698:Asturleonese
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:Astur-Leonese
619:
611:
609:
602:
600:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
525:
521:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
458:
452:
447:
444:
437:
432:
428:ast-u-sd-escl
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
396:
395:
390:
386:
382:
379:
374:
369:
364:
361:
356:
351:
348:
344:
341:
337:
331:
326:
316:
313:
312:
311:
310:Proto-Romance
308:
307:
306:
303:
302:
301:
297:
291:
267:
264:
263:
262:
259:
258:
257:
254:
253:
252:
251:Ibero-Romance
249:
248:
247:
244:
243:
242:
241:Italo-Western
239:
238:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
228:
227:
224:
223:
222:
219:
218:
217:
216:Indo-European
213:
209:
203:
199:
193:
190:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:Provinces of
163:
159:
156:
152:
149:
145:
141:
136:
131:
128:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
6837:
6828:
6780:
6773:
6766:
6715:
6617:
6610:
6572:Languedocien
6564:
6557:Judeo-Gascon
6555:
6496:
6447:
6417:Barranquenho
6396:
6389:
6365:
6347:
6289:
6251:
6234:
6225:Extremaduran
6199:
6173:
6159:
6147:
6135:
6128:
6085:
6068:
6044:Asturleonese
6008:
6001:
5959:West Walloon
5947:Saintongeais
5895:
5871:
5867:Anglo-Norman
5825:
5758:Newfoundland
5718:Jersey Legal
5710:
5618:
5583:Southwestern
5566:Vallassinese
5455:Gallo-Picene
5396:Gallo-Italic
5358:
5274:
5269:
5208:
5174:
5089:
5035:
4763:Erromintxela
4720:Unrecognised
4710:
4527:
4510:
4506:
4489:
4485:
4461:
4457:
4444:(in German).
4440:
4419:
4384:
4350:
4326:
4297:
4288:
4262:
4251:the original
4234:
4205:
4196:
4190:
4178:. Retrieved
4166:
4162:
4149:
4137:
4128:
4116:
4107:
4101:
4082:
4076:
4063:
4056:
4039:
4035:
4029:
4010:
4004:
3985:
3979:
3967:
3957:
3951:
3932:
3926:
3914:
3902:. Retrieved
3896:
3865:
3844:
3832:
3805:
3761:
3755:
3719:
3687:
3677:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3642:
3632:
3618:Eva González
3545:
3530:
3515:
3511:
3496:
3481:
3466:
3452:Entre brumas
3451:
3436:
3421:
3407:
3392:
3377:
3362:
3347:
3332:
3317:
3302:
3288:
3273:
3258:
3243:
3228:
3227:Xuan Bello,
3213:
3198:
3192:
3176:
3158:
3121:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3060:
3056:
3047:
3004:Ribas de Sil
2989:
2979:
2968:
2958:
2939:
2903:La Requejada
2880:
2848:
2828:and western
2823:
2819:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2790:
2779:
2777:
2760:
2753:
2749:Romanization
2730:
2686:
2675:
2664:
2653:
2630:
2619:
2609:
2598:
2587:
2564:
2553:
2542:
2531:
2501:
2490:
2480:
2469:
2458:
2428:
2417:
2373:
2362:
2352:
2308:
2291:
2254:
2243:
2210:ice / frost
2193:
2143:
2099:
2058:
2046:
2035:
2025:
2015:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1987:
1977:
1954:
1943:
1933:
1923:
1912:
1901:
1891:
1868:
1857:
1847:
1836:
1825:
1802:
1791:
1781:
1770:
1759:
1722:
1711:
1700:
1670:
1659:
1649:
1638:
1608:
1598:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1547:
1537:
1528:
1518:
1508:
1486:
1476:
1467:
1457:
1447:
1438:
1402:
1346:
1337:
1294:
1285:
1242:
1199:
1149:
1138:
1101:
1090:
1046:
1036:
999:
988:
907:
851:
824:
709:
704:
699:
697:
693:
679:
669:
650:
615:
606:
589:Asturleonese
586:
519:
518:
454:
409:Linguasphere
392:
305:Vulgar Latin
265:
261:Asturleonese
256:West Iberian
127:
112:
106:January 2016
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
6793:Campidanese
6619:Old Catalan
6612:Old Occitan
6349:Old Spanish
6283:Rioplatense
6087:Old Leonese
5915:Cotentinais
5879:Guernésiais
5802:Frenchville
5795:New England
5674:Bourbonnais
5626:Piedmontese
5620:Old Lombard
5512:Bergamasque
5436:Sammarinese
4651:Co-official
4464:: 753–808.
3814:10366/19373
3655:(1906–2006)
3053:Recognition
3018: [
3007: [
2971:newsletter
2914: [
2887:Maragatería
2795: [
2645:teg(u)la(m)
2579:vet(u)lu(m)
2330:castellu(m)
2158:lum(i)ne(m)
2114:fam(i)ne(m)
2070:hom(i)ne(m)
1692:ferrariu(m)
1687:blacksmith
1365:Initial n-
1254:Initial l-
1161:Initial f-
908:Adjectives
831:/a,e,i,o,u/
506:El Rebollar
469:instead of
315:Old Leonese
294:Early forms
6864:Categories
6840:indicates
6798:Logudorese
6331:Philippine
6297:Andalusian
6291:Peninsular
6181:Estremenho
6137:Portuguese
6064:Cantabrian
5897:Law French
5889:Sercquiais
5723:Meridional
5684:Champenois
5679:Burgundian
5490:Tabarchino
5480:Monégasque
5419:Parmigiano
5276:Neapolitan
5249:Manduriano
5216:Florentine
5083:Wallachian
5053:Bukovinian
4819:Portuguese
4748:Cantabrian
4695:Recognised
4577:Llionpedia
4422:. Gredos.
3624:References
3189:Literature
3098:unofficial
3026:La Cabrera
2872:La Cabrera
2866:, eastern
2450:muliere(m)
2269:filictu(m)
2004:(archaic)
1969:auscultare
1370:Christmas
1259:fireplace
1014:ŏc(u)lu(m)
940:Portuguese
904:Adjectives
829:phonemes,
642:transition
632:, both in
626:isoglosses
599:and Leon.
496:A Leonese
76:newspapers
6848:varieties
6831:indicate
6788:Sardinian
6745:Triestine
6693:Sursilvan
6604:Mentonasc
6582:Provençal
6531:Auvergnat
6517:Valencian
6473:Mallorcan
6463:Algherese
6438:Occitano-
6385:Navarrese
6373:Aragonese
6309:Castilian
6212:Castilian
6188:Uruguayan
6161:Brazilian
6124:Minderico
6118:/Eonavian
6081:Mirandese
5995:Valdôtain
5981:/Arpitan
5922:Orléanais
5873:Auregnais
5857:Mayennais
5807:Louisiana
5689:Ardennais
5669:Berrichon
5475:Intemelio
5431:Forlivese
5414:Bolognese
5360:Dalmatian
5324:Tarantino
5287:Benevento
5244:Salentino
5204:Sassarese
5168:Gallurese
5151:Romanesco
5104:Dalmatian
5068:Moldavian
5063:Maramureș
5021:Aromanian
4834:Ukrainian
4794:Bulgarian
4738:Estremeñu
4722:languages
4702:Aragonese
4667:Valencian
4644:languages
4519:0210-9174
4470:0717-8883
4394:cite book
4369:cite book
4335:0034-771X
4247:2013-102X
4180:25 August
4175:1616-413X
4129:Furmientu
4048:0210-9174
3518:), 2009.
3173:Salamanca
3155:Promotion
3088:, in its
3066:changed.
3000:El Bierzo
2864:Argüellos
2773:Castilian
2761:conventus
2756:Visigoths
1562:flamma(m)
1375:natal(is)
731:Phonology
705:Mirandese
681:Mirandese
630:mountains
566:Salamanca
510:Salamanca
502:Peñaparda
415:51-AAA-cc
394:Glottolog
378:ISO 639-3
360:ISO 639-2
300:Old Latin
185:Ethnicity
6724:Venetian
6698:Vallader
6688:Surmiran
6661:Cadorino
6644:Friulian
6577:Limousin
6546:Béarnese
6508:Western
6490:Northern
6478:Menorcan
6468:Balearic
6459:Eastern
6455:dialects
6314:Castrapo
6271:Peruvian
6242:dialects
6175:European
6143:dialects
6130:Portugis
6111:Galician
6052:Asturian
5990:Savoyard
5942:Poitevin
5910:Cauchois
5884:Jèrriais
5731:Canadian
5610:Varesino
5605:Ticinese
5593:Novarese
5588:Cremunés
5578:Ossolano
5573:Milanese
5561:Lecchese
5529:Brianzöö
5460:Ligurian
5426:Romagnol
5307:Arianese
5302:Irpinian
5297:Cilentan
5261:Pantesco
5256:Sicilian
5227:Southern
5163:Corsican
5139:Macerata
5134:Fabriano
5073:Oltenian
5043:dialects
5003:Southern
4913:See also
4879:Galician
4868:Asturian
4824:Romanian
4707:Asturian
4672:Galician
4418:(1960).
4318:(1906).
3561:See also
3548:, 2009.
3533:, 2009.
3499:, 2008.
3484:, 2008.
3469:, 2008.
3454:, 1921.
3439:, 2007.
3424:, 2006.
3395:, 2003.
3380:, 2005.
3365:, 2007.
3350:, 2004.
3335:, 2002.
3320:, 2002.
3305:, 1996.
3291:, 1991.
3276:, 1985.
3261:, 1984.
3246:, 1994.
3231:, 1982.
3216:, 1981.
3201:, 1976.
3178:El Fueyu
3144:Astorga.
3140:dialect.
3070:Vitality
2876:Sanabria
2852:Bragança
2801:and the
2765:Galician
1883:multu(m)
1817:nocte(m)
1751:factu(m)
1630:causa(m)
1501:clave(m)
1431:planu(m)
1214:ferru(m)
1116:tĕrra(m)
1068:tĕmpu(m)
966:pŏrta(m)
935:Galician
712:Asturian
694:Asturian
686:Portugal
676:Portugal
665:Portugal
634:Asturias
597:Asturias
593:Asturian
578:Portugal
574:Portugal
534:Asturian
475:Help:IPA
401:leon1250
155:Portugal
6829:Italics
6730:Chipilo
6673:Romansh
6636:Romance
6634:Rhaeto-
6599:Gardiol
6551:Landese
6541:Aranese
6526:Occitan
6485:Central
6449:Catalan
6440:Romance
6341:Creoles
6336:Saharan
6324:Murcian
6302:Llanito
6259:Chilean
6236:Spanish
6193:Creoles
6167:Mineiro
6149:African
6074:Riberan
6069:Leonese
6034:Iberian
6027:Romance
5954:Walloon
5927:Paydret
5905:Augeron
5845:Vosgien
5840:Gaumais
5835:Lorrain
5827:Creoles
5790:Muskrat
5736:Acadian
5664:Angevin
5654:Langues
5645:Romance
5551:Comasco
5524:Western
5517:Cremish
5507:Eastern
5502:Lombard
5470:Genoese
5465:Brigasc
5409:Emilian
5387:Western
5366:Istriot
5329:Vastese
5314:Molisan
5176:Italian
5112:Central
5058:Crișana
5013:Eastern
4996:Western
4981:Eastern
4864:Spanish
4829:Russian
4804:Italian
4799:English
4773:Tarifit
4711:Leonese
4683:Aranese
4677:Occitan
4663:Catalan
4628:Spanish
4226:Sources
3686:(ed.).
3036:Studies
3015:Fornela
2974:25,000
2963:50,000
2860:Laciana
2703:History
2395:rana(m)
2344:castelo
2337:castelo
2325:castle
2215:gelu(m)
2007:escutar
1964:listen
1732:herrero
1412:navidad
1316:lupu(m)
1264:lare(m)
950:Spanish
858:numbers
854:genders
848:Grammar
749:Central
710:Unlike
636:and in
582:Spanish
538:lleonés
529:llionés
524:Leonese
520:Leonese
498:speaker
471:Unicode
340:Spanish
266:Leonese
246:Western
236:Romance
189:Leonese
140:Llionés
133:Leonese
90:scholar
6760:Others
6740:Talian
6735:Fiuman
6709:Others
6649:Fornes
6587:Niçard
6536:Gascon
6504:Patuet
6410:Others
6319:Castúo
6025:Ibero-
5985:Faetar
5932:Picard
5862:Norman
5850:Welche
5773:Magoua
5763:Quebec
5753:Brayon
5712:French
5694:Rémois
5643:Gallo-
5598:Pavese
5556:Laghée
5534:Canzés
5485:Royasc
5347:Others
5282:Barese
5210:Tuscan
5156:Sabino
5129:Ancona
5102:Italo-
4872:Basque
4841:, etc.
4814:German
4809:French
4789:Arabic
4753:Darija
4658:Basque
4534:
4517:
4468:
4426:
4357:
4333:
4304:
4269:
4245:
4173:
4089:
4046:
4017:
3992:
3939:
3904:10 May
3872:
3820:
3726:
3698:
3665:
3645:]
3552:
3537:
3522:
3503:
3488:
3473:
3458:
3443:
3428:
3414:
3399:
3384:
3369:
3354:
3339:
3324:
3309:
3295:
3280:
3265:
3250:
3235:
3220:
3205:
3169:Zamora
3086:UNESCO
3079:Ad hoc
3024:, and
2922:Tábara
2907:Aliste
2905:– and
2891:Cepeda
2883:Órbigo
2868:Bierzo
2830:Zamora
2771:, and
2518:razor
2445:woman
2361:castie
2351:castie
2300:feichu
2221:gelare
1812:night
1625:thing
1557:flame
1235:fierru
1171:facere
926:Gloss
862:plural
703:, and
700:proper
564:, and
562:Zamora
526::
443:UNESCO
221:Italic
170:Zamora
161:Region
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
6683:Putèr
6678:Jauer
6666:Nones
6656:Ladin
6155:Asian
5812:Houma
5785:Métis
5768:Joual
5741:Chiac
5706:Gallo
5656:d'oïl
5048:Banat
4482:(PDF)
4454:(PDF)
4347:(PDF)
4323:(PDF)
4285:(PDF)
4254:(PDF)
4239:(PDF)
4159:(PDF)
4125:(PDF)
4068:(PDF)
3802:(PDF)
3647:(PDF)
3022:]
3011:]
2918:]
2895:Omaña
2856:Babia
2799:]
2733:Roman
2640:tile
2440:-lj-
2402:ra(n)
2390:frog
2372:casti
2320:-ll-
2264:fern
2185:ḷḷume
2179:llume
2153:fire
2084:homem
2024:escue
1878:much
1746:made
1426:flat
1405:avidá
1395:natal
1388:nadal
1311:wolf
1245:ierro
1228:ferro
1221:ferro
1209:iron
1192:facer
1185:fazer
1178:facer
1166:make
1130:terra
1123:terra
1111:land
1082:tempo
1075:tempo
1063:time
980:porta
973:porta
961:door
930:Latin
910:agree
827:vowel
761:Close
744:Front
657:Latin
570:Spain
554:Spain
514:Spain
500:from
231:Latin
178:Spain
176:, in
151:Spain
97:JSTOR
83:books
6838:Bold
6423:Caló
6106:Fala
6032:West
4758:Caló
4743:Fala
4532:ISBN
4515:ISSN
4466:ISSN
4424:ISBN
4400:link
4375:link
4355:ISBN
4331:ISSN
4302:ISBN
4267:ISBN
4243:ISSN
4182:2022
4171:ISSN
4087:ISBN
4044:ISSN
4015:ISBN
3990:ISBN
3937:ISBN
3906:2024
3870:ISBN
3818:ISBN
3724:ISBN
3696:ISBN
3663:ISBN
3550:ISBN
3535:ISBN
3520:ISBN
3501:ISBN
3486:ISBN
3471:ISBN
3456:ISBN
3441:ISBN
3426:ISBN
3412:ISBN
3397:ISBN
3382:ISBN
3367:ISBN
3352:ISBN
3337:ISBN
3322:ISBN
3307:ISBN
3293:ISBN
3278:ISBN
3263:ISBN
3248:ISBN
3233:ISBN
3218:ISBN
3203:ISBN
3171:and
3165:León
2920:and
2911:Alba
2870:and
2858:and
2826:León
2574:old
2563:nava
2552:ñava
2541:nava
2530:nava
2311:echo
2294:eitu
2283:feto
2235:gelo
2172:lume
2165:lume
2135:fame
2128:fome
2121:fame
2091:home
2077:home
2065:man
2045:escu
2034:escu
2028:tare
2018:tare
2014:escu
1997:escu
1986:escu
1976:esco
1723:e(i)
1721:ferr
1710:ferr
1699:ferr
1680:cosa
1671:o(u)
1496:key
1458:plan
1356:lobo
1330:lobo
1323:lobo
1202:acer
1028:olho
1021:ollo
1009:eye
840:and
807:Open
754:Back
603:Name
572:and
558:León
550:León
423:IETF
166:León
69:news
4494:doi
4215:BOE
3810:hdl
2811:or
2629:vie
2618:vie
2608:vie
2253:hie
2228:xeo
2192:lum
2142:ham
2098:hom
2001:tar
1990:tar
1980:tar
1932:mue
1856:nue
1846:nue
1611:ama
1601:ama
1592:ama
1582:ama
1572:ama
1550:ave
1540:ave
1531:ave
1521:ave
1511:ave
1489:ano
1479:anu
1470:anu
1349:obu
1340:obu
1304:lar
1278:lar
1271:lar
1152:rra
1141:rra
1104:mpo
1093:mpu
1056:ojo
1049:chu
1002:rta
991:rta
897:-es
885:-as
873:-os
842:/ʊ/
838:/ɪ/
784:Mid
696:or
678:),
552:in
548:of
504:in
457:IPA
385:ast
368:ast
345:of
52:by
6866::
4839:Wu
4709:/
4665:/
4513:.
4490:12
4488:.
4484:.
4462:94
4460:.
4456:.
4396:}}
4392:{{
4371:}}
4367:{{
4325:.
4161:.
4127:.
3884:^
3856:^
3816:.
3789:^
3770:^
3738:^
3710:^
3167:,
3020:es
3013:,
3009:es
3002:,
2992:.
2916:es
2893:,
2889:,
2878:.
2797:es
2767:,
2685:te
2674:te
2665:lh
2663:te
2654:ll
2652:te
2620:ch
2599:lh
2597:ve
2588:ll
2586:ve
2543:lh
2532:ll
2504:er
2500:mu
2493:er
2491:ch
2489:mu
2483:er
2479:mu
2472:er
2470:lh
2468:mu
2461:er
2459:ll
2457:mu
2427:ra
2416:ra
2409:rã
2374:ll
2363:ḷḷ
2353:ll
2307:he
2290:fe
2242:xe
2194:br
2144:br
2100:br
2059:mn
2049:ar
2047:ch
2038:ar
2036:ch
1955:ch
1953:mu
1944:ch
1942:mu
1936:tu
1926:tu
1922:mu
1915:to
1911:mu
1904:to
1900:mu
1894:to
1890:mo
1869:ch
1867:no
1858:ch
1848:it
1837:it
1835:no
1826:it
1824:no
1803:ch
1801:he
1792:ch
1790:fe
1782:it
1780:fe
1771:it
1769:fe
1760:it
1758:fe
1725:ru
1714:ro
1712:ei
1703:ro
1701:ei
1673:sa
1662:sa
1660:oi
1652:sa
1650:ou
1641:sa
1639:ou
1609:ll
1599:ll
1590:ch
1580:ch
1570:ch
1548:ll
1538:ll
1529:ch
1519:ch
1509:ch
1487:ll
1477:ll
1468:ch
1450:ao
1448:ch
1441:an
1439:ch
1347:ḷḷ
1338:ll
1297:ar
1295:ḷḷ
1288:ar
1286:ll
1150:ie
1139:ie
1102:ie
1091:ie
1047:üe
1039:yu
1037:üe
1000:ue
989:ue
891:-e
879:-a
867:-u
844:.
707:.
560:,
536::
532:,
512:,
153:,
6036:)
6030:(
4968:)
4964:(
4954:e
4947:t
4940:v
4634:)
4630:(
4606:e
4599:t
4592:v
4540:.
4521:.
4511:4
4500:.
4496::
4472:.
4434:.
4432:.
4402:)
4377:)
4337:.
4310:.
4275:.
4217:.
4184:.
4167:6
4144:.
4095:.
4050:.
4023:.
3998:.
3974:.
3945:.
3908:.
3878:.
3851:.
3826:.
3812::
3784:.
3750:.
3732:.
3704:.
3671:.
3556:.
3541:.
3526:.
3507:.
3492:.
3477:.
3462:.
3447:.
3432:.
3418:.
3403:.
3388:.
3373:.
3358:.
3343:.
3328:.
3313:.
3299:.
3284:.
3269:.
3254:.
3239:.
3224:.
3209:.
3028:)
2998:(
2885:(
2689:a
2687:j
2678:a
2676:y
2667:a
2656:a
2633:o
2631:j
2622:u
2612:u
2610:y
2601:o
2590:o
2567:a
2565:j
2556:a
2554:y
2545:a
2534:a
2502:j
2481:y
2431:a
2429:n
2420:a
2418:n
2376:o
2365:u
2355:u
2309:l
2292:l
2257:o
2255:l
2246:u
2244:l
2196:e
2146:e
2102:e
2026:i
2016:i
1999:i
1988:i
1978:i
1957:o
1946:u
1934:i
1924:i
1913:i
1902:i
1892:i
1871:e
1860:e
1850:e
1839:e
1828:e
1805:o
1794:u
1784:u
1773:o
1762:o
1669:c
1658:c
1648:c
1637:c
1460:o
1403:ñ
1243:h
1200:h
1148:t
1137:t
1100:t
1089:t
1045:g
1035:g
998:p
987:p
815:a
799:o
790:e
776:u
767:i
674:(
663:(
522:(
477:.
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
