1049:. He believed that culture–meaning the total of all human cultural activity on the planet–was evolving. White differentiated three components of culture: technological, sociological, and ideological. He argued that it was the technological component which plays a primary role or is the primary determining factor responsible for the cultural evolution. His materialist approach is evident in the following quote: "man as an animal species, and consequently culture as a whole, is dependent upon the material, mechanical means of adjustment to the natural environment." This technological component can be described as material, mechanical, physical, and chemical instruments, as well as the way people use these techniques. White's argument on the importance of technology goes as follows:
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975:, White saw the delineation of the object of study not as a cognitive accomplishment of the anthropologist, but as a recognition of the actually existing and delineated phenomena which comprise the world. The distinction between 'natural' and 'social' sciences was thus based not on method, but on the nature of the object of study: physicists study physical phenomena, biologists biological phenomena, and culturologists (White's term) cultural phenomena.
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1014:. While it can be argued that White's exposition of Morgan and Spencer's was tendentious, it can be safely said that White's concepts of science and evolution were firmly rooted in their work. Advances in population biology and evolutionary theory passed White by and, unlike Steward, his conception of evolution and progress remained firmly rooted in the nineteenth century.
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894:, Titiev took part in the war effort by studying Japan. Perhaps this upset the socialist White. In any case by war's end White had broken with Titiev, who would go on to found the East Asian Studies Program, and the two were hardly even on speaking terms. No other faculty members were hired until after the war, when scholars like
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approach because it combined the diachronic scope of one with the generalizing eye for formal interrelations provided by the other. As such, it could point out "the course of cultural development in the past and its probable course in the future" a task that was anthropology's "most valuable function".
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The object of study was not delineated by the researcher's viewpoint or interest, but the method by which he approached them could be. White believed that phenomena could be explored from three different points of view: the historical, the formal-functional, and the evolutionist (or formal-temporal).
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and could be explained only in terms of itself. It was composed of three levels: the technological, the social organizational, and the ideological. Each level rested on the previous one, and although they all interacted, ultimately the technological level was the determining one, what White calls
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in 1930. Although the university was home to a museum with a long history of involvement in matters anthropological, White was the only professor in the anthropology department itself. He remained here for the rest of his active career. In 1932, he headed a field school in the southwest which was
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Boas claimed his science promised complex and interdependent visions of culture, but White thought that it would delegitimize anthropology if it became the dominant position, removing it from broader discourses on science. White viewed his own approach as a synthesis of historical and functional
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One of White's strongest deviations from Boas's philosophy was a view of the nature of anthropology and its relation to other sciences. White understood the world to be divided into cultural, biological, and physical levels of phenomena. Such a division is a reflection of the composition of the
995:, attempting to discern the formal structure of a society and the functional interrelations of its components. The evolutionist approach is, like the formal approach, generalizing; but it is also diachronic, seeing particular events as general instances of larger trends.
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1078:. The brightest areas of the Earth are the most urbanized, but not necessarily the most populous. Even more than 100 years after the invention of the electric light, some regions remain thinly populated and unlit.
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1097:. Third, they use the energy of plants (so White refers to agricultural revolution here). Fourth, they learn to use the energy of natural resources: coal, oil, gas. Fifth, they harness
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culture evolves as the amount of energy harnessed per capita per year is increased, or as the efficiency of the instrumental means of putting the energy to work is increased
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cultural processes, "lovingly trying to penetrate into its secrets until every feature is plain and clear." The formal-functional is essentially the
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White differentiates between five stages of human development. At first, people use the energy of their own muscles. Second, they use the energy of
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Leslie A. White: Evolution and
Revolution in Anthropology by William Peace. University of Nebraska Press, 2004 (the definitive biography of White).
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For White "the primary function of culture" and the one that determines its level of advancement is its ability to "harness and control energy."
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White spoke of culture as a general human phenomenon and claimed not to speak of 'cultures' in the plural. His theory, published in 1959 in
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states that the measure by which to judge the relative degree of evolvedness of culture was the amount of energy it could capture (
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during his PhD His thesis proposal was a library thesis, which foreshadowed his later theoretical work. He conducted fieldwork at
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1238:"Introduction: The University of Michigan's Department of Anthropology: Leslie White and the Politics of Departmental Expansion"
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White brought Titiev, his student and a
Russian immigrant, to Michigan as a second professor in 1936. However, during the
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1022:"The hero of our piece" and "the leading character of our play". The most important factor in his theory is technology: "
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Jerry D. Moore. Leslie White: Evolution
Emergent. Chapter 13 of Visions of Culture. pp. 169–180. Alta Mira, 1997.
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Richard
Beardsley. An appraisal of Leslie A. White's scholarly influence. American Anthropologist 78:617–620, 1976.
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marked a turning point in White's thinking. White developed an interest in
Marxism in 1929, he visited the
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joined the department. Most would fall on one side or the other of the split between White and Titiev.
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Societies that capture more energy and use it more efficiently have an advantage over other societies.
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1206:. Bureau of American Ethnology, 47th annual report, pp. 1–192. Smithsonian Institution, 1932.
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represents the degree of cultural development in terms of product produced. In his own words: "
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1991:
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1420:– Finding guide and information about Leslie White's papers at the Bentley Historical library.
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This stance can be seen in his views of evolution, which are firmly rooted in the writings of
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Elman
Service. Leslie Alvin White, 1900–1975. American Anthropologist 78:612–617, 1976.
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This attempt ultimately means capturing enough energy and diverting it for human needs.
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had lectured, however he supported cultural evolution as defined by writers such as
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do, his theory treats the technological factor as the most important factor in the
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who carried on White's program in its orthodox form, while other scholars such as
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Therefore, these different societies are more advanced in an evolutionary sense.
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The
Evolution of Culture: The Development of Civilization to the Fall of Rome
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The
Evolution of Culture: The Development of Civilization to the Fall of Rome
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drew on their time with White to elaborate their own forms of anthropology.
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710:) was an American anthropologist known for his advocacy of the theories on
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The
Promise of Progress: The Life and Work of Lewis Henry Morgan
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Over time, White's views became framed in opposition to that of
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The historical view was dedicated to examining the particular
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is the measure of efficiency in using energy harnessed, and
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As a professor in Ann Arbor, White trained students such as
1194:. American Anthropological Association Memoir No. 38, 1938.
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Technology is an attempt to solve the problems of survival.
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Composite image of the Earth at night in 2012, created by
1030:", wrote White in his book, echoing the earlier theory of
1264:"Ave Atque Vale, Central States Anthropological Society"
1200:. American Anthropological Association Memoir 60, 1935.
1188:. American Anthropological Association Memoir 60, 1949.
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The
Science of Culture: A study of man and civilization
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Ethnological Essays: Selected Essays of Leslie A. White
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For White, culture was a superorganic entity that was
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Burials at Forest Hill Cemetery (Ann Arbor, Michigan)
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is a measure of energy consumed per capita per year,
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White went to Michigan when he was hired to replace
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214:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1217:List of important publications in anthropology
1144:and is similar to ideas in the later works of
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777:, where he studied psychology, receiving a
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1410:. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
292:Learn how and when to remove this message
274:Learn how and when to remove this message
172:Learn how and when to remove this message
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
19:For other people named Leslie White, see
824:. White also spent a few weeks with the
135:This article includes a list of general
1325:Lowie's selected papers in anthropology
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1168:. University of New Mexico Press. 1987.
399:
816:, before discovering anthropology via
2261:20th-century American anthropologists
1045:and is counted prominently among the
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1456:American Anthropological Association
1242:Michigan Discussions in Anthropology
843:In 1927 White began teaching at the
773:in 1919. In 1921, he transferred to
732:American Anthropological Association
212:adding citations to reliable sources
1186:The Pueblo of Santa Ana, New Mexico
1130:the basic law of cultural evolution
16:American anthropologist (1900–1975)
2226:Columbia College (New York) alumni
1182:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1949.
141:it lacks sufficient corresponding
82:tone or style may not reflect the
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796:White studied at Columbia, where
41:This article has multiple issues.
728:University of Michigan Ann Arbor
564:Cybernetic Culture Research Unit
188:
126:
92:guide to writing better articles
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648:Science, technology and society
199:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
2251:University of Michigan faculty
1101:. White introduced a formula,
822:New School for Social Research
1:
948:American Journal of Sociology
863:and on his return joined the
761:. He volunteered to fight in
730:. White was president of the
21:Leslie White (disambiguation)
2246:People from Salida, Colorado
2231:University at Buffalo alumni
1322:Lowie, Robert Harry (1960).
1041:, rekindled the interest in
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789:and Sociology came from the
1406:Moses, Daniel Noah (2009).
1198:The Pueblo of Santo Domingo
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1370:. Mnsu.edu. Archived from
963:device. Thus, contrary to
771:Louisiana State University
593:Environmental anthropology
18:
1250:2027/spo.0522508.0016.103
1154:technological singularity
1192:The Pueblo of San Felipe
1738:Alfred Irving Hallowell
1578:Marshall Howard Saville
1418:The Leslie White Papers
1236:Peace, William (2006).
959:universe and was not a
716:sociocultural evolution
588:Ecological anthropology
403:science, and technology
401:Anthropology of nature,
156:more precise citations.
86:used on Knowledge (XXG)
2266:Theoretical historians
1658:John Montgomery Cooper
1543:William Curtis Farabee
1343:"American Materialism"
1296:. September 19, 2008.
1152:, and some notions of
1138:technological utopians
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989:Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
987:approach advocated by
818:Alexander Goldenweiser
750:
90:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
2155:Virginia R. DomĂnguez
2040:Nancy Oestreich Lurie
2016:William C. Sturtevant
1933:Anthony F. C. Wallace
1594:George Grant MacCurdy
1160:Selected publications
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1028:technological systems
865:Socialist Labor Party
857:University of Buffalo
845:University at Buffalo
791:University of Chicago
753:White lived first in
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708:Lone Pine, California
663:cultural anthropology
422:Nature–culture divide
1941:Joseph B. Casagrande
1511:Roland Burrage Dixon
1495:William Henry Holmes
1479:Frederic Ward Putnam
1148:, the theory of the
1142:evolution of society
1095:domesticated animals
993:Bronisław Malinowski
937:White's anthropology
896:Richard K. Beardsley
785:in 1924. His PhD in
769:before enrolling at
748:Forest Hill Cemetery
583:Digital anthropology
208:improve this article
2008:Conrad M. Arensberg
1893:Frederica de Laguna
1861:Morris Edward Opler
1666:Elsie Clews Parsons
1503:Jesse Walter Fewkes
1043:social evolutionism
814:clinical psychiatry
775:Columbia University
702:(January 19, 1900,
578:Cyborg anthropology
450:Benjamin H. Bratton
394:Part of a series on
2131:Elizabeth Brumfiel
1976:Walter Goldschmidt
1773:Wendell C. Bennett
1765:William W. Howells
1471:William John McGee
1454:Presidents of the
1294:The New York Times
1088:energy consumption
1080:
1032:Lewis Henry Morgan
1026:are determined by
851:Buffalo transition
751:
712:cultural evolution
706:– March 31, 1975,
700:Leslie Alvin White
549:Capitalist Realism
417:Ecogovernmentality
2213:
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2024:M. Margaret Clark
1992:Francis L. K. Hsu
1853:Sherwood Washburn
1813:E. Adamson Hoebel
1290:"Leslie A. White"
1268:Anthropology News
1204:The Acoma Indians
965:Alfred L. Kroeber
765:, serving in the
718:, and especially
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638:Political ecology
629:Literary Machines
623:Hypertext fiction
455:Gabriella Coleman
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1008:Charles Darwin
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887:, and others.
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225: –
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219:Find sources:
213:
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197:This article
195:
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162:February 2008
155:
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100:December 2007
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2203:Ramona Perez
2123:Don Brenneis
2115:2001–Present
2096:Jane H. Hill
1909:Cora Du Bois
1901:Irving Rouse
1869:Leslie White
1868:
1821:Harry Hoijer
1706:Ralph Linton
1682:Leslie Spier
1642:Edward Sapir
1618:Robert Lowie
1551:Walter Hough
1407:
1376:. Retrieved
1372:the original
1347:. Retrieved
1324:
1317:
1305:. Retrieved
1293:
1284:
1272:. Retrieved
1267:
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1231:
1203:
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1036:
1016:
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997:
977:
973:Edward Sapir
957:
953:Robert Lowie
946:
940:
900:
889:
879:attended by
869:
861:Soviet Union
855:Teaching at
854:
842:
838:Acoma Pueblo
806:Edward Tylor
795:
787:Anthropology
752:
724:anthropology
699:
698:
643:Rave culture
627:
597:
562:
547:
530:Leslie White
529:
520:Paul Virilio
495:Bruno Latour
445:Ray Brassier
393:
351:, California
343:(1975-03-31)
310:Leslie White
303:
288:
270:
261:
251:
244:
237:
230:
218:
206:Please help
201:verification
198:
168:
159:
140:
106:
97:
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
2241:1975 deaths
2236:1900 births
2197:(2019–2021)
2195:Akhil Gupta
2189:(2017–2019)
2187:Alex Barker
2181:(2015–2017)
2173:(2013–2015)
2165:(2011–2013)
2157:(2009–2011)
2149:(2007–2009)
2141:(2005–2007)
2133:(2003–2005)
2125:(2001–2003)
2106:(1999–2001)
2098:(1997–1999)
2090:(1995–1997)
2082:(1993–1995)
2074:(1991–1993)
2066:(1989–1991)
2058:(1988–1989)
2050:(1986–1987)
2042:(1984–1985)
1612:(1933–1934)
1588:(1929–1930)
1580:(1927–1928)
1572:(1925–1926)
1553:(1923–1924)
1545:(1921–1922)
1537:(1919–1920)
1529:(1917–1918)
1521:(1915–1916)
1519:F. W. Hodge
1513:(1913–1914)
1505:(1911–1912)
1497:(1909–1910)
1489:(1907–1908)
1481:(1905–1906)
1473:(1902–1904)
1345:. As.ua.edu
1084:White's law
1019:sui generis
763:World War I
738:Early years
608:Hari Kunzru
515:Sadie Plant
470:Mark Fisher
383:White's law
357:Nationality
154:introducing
2220:Categories
2032:Dell Hymes
1805:Emil Haury
1781:Fred Eggan
1487:Franz Boas
1223:References
985:synchronic
981:diachronic
881:Fred Eggan
798:Franz Boas
613:Hypermedia
525:Mike Wesch
505:Ted Nelson
485:Mizuko Ito
365:Occupation
332:, Colorado
322:1900-01-19
264:March 2023
234:newspapers
137:references
46:improve it
2147:Setha Low
2048:June Helm
1968:1976–2001
1757:1951–1975
1698:Neil Judd
1562:1925–1950
1463:1902–1924
1302:0362-4331
969:Kluckhohn
961:heuristic
915:Eric Wolf
876:Ann Arbor
834:Wisconsin
830:Winnebago
826:Menominee
759:Louisiana
757:and then
618:Hypertext
573:Cybertext
490:Nick Land
465:Roy Ellen
349:Lone Pine
52:talk page
2205:(2021– )
1307:June 23,
1274:June 23,
1211:See also
943:Boasians
793:(1925).
734:(1964).
360:American
1829:Sol Tax
1378:May 14,
1349:May 14,
1176:. 1959.
1132:" was "
767:US Navy
726:at the
248:scholar
150:improve
2034:(1983)
2026:(1982)
2018:(1981)
2010:(1980)
2002:(1979)
1994:(1978)
1986:(1977)
1978:(1976)
1959:(1975)
1951:(1974)
1943:(1973)
1935:(1972)
1927:(1971)
1919:(1970)
1911:(1969)
1903:(1968)
1895:(1967)
1887:(1966)
1879:(1965)
1871:(1964)
1863:(1963)
1855:(1962)
1847:(1961)
1839:(1960)
1831:(1959)
1823:(1958)
1815:(1957)
1807:(1956)
1799:(1955)
1791:(1954)
1783:(1953)
1775:(1952)
1767:(1951)
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1724:(1947)
1716:(1947)
1708:(1946)
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1676:(1942)
1668:(1941)
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1652:(1939)
1644:(1938)
1636:(1937)
1628:(1936)
1620:(1935)
1604:(1932)
1596:(1931)
1300:
1116:where
1010:, and
971:, and
925:, and
909:, and
812:, and
755:Kansas
659:Social
633:(1981)
603:(2011)
567:(CCRU)
553:(2009)
330:Salida
250:
243:
236:
229:
221:
139:, but
255:JSTOR
241:books
1380:2010
1351:2010
1309:2022
1298:ISSN
1276:2022
1076:NOAA
1074:and
1072:NASA
991:and
929:and
828:and
810:UCLA
804:and
783:M.A.
779:B.A.
661:and
338:Died
316:Born
227:news
1246:hdl
1090:).
832:in
210:by
2222::
1359:^
1334:^
1292:.
1266:.
1244:.
1240:.
1156:.
1110:ET
1108:=
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714:,
55:.
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58:(
23:.
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