887:
1032:
712:
1014:
995:
468:
960:
976:
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1075:
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133:
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115:
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environments. They sometimes reached heights of 50 metres (160 feet), and the trunks were often over 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in diameter. They are often known as "scale trees", due to their bark having been covered in diamond shaped leaf-bases, from which leaves grew during earlier stages of
434:
species were comparable in size to modern trees. The plants had tapering trunks as wide as 2 m (6.6 ft) at their base that rose to about 40 m (130 ft) and even 50 m (160 ft), arising from an underground system of horizontally spreading branches that were covered with
746:
is used when the leaf cushions and the majority of cortical tissues has decayed, with a shallow "fluted" surface remaining. However, it has been suggested that these are more likely growth forms than preserved bark types, as entire fossilized trunks have been discovered with dissimilar forms; if
593:
leaves formed a cylindrical shell around branches. The leaves were only present on thin and young branches, indicating that, though the lycopsid were evergreen, they did not retain their needles for as long as modern conifers. The leaf-cushions were fusiform and elongated, growing at most to a
799:. The rate of growth of arborescent lycophytes is disputed, some authors contended that they had a rapid life cycle, growing to their maximum size and dying in only 10 to 15 years, while other authors argue that these growth rates were overestimated. Rather than reproduce with seeds,
632:. Below the leaf scar the leaf-cushion tapered to a basal position. In this tapering area, circular impressions with fine pits were present. These impressions were continuous with the parichnos scars near the top of the tapering portion. This is because the impressions are formed by
1013:
654:
lycopsid grew the leaf-cushion only grew to a certain extent, past which the leaf-cushion stretched. This stretching widened the groove that separated the leaf-cushions, creating a broad, flat channel.
612:
layer cut a leaf from its base. Each leaf scar was composed of a central circular or triangular scar and two lateral scars that were smaller and oval-shaped. This central scar marks where the main
994:
787:
grew as single, unbranched trunk, with leaves growing out of the scale leaf bases (cushions). Towards the end of the lycopod growth, the leaves on the lower part of the trunk were shed, and in
1074:
506:
lycopsid produced only secondary xylem. As the lycopods aged, the wood produced by the unifacial cambium decreased towards the top of the plant such that terminal twigs resembled young
646:. In some leaf-cushions a second depression was present above the ligular pit. Though its purpose is unclear, it has been suggested that the depression may mark the position of a
1889:
1884:
1630:"End Permian to Middle Triassic plant species richness and abundance patterns in South China: Coevolution of plants and the environment through the Permian–Triassic transition"
959:
871:(in its broad sense) only becoming extinct around the end of the Permian, around 252 million years ago, as a result of the extreme environmental disturbance caused by the
1446:
1278:
1800:
975:
711:
636:
tissue that developed in closely with the parichnos. Above the leaf scar was a deep triangular impression known as the "ligular pit" for its similarities to the
807:
situated on fertile stems that grew on or near the main trunk. The fertile stems grew together in cone-like structures that clustered at the tips of branches.
1869:
1050:
1708:"Plant fossils of the British Coal Measures" by Christopher J.Cleal and Barry A.Thomas, publ. The Palaeontological Association, London, 1994, 222 pages,
510:
stems. Compared to modern trees, the stems and branches of the lycopsids contained little wood with the majority of mature stems consisting of a massive
747:
decay is assumed to be constant throughout the trunk, then different forms indicate growth rather than levels of decay. It is likely that the trunk of
687:. These rhizomorphic axes were shoot-like, and dichotomous branching of the rootlets structured the stigmarian systems. Rootlet scars can be seen from
1879:
1874:
1774:
1718:
J. M. Anderson and H. M. Anderson. 1985. Palaeoflora of
Southern Africa. Prodromus of South African Megafloras Devonian to Lower Cretaceous 1-423
1628:
Xu, Zhen; Hilton, Jason; Yu, Jianxin; Wignall, Paul B.; Yin, Hongfu; Xue, Qing; Ran, Weiju; Li, Hui; Shen, Jun; Meng, Fansong (September 2022).
1979:
1894:
1984:
1214:
550:
depended on their outer bark rather than their vascular tissues, as compared to modern trees that rely mostly on their central mass of wood.
831:
regions. The lycopsid inhabited an extensive area compared to tropical flora of the same time period, with lycopods growing as far north as
517:. The nearly-uniform growth of this cortical tissue indicates no difference in growth during changing seasons, and the absence of dormant
859:
became extinct at the end of the
Carboniferous, as part of a broader pattern of ecological change, including the increasing dominance of
1924:
1919:
1899:
719:
1969:
1904:
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872:
467:
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1934:
1854:
1204:
947:
1109:
1949:
1929:
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919:
624:
of the stem into the leaf. This forked strand is sometimes referred to as the "parichnos". Surrounding this strand were
569:
The leaves of the lycopsid were needle-like and were densely spiraled about young shoots, each possessing only a single
440:
132:
819:
and dormant buds indicates no seasonal growth patterns, and modern plants with similar characteristics tend to grow in
792:
436:
905:
628:
cells and occasionally thick-walled elements. Surrounding both conducting tissues was a broad sheath of transfusion
1859:
1376:
Strullu-Derrien, Christine; Strullu, Désiré-Georges (November 2007). "Mycorrhization of fossil and living plants".
1974:
1944:
1023:
1534:"A new Bergeria (Flemingitaceae) from the Mississippian of Xinjiang, NW China and its evolutionary implications"
546:
formed peg-like projections that stretched and tore as the bark stretched. To resist the bending force of wind,
1959:
771:
385:
1909:
863:
in lowland wetland forests, and increasingly arid-adapted vegetation across western Pangea. However, in the
1939:
1727:
616:
of the leaf connected to the vascular system of the stem. This xylem bundle was composed only of primary
1826:
1440:
435:
many rootlets. Though the height of the lycopsids make the plants similar to modern trees, the constant
1411:
Thomas, B.A. and Watson, Joan (1976). "A rediscovered 114-foot
Lepidodendron from Bolton, Lancashire".
1180:
867:
region comprising what is now China, wet tropical environmental conditions continued to prevail, with
206:
1641:
1594:
1545:
1420:
1385:
1330:
1061:
620:. The two outer scars mark the forked branches of a strand of vascular tissue that passed from the
347:
1765:
1629:
1272:
277:
127:
1831:
1583:"An introduction to ice ages, climate dynamics and biotic events: the Late Pennsylvanian world"
374:
326:
growth. However, they are correctly defined as arborescent lycophytes. They thrived during the
317:. It is well preserved and common in the fossil record. Like other Lepidodendrales, species of
1813:
1805:
1709:
1695:
1676:
1610:
1563:
1509:
1486:
1358:
1297:
1210:
484:
331:
1818:
1582:
1581:
Lucas, Spencer G.; DiMichele, William A.; Opluštil, Stanislav; Wang, Xiangdong (2023-06-14).
494:
cambium of modern trees. Though the bifacial cambium of modern trees produces both secondary
1649:
1602:
1553:
1476:
1428:
1393:
1348:
1338:
896:
575:
491:
487:
412:
1127:
621:
613:
511:
314:
193:
1645:
1598:
1549:
1424:
1389:
1334:
475:. The "diamond shape" or scale impressions are common indicators of the leaf scars from
17:
1353:
1318:
796:
617:
371:
310:
180:
157:
114:
1848:
1103:
1096:
836:
530:
327:
72:
1653:
1319:"Networks of highly branched stigmarian rootlets developed on the first giant trees"
573:. The leaves were similar to those of a fir in some species and similar to those of
1120:
1114:
1042:
1004:
816:
443:
that contrasts with that of modern trees. At the ends of branches were oval-shaped
1242:
1182:
Geografiia rastenii s osnovani botaniki (Geography of plants and basics of botany)
558:
1262:
1787:
1759:
840:
832:
828:
522:
351:
339:
322:
47:
1397:
358:
is both used for the whole plant as well as specifically the stems and leaves.
1558:
1533:
1155:
1134:
860:
852:
700:
669:
647:
633:
625:
609:
585:
92:
57:
1750:
1614:
1567:
1206:Палеонтологический музей имени Ю.А. Орлова (The Orlov Museum of Paleontology)
1343:
1148:
864:
804:
675:
605:
590:
570:
543:
444:
420:
170:
97:
1606:
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1362:
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species. The outermost cortex of oldest stems developed into the bark-like
404:
1432:
1744:
1141:
820:
680:
629:
533:
514:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
1779:
985:
642:
343:
335:
303:
232:
102:
77:
1792:
1481:
1464:
727:
637:
495:
452:
1721:
1465:"Arborescent lycophyte growth in the late Carboniferous coal swamps"
667:
and similar lycopsid species known from the fossil record including
1508:(illustrated ed.). University of Michigan Press. p. 429.
1296:(illustrated ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 321.
770:
730:
genera have been described to name the various levels of decay in
692:
557:
538:
499:
466:
403:
338:
around 252 million years ago. Sometimes erroneously called "giant
306:
144:
27:
Extinct genus of vascular plants of the
Carboniferous to Triassic
1532:
Feng, Ru; D’Rozario, Ashalata; Zhang, Jian-Wei (December 2019).
1065:
1725:
1261:
518:
456:
803:
lycopsids reproduced with spores. The spores were stored in
1247:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 93–192.
742:
is used when cushions have been removed by deep decay, and
536:. The bark of the lycopsid was somewhat similar to that of
604: in). The middle of leaf-cushions were smooth, where
594:
length of 8 cm (3 in) and a width of 2 cm (
342:", the genus was actually more closely related to modern
1084:, showing dichotomous branching at the top of the trunk
1022:
stem impression displayed at a collection held in the
1317:
Hetherington, A.J.; Berry, C.M.; Dolan, Liam (2016).
1463:
Thomas, Barry A.; Cleal, Christopher J. (May 2018).
679:. The rootlets were dichotomously branched from the
1734:
378:
738:describes stems that have lost their epidermises,
691:fossils where the root hairs used to be attached.
1244:Fossil plants: for students of botany and geology
1587:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1267:. Chronica Botanica Company. pp. 176–177.
451:that had a similar shape to modern cones of a
1264:An introduction to historical plant geography
8:
1445:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1277:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
583:species are indistinguishable from those of
1890:Paleozoic life of the Northwest Territories
1885:Paleozoic life of Newfoundland and Labrador
1256:
1254:
1185:. Gos. nauchno-pedagog. izd-vo. p. 167
751:lycopsids were subject to the growth forms
695:are occasionally present in the tissues of
579:in others, though in general the leaves of
1722:
1504:John Adam Dorr, Donald F. Eschman (1970).
1236:
1234:
1232:
779:, showing the unbranched trunk with leaves
321:grew as large-tree-like plants in wetland
113:
31:
1557:
1480:
1352:
1342:
1174:
1172:
763:progressing up the trunk, respectively.
710:
411:
122:Trunk fragment, showing leaf base scars
1168:
1041:diagrams from the Geological Survey of
882:
1438:
1270:
699:lycopsids, indicating the presence of
334:), and persisted until the end of the
1675:. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books.
1527:
1525:
1458:
1456:
7:
827:species were distributed throughout
313:vascular plants belonging the order
1870:Carboniferous life of North America
1671:Davis, Paul; Kenrick, Paul (2004).
783:During the early stages of growth,
346:than to modern club mosses. In the
1419:(1). Wiley Online Library: 15–20.
1294:The Evolutionary Biology of Plants
720:Estonian Museum of Natural History
25:
873:Permian-Triassic extinction event
1080:1911 reconstruction of a mature
1073:
1049:
1030:
1012:
993:
974:
958:
946:
932:
918:
904:
885:
673:are assigned to the form taxon,
483:The stem of the lycopsids had a
131:
43:Early Carboniferous–Late Permian
1880:Paleozoic life of New Brunswick
1875:Fossils of Georgia (U.S. state)
1654:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104136
1241:Seward, Albert Charles (1898).
1209:. Moscow: PIN RAN. p. 56.
1110:Evolutionary history of plants
791:, the upper part of the trunk
663:The underground structures of
521:further indicates the lack of
490:cambium, contrasting with the
1:
1980:Fossil taxa described in 1820
1895:Paleozoic life of Nova Scotia
775:Reconstruction of a juvenile
1985:Prehistoric lycophyte genera
269:Anderson & Anderson 1986
940:Lepidodendron lycopodioides
502:, the unifacial cambium of
379:
2001:
1694:. Portland: Timber Press.
1692:A Natural History of Ferns
1538:Journal of Palaeogeography
1398:10.1016/j.crpv.2007.09.006
289:B.A.Thomas & C.J.Cleal
1925:Permian life of Australia
1920:Paleozoic life of Oceania
1900:Paleozoic life of Nunavut
1690:Morran, Robin C. (2004).
1559:10.1186/s42501-018-0020-4
1024:National Museum of Brazil
283:
276:
238:
231:
128:Scientific classification
126:
121:
112:
34:
1970:Paleozoic life of Europe
1905:Paleozoic life of Quebec
18:Lepidodendron dichotomum
1915:Fossils of South Africa
1344:10.1073/pnas.1514427113
1292:Karl J. Niklas (1997).
926:Lepidodendron aculeatum
767:Growth and reproduction
734:bark fossils. The name
395:Description and biology
330:Period (358.9 to 298.9
1965:Fossils of South Korea
1955:Fossils of North Korea
1935:Paleozoic life of Asia
1855:Prehistoric lycophytes
1607:10.1144/SP535-2022-334
1378:Comptes Rendus Palevol
1203:A. V. Lopatin (2012).
1179:V. V. Alekhin (1961).
780:
723:
659:Underground Structures
566:
480:
471:Leaf scars shown on a
439:of branches created a
428:
409:
1827:Paleobiology Database
1634:Earth-Science Reviews
1433:10.1002/gj.3350110102
988:, Nova Scotia, Canada
912:Lepidodendron elegans
899:, Lower Pennsylvanian
823:conditions. However,
774:
714:
650:. As the branch of a
608:were created when an
561:
470:
415:
407:
1950:Fossils of Indonesia
1930:Fossils of Australia
1865:Pennsylvanian plants
835:and as far south as
1646:2022ESRv..23204136X
1599:2023GSLSP.535..334L
1550:2019JPalG...8....4F
1506:Geology of Michigan
1425:1976GeolJ..11...15T
1390:2007CRPal...6..483S
1335:2016PNAS..113.6695H
1062:Upper Carboniferous
1007:, Glasgow, Scotland
1003:fossil stumps from
969:with leafy branches
348:form classification
1413:Geological Journal
781:
724:
567:
481:
429:
410:
1860:Prehistoric trees
1842:
1841:
1814:Open Tree of Life
1728:Taxon identifiers
1482:10.1111/nph.14903
1329:(24): 6695–6700.
1216:978-5-903825-14-1
1056:External mold of
1020:Lepidodendron sp.
893:Lepidodendron sp.
716:Lepidodendron sp.
492:bifacial vascular
332:million years ago
295:
294:
287:Dimicheleodendron
266:L. whitehillianum
227:
16:(Redirected from
1992:
1975:Fossils of Italy
1945:Fossils of China
1835:
1834:
1822:
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1384:(6–7): 483–494.
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795:branched into a
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576:Pinus roxburghii
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207:Lepidodendraceae
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44:
40:Temporal range:
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1960:Fossils of Oman
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1665:Further reading
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1128:Lepidodendrales
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965:Restoration of
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843:range of 120°.
813:
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614:vascular bundle
600:
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370:comes from the
364:
350:system used in
315:Lepidodendrales
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718:bark from the
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703:associations.
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242:L. aculeatum
241:
220:
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35:
29:
1788:iNaturalist
1760:Wikispecies
1593:(1): 1–15.
861:seed plants
841:latitudinal
833:Spitsbergen
829:subtropical
701:mycorrhizal
683:similar to
523:seasonality
479:lycophytes.
408:Restoration
352:paleobotany
340:club mosses
323:coal forest
258:L. obovatum
1849:Categories
1640:: 104136.
1222:2020-10-05
1189:2020-10-05
1163:References
1156:Sigillaria
1135:Lycophytes
984:bark from
853:Euramerica
847:Extinction
757:Aspidiaria
740:Aspidiariu
726:Different
670:Sigillaria
648:sporangium
634:aerenchyma
626:parenchyma
610:abscission
606:leaf scars
586:Sigillaria
544:leaf scars
427:lycophytes
344:quillworts
311:lycopodian
250:L. batovii
171:Lycophytes
1615:0305-8719
1568:2524-4507
1273:cite book
1149:Stigmaria
1060:from the
865:Cathaysia
805:sporangia
689:Stigmaria
676:Stigmaria
630:tracheids
591:decurrent
485:unifacial
437:dichotomy
421:strobilus
366:The name
362:Etymology
141:Kingdom:
1745:Wikidata
1544:(1): 4.
1491:29282734
1363:27226309
1142:Lycopsid
1090:See also
1037:Various
821:tropical
761:Bergeria
736:Bergeria
681:rhizomes
562:Leaf of
534:periderm
515:meristem
512:cortical
488:vascular
445:strobili
400:Overview
391:, tree.
278:Synonyms
200:Family:
1819:5154628
1806:1071081
1780:4894389
1751:Q576530
1642:Bibcode
1595:Bibcode
1546:Bibcode
1421:Bibcode
1386:Bibcode
1354:4914198
1331:Bibcode
986:Joggins
879:Gallery
839:, in a
753:Knorria
744:Knorria
685:Isoetes
643:Isoetes
618:trachea
599:⁄
447:called
389:dendron
386:δένδρον
336:Permian
304:extinct
233:Species
213:Genus:
187:Order:
177:Class:
145:Plantae
1832:125629
1793:202859
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728:fossil
693:Hyphae
638:ligule
622:cortex
554:Leaves
496:phloem
453:spruce
419:, the
302:is an
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797:crown
707:Decay
539:Picea
500:xylem
441:habit
380:lepis
375:λεπίς
372:Greek
307:genus
165:Clade
152:Clade
1775:GBIF
1710:ISBN
1696:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1611:ISSN
1564:ISSN
1510:ISBN
1487:PMID
1447:link
1359:PMID
1323:PNAS
1298:ISBN
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1066:Ohio
571:vein
519:buds
498:and
463:Stem
48:PreꞒ
1650:doi
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