44:
57:
360:
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Adult worms are characterized by a flesh-colored body containing an egg-filled uterus that appears black by reflected light. The worms contain a cuticula with a subterminal oral sucker. They also contain a muscular pharynx, ventral sucker, and ceca. The gonads of the worm are arranged in a triangle,
332:
Snails infected with the sporocyst exhibit distended tentacles, which disrupts the snail’s normal ability to retract into their shell. Broodsacs contain multiple free floating metacercariae. Light intensity affects the rate at which the broodsacs pulsate. Broodsacs normally pulsate between forty and
315:
develop in the hepatopancreas of the snail. The sporocysts grow into a tree-like structure, with some branches growing through the haemocoel to form a swollen broodsac at the end of a long stalk. Cercariae are produced by asexual reproduction at the base of the sporocyst, then migrate into a brood
187:
whose life cycle involves the alternate parasitic infection of certain species of snail and bird. While there is no external evidence of the worm's existence within the bird host, the infection of the snail host is visible when its eye stalks become grotesquely engorged with the parasite's brood
395:
spp. experience phenotypic modification through the pulsating brood sacs. Infected snails were found to have increased mobility, which allows them to migrate to higher and more well lit areas. Healthy snails seek darkness to hide from predators, but the infected amber snail moves itself into
258:
Pojmańska, 1969, described from Europe, should be considered the same species even though gene flow between the populations will be limited by the few birds that cross between continents. In the absence of genetic data, this synonymisation is still questioned. Other
European species already
346:
are hermaphroditic helminths, but can cross fertilize with other worms if in close enough proximity. The gravid adults will release their eggs into the intestines of the bird to be excreted out with the bird’s feces; thus, continuing the
341:
The insectivorous birds are attracted to the pulsating broodsac. This will cause the birds to attack and ingest the broodsacs located in the snail's tentacles. Inside the bird's gut, the metacercariae develop into adults. Adult
188:
sacs. These brood sacks pulsate and move to imitate insect larva, attracting the parasite's next host, insectivore birds. The bird rips off the eye stalk and eats it, thus becoming infected. Later on, the parasite's
368:
containing an ovary with an anterior and posterior testis. The oral sucker is primarily used for the attachment to the avian cloaca. It must withstand the constriction of cloaca, which occurs during defecation.
320:. Brood-sacs insert into the snail’s tentacles, where they mimic the appearance and behavior of insect larvae so as to attract insectivorous birds. Snails can be infected by more than one species of
311:
Avian hosts release fluke eggs along with their excreta, which land on surrounding vegetation where snails may consume them. The miracidia hatch and bore through the snail’s digestive tract. The
376:
also contains a smooth dorsal side, which aids in decreasing friction of passing stool. The rest of the fluke is covered in microvilli that are used to anchor it to the inside of the cloaca.
333:
eighty times per minute. The pulsating movement is described as an alternation of shortening and lengthening of the broodsac. Broodsacs do not pulsate in complete darkness.
613:
Nakao, M.; Sasaki, M.; Waki, T.; Iwaki, T.; Morii, Y.; Yanagida, K.; Watanabe, M.; Tsuchitani, Y.; Saito, T.; Asakawa, M. (2019). "Distribution records of three species of
1392:
391:
Parasites may induce certain behavioral changes in their hosts in order to aid in the transmission and completion of its life cycle. Land snails parasitized by
211:
This process does not necessarily kill the snail. They can regenerate their eye stalks, and snails may become infective multiple times in their lifespan.
1379:
1252:
1405:
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lifecycle. Intense infection by the worms can lead emaciation and death in birds. Birds may also freeze to death from the lack of adipose tissue.
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1353:
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is characterized by the infection of a definitive avian host through the ingestion of sporocysts contained in the intermediate
1456:
1410:
56:
1461:
1281:
312:
1371:
1297:
792:
204:
575:
Mclntosh (Digenea, Leucochloridiidae) from the
Nearctic as revealed by light and scanning electron microscopy".
814:
Ataev, G. L.; Zhukova, A. A.; Tokmakova, А. S.; Prokhorova, Е. E. (August 2016). "Multiple infection of amber
408:
223:
43:
1308:
396:
dangerous open and well lit spaces, thus making them more susceptible and accessible to avian predation.
1446:
1249:
1167:
Thin-Layer chromatographic and histochemical analyses of neutral lipids in the intramolluscan stages of
151:
511:
Carus, parasitic in birds from
Northern Michigan, with a key and notes on other species of the genus".
295:
adults primarily live in the cloaca and intestine of their bird host, while the sporocysts live in the
1340:
699:
Yamada, Seitaro; Fukumoto, Shin-ichiro (August 2011), "Isolation of sporocyst broodsacs of the genus
453:
There was no finding of difference in length of shells in parasitized and in non-parasitized snails.
1187:
Survey of trematodes from terrestrial gastropods and small mammals in
Southeastern Nebraska, U.S.A.
446:
380:
928:
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contains a smooth oral sucker, which functions by forming a tight seal against the host’s mucosa.
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1034:
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827:
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626:
617:(Trematoda: Leucochloridiidae) in Japan, with comments on their microtaxonomy and ecology".
584:
520:
359:
17:
1256:
198:
128:
118:
1108:
Lewis, Paul D. (1974). "Helminths of terrestrial molluscs in
Nebraska. II. Life cycle of
1366:
588:
465:
296:
1440:
646:
189:
1038:
991:
855:
728:
596:
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and has been collected from lakes in the
Michigan area. Other known locations that
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108:
1094:
630:
1186:
480:
472:
1331:
1293:
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1229:
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Comparison of carbon and nitrogen content of infected and uninfected snails,
1133:
1030:
983:
897:
839:
766:
720:
532:
300:
184:
98:
68:
913:
847:
638:
1149:
507:
McIntosh, Allen (1932). "Some new species of trematode worms of the genus
1325:
685:
422:
235:
231:
88:
1384:
1141:
1022:
905:
774:
540:
1078:
1053:
1005:
Bakke, T.A. (1976). "Functional morphology and surface topography of
78:
1302:
1273:
1209:
1166:
1125:
889:
758:
677:
524:
1194:
358:
193:
1274:
Helminths of terrestrial molluscs in
Nebraska. II. Life cycle of
196:. Similar life-histories are found in other species of the genus
426:
418:
1345:
1306:
715:, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University,
818:
1058:
sporocysts manipulate the behaviour of their snail hosts?:
703:(Leucochloridiidae: Trematoda) from the intermediate host,
1009:
sp. (Digenea), revealed by scanning electron microscopy".
958:"Parasitic helminthes — probable cause of death of birds"
872:
Robinson, Edwin J. (1947). "Notes on the life history of
664:
sp. (Digenea) from natural and experimental infections".
1165:
Bernard Fried, Paul D. Lewis, Jr. and Kelly Beers 1995.
741:
Woodhead, Arthur E. (1935). "The mother sporocysts of
660:
Bakke, T.A. (1978). "Intraspecific variation of adult
307:
Transmission and infection of intermediate snail hosts
387:
Behavioral differences in infected intermediate hosts
303:
563:
Bakke, T.A. (1982). "The morphology and taxonomy of
337:
Transmission and infection of avian definitive hosts
222:
was described on the basis of adult flukes found in
1315:
1228:Fried B., Beers K., Lewis PD Jr. 1993 (February).
1176:. Journal of Parasitology, volume 81(1): 112-114.
1171:(Digenea, Leucochloridiidae) and the Snail Host,
1234:(Digenea, Leucochloridiidae) and its snail host
1284:, Vol. 60, No. 2 (Apr., 1974), pp. 251–255
1112:McIntosh, 1932 (Digenea: Leucochloridiidae)".
867:
865:
502:
500:
498:
1185:Michael A. Barger & John A. Hnida. 2008.
1161:
1159:
1052:Wesołowska, W.; Wesołowski, T. (March 2014).
876:n. sp. provis. (Trematoda: Brachylaemidae)".
8:
1278:McIntosh, 1932 (Digenea: Leucochloridiidae)
608:
606:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
1303:
42:
31:
1077:
973:
316:sac; here they mature and encyst forming
275:Yamaguti, 1935 is also likely a synonym.
1219:. Journal of Parasitology 65(3): 371-374
1204:
1202:
1189:Comparative Parasitology 75(2):308-314.
246:McIntosh, 1932 are now considered to be
230:) collected at Douglas Lake in northern
1208:A Burky & Daniel J. Hornbach. 1979
956:Okulewicz, A.; Sitko, J. (2012-12-01).
709:Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research
494:
786:
784:
7:
1062:sporocysts and snail host behaviour"
254:. It has further been proposed that
797:sporocysts from the Okoboji region"
589:10.1111/j.1463-6409.1982.tb00521.x
363:Stages of the trematode life-cycle
25:
1240:Int. J. Parasitol. 23(1):129-131.
1095:"ZOMBIE SNAILS SPREAD INFECTION"
55:
1011:Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde
1:
874:Leucochloridium fuscostriatum
383:is considered finely spined.
240:Leucochloridium fuscostriatum
1259:. Accessed 12 February 2009.
631:10.1016/j.parint.2019.101936
192:are dropped with the bird's
1452:Suicide-inducing parasitism
1282:The Journal of Parasitology
747:The Journal of Parasitology
666:Canadian Journal of Zoology
18:Leucochloridium perturbatum
1478:
1230:Lipids in the broodsac of
619:Parasitology International
1093:Staff, ZRS (2013-05-14).
975:10.2478/s11687-012-0045-7
931:Leucochloridium paradoxum
832:10.1007/s00436-016-5082-6
417:are known to inhabit are
205:Leucochloridium paradoxum
157:
150:
52:Scientific classification
50:
41:
34:
1290:from National Geographic
721:10.14943/jjvr.59.2-3.101
400:Distribution and history
355:Gravid adult description
224:black-and-white warblers
1250:Parasites of the Robin
1114:Journal of Parasitology
878:Journal of Parasitology
791:McIntosh, Lois (1948).
513:Journal of Parasitology
259:considered synonyms of
1317:Leucochloridium variae
1276:Leucochloridium variae
1232:Leucochloridium variae
1216:Leucochloridium variae
1169:Leucochloridium variae
1110:Leucochloridium variae
458:Leucochloridium variae
439:Leucochloridium variae
405:Leucochloridium variae
378:Leucochloridium variae
364:
344:Leucochloridium variae
293:Leucochloridium variae
244:Leucochloridium pricei
220:Leucochloridium variae
176:Leucochloridium variae
161:Leucochloridium variae
36:Leucochloridium variae
1457:Parasites of molluscs
1272:Paul D. Lewis, Jr. -
1255:July 4, 2010, at the
820:Parasitology Research
437:Intermediate host of
407:commonly parasitizes
362:
181:brown-banded broodsac
1214:, and the trematode
937:Animal Diversity Web
328:Broodsac description
273:Leucochloridium sime
267:Pojmańska, 1969 and
484:- experimental host
476:- experimental host
447:Novisuccinea ovalis
242:Robinson, 1947 and
1462:Parasites of birds
1066:Journal of Zoology
1023:10.1007/BF00380533
365:
183:, is a species of
1434:
1433:
1419:Open Tree of Life
1309:Taxon identifiers
1079:10.1111/jzo.12094
927:DeLaCruz, David.
577:Zoologica Scripta
283:The lifecycle of
271:Rietschel, 1970.
172:
171:
119:Leucochloridiidae
16:(Redirected from
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1212:Succinea ovalis
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1173:Succinea ovalis
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1007:Leucochloridium
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509:Leucochloridium
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410:Mniotilta varia
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322:Leucochloridium
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228:Mniotilta varia
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962:Helminthologia
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142:
141:
129:
109:Diplostomida
35:
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481:Zebra finch
473:Common gull
265:L. subtilis
234:, USA. Two
1441:Categories
942:2020-02-27
625:: 101936.
489:References
279:Life-cycle
1134:0022-3395
1031:0044-3255
984:1336-9083
898:0022-3395
840:0932-0113
767:0022-3395
647:173994806
533:0022-3395
460:include:
456:Hosts of
441:include:
415:L. variae
313:sporocyst
301:haemocoel
285:L. variae
269:L. fuscum
252:L. variae
238:species,
185:trematode
137:Species:
99:Trematoda
75:Kingdom:
69:Eukaryota
1398:10975849
1332:Q3385400
1326:Wikidata
1253:Archived
1039:34328256
992:25123584
914:18903602
856:14985813
848:27112757
729:10937079
639:31153919
597:84501594
423:Nebraska
381:tegument
289:Succinea
248:synonyms
236:Nearctic
232:Michigan
215:Taxonomy
115:Family:
85:Phylum:
79:Animalia
65:Domain:
1424:3665680
1385:2503369
1298:YouTube
1150:4821109
1142:3278459
906:3273326
775:3271943
541:3271429
125:Genus:
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95:Class:
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179:, the
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1393:IRMNG
1354:EUNIS
1294:Video
1138:JSTOR
1035:S2CID
988:S2CID
902:JSTOR
852:S2CID
771:JSTOR
725:S2CID
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537:JSTOR
433:Hosts
194:feces
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529:ISSN
427:Ohio
419:Iowa
263:are
190:eggs
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1191:doi
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1074:doi
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