962:
personalities about which he wrote. When he wrote about Stalin, he was
Georgian. When he wrote about Nicolas II, he was Russian. When he wrote about Persian matters of divorce, he was Persian. When he wrote about Mohammed, he was Muslim. All were calculated efforts to convince readers that what he wrote was credible though it was often nonsense. See Betty Blair, No. 4 "Too Many Identities, Essad Bey as Core Author of Ali and Nino: Seven Reasons Why It Just Aint' So," in
1295:"Mohammed Essad Bey: Starhemberg – Prince and Politician. Austrian Vice-Chancellor was Once a Friend of Hitler, But Now is a Bitter Foe of the Nazis; Once an Enemy of Italy, but Now is a Friend of Mussolini," in "The Literary Digest," 119, No. 23 (New York: June 8, 1935), p. 9, edited by Arthur S. Draper. Note that the article continues by explaining "Madame Essad-Bey has adhered to her Jewish faith, for Moslem wives are not required to follow the husband's creed."
336:, which is more prevalent in women. It is possible that Essad Bey denied his Jewish ancestry to doctors who were treating him, which led to the misdiagnosis of Raynaud's instead of Buerger's. Little was known in the early 1940s about Buerger's disease, especially that the disease could be reversed if the patient stopped smoking. Essad Bey, who was known to be a heavy smoker, died a painful death at the age of 36.
250:) in German in 1929. Although he claims that his account was autobiographical, historians in Azerbaijan and Georgia discount this claim, as there are many major factual errors in the historical description. Essad Bey describes his delight when, at the age of 14, he and his father left Azerbaijan. In the final passage of the book, he writes: "At that moment, Europe began for me. The Old East was dead."
213:
1458:"Specifically, exact treatments of legendary material was taken from Essad Bey's "Blood and Oil in the Orient (1929), "Twelve Secrets of the Caucasus", "Der Kaukasus," Flussiges Gold" (Liquid Gold) and the German literary journal "Die Literarische Welt". Specific examples and text are provided in the article 'Cut and Paste' Author: Essad Bey's Fingerprints"
496:
novel expresses the views of someone who sought the independence of
Azerbaijan. Reiss dismissed the claim that Chamanzaminli was the author behind the Said pseudonym, claiming that he looked at one of Chamanzaminli's novellas and found him to be a Muslim communalist nationalist. Blair argues, in contrast, that
473:
Reiss also debunks claims made by the heirs of
Austrian baroness Elfriede Ehrenfels, who claimed co-authorship. Reiss acknowledges that she registered the book with German authorities in Austria after 1938, but suggests that this was because Nussimbaum could not have received money for publishing the
1343:
Armin Wegner wrote in his diary that Essad Bey "was a Jewish
Viennese journalist" and "a typical literary swindler, who was "gifted but irresponsible." When Wegner learned that Essad Bey had been buried as a Muslim "with the Koran under his head, facing the Orient," he noted: "Thus, Essad Bey played
158:
of the
Turkish embassy in Berlin. He created a niche for himself in the competitive European literary world by writing about topics that Westerners, in general, knew little about - the Caucasus, the Russian Empire, the Bolshevik Revolution, newly discovered oil, and Islam. He wrote under the name of
1231:
Essad Bey consulted doctors in both
Switzerland and Italy and they all insisted that he did not have Raynaud's Disease. However, his doctor in Positano assumed Raynaud's. Alice Schulte's unpublished hand-written 12-page manuscript entitled "Biographie Essad-Bey (in German, 1943), p. 5. Archived in
1152:
Essad Bey had Erika arrested when she arrived by ship in New York. He notified authorities that she planned an assassination in the United States. It was a totally false allegation - totally imaginary, but gave Erika serious legal problems. "Gerichtssaal: Scheidungsprozess Gegen Den
Schriftsteller
961:
provides a slick cover for claims he had made earlier. Being "born in Baku" would have lent more credibility to his writing and, thus, made his books more profitable. This was a typical practice of
Nussimbaum (Essad Bey). He was always trying to lay claim to the national identity of the topics and
407:
expressed doubt that the author "had ever read the Quran, either in the original or in translation." It claimed: "Essad Bey's
Mohammed is a potpourri of bad history, distorted facts and naive interpretations. It should never have been written... In fact, I am impelled to go still further and state
1285:
Giamil Vacca
Mazzara, "Mohammed Es'ad-Bey: Scrittore Musulmano Dell'Azerbaigian Caucasico" (Mohammed Essad Bey: Muslim Writer from Azerbaijan Caucasus), in "Oriente Moderno" 22:10 (1942), pp. 434-443. The same claims were made by his governess Alice Schulte, in a handwritten, unpublished, 12-page
495:
They argue that the folkloric and legendary passages include exact "cut and paste" passages that Nussimbaum had published multiple times in his earlier works. They also note that Nussimbaum left the Caucasus when he was only 14 years old and that he boasted that he was a Monarchist, although the
356:
I saw the broad expanse of the sandy Arabian desert, I saw the horsemen, their snow-white burnooses billowing in the wind, I saw the flocks of prophets praying towards Mecca and I wanted to be one with this wall, one with this desert, one with this incomprehensible, intricate script, one with the
166:
Historians and literary critics who knew these subjects well discredited Essad Bey as a reliable source. Today, historians disregard books published under this name and rarely quote him, though the topics Essad Bey chose to write about are still critically relevant. The fact that Essad Bey was so
357:
entire Islamic Orient, which in our Baku had been so ceremoniously carried to the grave, to the victorious drumbeats of European culture.... Throughout my entire childhood, I dreamed of the Arabic edifices every night... I do know that it was the most powerful, most formative feeling of my life.
205:, born in 1875. He later migrated to Baku and invested in oil. His mother, Berta Basya Davidovna Slutzkin Nussimbaum according to her marriage certificate, was a Jew from Belarus. She committed suicide on February 16, 1911 in Baku when Nussimbaum was five years old. Apparently, she had embraced
1091:
Dr. Zaza Aleksidze (Georgia): "I am sure that 'Blood and Oil in the Orient' is not an autobiography as Essad Bey claims. It is a fiction, full of tales and mistakes and no one should rely upon it as a source for reconstructing the biography of Essad Bey." Also Dr. Farid Alakbarli (Azerbaijan),
975:
Kyiv Central Historical Archives: Fund 1164, List 1, Case 473, Page 635, according to an official letter sent to Azerbaijani philologist Abdulla Ajaloghlu, dated November 4, 2008, signed by L.Y. Demchenko, Director of the Kyiv Archives and referenced in article: "Archives: What a Hoax! Vacca's
377:, where he met other Muslims: Arabs, Turks, Iranians, Afghans and Indians, as well as converts like himself. They "spoke out about the wretched situation of Muslims in the colonial world." However, some Muslims objected to the way Nussimbaum depicted Islam in his writings, accusing him of
239:. Researchers have found no record of this adventurous journey except in Nussimbaum's own writings. Nussimbaum and his father returned to Baku, but when the Bolsheviks took Baku in the spring of 1920, they fled to Georgia. They stayed there until the Bolsheviks took Tiflis and Batumi.
989:
Letter from Kyiv Central Historical Archives signed by Director L.Y. Demchenko and head of Information Department E.V. Polozova. Letter No. 02-1132, dated November 4, 2008 addressed to Azerbaijan philologist Badulla Ajaloghlu in Baku. Photo p. 159 in
396:
ran a profile of Essad Bey which described him as an irreverent Muslim who "carries no prayer rug; he fails to salute Mecca when he prays... eats pigs and drinks wine; yet when he came to be married in Berlin he refused to abjure his creed."
167:
prolific calls into question the authorship of these books and whether Essad Bey was primarily operating as a broker and doctoring manuscripts and marketing them under his pseudonym, which had become famous. In 1934, his agent
636:(1934), novella, only in Polish (not translated into English; published originally in a pulp magazine in Poland. Translated into German and published by Maurer, 2008, 978-3-929345-35-3, together with "Love and Petroleum").
364:(1) When Essad Bey was 17 years old, he officially obtained a certificate of conversion as "document of proof" in a declaration to Imam Hafiz Shuku (1871-1924) of the former Ottoman Embassy in Berlin on August 13, 1922.
385:
and himself a convert to Islam, accused Nussimbaum of trying "to pass for a born Muslim" and suggesting that his conversion was merely a ploy. As a result of this and similar accusations, Nussimbaum stopped attending
1003:
The A.L. Nussimbaum & Binagadi Petroleum Pipeline Co. was sold to the Nobel Brothers Petroleum Company in 1914 for 131,500 rubles. Azerbaijan Republic State History Archives, Fund 392, List 1, Case 199, Page
922:
Literary agent Werner Schendell (1891-1961) cautioned Essad Bey to slow down, not to appear too prolific in correspondence, dated May 8, 1934. Dr. Gerhard Hopp, "Mohammed Essad Bey: Nur Orient Für Europäer?" in
630:(1934), novella, only in Polish (not translated into English; published originally in a pulp magazine in Poland. Translated into German and published by Maurer, 2008, 978-3-929345-35-3, together with "Manuela").
1013:
Marriage Certificate (October 26, 1904), Georgian Central State Historical Archives, No. 675, p. 10. The marriage of Lev Nussimbaum's parents was originally registered in the Tiflis (Tbilisi) Synagogue.
435:, Mohammed, the Prophet; and Reza Shah of Iran. All of these biographies were allegedly written between 1932 and 1936. At one point, Nussimbaum was requested to write an official biography of
231:
In 1918, Lev and his father temporarily fled Baku because of the massacres that were taking place in the streets between different political forces. According to Essad Bey's first book,
439:. Essad Bey's works, many of which he claimed were biographies, are discredited by historians and literary critics and rarely referenced today except to note how unreliable they are.
178:
warned him to slow down and take a year off between books so that he would not appear to be so prolific. That year no books were published in German – only two novellas in Polish.
305:
In 1932, Essad Bey married Erika Loewendahl, daughter of shoe magnate Walter Loewendahl. The marriage failed, ending in scandal. Erika ran off in 1935 with Nussimbaum's colleague
1748:
1698:
1286:
sketch that Schulte had prepared for Essad Bey's Swiss publisher Rascher ("Biographie Essad-Bey" 1943), archived at the Central Library at the University of Zurich (Rascher 35).
1348:, 25:1 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1997), p. 90, Endnote 166, quoting Wegner's diary entries of September 29 to October 1, 1942. Tom Reiss also references Höpp: "The Orientalist
1703:
1678:
477:
Other critics, however, maintain that the book is partially plagiarized. They suggest that it was adapted by Nussimbaum from an earlier manuscript. A 2011 issue of
420:
209:
and was possibly involved in the underground Communist movement. Nussimbaum's father hired Alice Schulte, a woman of German ethnicity, to be his son's governess.
400:
Armin Wegner, a contemporary of Essad Bey who knew him in his last years in Positano, Italy, observed that Bey "kept up the comedy of being Muslim to the end."
1276:
Gerhard Höpp, "Mohammed Essad Bey: Nur Orient Für Europäer?" in "Asien, Afrika, Lateinamerika," Vol. 25:1 (1997), p. 77. Also sited in Tom Reiss, 2005, p. 34.
1663:
765:
Abbas Abdulla, "Research" Nussimbaum is a Jew from Kyiv" in Adabiyyat Qazetti (Literature Qazette), No. 48:3643 (Baku: December 19, 2008), p.6 as quoted in
367:(2) However, later accounts circulated that Essad Bey did not convert to Islam but simply reclaimed his religious identity since he had been born a Muslim.
1738:
1728:
1092:"Correcting all of Essad Bey's errors in this book would be an endless job." Both in "Critics: Fact or Fiction? What Essad Bey's Contemporaries Said," in
1758:
1743:
361:
Confusion surrounds the details of Essad Bey's conversion to Islam. There are at least three accounts that attempt to explain his alleged conversion:
907:
257:, where thousands of refugees had fled. Nussimbaum eventually settled in Berlin (1921–1933), where he enrolled simultaneously in high school and in
1683:
268:(The Literary World). At least 120 articles were published under this name. By the early 1930s, Essad Bey had become a popular author throughout
487:. The primary author featured in this issue, Betty Blair, states that "we are convinced" that the book was written mostly by Azerbaijani author
1708:
1216:
647:
579:
565:
557:
416:
Despite Nussimbaum's being an ethnic Jew, his monarchist and anti-Bolshevik politics were such that, before his origins were discovered, the
187:
1658:
1596:
1590:
690:
As discussed above, there is a dispute over whether or not Lev Nussimbaum is the core author behind works written under the pseudonym
1574:
722:
708:
33:
552:(1930; reissued by Aran Press in English, 1997 (withdrawn from the market by the publisher); reissued by Maurer in English, 2008,
1688:
423:
included his works on their list of "excellent books for German minds". Among the works credited to him are early biographies of
1514:
766:
1713:
949:(Berlin, 5/1929, No. 48, page 5) after German police traced his birth to Kiev. At that time he had already written two books (
1673:
1241:
Armin Wegner's diary: " bed cover was full of cigarette holes." Gerhard Höpp, "Mohammed Essad Bey: Nur Orient Für Europäer?"
500:
is a "nationalist" book in a broader, non-communalist sense, since the novel is essentially about Azerbaijan's independence.
530:" (whose real life identity she does not attempt to determine) deliberately copied passages from Robakidze's earlier novel.
80:
352:. Writing about his childhood in Azerbaijan, he notes the emotional response he had in looking at the old palaces in Baku:
258:
191:
1693:
1401:
1143:, Berlin, Vol. 7:5 (January 30, 1931, pp. 3-4). Essad Bey also wrote a sympathetic "biography" about Nicholas II (1935).
150:
in 1920 at the age of 14. In 1922, while living in Germany, he obtained a certificate claiming that he had converted to
796:
548:
508:
1753:
1718:
1617:
699:
454:
348:, to which he felt connected through his Jewish heritage, and a bulwark against the evils of Western modernity and
299:
306:
1723:
1668:
488:
1602:
1556:
1549:
1486:
1457:
1426:
770:
194:
state that Lev Nussimbaum was born in Kiev. Nussimbaum's birth was originally registered in the Kyiv Synagogue.
1519:
1491:
1462:
1431:
479:
957:) promoted by his publishers as written by a native-born Bakui. Thus, saying that he was born "on a train" in
1733:
1093:
991:
392:
217:
1362:
The Moslem World: A Christian Quarterly Review of Current Events, Literature and Thought Among Mohammedans,
222:
526:. Injia analyzed the two books, and found a number of similar or identical passages, and concluded that "
432:
288:
1139:
Essad Bey boasted that he was a monarchist in "The Story of My Life" (Die Gelchichte Meines Lebens) in
309:. Erika's parents, who were wealthy, succeeded in getting the marriage to Nussimbaum annulled in 1937.
1515:"Frequently Asked Questions about the Authorship of "Ali and Nino" (specifically questions 45 and 46)"
168:
1653:
1648:
1130:
Index for "Die literarische Welt 1925-1933, Vol. 1" (Nendeln: Kraus-Thomason Organization Ltd, 1976).
333:
325:
261:. He did not graduate from either school, but told people that he had received a Cand. Phil. degree.
514:
287:
or soon would be". He joined the Social Monarchist Party, which advocated restoration of Germany's
186:
Lev Nussimbaum was born in October 1905. He claimed that he was born in a train. Documents in the
1626:
669:
503:
206:
1550:"Biography: The Lives of Two Writers: Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli and Lev Nussimbaum / Essad Bey,"
1255:
1593:
in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), pp. 52–137. 158 Questions, 543 Endnotes.
1570:
1212:
718:
704:
643:
575:
561:
553:
235:
which historians do not consider to be very reliable, the two travelled through Turkestan and
202:
1620:
1344:
the comedy up to the very end." Gerhard Höpp, "Mohammed Essad Bey: Nur Orient Für Europäer?"
1179:"The Lives of Two Writers - Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli and Lev Nussimbaum (See the section on
1117:
Gerhard Höpp, "Mohammed Essad Bey: Nur Orient Fur Europaäer?" (Orient for the Europeans), in
344:
Nussimbaum had a romantic view of Islam, seeing it as part of the grand cultural heritage of
523:
436:
1060:
Lazare and Reiss are secondary sources for Lev Nussimbaum's biography, not primary sources.
672:) about the ascendancy of Saudi Arabian king Ibn Saud (1936) (not translated into English).
491:, though they also offer evidence that Nussimbaum wrote at least some portions of the book.
519:
417:
160:
173:
1631:
1609:
1232:
Central Library of the University of Zurich, Rascher Fund 78-III, A-2; B6498 and A0570.
424:
329:
269:
56:
994:"Who Wrote Azerbaijan's Most Famous Novel, "Ali and Nino": The Business of Literature.
390:
meetings; however, he never renounced Islam or distanced himself from it. In 1934 the
212:
1642:
1587:
The Business of Literature," Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), 366 pages.
428:
1073:
unpublished biography, Rascher Archives at the Central Library, Zurich, Switzerland.
370:(3) Essad Bey converted to Islam along with his family when he was eight years old.
1616:
with Tom Reiss concentrating on the life and times of Lev Nussimbaum and the novel
1108:
Essad Bey, "Oil and Blood in the Orient" (San Francisco: Aran Press, 1997), p. 317.
945:
Essad Bey claimed he was born on a train in an autobiographical essay published in
264:
In 1926, he began writing under the pen name of Essad Bey for the literary journal
1256:
Essad-Bey: im Auftrag von Mussolini und die Raynaudsche oder die Buerger Krankheit
1206:
1022:
Azerbaijan Republic State History Archives, Fund 1044, List 1, Case 571, page 4.
691:
527:
459:
378:
131:
91:
1603:"101 Reasons why Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli is the Core Author of Ali and Nino,"
1042:
1613:
1047:
295:
283:, the members of which, Daniel Lazare remarks, "for the most part either were
276:
1597:"Essad Bey as Core Author of Ali and Nino: Seven Reasons Why It Just Ain't So
1427:"Reasons why Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli is the Core Author of "Ali and Nino,""
1562:
735:, Vienna: Kirschner, 1937, the same year that "Ali and Nino" was published.)
731:(Unpublished, but advertised in the back pages of Annemarie Selinko's novel
449:
349:
313:
147:
408:
that there is hardly a page in this 'biography' which is free from error."
1208:
The Orientalist : Solving the Mystery of a Strange and Dangerous Life
1153:
Essad Bey / Courtroom: Divorce Proceedings Against the Writer Essad Bey."
769:
FAQ No. 54: But was Lev Nussimbaum (Essad Bey) actually born in Baku?" in
678:(1936), which appeared only in Italian as "Giustizia Rossa" (Red Justice).
512:, showing that substantial portions of the book were copied from the book
870:
466:, Reiss argues that Said was another pseudonym of Nussimbaum's, and that
381:
and of not being a "real" Muslim. In 1930, Mohammed Hoffman, a member of
321:
317:
254:
72:
885:(1932), God is Great (about the resurgence of Islam and Ibn Saud, 1936)
292:
198:
32:
345:
284:
272:, writing mainly about contemporary historical and political issues.
236:
76:
1567:
The Orientalist: Solving the Mystery of a Strange and Dangerous Life
1545:
373:
In 1924 in Berlin, Nussimbaum helped found an Islamic student group
126:(October 17, 1905 – August 27, 1942), who wrote under the pen names
1591:"Frequently Asked Questions about the Authorship of Ali and Nino,"
1578:
767:"Frequently Asked Questions about the Authorship of Ali and Nino,"
211:
151:
1211:(2006 Random House trade pbk. ed.). New York: Random House.
1552:
in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), pp. 38–51.
1487:"Folklore: What Essad Bey Didn't Know: Portrait of the Caucasus"
747:
The Orientalist: In Search of a Man Caught Between East and West
155:
143:
139:
135:
52:
316:, Nussimbaum fled to Italy and settled in the seacoast town of
1599:," Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), pp. 180–217.
894:"Fact or Fiction? What Essad Bey's Contemporaries Said," in
1386:"Fact or Fiction? What Essad Bey's Contemporaries Said," in
600:(1932), many editions available worldwide, except in English
694:. The works written under this name include the following:
1605:
Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), pp. 262-333.
1559:
Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), pp. 254-261.
1557:
Jewish Girl was Prototype for Nino in Novel Ali and Nino,"
197:
His father, Abraam Leybusovich Nussimbaum, was a Jew from
1585:"Who wrote Azerbaijan's Most Famous Novel - Ali and Nino:
666:
Allah is Great: The Decline and Rise of the Islamic World
1402:"The vanishing fascination of truly anonymous authors"
320:. He died there of a rare blood disorder which causes
462:, to Lev Nussimbaum. In his biography of Nussimbaum,
112:
1584:
976:Sensational Biographical Account of Essad Bey," in
242:Lev Nussimbaum, as Essad Bey, wrote his first book
105:
97:
86:
62:
39:
23:
1082:Essad Bey, "Əsəd Bəy, "Şərqdə neft və qan" (1929).
1452:
1450:
1245:, 25:1 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1997), p. 89.
474:book in Germany due to his Jewish ethnicity.
8:
1749:White Russian emigrants to the United States
1699:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Germany
1377:(New York: Random House, 2005), pp. 316-317.
1121:25:1 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1997), p. 78.
574:(1930; reissued by Maurer in English, 2008,
291:dynasty. He also had connections to the pre-
227:72) where Lev Nussimbaum lived for two years
1258:, August 25, 2009, pp. 4-5, at essadbey.de.
992:Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4, 2011
642:(1935; reissued by Maurer in German, 2011,
403:A scathing review of Essad Bey's biography
1704:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Italy
908:"Did he really write 16 books in 8 years?"
773:(2011), p. 65 and Endnote 119 on page 109.
253:They purportedly boarded a ship bound for
31:
20:
1360:Nabih Amin Faris, Princeton, New Jersey:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
717:(1938, reissued by Overlook Press, 2001,
483:re-opened the issue of the authorship of
324:of the extremities. This was most likely
1200:
1198:
281:German-Russian League Against Bolshevism
216:Memorial plaque on the house in Berlin (
146:during his childhood before fleeing the
1679:Azerbaijani people of Ukrainian descent
1350:(New York: Random House, 2005), p. 336.
927:, Vol. 25:1 (1997), p. 86, Endnote 120.
758:
604:White Russia: People Without a Homeland
594:(1932), only in German, "Der Kaukasus".
134:, was a writer and journalist, born in
624:(1933), (not translated into English).
1400:Kalder, Daniel (September 15, 2011).
771:Azerbaijan International, Vol. 15:2-4
618:(1933), (not translated into English)
606:(1932) (not translated into English).
582:, in German, 2008, 978-3-929345-33-9)
7:
1627:'The Orientalist': The Chic of Araby
1579:the promotional website for the book
857:Blood and Oil in the Orient (1929),
1664:20th-century Azerbaijani historians
729:The Man Who Knew Nothing About Love
711:, as "Ali and Nino: A Love Story").
640:Nicholas II: The Prisoner in Purple
1739:White Russian emigrants to Germany
1729:Stalinism-era scholars and writers
980:, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), pp. 146-149.
966:, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011), pp. 186-190.
14:
1759:20th-century pseudonymous writers
703:(1937, reissued by Anchor, 2000,
1744:White Russian emigrants to Italy
610:OGPU: The Plot Against the World
509:Ali and Nino – Literary Robbery!
458:, published under the pseudonym
586:Stalin: The Career of a Fanatic
1684:Converts to Islam from Judaism
955:Twelve Secrets of the Caucasus
802:Twelve Secrets of the Caucasus
572:Twelve Secrets of the Caucasus
259:Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität
142:family. He lived there and in
1:
275:Politically, Essad Bey was a
1709:Jews from the Russian Empire
1346:Asien, Afrika, Lateinamerika
1334:. Random House, 2005, p. 274
1243:Asien, Afrika, Lateinamerika
951:Blood and Oil in the Orient,
936:"Love and Oil" and "Manuela"
328:, which is known to afflict
233:Blood and Oil in the Orient,
1659:Azerbaijani anti-communists
1390:, Vol. 15:2-4, pp. 166-177.
1308:. Random House, 2005, p. 34
913:, Vol. 15:2-4, pp. 162-163.
898:, Vol. 15:2-4, pp. 166-177.
797:Blood and Oil in the Orient
786:. Random House, 2005, p.199
749:, Chatto & Windus, 2005
549:Blood and Oil in the Orient
470:was written by Nussimbaum.
312:In 1938, when Nazi Germany
248:Blood and Oil in the Orient
1775:
1169:November 19, 1937, p. A12.
1119:Asien Afrika Lateinamerika
925:Asien Afrika Lateinamerika
506:published a book entitled
455:Ali and Nino: A Love Story
452:attributes the 1937 novel
715:Girl from the Golden Horn
489:Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli
279:. In 1931, he joined the
110:
30:
1520:Azerbaijan International
1492:Azerbaijan International
1463:Azerbaijan International
1432:Azerbaijan International
1388:Azerbaijan International
1267:"Reiss, Tom 2005, p. 34"
1185:Azerbaijan International
1095:Azerbaijan International
978:Azerbaijan International
964:Azerbaijan International
911:Azerbaijan International
896:Azerbaijan International
838:Russia at the Crossroads
622:Russia at the Crossroads
480:Azerbaijan International
1689:German-language writers
1625:Wheatcroft, Geoffrey, "
959:"Die literarische Welt"
393:New York Herald Tribune
154:in the presence of the
1714:Jewish anti-communists
1569:, Random House, 2005,
1544:Essad Bey Truth Alert
1364:Vol. 27:2, April 1937.
1043:"Jews Without Borders"
359:
244:Oel und Blut im Orient
228:
1674:Azerbaijani novelists
1621:The National Interest
1485:Blair, Betty (2011).
1141:Die literarische Welt
1071:Biographie Essad-Bey,
947:Die literarische Welt
836:(1931), OGPU (1932),
354:
266:Die literarische Welt
215:
1635:, February 27, 2005.
1155:Neues Wiener Journal
1097:, Vol. 15:2-4 (2011)
656:(1935), Italian only
298:movement, headed by
90:Mohammad Essad Bey,
1694:Historians of Islam
1254:Wilfried Fuhrmann "
1205:Reiss, Tom (2005).
560:, in German, 2008,
330:Ashkenazi male Jews
188:Kyiv State Archives
1167:Los Angeles Times,
1157:15, (1937), p. 33.
733:I Was an Ugly Girl
683:Under pen name of
670:Wolfgang von Weisl
628:Love and Petroleum
539:Under pen name of
300:Alexander Kazembek
229:
207:left-wing politics
101:Writer, journalist
1754:Writers from Kyiv
1719:Jewish historians
1523:. 15.2–15.4. 2011
1466:. 15.2–15.4. 2011
1435:. 15.2–15.4. 2011
1218:978-0-8129-7276-4
846:End of Bolshevism
676:End of Bolshevism
648:978-3-929345-57-5
580:978-3-929345-37-7
566:978-3-929345-30-8
558:978-3-929345-36-0
334:Raynaud's Disease
326:Buerger's disease
307:René Fülöp-Miller
201:, in present-day
121:
120:
1766:
1724:Jewish novelists
1669:Azerbaijani Jews
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
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1191:(2–4): 39. 2011.
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1057:
1055:
1041:Lazare, Daniel.
1038:
1023:
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849:
831:
825:
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809:
793:
787:
780:
774:
763:
524:Grigol Robakidze
515:The Snake's Skin
437:Benito Mussolini
433:Czar Nicholas II
226:
177:
169:Werner Schendell
117:
114:
81:Kingdom of Italy
69:
50:October 17, 1905
49:
47:
35:
21:
1774:
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1375:The Orientalist
1372:
1368:
1359:
1355:
1342:
1338:
1332:The Orientalist
1329:
1325:
1319:The Orientalist
1316:
1312:
1306:The Orientalist
1303:
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1069:Alice Schulte:
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790:
784:The Orientalist
781:
777:
764:
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742:
688:
544:
536:
492:
464:The Orientalist
447:
418:Nazi propaganda
414:
342:
314:annexed Austria
220:
184:
171:
111:
71:
67:
66:August 27, 1942
51:
45:
43:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1772:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1734:Ukrainian Jews
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
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1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1632:New York Times
1623:
1610:Radio National
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1560:
1553:
1547:
1540:
1539:External links
1537:
1535:
1534:
1506:
1477:
1446:
1418:
1392:
1379:
1366:
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1181:Cause of death
1171:
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446:
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413:
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341:
338:
332:, rather than
270:Western Europe
192:Kyiv Synagogue
183:
180:
124:Lev Nussimbaum
119:
118:
108:
107:
103:
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99:
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88:
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70:(aged 36)
64:
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57:Russian Empire
41:
37:
36:
28:
27:
25:Lev Nussimbaum
24:
15:
13:
10:
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1612:Interview by
1611:
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1575:1-4000-6265-9
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723:1-58567-173-8
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709:0-385-72040-8
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668:(1936) (with
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296:Young Russian
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218:FasanenstraĂźe
214:
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179:
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164:
162:
159:Essad Bey in
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78:
74:
65:
61:
58:
54:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
16:Jewish writer
1630:
1618:Ali and Nino
1566:
1525:. Retrieved
1518:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1490:
1480:
1468:. Retrieved
1461:
1437:. Retrieved
1430:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1406:The Guardian
1405:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1345:
1339:
1331:
1330:Reiss, Tom.
1326:
1318:
1313:
1305:
1304:Reiss, Tom.
1300:
1291:
1281:
1272:
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1242:
1237:
1227:
1207:
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1184:
1180:
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1140:
1135:
1126:
1118:
1113:
1104:
1094:
1087:
1078:
1070:
1065:
1052:. Retrieved
1046:
1018:
1009:
999:
985:
977:
971:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
932:
924:
918:
910:
903:
895:
890:
882:
878:
867:God is Great
866:
863:Love and Oil
862:
858:
853:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
821:
817:
813:
806:Der Kaukasus
805:
804:(1930), and
801:
795:
791:
783:
782:Reiss, Tom.
778:
761:
753:
752:
746:
732:
728:
714:
700:Ali and Nino
698:
689:
684:
675:
665:
659:
653:
639:
633:
627:
621:
615:
609:
603:
597:
592:The Caucasus
591:
585:
571:
547:
540:
534:Bibliography
513:
507:
502:
498:Ali and Nino
497:
494:
485:Ali and Nino
484:
478:
476:
472:
468:Ali and Nino
467:
463:
453:
448:
444:Ali and Nino
443:
415:
404:
402:
399:
391:
387:
382:
374:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
355:
343:
311:
304:
289:Hohenzollern
280:
274:
265:
263:
252:
247:
243:
241:
232:
230:
196:
185:
165:
127:
123:
122:
68:(1942-08-27)
18:
1654:1942 deaths
1649:1905 births
1495:. 15.2–15.4
1373:Tom Reiss,
822:Nicholas II
692:Kurban Said
685:Kurban Said
616:Liquid Gold
528:Kurban Said
504:Tamar Injia
460:Kurban Said
379:Orientalism
221: [
172: [
132:Kurban Said
92:Kurban Said
1643:Categories
1614:Terry Lane
1563:Reiss, Tom
1527:January 9,
1499:January 9,
1470:January 9,
1439:January 9,
1411:January 9,
1048:The Nation
859:Liquid Oil
745:Tom Reiss,
740:References
350:Bolshevism
346:"the East"
277:monarchist
148:Bolsheviks
98:Occupation
46:1905-10-17
1099:, p. 169.
1054:March 28,
660:Reza Shah
541:Essad Bey
450:Tom Reiss
293:fascistic
128:Essad Bey
883:Mohammed
871:Ibn Saud
865:(1934),
861:(1933),
844:(1935),
840:(1933),
820:(1932),
800:(1929),
598:Mohammed
520:Georgian
421:ministry
405:Mohammed
322:gangrene
318:Positano
255:Istanbul
190:and the
113:essadbey
87:Pen name
73:Positano
1321:, p. 34
1317:Reiss,
873:, 1936)
869:(about
634:Manuela
522:author
388:Islamia
383:Islamia
375:Islamia
203:Georgia
106:Website
75:, near
1573:
1215:
848:(1936)
834:Stalin
824:(1935)
808:(1931)
721:
707:
662:(1936)
646:
612:(1932)
588:(1931)
578:
564:
556:
429:Stalin
237:Persia
199:Tiflis
161:German
140:Jewish
77:Naples
842:Lenin
754:Notes
654:Lenin
425:Lenin
412:Works
340:Islam
285:Nazis
225:]
176:]
152:Islam
138:to a
1608:ABC
1571:ISBN
1529:2012
1501:2012
1472:2012
1441:2012
1413:2012
1213:ISBN
1183:)".
1056:2005
953:and
818:OGPU
719:ISBN
705:ISBN
644:ISBN
576:ISBN
562:ISBN
554:ISBN
431:and
182:Life
156:imam
144:Baku
136:Kiev
130:and
63:Died
53:Kiev
40:Born
1629:",
518:by
115:.de
1645::
1581:).
1565:,
1517:.
1489:.
1460:.
1449:^
1429:.
1404:.
1197:^
1189:15
1187:.
1045:.
1027:^
1004:1.
427:,
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223:de
174:de
163:.
79:,
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1577:(
1555:"
1531:.
1503:.
1474:.
1443:.
1415:.
1221:.
1058:.
725:)
650:)
568:)
246:(
48:)
44:(
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