203:
functioning together as a tissue, for example, Epithelial tissue. Different tissues make up an organ, like a lung. Organs work together to form an organ system, such as the
Respiratory System. All of the organ systems make a living organism, like a lion. A group of the same organism living together in an area is a population, such as a pride of lions. Two or more populations interacting with each other form a community, for example, lion and zebra populations interacting with each other. Communities interacting not only with each other but also with the physical environment encompass an ecosystem, such as the Savanna ecosystem. All of the ecosystems make up the biosphere, the area of life on Earth.
1928:
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507:") that, in turn, would be encoded in their individual nucleotide sequences. Competitive success among different RNA replicators would have depended on the relative values of these adaptive capacities. Subsequently, among more recent organisms competitive success at successive levels of biological organisation, presumably continued to depend, in a broad sense, on the relative values of these adaptive capacities.
1916:
503:
capacity to replicate with moderate fidelity (giving rise to both heritability and variation of type); (2) the capacity to avoid decay; and (3) the capacity to acquire and process resources. These capacities would have been determined initially by the folded configurations of the RNA replicators (see "
594:
There once were two watchmakers, named Hora and Tempus, who made very fine watches. The phones in their workshops rang frequently; new customers were constantly calling them. However, Hora prospered while Tempus became poorer and poorer. In the end, Tempus lost his shop. What was the reason behind
464:
Each level in the hierarchy can be described by its lower levels. For example, the organism may be described at any of its component levels, including the atomic, molecular, cellular, histological (tissue), organ and organ system levels. Furthermore, at every level of the hierarchy, new functions
602:
Hora had designed his watches so that he could put together subassemblies of about ten components each. Ten of these subassemblies could be put together to make a larger sub-assembly. Finally, ten of the larger subassemblies constituted the whole watch. Each subassembly could be put down without
44:
502:
of an RNA replicator (its per capita rate of increase) would likely have been a function of adaptive capacities that were intrinsic (in the sense that they were determined by the nucleotide sequence) and the availability of resources. The three primary adaptive capacities may have been (1) the
202:
The simplest unit in this hierarchy is the atom, like oxygen. Two or more atoms is a molecule, like a dioxide. Many small molecules may combine in a chemical reaction to make up a macromolecule, such as a phospholipid. Multiple macromolecules form a cell, like a club cell. A group of cells
598:
The watches consisted of about 1000 parts each. The watches that Tempus made were designed such that, when he had to put down a partly assembled watch (for instance, to answer the phone), it immediately fell into pieces and had to be reassembled from the basic elements.
515:
Empirically, a large proportion of the (complex) biological systems we observe in nature exhibit hierarchical structure. On theoretical grounds we could expect complex systems to be hierarchies in a world in which complexity had to evolve from simplicity.
453:(these levels are outside the scope of biological organisation). Each level can also be broken down into its own hierarchy, and specific types of these biological objects can have their own hierarchical scheme. For example,
48:
45:
47:
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necessary for the control of life appear. These new roles are not functions that the lower level components are capable of and are thus referred to as
1975:
128:. Without this necessary degree of organisation, it would be much more difficult—and likely impossible—to apply the study of the effects of various
108:, with each "object" being primarily composed of the previous level's basic unit. The basic principle behind the organisation is the concept of
851:
Michod RE. (2000) Darwinian
Dynamics: Evolutionary Transitions in Fitness and Individuality. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey
1387:
1230:
1190:
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could not exist if it was not known that a change at the cellular level can affect an entire organism. These applications extend into the
436:
639:
30:"Hierarchy of life" and "Levels of organization" redirect here. For the hierarchical ordering and organization of all organisms, see
1268:
1212:
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414:
Continental scale (climatically and geographically contiguous areas with similar climatic conditions) grouping of ecosystems.
1164:
856:
983:
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A simpler and more direct way to explain the fundamentals of the "hierarchical organisation of life", was introduced in
1592:
1586:
1354:
1204:
1058:
Huggett, R. J. (1999). "Ecosphere, biosphere, or Gaia? What to call the global ecosystem. ECOLOGICAL SOUNDING".
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Every organism is organised, though not necessarily to the same degree. An organism can not be organised at the
114:—the properties and functions found at a hierarchical level are not present and irrelevant at the lower levels.
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The simple standard biological organisation scheme, from the lowest level to the highest level, is as follows:
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More complex schemes incorporate many more levels. For example, a molecule can be viewed as a grouping of
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340:
The basic living system, a functional grouping of the lower-level components, including at least one cell
145:
1932:
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Pavé, Alain (2006), "Biological and
Ecological Systems Hierarchical organization", in Pumain, D. (ed.),
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chains began to express the basic conditions necessary for natural selection to operate as conceived by
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emerges almost inevitably through a wide variety of evolutionary processes, for the simple reason that
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could not exist if the brain was not composed of specific types of cells, and the basic concepts of
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Bernstein, H; Byerly, HC; Hopf, FA; Michod, RA; Vemulapalli, GK (1983). "The
Darwinian Dynamic".
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Wicken, J. S.; Ulanowicz, R. E. (1988), "On quantifying hierarchical connections in ecology",
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The biological organisation of life is a fundamental premise for numerous areas of
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To motivate this deep idea, he offered his "parable" about imaginary watchmakers.
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hierarchies analysis performed in the 1950s, laid the empirical foundations for a
34:. For the evolutionary hierarchy of organisms and interspecial relationships, see
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498:: heritability, variation of type, and competition for limited resources.
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Functional groups of biomolecules, biochemical reactions and interactions
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All life on Earth or all life plus the physical (abiotic) environment
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Hierarchy of complex structures and systems within biological sciences
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Each level in the hierarchy represents an increase in organisational
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approach. The traditional hierarchy, as detailed below, extends from
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478:(tissue) level if it is not composed of tissues in the first place.
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Models of the
Ecological Hierarchy: From Molecules to the Ecosphere
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The theoretical foundations are summarized by thermodynamics. When
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Margalef, R. (1975), "External factors and ecosystem stability",
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Biological organisation is thought to have emerged in the early
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groups of organisms carrying the same ecological function (i.e.
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89:. The higher levels of this scheme are often referred to as an
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Thermodynamics of
Complex Systems: Principles and applications
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level, but affects higher levels up to and including multiple
161:
570:'s hierarchical principle"; Simon emphasized that hierarchy "
1255:
Solomon, Eldra P.; Berg, Linda R.; Martin, Diana W. (2002),
1022:
Evans, F. C. (1956), "Ecosystem as basic unit in ecology",
1013:
Evans, F. C. (1951), "Ecology and urban areal research",
52:
A population of bees shimmers in response to a predator.
1239:
Simon, H. A. (1969), "The architecture of complexity",
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Groups of organisms in conjunction with the physical (
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Basic unit of all life and the grouping of organelles
1904:
1747:
1704:
1626:
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1518:
778:
International
Journal of Signs and Semiotic Systems
776:Witzany, G (2014). "Biological Self-organization".
435:For levels larger than Biosphere or Ecosphere, see
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390:, and their interactions in a specific location.
1199:Postlethwait, John H.; Hopson, Janet L. (2006),
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911:
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457:can be further subdivided into a hierarchy of
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144:(body function). For example, fields such as
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695:Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
539:, in its most general abstraction, they are
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1753:
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1381:
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1367:2011's theoretical/mathematical discussion
449:, and an atom can be further divided into
1134:
1107:Schweizerische Zeitschrift fĂĽr Hydrologie
1287:Journal of Social and Biological Systems
1223:Hierarchy in Natural and Social Sciences
1175:Hierarchy in Natural and Social Sciences
992:johncarlosbaez/2011/08/29 transcriptions
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209:
1911:
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1087:Jordan, F.; Jørgensen, S. E. (2012),
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555:can be characterized in a hierarchy.
7:
1155:A Hierarchical Concept of Ecosystems
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728:
482:Emergence of biological organisation
214:For levels smaller than atoms see
981:polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/pagre/simon
640:Evolution of biological complexity
574:hierarchical structures are stable
25:
1355:organization within the biosphere
176:. Theoretically, a change in one
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18:Levels of biological organization
1976:Levels of organization (Biology)
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1349:
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1072:10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00158.x
437:Earth's location in the Universe
350:Groups of organisms of the same
1060:Global Ecology and Biogeography
717:Solomon, Berg & Martin 2002
524:that would be, from the 1980s,
1241:The Sciences of the Artificial
949:. IOP Publishing, Bristol, UK.
764:Postlethwait & Hopson 2006
1:
1044:10.1126/science.123.3208.1127
945:Pokrovskii, Vladimir (2020).
635:Composition of the human body
315:Functional groups of tissues
160:levels as well. For example,
1299:10.1016/0140-1750(88)90066-8
325:Functional groups of organs
934:Jordan & Jørgensen 2012
912:Wicken & Ulanowicz 1988
808:Quarterly Review of Biology
588:Parable of the Watchmakers
386:Guilds from all biological
303:Functional groups of cells
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1205:Holt, Rinehart and Winston
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541:thermodynamic open systems
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630:Cellular differentiation
180:could change the entire
1338:the nature of molecules
1334:Characteristics of life
1151:O'Neill, R. V. (1986),
690:Structuralism (biology)
150:behavioral neuroscience
91:ecological organisation
59:is the organisation of
57:Biological organisation
553:dissipative structures
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124:, particularly in the
53:
986:July 5, 2015, at the
294:(Multicellular level)
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168:effect occurs at the
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1769:Evolutionary history
1460:Biomolecular complex
645:Evolutionary biology
526:hierarchical ecology
292:Super-cellular level
252:Biomolecular complex
99:hierarchical ecology
1706:Natural environment
1221:Pumain, D. (2006),
1119:1975AqSci..37..102M
1036:1956Sci...123.1127E
566:and others as the "
468:emergent properties
451:subatomic particles
93:concept, or as the
1179:New York, New York
1127:10.1007/BF02505181
1015:Scientific Monthly
997:2015-05-31 at the
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660:Holon (philosophy)
551:relations between
547:behavior, and the
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971:Simon's texts at
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680:Self-organization
670:Level of analysis
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1641:Atmosphere
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1428:Biocoenosis
1261:Brooks/Cole
923:Pumain 2006
784:(2): 1–11.
766:, p. 7
625:Cell theory
620:Abiogenesis
381:biocoenosis
170:subcellular
1955:Categories
1734:Wilderness
1587:geological
1432:Population
1279:2001095366
1166:0691084378
1007:References
960:Simon 1969
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868:Evans 1951
857:0691050112
549:set/subset
368:herbivores
346:Population
192:See also:
174:ecosystems
164:'s direct
158:ecological
142:physiology
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106:complexity
87:biospheres
67:structures
64:biological
1971:Emergence
1966:Hierarchy
1812:Eukaryota
1779:Hierarchy
1774:Biosphere
1739:Wildfires
1729:Radiation
1719:Ecosystem
1659:Moonlight
1593:Structure
1548:particles
1456:Organelle
1424:Ecosystem
1416:Biosphere
1249:MIT Press
1245:Cambridge
1080:1466-822X
752:Pavé 2006
729:Pavé 2006
488:RNA world
425:Ecosphere
420:Biosphere
396:Ecosystem
376:Community
267:Organelle
182:biosphere
146:cognitive
111:emergence
1894:Category
1863:bacteria
1846:protista
1807:Organism
1674:Sunlight
1520:Universe
1436:Organism
1145:20521602
1052:17793430
995:Archived
984:Archived
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613:See also
505:Ribozyme
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242:Molecule
138:diseases
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130:physical
122:research
77:using a
1921:Biology
1907:Portals
1871:Viruses
1858:archaea
1834:animals
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1784:Biology
1761:Origin
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1649:Climate
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1628:Weather
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1583:History
1360:Ecology
1257:Biology
1115:Bibcode
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1024:Science
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560:Ecology
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455:genomes
402:abiotic
388:domains
352:species
71:systems
61:complex
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