31:
1343:
158:
257:
prohibited governors from demanding supposedly voluntary gifts from their provincial subjects. The ability for governors to misappropriate plunder won in battle and force repayment of debts by force from "free cities" also was curtailed. The account books of provincial governors also had to be deposited on the close of a governor's term both at Rome and at two cities within the province.
231:, one of the permanent jury courts in Rome, by private prosecution. One notable and "awkward" exception from the ostensibly comprehensive anti-bribery law were penalties for equestrian jurors taking bribes in Rome: such jurors were legally immune and regularly bribed with enormous sums by defendants. By the imperial period, process under the
256:
Governors were also prohibited from forcing provincial communities to defer the cost of maintaining Roman troops within their communities. Senators also were prohibited from voting themselves onto putative embassies to the provinces for the actual purpose of conducting private business. The law also
246:
It applied to all magistrates, persons with official power or administrative duties, legates, and employees thereof. Family members of covered persons also were covered if they engaged in corrupt activities to influence that covered person. People who took a share in bribe proceeds were also liable.
142:
and allies thereof during his consular year, found their support for the anti-extortion bill. Cato likely saw the bill as a positive for the state and, importantly, legislation brought in good faith for the state rather than for Caesar's own political advancement. Modern scholars have suggested that
134:
was one of his least controversial bills. It is sometimes suggested that Caesar, whose reputation for avarice is well known from his pillaging of Spain during his post-praetorian governorship there, brought the bill in Pompey's name. It contained some 200 clauses covering all manner of hitherto
93:
The Roman
Republic had, since it acquired an empire, struggled with the problem of provincial governors extorting their provincial subjects. By 171 BC provincials could bring complaints against governors to Rome. The first permanent court
213:
created a general prohibition against taking any object of value to make or not make any official act. Such acts included civil judgements, imprisonments, criminal judgements, sentencing decisions, and
58:. Its provisions covered all magistrates, governors, and the family and employees thereof. Covered persons were prohibited of taking money to make, not make, or influence any official action.
944:
1377:
243:
with sentences imposed starting at exile. Sentencing enhancements were applied if the illegal action caused someone to die or otherwise be punished.
1218:
974:
700:
149:
were in fact added on Cato's initiative: the clauses protecting the rights of free communities had been an objective of Cato's the previous year.
826:
157:
723:
1233:
582:
547:
349:
1261:
760:
124:
was consul in 59 BC. During that year he had, with the support of his allies in what is misleadingly termed in modern times the
1063:
660:
1228:
750:
884:
1019:
69:. It continued in force as amended through into the Justinianic era, with fragments and commentaries codified into the
1317:
1069:
1012:
899:
693:
105:
1223:
1192:
1176:
904:
1253:
1166:
1105:
768:
30:
1171:
1100:
796:
215:
204:
1382:
1348:
1281:
1032:
998:
961:
686:
811:
169:
861:
738:
655:. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 564–98.
1322:
851:
831:
743:
174:
71:
889:
874:
816:
806:
801:
128:, pursued an aggressive and controversial reform programme. Brought late in his consular year, the
121:
62:
1372:
1126:
869:
841:
821:
791:
786:
637:
596:
266:
199:
194:
is preserved by commentaries of Roman jurists; its provisions were still in force as late as the
1271:
1121:
980:
926:
916:
728:
666:
656:
629:
588:
578:
553:
543:
345:
228:
125:
100:
88:
35:
649:
Richardson, John (1994). "Administration of the empire". In Crook, John; et al. (eds.).
1266:
1056:
921:
879:
846:
621:
570:
517:
139:
1327:
1085:
931:
894:
1286:
1146:
1095:
1049:
911:
109:
95:
51:
1366:
709:
600:
135:
semi-illegal practices that republican governors had used to line their own pockets.
84:
1131:
521:
66:
55:
650:
520:'s account books disappeared at the close of his propraetorian administration of
365:
1307:
1090:
1026:
778:
733:
195:
108:
in 149 specifically to try extortion cases. Available remedies were expanded by
1302:
1136:
968:
557:
633:
1312:
1276:
1197:
161:
24:
50:("Julian law on corruption") was a foundational corruption law of the late
670:
574:
1202:
1161:
1005:
836:
641:
609:
165:
625:
592:
156:
65:
during his first consulship in 59 BC with the support of the
29:
540:
Cato the
Younger: life and death at the end of the Roman republic
38:, the only known depiction of Caesar produced during his lifetime
678:
682:
172:. He supervised the collation and editing of the Justinianic
138:
Caesar, who had come to political blows repeatedly with
16:
Law against extortion brought by Julius Caesar in 59 BC
283:
281:
342:
Pompey, Cato, and the governance of the Roman empire
1295:
1246:
1211:
1185:
1154:
1145:
1114:
1078:
1041:
990:
953:
860:
777:
759:
716:
610:"Judicial accountability and immunity in Roman law"
326:, pp. 166–67, rejecting attribution to Pompey.
164:was a Byzantine jurist, depicted here in a modern
247:Money damages were set for bribery cases in the
178:which saw the preservation of fragments of the
118:in 123 BC and later during Sulla's rule.
694:
652:The last age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC
497:
485:
417:
401:
323:
311:
8:
344:. Oxford University press. pp. 148–51.
253:(123 BC) at double of the bribes paid.
248:
238:
232:
222:
208:
189:
179:
144:
129:
113:
44:
1151:
774:
701:
687:
679:
501:
473:
405:
299:
945:Planned invasion of the Parthian Empire
513:
461:
445:
429:
389:
335:
287:
277:
614:The American Journal of Legal History
542:. New York: Oxford University Press.
221:During the republican period, claims
7:
1378:1st century BC in the Roman Republic
1262:Cultural depictions of Julius Caesar
203:. The third century AD jurist
567:Julius Caesar and the Roman People
227:(extortion) were brought before a
14:
1064:Ut est rerum omnium magister usus
338:, p. 139, favourable citing
104:) in Rome was established by the
1342:
1341:
448:, p. 63, citing Marcianus,
569:. Cambridge University Press.
565:Morstein-Marx, Robert (2021).
143:some of the provisions in the
1:
1219:Gaius Julius Caesar (father)
1020:Commentarii de Bello Gallico
432:, p. 63, citing Macer,
188:Most of the evidence of the
1013:Commentarii de Bello Civili
516:, p. 165, noting that
1399:
82:
18:
1336:
1101:Temple of Venus Genetrix
608:Plescia, Joseph (2001).
538:Drogula, Fred K (2019).
370:Encyclopaedia Britannica
46:lex Julia de repetundis
1282:Julio-Claudian dynasty
1106:Caesar's Rhine bridges
1033:Poems by Julius Caesar
999:Laudatio Iuliae amitae
975:Constitutional reforms
962:Lex Julia de maiestate
249:
240:cognitio extra ordinem
239:
233:
223:
209:
190:
185:
180:
145:
130:
114:
99:
45:
39:
724:Early life and career
575:10.1017/9781108943260
420:, p. 167 n. 205.
340:Morrell, Kit (2017).
170:United States Capitol
160:
83:Further information:
33:
1323:Marcus Junius Brutus
1234:Julia Minor (sister)
1229:Julia Major (sister)
827:Invasions of Britain
744:Crossing the Rubicon
175:Corpus Juris Civilis
72:Corpus Juris Civilis
1162:Cossutia (disputed)
216:decisions on status
140:Marcus Porcius Cato
122:Gaius Julius Caesar
63:Gaius Julius Caesar
1203:Augustus (adopted)
1127:Chiaramonti Caesar
905:Battle of the Nile
761:Military campaigns
739:Caesar's civil war
498:Morstein-Marx 2021
486:Morstein-Marx 2021
418:Morstein-Marx 2021
402:Morstein-Marx 2021
324:Morstein-Marx 2021
312:Morstein-Marx 2021
267:List of Roman laws
186:
40:
1358:
1357:
1242:
1241:
1122:Tusculum portrait
981:Dictator perpetuo
940:
939:
832:Ambiorix's revolt
729:First Triumvirate
717:Major life events
584:978-1-108-83784-2
549:978-0-19-086902-1
392:, pp. 62–63.
351:978-0-19-875514-2
229:quaestio perpetua
126:First Triumvirate
101:quaestio perpetua
89:First Triumvirate
61:It was passed by
36:Tusculum portrait
1390:
1345:
1344:
1267:Temple of Caesar
1224:Aurelia (mother)
1152:
1057:Veni, vidi, vici
775:
703:
696:
689:
680:
674:
645:
604:
561:
525:
511:
505:
495:
489:
483:
477:
471:
465:
459:
453:
443:
437:
427:
421:
415:
409:
399:
393:
387:
381:
380:
378:
377:
362:
356:
355:
333:
327:
321:
315:
309:
303:
297:
291:
285:
252:
242:
236:
226:
212:
193:
183:
148:
133:
117:
48:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1332:
1328:Curia of Pompey
1291:
1238:
1207:
1181:
1141:
1110:
1086:Forum of Caesar
1074:
1037:
986:
949:
936:
895:Alexandrian war
856:
773:
755:
712:
707:
677:
663:
648:
626:10.2307/3185349
607:
585:
564:
550:
537:
533:
528:
512:
508:
502:Richardson 1994
500:, p. 166;
496:
492:
484:
480:
474:Richardson 1994
472:
468:
460:
456:
444:
440:
428:
424:
416:
412:
406:Richardson 1994
404:, p. 167;
400:
396:
388:
384:
375:
373:
364:
363:
359:
352:
339:
334:
330:
322:
318:
310:
306:
300:Richardson 1994
298:
294:
286:
279:
275:
263:
237:was largely by
168:located in the
155:
91:
81:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1287:Caesar (title)
1284:
1279:
1274:
1272:Caesar's Comet
1269:
1264:
1259:
1255:Life of Caesar
1250:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1096:Basilica Julia
1093:
1088:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1050:Alea iacta est
1045:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
994:
992:
988:
987:
985:
984:
977:
972:
965:
957:
955:
951:
950:
948:
947:
941:
938:
937:
935:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
908:
907:
902:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
866:
864:
858:
857:
855:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
783:
781:
772:
771:
765:
763:
757:
756:
754:
753:
748:
747:
746:
736:
731:
726:
720:
718:
714:
713:
708:
706:
705:
698:
691:
683:
676:
675:
661:
646:
605:
583:
562:
548:
534:
532:
529:
527:
526:
506:
504:, p. 580.
490:
488:, p. 166.
478:
476:, p. 588.
466:
454:
438:
422:
410:
408:, p. 595.
394:
382:
357:
350:
328:
316:
314:, p. 119.
304:
302:, p. 578.
292:
276:
274:
271:
270:
269:
262:
259:
207:held that the
205:Aemilius Macer
154:
151:
110:Gaius Gracchus
80:
77:
52:Roman Republic
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1395:
1384:
1383:Julius Caesar
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1361:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
1000:
996:
995:
993:
989:
983:
982:
978:
976:
973:
971:
970:
966:
964:
963:
959:
958:
956:
952:
946:
943:
942:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
865:
863:
859:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
782:
780:
776:
770:
767:
766:
764:
762:
758:
752:
751:Assassination
749:
745:
742:
741:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
719:
715:
711:
710:Julius Caesar
704:
699:
697:
692:
690:
685:
684:
681:
672:
668:
664:
662:0-521-85073-8
658:
654:
653:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
580:
576:
572:
568:
563:
559:
555:
551:
545:
541:
536:
535:
530:
523:
519:
515:
510:
507:
503:
499:
494:
491:
487:
482:
479:
475:
470:
467:
464:, p. 63.
463:
458:
455:
451:
447:
442:
439:
435:
431:
426:
423:
419:
414:
411:
407:
403:
398:
395:
391:
386:
383:
371:
367:
361:
358:
353:
347:
343:
337:
332:
329:
325:
320:
317:
313:
308:
305:
301:
296:
293:
290:, p. 60.
289:
284:
282:
278:
272:
268:
265:
264:
260:
258:
254:
251:
244:
241:
235:
230:
225:
219:
217:
211:
206:
202:
201:
197:
192:
182:
177:
176:
171:
167:
163:
159:
152:
150:
147:
141:
136:
132:
127:
123:
119:
116:
115:lex Sempronia
111:
107:
106:lex Calpurnia
103:
102:
97:
90:
86:
85:Julius Caesar
78:
76:
74:
73:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
47:
37:
32:
26:
22:
1360:
1347:
1340:
1254:
1132:Green Caesar
1062:
1055:
1048:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
979:
967:
960:
651:
620:(1): 51–70.
617:
613:
566:
539:
531:Bibliography
514:Drogula 2019
509:
493:
481:
469:
462:Plescia 2001
457:
449:
446:Plescia 2001
441:
436:, 48.11.7.3.
433:
430:Plescia 2001
425:
413:
397:
390:Plescia 2001
385:
374:. Retrieved
369:
360:
341:
336:Drogula 2019
331:
319:
307:
295:
288:Plescia 2001
255:
245:
220:
198:
187:
173:
137:
120:
92:
70:
60:
56:Roman Empire
43:
41:
21:leges Juliae
20:
1308:Mark Antony
1257:by Plutarch
1091:Curia Julia
1027:De analogia
954:Legislation
885:Dyrrhachium
852:Uxellodunum
779:Gallic Wars
734:Gallic wars
366:"Tribonian"
196:Justinianic
1367:Categories
1303:Julia gens
1137:Arles bust
1070:Last words
969:Lex Roscia
875:Brundisium
593:2021024626
558:1090168108
452:, 48.11.1.
376:2023-10-05
273:References
250:lex Acilia
224:repetundae
166:bas relief
153:Provisions
19:For other
1373:Roman law
1313:Cleopatra
1277:Caesarism
1198:Caesarion
1177:Calpurnia
1115:Portraits
1079:Buildings
890:Pharsalus
870:Corfinium
862:Civil War
817:Octodurus
634:0002-9319
601:242729962
234:lex Julia
210:lex Julia
191:lex Julia
181:lex Julia
162:Tribonian
146:lex Julia
131:lex Julia
25:lex Julia
1349:Category
1318:Servilia
1186:Children
1167:Cornelia
1006:Anticato
842:Gergovia
837:Avaricum
822:Morbihan
812:Atuatuci
792:Bibracte
769:Mytilene
261:See also
54:and the
1296:Related
1172:Pompeia
927:Thapsus
922:Corduba
917:Ruspina
642:3185349
79:History
1247:Legacy
1147:Family
1042:Quotes
880:Ilerda
847:Alesia
797:Vosges
671:121060
669:
659:
640:
632:
599:
591:
581:
556:
546:
522:Cyprus
372:. 2001
348:
200:Digest
67:Senate
23:, see
1212:Other
1193:Julia
1155:Wives
991:Works
932:Munda
900:Siege
807:Sabis
802:Axona
638:JSTOR
597:S2CID
96:Latin
912:Zela
787:Arar
667:OCLC
657:ISBN
630:ISSN
589:LCCN
579:ISBN
554:OCLC
544:ISBN
518:Cato
450:Dig.
434:Dig.
346:ISBN
87:and
42:The
34:The
622:doi
571:doi
1369::
665:.
636:.
628:.
618:45
616:.
612:.
595:.
587:.
577:.
552:.
368:.
280:^
218:.
112:'
98::
75:.
702:e
695:t
688:v
673:.
644:.
624::
603:.
573::
560:.
524:.
379:.
354:.
184:.
94:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
