70:
62:
40:
78:
20:
266:— which used eight shorter-length dipoles in the same "stag's antlers" layout for its frequency ranges than the SN-2 did — but several other bands that the SN-2 used were still operational. After the Allied jammings the FuG 220 antenna setup was optimized for the still-operational bands, the 90-degree vertical dipole setup was changed to a 45-degree diagonal setup.
32:
351:
bomber was adapted, with a
Technical Officer and monitoring equipment in the fuselage. This aircraft flew on bombing raids as a decoy, hoping to be intercepted. In December 1942, on the 18th sortie, it was tracked and intercepted by a Luftwaffe night fighter, sustaining heavy damage and then ditching
282:
arrays at 90° angles to each other, on a central, forward projecting mast was developed, and used by both the SN-2 and Neptun radar sets. This was just compact enough to fit into the nose of a Ju 88G, and was covered with a rubber-coated, wooden conical radome with the extreme tip of each element
238:
array at the end of a single mast, centrally mounted on the nose of the aircraft when the BC or C-1 UHF radar remained installed. Improvements in early 1944 led to newer SN-2 versions with lower minimum range, which allowed the older UHF radar system to be removed entirely.
218:
By late 1943, the
Luftwaffe was starting to deploy the greatly improved FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2, operating on a lower frequency of 90 MHz (lower end of the US VHF FM broadcast band) which was far less affected by electronic jamming, but this required the much larger
346:
The
British knew in 1942 that Luftwaffe night fighters were having unprecedented success tracking aircraft. A specialist team was set up to attempt to identify the electronic characteristics of any German airborne apparatus. A
392:
and the SN-2 radar on July 13, 1944, compromising both systems to the Allies. Some Allied aircraft were then equipped with 'Piperack' which countered the
Lichtenstein SN-2 aerial intercept radar. Much more dangerous were
367:
that was equipped with it, the Allies were able to jam and track the early FuG 202 and 212 sets by the summer of 1943. During several months in this period they rendered these sets almost useless by blinding them with
112:, it was available in at least four major revisions, called FuG 202 Lichtenstein B/C, FuG 212 Lichtenstein C-1, FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2 and the very rarely used FuG 228 Lichtenstein SN-3. (FuG is short for
262:
gear. This led to successful jamming of several frequency bands of the FuG 220 (I to III, 72, 81 and 90 MHz), and a partial adoption of the use of the low-to-mid VHF band 170 MHz FuG 216 and 217
954:
880:
376:
by the
Germans. Full jamming of the SN-2 took longer but was finally accomplished by the Allies following the mistaken landing due to a navigation error of a Ju 88G-1 night fighter from 7.
234:
masts, but the alarming drag that full sets of both types of antennas caused, from both radars being installed, later changed the requirement to only a "one-quarter" subset of the earlier
1022:
859:
352:
in the sea off Kent, England. The aircrew transmitted and brought back the electronic data, surviving the ditching. The electronics specialist, Pilot
Officer Jordan, was awarded the
174:
was improved as the FuG 212 Lichtenstein C-1, with longer range and wider angle of view, still operating at UHF Frequencies between 420 and 480 MHz and still using the complex
804:
150:
Early FuG 202 Lichtenstein B/C units were not deployed until 1942. They operated at a maximum RF output power of 1.5 kW, on the 61 cm wavelength (490 MHz, or low
741:
408:
cone of coverage of an attacking night fighter's
Lichtenstein radar. The technique was developed using the WkNr. 360 043, early model UHF-band Lichtenstein C-1-equipped,
993:
230:
The first SN-2 set had a problem with a huge minimum range of 900 meters, initially requiring the retention of a supplementary B/C or C-1 set with its full set of four
223:(stag's antlers) antennas, with only eight dipole elements, looking like a much-enlarged version of what occupied the forward end of each one of the earlier quadruple
633:
852:
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334:
845:
730:
711:
692:
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438:
1017:
797:
178:
aerial set. By this point in the war, the
British had become experts on jamming German radars. Luftwaffe aircrew of a B/C-equipped
116:, radio set). The Lichtenstein series remained the only widely deployed airborne interception radar used by the Germans on their
755:
227:
masts. This aerial setup also produced tremendous drag and slowed the operating aircraft by up to 50 km/h (30 mph).
191:
369:
259:
195:
313:) Josef Staub, became the first Luftwaffe night fighter crew to intercept an enemy bomber using airborne radar. Flying
353:
416:
in April 1943 by its crew of defectors. It was also later flown in tests by the RAF enemy aircraft evaluation unit,
823:
https://web.archive.org/web/20120205234017/http://www.100-jahre-radar.de/vortraege/Holpp-The_Century_of_Radar.pdf
242:
In July 1944, the newest version of the SN-2 radar fell into Allied hands when a fully equipped Ju 88 G-1, of 7
1012:
389:
69:
55: • The centre tube indicated range to a specific target and whether they were higher or lower.
398:
401:
to allow them to track German night fighters by emissions from their
Lichtenstein B/C, C-1 or SN-2 sets.
868:
394:
306:
247:
61:
39:
130:
band radar systems were meant as a potentially more versatile stop-gap system through 1944, until the
474:
82:
65:
A "pair" of the "subsets" for an earlier
Lichtenstein B/C or C-1 "mattress" UHF radar antenna system.
162:, mounted in four groups of eight, each at the forward end of one of four forward-projecting masts.
684:
417:
258:
by accident, with the crew not realising the mistake until it was too late to destroy the radar or
977:
888:
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348:
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929:
747:
726:
707:
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665:
646:
615:
433:
771:
982:
939:
903:
404:
The corkscrew manoeuvre was developed to remove an attacked heavy bomber from within the 60-
294:
183:
813:
808:
77:
908:
832:
405:
385:
340:
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135:
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in Scotland, presenting a working example of the German radar. The aircraft itself is
1006:
972:
967:
962:
409:
360:
187:
179:
117:
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radar set but this saw little to no service. A 9 cm wavelength system known as
35:
A Bf 110 G-4 with first-generation FuG 220 and centrally-mounted short-range FuG 202
934:
898:
872:
607:
279:
263:
105:
57: • The right tube indicated whether the target was to left or right.
19:
924:
837:
48:
109:
828:
A picture of the Lichtenstein-equipped Ju 88G-1 that landed at RAF Woodbridge
751:
619:
662:
Nachtjagd: the night fighter versus bomber war over the Third Reich, 1939–45
131:
101:
772:"The Defection of Oblt. Herbert Schmid and his Ju 88 to the United Kingdom"
413:
53: • The left tube indicated other aircraft ahead as bumps.
833:
A video explaining the working principles behind the lichtenstein radar
255:
182:
night fighter, Werknummer 360 043, defected in May 1943 and landed at
108:
and the first one used exclusively for air interception. Developed by
31:
643:
The Luftwaffe War Diaries – The German Air Force in World War II
283:
barely protruding above the surface. Further development led to the
381:
322:
97:
76:
73:
A closeup shot of the same sort of dual-radar antenna installation
68:
60:
38:
30:
18:
841:
743:
Aircraft in Profile No. 148 — The Junkers Ju 88 Night Fighters
151:
127:
85:
in the RAF Museum in Hendon, with second-generation FuG 220
293:
was developed, based on captured examples of the Allies'
333:
bomber shot down. The aircraft shot down was Wellington
100:
was among the earliest airborne radars available to the
278:(Morningstar) antenna, comprising a doubled set of two
250:, flew the wrong way on a landing beacon and landed at
206:
near where the German version was developed) rendered
27:
aerial setup for the Lichtenstein B/C UHF band radar.
704:
The Avro Manchester: The legend Behind the Lancaster
953:
917:
879:
120:during the war — the competing FuG 216 through 218
142:system was still being tested when the war ended.
994:List of World War II electronic warfare equipment
297:technology but saw little to no operational use.
746:. Leatherhead, Surrey UK: Profile Publications.
194:exhibit in the UK. The subsequent refinement of
1023:Military equipment introduced from 1940 to 1944
798:German language page on Lichtenstein UHF-band
461:
301:Operational history and Allied countermeasures
158:(mattress) antennas, consisting of thirty-two
853:
439:List of WW II Japanese airborne radar systems
8:
860:
846:
838:
632:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
568:(Supplement). 8 January 1943. p. 267.
210:almost useless for several crucial weeks.
359:Following the capture in May 1943 of the
89:antennas, without the short-range FuG 202
814:Details of B/C, C-1 and SN-2 models of
725:(Updated ed.). Toronto: Stoddart.
454:
625:
546:
522:
510:
498:
412:R-1 night fighter, that had landed at
329:B/C radar, they tracked and claimed a
590:
578:
534:
23:A Ju 88R night fighter with the full
16:German airborne radar in World War II
7:
356:, unusual for that rank of officer.
325:"G9+OM" equipped with the FuG 202
14:
305:On the night of 8/9 August 1941,
397:equipped with a device called
1:
683:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire:
420:, known colloquially as the
138:could be mass-produced; the
645:. New York: Da Capo Press.
354:Distinguished Service Order
202:by the Luftwaffe, from the
1039:
1018:World War II German radars
991:
664:. London: Crowood Press.
388:, equipped with both the
285:FuG 228 Lichtenstein SN-3
214:FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2
154:band), requiring complex
537:, Berlin—12 August 1941.
390:Flensburg radar detector
339:GR-B which crashed near
309:and his radio operator (
166:FuG 212 Lichtenstein C-1
146:FuG 202 Lichtenstein B/C
679:Bowman, Martin (2015).
740:Price, Alfred (1967).
721:Peden, Murray (1997).
702:Kirby, Robert (2015).
641:Bekker, Cajus (1994).
90:
74:
66:
58:
36:
28:
723:A thousand shall fall
681:The Wellington Bomber
660:Boiten, Theo (1997).
270:Late-war developments
80:
72:
64:
42:
34:
22:
479:www.radartutorial.eu
685:Pen and Sword Books
549:, pp. 143–162.
501:, pp. 213–214.
983:FuMO 81, 83 and 84
807:2018-08-04 at the
776:Aircrew Remembered
706:. Fonthill Media.
565:The London Gazette
462:Aircrew Remembered
395:Mosquito intruders
349:Vickers Wellington
331:Vickers Wellington
274:Late in 1944, the
188:still in existence
91:
75:
67:
59:
37:
29:
1000:
999:
758:on March 29, 2014
732:978-0-7737-5967-1
713:978-1-78155-285-8
694:978-1-78383-176-0
671:978-1-86126-086-4
652:978-0-306-80604-9
612:Down in the Drink
581:, pp. 12–13.
434:No. 100 Group RAF
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754:. Archived from
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295:cavity magnetron
208:Lichtenstein B/C
172:Lichtenstein B/C
170:During 1943 the
136:FuG 240 "Berlin"
1038:
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1031:
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1028:
1027:
1013:Aircraft radars
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1002:
1001:
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809:Wayback Machine
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317: B-5 of 4.
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160:dipole elements
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889:Hohentwiel ASV
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792:External links
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513:, p. 118.
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475:"Lichtenstein"
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436:
429:
426:
386:RAF Woodbridge
315:Dornier Do 215
302:
299:
290:FuG 240 Berlin
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268:
252:RAF Woodbridge
215:
212:
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118:night fighters
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869:German radars
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608:Barker, Ralph
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525:, p. 61.
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307:Ludwig Becker
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204:Berlin suburb
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894:Lichtenstein
893:
873:World War II
816:Lichtenstein
815:
802:Antenna unit
799:
779:. Retrieved
775:
760:. Retrieved
756:the original
742:
722:
703:
680:
661:
642:
611:
600:Bibliography
586:
574:
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494:
482:. Retrieved
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358:
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327:Lichtenstein
326:
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284:
280:Yagi antenna
275:
273:
264:Neptun radar
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221:Hirschgeweih
220:
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122:
113:
106:World War II
95:Lichtenstein
94:
92:
87:Hirschgeweih
86:
44:Lichtenstein
43:
24:
930:Jagdschloss
560:"No. 35858"
547:Barker 1955
523:Boiten 1997
511:Bowman 2015
499:Bekker 1994
418:1426 Flight
361:Ju 88 R-1,
276:Morgenstern
49:cathode-ray
1007:Categories
978:Hohentwiel
940:Wassermann
918:Land-based
818:radar sets
614:. London.
591:Peden 1997
579:Price 1967
535:Kirby 2015
445:References
363:Werknummer
311:Bordfunker
198:(known as
192:RAF Museum
114:Funk-Gerät
110:Telefunken
83:Bf 110 G-4
752:442187574
628:cite book
620:556826984
450:Citations
372:, termed
180:Ju 88 R-1
132:microwave
102:Luftwaffe
945:Würzburg
909:Berlin N
904:Berlin A
805:Archived
800:Matratze
762:April 5,
610:(1955).
428:See also
422:Rafwaffe
414:RAF Dyce
236:Matratze
232:Matratze
225:Matratze
196:'Window'
184:RAF Dyce
176:Matratze
156:Matratze
51:display:
46:UHF-band
25:Matratze
973:FuMO 24
968:FuMO 21
963:Seetakt
781:10 July
399:Serrate
378:Staffel
365:360 043
319:Staffel
256:England
244:Staffel
134:-based
935:Mammut
899:Neptun
881:Aerial
750:
729:
710:
691:
668:
649:
618:
484:22 May
406:degree
374:Düppel
370:Window
200:Düppel
190:as an
140:Berlin
123:Neptun
955:Naval
925:Freya
410:Ju 88
382:NJG 2
341:Bunde
336:T2625
323:NJG 1
248:NJG 2
98:radar
783:2019
764:2014
748:OCLC
727:ISBN
708:ISBN
689:ISBN
666:ISBN
647:ISBN
634:link
616:OCLC
486:2022
126:mid-
93:The
871:of
384:at
260:IFF
254:in
152:UHF
128:VHF
104:in
1009::
774:.
687:.
630:}}
626:{{
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343:.
81:A
861:e
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
