35:
270:. This so greatly reduced drag compared to the late-model Lichtensteins and Neptun that the fighters regained their pre-radar speeds. The power output of the N-2 radar was 15 kW, and was effective against bomber-sized targets at distances of up to 9 kilometers, or down to 0.5 kilometer, which eliminated the need for a second short-range radar system. The N-3 version used an updated display system that featured a
27:
293:
251:
208:. German forces examining the wreckage found an apparatus which they called the "Rotterdam Gerät" (Rotterdam Device). They quickly determined it to be a centimeter wavelength generator, although its exact purpose was unclear. This was revealed when a second example was captured, and the crew of the aircraft revealed it to be a mapping system.
246:
Telefunken used it as a basis for a German version of the device and an AI radar based on it. The system which
Telefunken developed was similar to its British counterpart, differing largely in the display system. Given the limited number of changes, it is unclear why it took so long to get into
180:
The magnetron was initially limited to aircraft operating over the UK or sea, so that if the aircraft was lost the magnetron would not fall into German hands. However, as the war progressed several new uses for the magnetron were developed, notably ground-mapping systems like the
222:
for an aircraft installation, covered with a teardrop-shaped fairing and tuned to the H2S frequencies, that was used to track the
Pathfinders in flight. However, this was introduced just as the RAF was introducing the H2S Mk. III and the US their
132:
The
Luftwaffe responded by introducing the FuG 220 Lichtenstein SN-2 in late 1943. To avoid RAF jamming, the SN-2 operated in the low-VHF range, at 90MHz, or 3.33 meter wavelength. The SN-2's lower frequency range required enormous eight-dipole
144:. Based on the same basic technology as the Lichtenstein, the Neptun operated on six mid-VHF frequencies between 158-187MHz. with shorter dipole antennas, still in the "antler" mounting format. This unit was only a stop-gap solution.
164:
from a device the size of a coffee tin, lowering operational wavelengths from the several-meter range to less than 10 centimeters. This reduced the antenna size to a few centimeters. Instead of simply using a smaller
193:'s efforts, and an intense debate broke out over whether to allow its use over continental Europe. In the end the decision was taken to allow H2S units in strategic operations, starting with the
458:
384:
526:
106:
band with a wavelength of 0.61 meter. Radar antennas are sized roughly to the operational wavelength, or a fraction thereof, so the FuG 202 and 212 initially required large, 32-dipole
363:
243:
offices to discuss it. Only days later those offices were attacked and the magnetron was destroyed. However, a second example was recovered from an aircraft taking part in that raid.
129:, which allowed British night fighters to home in on the Lichtenstein radars. Over the summer and fall of 1943, the RAF downed an impressive number of German night fighters.
497:
247:
production, over two years. Production units were not ready until the spring of 1945, and were not installed in German aircraft until April, just before the war ended.
156:'s first Airborne Intercept radars operated in the 1.5 meter band and featured antennas similar to their later German counterparts. However, the introduction of the
30:
An RAF officer with a captured FuG 240 "Berlin" radar. The primary antenna is visible just to the left of the disk-shaped reflector, on the end of the mast.
356:
281:-antenna style teardrop housing atop the aircraft fuselage. The result was a 360-degree image of the sky around the aircraft that was presented on a
329:
349:
521:
336:
114:- this was later reduced to a one-quarter subset of the same antenna design, centrally mounted on the aircraft's nose.
239:
The captured magnetron was sent to Berlin and a group assembled from the German electronics industry met at the
212:
immediately set up a team to understand the new system and devise countermeasures. This work led to the FuG 350
516:
277:
The N-4 was a further development of the N-3; it rotated the antenna in the horizontal plane under an FuG 350
282:
126:
102:
and its direct follow-on version, the FuG 212 Lichtenstein C-1. Both units operated at 490MHz, in the low
372:
95:
47:
34:
213:
51:
137:(stag's antlers) antennas, which created so much drag that aircraft were slowed by some 50 km/hour.
481:
397:
392:
190:
122:
99:
74:-based antenna arrays seen on earlier radars, thereby greatly increasing the performance of the
448:
433:
486:
443:
407:
209:
194:
186:
174:
157:
67:
38:
A "pair" of the "subsets" for a
Lichtenstein B/C or C-1 "mattress" UHF radar antenna system.
20:
153:
118:
110:(mattress) antenna arrays that projected in front of the aircraft and caused considerable
201:
170:
111:
71:
292:
510:
476:
471:
466:
271:
263:
75:
177:. The result was a small, lightweight, powerful, long range and easy to read radar.
438:
402:
376:
219:
166:
141:
63:
26:
428:
341:
240:
125:, which interfered with the AI radar's operation. The RAF also introduced the
79:
296:
A year after the end of the war, this
American copy appeared as the AN/APS-3.
224:
205:
182:
161:
91:
59:
160:
in 1940 changed things dramatically. The magnetron efficiently generated
250:
267:
255:
227:, which operated at 3 cm (10 GHz) and thus was not seen by
189:
image of the ground below in any weather. This was of great use to
291:
249:
33:
25:
117:
By 1943 a series of efforts and lucky intercepts had allowed the
345:
103:
55:
16:
Late-World-War-II German airborne interception radar system
140:
457:
421:
383:
200:The inevitable occurred on 2 February 1943, when a
70:, which eliminated the need for the large multiple
66:. It was the first German radar to be based on the
498:List of World War II electronic warfare equipment
262:The Berlin N-2 model was installed primarily in
82:in April 1945, only about 25 units saw service.
527:Military equipment introduced from 1945 to 1949
185:. These allowed the operator to obtain a crude
357:
315:Frequency range: 3,250–3,330MHz (~10 cm)
8:
50:system operating at the "lowest end" of the
364:
350:
342:
285:(PPI). This version was later renamed the
254:Ju 88G-6 with FuG-240 behind the plywood
274:output, which simplified the intercept.
289:, but was not approved for production.
58:/9.1 cm wavelength), which the German
7:
169:, the system was paired with a new
14:
266:night-fighters, behind a plywood
218:device, a radio receiver using a
62:introduced at the very end of
1:
312:Antenna diameter: 0.70 meter
204:Pathfinder was downed near
96:airborne interception radar
48:airborne interception radar
543:
522:World War II German radars
100:FuG 202 "Lichtenstein B/C"
18:
495:
54:radio band (at about 3.3
318:Range: 0.5–9.0 kilometer
301:Technical specifications
19:Not to be confused with
283:plan position indicator
330:"The Century of Radar"
297:
259:
127:Serrate radar detector
39:
31:
309:Search angle: +/− 55°
295:
253:
37:
29:
94:first introduced an
487:FuMO 81, 83 and 84
332:, EADS Deutschland
298:
260:
191:RAF Bomber Command
173:which allowed for
40:
32:
504:
503:
534:
366:
359:
352:
343:
337:"Radar in WW II"
328:Wolfgang Holpp,
287:FuG 244 "Bremen"
264:Junkers Ju 88G-6
210:Wolfgang Martini
195:Pathfinder Force
187:cathode ray tube
175:conical scanning
158:cavity magnetron
148:Rotterdam Device
78:. Introduced by
68:cavity magnetron
44:FuG 240 "Berlin"
21:FuG 224 Berlin A
542:
541:
537:
536:
535:
533:
532:
531:
517:Aircraft radars
507:
506:
505:
500:
491:
453:
417:
379:
370:
335:Larry Belmont,
325:
303:
237:
154:Royal Air Force
150:
119:Royal Air Force
88:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
540:
538:
530:
529:
524:
519:
509:
508:
502:
501:
496:
493:
492:
490:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
463:
461:
455:
454:
452:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
425:
423:
419:
418:
416:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
393:Hohentwiel ASV
389:
387:
381:
380:
371:
369:
368:
361:
354:
346:
340:
339:
333:
324:
323:External links
321:
320:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
302:
299:
236:
233:
202:Short Stirling
171:parabolic dish
149:
146:
87:
84:
76:night fighters
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
539:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
512:
499:
494:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
462:
460:
456:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
424:
420:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
390:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
373:German radars
367:
362:
360:
355:
353:
348:
347:
344:
338:
334:
331:
327:
326:
322:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
304:
300:
294:
290:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
257:
252:
248:
244:
242:
234:
232:
230:
226:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
178:
176:
172:
168:
163:
159:
155:
147:
145:
143:
138:
136:
130:
128:
124:
121:to introduce
120:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:in 1942, the
97:
93:
85:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
36:
28:
22:
412:
398:Lichtenstein
377:World War II
286:
278:
276:
261:
245:
238:
228:
214:
199:
179:
167:Yagi antenna
151:
142:Neptun radar
139:
135:Hirschgeweih
134:
131:
116:
107:
89:
64:World War II
43:
41:
434:Jagdschloss
306:Power: 15kW
90:The German
511:Categories
482:Hohentwiel
444:Wassermann
422:Land-based
241:Telefunken
162:microwaves
86:Background
80:Telefunken
225:H2X radar
206:Rotterdam
183:H2S radar
92:Luftwaffe
60:Luftwaffe
449:Würzburg
413:Berlin N
408:Berlin A
108:Matratze
477:FuMO 24
472:FuMO 21
467:Seetakt
272:C-scope
220:DF loop
123:jammers
46:was an
439:Mammut
403:Neptun
385:Aerial
268:radome
256:radome
235:Berlin
72:dipole
459:Naval
429:Freya
279:Naxos
229:Naxos
215:Naxos
258:nose
152:The
112:drag
42:The
375:of
104:UHF
56:GHz
52:SHF
513::
231:.
197:.
365:e
358:t
351:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
