356:
97:
215:), typically rocks or wood. The plant grows tightly appressed to the substrate, and is very close to the substrates at all points, forming a biological layer. There is overlap between crustose lichens growing on rock with those growing on wood, as well as with lichens listed in other sections of this article.
256:. Their tight adherence to the rocks give them the appearance of being "painted" on, and up close they appear as intricate multicolored patchwork mosaics. They often completely cover the exposed surface of the rock. They add to rock weathering. These crustose rock lichens lack
628:
172:). They are common in the relatively warm and dry Sierras, though less common than in cool oceanic climates. They are typically found on mossy boulders, rotting logs, trunks of hardwoods, and bases of trees in general. Common
1144:
621:
1230:
123:) is the most important species in this group. It is notable for its palatability because it lacks defensive chemicals commonly found in other lichens that protect them against being eaten (
1299:
614:
1340:
994:
252:. They form dark vertical drip-like stripings along drainage tracks in the rock faces, resulting in Native Americans giving the name "Face of a Young Woman Stained with Tears" to
1435:
1345:
1250:
381:(vulpina derives from "fox", not wolf). They are mostly absent at lower elevations, and can then be found on conifer trunks and branches, sometimes completely covering them.
342:
species can be found on rocks where birds perch and drop their high nitrogen containing waste products, as well as in drainage cracks with higher than normal nitrogen loads.
1206:
1134:
1104:
979:
1450:
410:) to many herbivores and microbes, although there are mixed reports on actual consumption. It is the vulpinic acid that gives it the brilliant yellow color.
1365:
1355:
1385:
1360:
989:
984:
1445:
1202:
1176:
1139:
1129:
1039:
1350:
1198:
1375:
1330:
1193:
271:, or of four color types of lichen, each with a slightly different color. Appearing black from a distance, but brown up close, is the abundant
111:
1270:
375:
are the most conspicuous in the Sierra parks because of their brilliant fluorescent yellow or chartreuse coloration. They are typified by
1210:
1124:
1305:
1410:
88:)”. These functional groups overlap. In this article, we include wolf lichens as a subsection of crustose lichens growing on wood.
1405:
1335:
1049:
920:
1181:
1024:
948:
1275:
1054:
1019:
938:
1059:
696:
1380:
1310:
1295:
1186:
1079:
881:
130:
It is one of the only food sources in the harsh winters of the
Sierras, including for the northern flying squirrel (
1171:
637:
1440:
912:
806:
226:
928:
846:
886:
811:
791:
751:
391:
851:
841:
836:
816:
110:
Forage lichens includes hanging, hairlike species that serve as food for animals and humans, including by
973:
766:
245:
232:
138:
801:
796:
891:
856:
761:
736:
249:
45:
876:
826:
781:
771:
756:
746:
731:
711:
686:
676:
896:
871:
776:
691:
661:
1089:
1084:
1044:
943:
786:
726:
701:
681:
656:
432:
and tiny fruiting bodies with stalks that resemble the head of a pin, whereby the name "pin lichen".
303:
297:
21:
861:
741:
706:
355:
1034:
1014:
933:
721:
671:
529:
279:
273:
212:
144:
1094:
220:
132:
291:
666:
169:
119:
102:
53:
1099:
906:
716:
651:
541:
386:
377:
361:
831:
422:
261:
208:
1029:
34:
44:
One classification of Sierra Nevada lichens is according to functional groups, by the
1429:
866:
821:
407:
338:
326:
218:
Among the most brightly colored Sierra Nevada crustose lichens are the bright yellow
184:
157:
77:
440:
About 20 Sierra Nevada bird species are known to use lichens in nests construction.
562:
400:
309:
285:
161:
65:
61:
546:
530:"Lichens in relation to management issues in the Sierra Nevada national parks"
418:
315:
73:
606:
599:
253:
244:
Crustose lichen communities are part of the aesthetic appeal to visitors of
196:
178:
124:
38:
528:
McCune, B.; Grenon, J.; Martin, E.; Mutch, L.S.; Martin, E.P. (Mar 2007).
598:
Crustose Rock
Lichens, Wayne P. Armstrong, Waynes World online textbook,
426:
371:
165:
85:
69:
57:
429:
257:
190:
127:). It becomes more increasingly more rare moving south in the Sierras.
330:
321:
268:
49:
30:
26:
1231:
List of species described by the Lewis and Clark
Expedition § Plants
565:. Oregon State University Department of Botany and Plant Pathology.
96:
354:
319:
appear dark brown closer up. The blackest of the black are likely
173:
95:
81:
48:. These functional groups overlap with each other. These include
211:
grow flat against the surface that the colonies are growing on (
610:
389:
in the
Sierran parks, and composes the bulk of the biomass in
267:
The dark vertical stains along the drainage tracks are either
1346:
List of species endemic to the San
Francisco Bay Area § Flora
37:
partner (the photobiont or phycobiont) growing together in a
60:
molecules from the air and attach them to other molecules),
277:. Also abundant in these black-from-a-distance stripes are
72:
lichens on rock, crustose lichens on bark and wood, biotic
329:. Mixed in are green to dark green stripes that contain
1341:
List of species endemic to
Mendocino County, California
995:
List of
Northern American nectar sources for honey bees
395:
groves, and many other types of groves. Estimates have
399:
species as contributing from 50% to 95% of the total
1251:
Flora of the
Colorado Plateau and Canyonlands region
1398:
1323:
1288:
1263:
1243:
1223:
1164:
1157:
1117:
1072:
1007:
964:
957:
919:
905:
644:
289:species. More gray appearing vertical stripes have
985:List of invasive species in North America § Plants
1105:List of medicinal plants of the American West
980:List of ecoregions in the United States (EPA)
622:
8:
1436:Ecology of the Sierra Nevada (United States)
1366:List of flora of the Santa Monica Mountains
1356:List of plants on the Modoc National Forest
1395:
1386:List of plants of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
1361:List of San Francisco Bay Area wildflowers
1320:
1285:
1260:
1240:
1220:
1161:
1114:
1069:
1004:
990:List of endangered plants of North America
961:
629:
615:
607:
1406:Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands § Plants
545:
168:into forms usable by plants and animals (
1177:Wildflowers of the Great Smoky Mountains
1040:Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain Province
29:is a composite organism consisting of a
1351:List of Little Picacho Wilderness flora
449:
1376:Flora of the Sierra Nevada alpine zone
1331:List of plants endemic to Hells Canyon
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
513:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
1145:Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
580:and allied genera in North America".
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
461:
459:
457:
455:
453:
336:Nitrophilic (nitrogen loving) yellow
7:
1271:List of endemic flora of Puerto Rico
1451:Lists of biota of the United States
1371:Lichens of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
1306:List of Sonoran Desert wildflowers
14:
1411:List of Samoan plant common names
563:"Epiphytes and Forest Management"
1336:List of California native plants
1050:Laurentian Mixed Forest Province
1446:California nature-related lists
1182:Flora of Door County, Wisconsin
1025:Rocky Mountain Floristic Region
1008:Floristic regions and provinces
84:macrolichens, and pin lichens (
1276:List of grasses of Puerto Rico
1055:Great Basin Floristic Province
1020:North American Atlantic Region
414:Pin lichens (calicoid lichens)
1:
1165:East of the Mississippi River
1060:California Floristic Province
1381:Flora of the Colorado Desert
52:lichens (eaten by animals),
25:have been little studied. A
1311:Flora of the Arizona Upland
1296:Flora of the Sonoran Desert
1187:List of lichens of Maryland
1467:
1172:Wildflowers of New England
1125:Flora of the United States
638:Flora of the United States
406:It contains toxins (e.g.,
369:Wolf lichens in the genus
547:10.2509/pnwf.2007.002.003
148:) may also depend on it.
939:Northern Mariana Islands
403:biomass in some stands.
227:Pleopsidium chlorophanum
160:as a symbiotic partner (
136:) and Douglas squirrel (
436:Ecological interactions
64:(acid loving lichens),
1289:Arizona and New Mexico
974:Flora of North America
366:
246:Yosemite National Park
233:Caloplaca trachyphylla
164:) convert atmospheric
139:Tamiasciurus douglasii
107:
33:(the mycobiont) and a
1224:Missouri River valley
1207:Ferns and fern allies
425:, are lichens with a
385:is the only abundant
358:
307:and other species of
301:as major components.
250:Sequoia National Park
99:
80:lichens, other green
46:National Park Service
1045:Appalachian Province
534:North American Fungi
325:species, containing
304:Staurothele areolata
298:Koerberia sonomensis
1035:Caribbean bioregion
1015:Circumboreal Region
949:U.S. Virgin Islands
280:Dimelaena thysanota
274:Lecidea atrobrunnea
145:Odocoileus hemionus
1192:Soldiers Delight:
367:
221:Pleopsidium flavum
133:Glaucomys sabrinus
108:
16:Composite organism
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1394:
1393:
1319:
1318:
1284:
1283:
1259:
1258:
1239:
1238:
1219:
1218:
1153:
1152:
1135:Plant communities
1113:
1112:
1068:
1067:
1003:
1002:
346:Fruticose lichens
230:, and the orange
170:nitrogen fixation
120:Bryoria fremontii
103:Bryoria fremontii
1458:
1441:Lists of lichens
1396:
1321:
1286:
1261:
1241:
1221:
1197:
1162:
1115:
1070:
1005:
962:
913:Washington, D.C.
907:Federal district
631:
624:
617:
608:
601:
596:
590:
589:
573:
567:
566:
558:
552:
551:
549:
525:
423:calicoid lichens
387:fruticose lichen
378:Letharia vulpina
362:Letharia vulpina
209:Crustose lichens
204:Crustose lichens
112:Native Americans
1466:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1415:
1399:Pacific islands
1390:
1315:
1280:
1255:
1235:
1215:
1191:
1149:
1109:
1080:Native American
1064:
999:
953:
915:
901:
640:
635:
605:
604:
597:
593:
575:
574:
570:
561:McCune, Bruce.
560:
559:
555:
527:
526:
451:
446:
438:
416:
353:
348:
262:cortex (lichen)
242:
206:
154:
152:Nitrogen fixers
94:
54:nitrogen fixers
20:Lichens of the
17:
12:
11:
5:
1464:
1462:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1325:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1300:by common name
1292:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1245:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1225:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1030:Madrean Region
1027:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1001:
1000:
998:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
968:
966:
959:
955:
954:
952:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
929:American Samoa
925:
923:
917:
916:
911:
909:
903:
902:
900:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
847:South Carolina
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
812:North Carolina
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
648:
646:
642:
641:
636:
634:
633:
626:
619:
611:
603:
602:
591:
582:Opera Botanica
568:
553:
448:
447:
445:
442:
437:
434:
415:
412:
352:
349:
347:
344:
283:and dark gray
241:
238:
205:
202:
153:
150:
142:). Mule deer (
93:
92:Forage lichens
90:
41:relationship.
35:photosynthetic
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1463:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1006:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
975:
970:
969:
967:
963:
960:
956:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
926:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
908:
904:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
887:West Virginia
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
792:New Hampshire
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
752:Massachusetts
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
647:
643:
639:
632:
627:
625:
620:
618:
613:
612:
609:
600:
595:
592:
587:
583:
579:
572:
569:
564:
557:
554:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
524:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
460:
458:
456:
454:
450:
443:
441:
435:
433:
431:
428:
424:
420:
413:
411:
409:
408:vulpinic acid
404:
402:
398:
394:
393:
388:
384:
380:
379:
374:
373:
364:
363:
357:
350:
345:
343:
341:
340:
339:Candelariella
334:
332:
328:
327:cyanobacteria
324:
323:
318:
317:
312:
311:
306:
305:
300:
299:
294:
293:
288:
287:
282:
281:
276:
275:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
239:
237:
235:
234:
229:
228:
223:
222:
216:
214:
210:
203:
201:
199:
198:
193:
192:
187:
186:
185:Fuscopannaria
181:
180:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:cyanobacteria
156:Lichens with
151:
149:
147:
146:
141:
140:
135:
134:
128:
126:
122:
121:
115:
113:
105:
104:
98:
91:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
42:
40:
36:
32:
28:
24:
23:
22:Sierra Nevada
1370:
1203:Woody plants
972:
944:Puerto Rico
852:South Dakota
842:Rhode Island
837:Pennsylvania
817:North Dakota
594:
585:
581:
577:
571:
556:
537:
533:
439:
417:
405:
396:
390:
382:
376:
370:
368:
360:
359:Wolf lichen
351:Wolf lichens
337:
335:
320:
314:
308:
302:
296:
295:species and
290:
284:
278:
272:
266:
260:and a lower
243:
231:
225:
219:
217:
207:
195:
189:
183:
177:
162:cyanolichens
155:
143:
137:
131:
129:
118:
116:
109:
101:
66:wolf lichens
43:
19:
18:
1264:Puerto Rico
1199:Wildflowers
1073:Ethnobotany
921:Territories
767:Mississippi
682:Connecticut
419:Pin lichens
401:macrolichen
310:Staurothele
286:Rhizocarpon
74:soil crusts
62:acidophiles
1430:Categories
1324:California
1194:Graminoids
1140:Grasslands
1130:Ecoregions
1118:Categories
882:Washington
802:New Mexico
797:New Jersey
672:California
444:References
316:Verrucaria
56:(can take
892:Wisconsin
857:Tennessee
762:Minnesota
737:Louisiana
578:Alectoria
292:Aspecilia
254:Half Dome
213:substrate
197:Leptogium
179:Peltigera
125:herbivory
86:calicoids
39:symbiotic
1244:Colorado
1090:Iroquois
1085:Cherokee
877:Virginia
827:Oklahoma
807:New York
782:Nebraska
772:Missouri
757:Michigan
747:Maryland
732:Kentucky
712:Illinois
687:Delaware
677:Colorado
667:Arkansas
588:: 1–164.
540:: 1–39.
427:crustose
397:Letharia
383:Letharia
372:Letharia
258:rhizenes
176:include
166:nitrogen
70:crustose
58:nitrogen
1211:Lichens
965:General
897:Wyoming
872:Vermont
777:Montana
717:Indiana
697:Georgia
692:Florida
662:Arizona
652:Alabama
430:thallus
392:Sequoia
240:On rock
191:Collema
78:aquatic
1158:Places
1095:Navajo
958:Topics
832:Oregon
787:Nevada
727:Kansas
702:Hawaii
657:Alaska
645:States
331:mosses
322:Nostoc
269:mosses
194:, and
174:genera
117:Wila (
100:Wila (
50:forage
31:fungus
27:lichen
862:Texas
742:Maine
707:Idaho
421:, or
82:algal
1100:Zuni
934:Guam
867:Utah
822:Ohio
722:Iowa
313:and
248:and
224:and
542:doi
1432::
1209:,
1205:,
1201:,
971:*
586:42
584:.
536:.
532:.
452:^
333:.
264:.
236:.
200:.
188:,
182:,
114:.
76:,
68:,
1302:)
1298:(
1196:,
630:e
623:t
616:v
576:"
550:.
544::
538:2
365:)
106:)
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