1582:
explanation being that the fish, lying at the bottom of a lake or river, passively went into the ribcage due to underwater turbulence. The second explanation suggests that the fish died whilst within the ribcage when they were scavenging, while the third explanation is that the fish represent gut contents. The authors considered the third explanation to be the most reasonable, arguing that the obscure body outline and incompleteness of the fish being was caused by digestive acids. The fish skeletons are scattered on both sides of the body cavity instead of being tightly packed in the stomach region, which may have been caused by the expulsion of gases or the compression of the stomach region post-mortem. In addition to fish, the tail of a lizard is preserved on the posterolateral side of the ribcage.
1586:
individuals compared to the adults is coherent with what is known of
Mesozoic dinosaurs population dynamics and of high conservation deposits. Also, the aquatic depositional setting in which the specimen was found doesn't necessarily mean the animal itself was aquatic (many other dinosaurs have been found in such contexts) and the chaotic distribution of fish inside the thoracic cavity, and the presence of one outside of it, are more coherent with fish scavenging on the animal's carcass (it would also be expected that, given the abundance of specimens, more showed evidence of a supposedly piscivorous diet, but such is not the case).
113:
3983:
3978:
710:
boundaries remain unclear. The sternum could have possibly been displaced post-mortem, resulting in the anteriorly pointing posterolateral process. The sternum is dissimilar to those of other ankylosaurs, as it is not paddle-like with ovoid medial ends that narrow posterolaterally like that of nodosaurids, or fused at the midline to form a diamond shape, with narrower posterolaterally directed processes like that of ankylosaurids. The preacetabular process of the
135:
4006:
514:
1537:
4140:
542:(hand). It is currently housed at the Xinghai Museum of Paleontology. Arbour & Currie (2015) referred two specimens; CYGYB 208, a nearly complete skeleton that is preserved on a slab with the dorsal (upper side) surface exposed; and CYGYB 237, a nearly complete skeleton that is preserved on a slab with the ventral (underside) surface exposed.
584:
centimetres (1 ft 5 in) and a skull-sacral length of 21 centimetres (8 in), and the smallest specimen, NGMC-98-003, has a preserved length of 22 centimetres (8.66 in) with a skull-sacral length of about 16 centimetres (6.299 in). A juvenile skeleton from the
Jiufotang Formation has a total estimated body length of 30 centimetres (11.8 in).
1561:(2014b) examined the shell-like structure and reinterpreted it as skin impressions with no bony internal texture. In contrast, Zheng (2018) suggested that the structure may have been formed by a ventral pelvic shield and an epidermal scale cover. Furthermore, Ji and colleagues argued that the lack of fusion between the
1679:
also being present. Previous dating using Ar-Ar isotopes gave an age of approximately 125 to 120 Ma, although more recent estimates indicate an age of 125.755 ± 0.061 to 124.122 ± 0.048 ma by using U-Pb zircon. The deconstruction and reconstruction of biotic components occurred frequently due to
1585:
Paleontologist Andrea Cau has expressed skepticism on the idea, considering it too radical in view of the actual evidence, which could be explained by more parsimonious interpretations: reduced ossification of the skeleton and small size are typical traits of juveniles, and abundance of juvenile
1581:
was carnivorous based on the elongated and fork-like denticles of the crowns of the cheek teeth, sharp unguals on the hands and feet, and the presence of fish within the skeleton of the second specimen. They proposed three explanations as to how this association may have occurred, with the first
1655:, lacking rivers and deltas among other variable features of freshwater settings. Such environments lacking these features include shallow lakes. The yearly temperature averaged about 10 °C (50 °F) and was temperate, with distinct wet and dry seasons. The fluctuations in the climate are due to
525:
was described by Ji Qiang, Wu
Xiaochun, Cheng Yennien, Ten Fangfang, Wang Xuri and Ji Yannan. The specimen, XHPM-1206, was collected from the Jianshangou Bed of the Yixian Formation, about 160 km west from the holotype locality. The authors noted that the specimen was slightly larger than the
728:
represents the oldest ankylosaurid known to have had a tail club. Although it possessed a tail club handle, it does not appear that a tail club knob was present. The tail club in ankylosaurids refers to the entire distal structure of the ankylosaurid tail, rather than just the large terminal
709:
has a sub-trapezoidal body, a very slender posterolateral process and a straight medial margin. However, Arbour & Currie (2015) questioned whether or not the sternum was preserved. The bone, tentatively identified as the left sternum, was found adjacent to various other elements and its
583:
has an estimated length of about 34 centimetres (1 ft 1 in). It has a skull-sacral length of 17.2 centimetres (6.77 inches), while a second specimen, XHPM-1206, has a skull-sacral length of 19.3 centimetres (7.6 in). The largest specimen, GPMA-12-045, has a total body length of less than 45
565:
distribution in western
Liaoning. A Canadian Society of Vertebrate Palaeontology abstract book that was published in 2019 mentioned that about 20 specimens had been collected from four different localities of the Yixian Formation, and one locality from the nearby Jiufotang Formation.
1556:
lifestyle. This is due to the presence of a 'shell-like' ventral bony plate that would have covered the entire ventral surface of the torso. The authors suggested that the structure would have functioned to protect the body from underwater attacks. However, a study by Arbour
1569:
bones is an adaptation to a semiaquatic lifestyle rather than a juvenile feature and the presence of open neural arch-central sutures in vertebrae cannot be used to indicate the juvenile nature of the type specimen as it is a feature also documented in young adult
628:. There are only approximately 10 maxillary teeth, which has been suggested to be due to its juvenile status. However, the ontogenetic variation in the number of teeth is less than 10 among all known ankylosaurs. The tooth crowns are similar to those of
414:
was unusual among ornithischian dinosaurs in that it is speculated to have hunted or scavenged, with preserved gut contents showing that it may have eaten fish. Additionally, some features of its skeleton may suggest that it was partially
761:(2014b) re-examined and reinterpreted the ventral plate as skin impressions, with the tubercles instead representing flat polygonal scales. This reinterpretation is based mostly on the broken edges not revealing any bony histology.
1888:(2022) suggested that the Jehol ecosystem (the Yixian and Jiufotang Formations) may have been more suitable for the survival of juvenile ankylosaurs based on the lack of adult specimens and abundance of juvenile specimens.
773:(2001) had trouble identifying its relationship to other ankylosaurs. Their phylogenetic analysis loosely placed it into Nodosauridae. They conceded this binary division of Ankylosauria may not be entirely sound, meaning
1883:
conditions. Based on analyses using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) zircon U-Pb, the formation dates to the late
Barremian and Aptian stages of the Lower Cretaceous period, approximately 122.0–118.9 Ma. Zhou
1598:(2014) also considered the unfused scapula and coracoid, low and wedge-shaped olecranon process of the ulna, and unfused calcaneum and astragalus of the holotype to be juvenile characteristics. However, Ji
1602:(2016) argued that the holotype, and other specimens, instead represented adults due to the lack of fusion of the ribs to the vertebrae, absence of a synsacrum, and small stature of all known specimens. A
1594:
Arbour and Currie (2015) considered the type specimen to represent a juvenile individual on basis of unfused neural arches, small size and the absence of post-cervical osteoderms. In addition, Han
442:
2225:
Zhou, Chang-Fu; Liu, Qing; Wang, Xinyue; Zhang, Honggang (2022). "First discovery of ankylosaurian fossil from the Early
Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Jianchang, western Liaoning".
660:. The humerus has a deltopectoral crest that extends less than half the length of the shaft. The radial condyle of the humerus is poorly developed, while the olecranon process of the
2697:
Amiot, R.; Wang, X.; Zhou, Z.; Wang, X.; Buffetaut, E.; Lécuyer, C.; Ding, Z.; Fluteau, F.; Hibino, T.; Kusuhashi, N.; Mo, J.; Suteethorn, V.; Wang, Y.; Xu, X.; Zhang, F. (2011).
505:, consists of a nearly complete, articulated skeleton measuring approximately 34 centimetres (1 ft 1 in) in length that was preserved with the ventral surface exposed on a slab.
2835:
Wang, Y.; Ken, S.; Zhang, W.; Zheng, S. (2006). "Biodiversity and palaeoclimate of the Middle
Jurassic floras from the Tiaojishan Formation in western Liaoning, China".
4084:
2529:
G. Frauenfelder, Timothy; R. Bell, Phil; Brougham, Tom; J. Bevitt, Joseph; D. C. Bicknell, Russell; P. Kear, Benjamin; Wroe, Stephen; E. Campione, Nicolás (2022).
2486:
Richard S. Thompson; Jolyon C. Parish; Susannah C. R. Maidment; Paul M. Barrett (2011). "Phylogeny of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)".
640:). The teeth have a shelf-like cingulum at their bases, and a palmate crown which bears vertical flutes that coincide with the notches between marginal cusps.
2414:
Arbour, Victoria M.; Burns, Michael E.; Bell, Phil R.; Currie, Phillip J. (2014). "Epidermal and Dermal
Integumentary Structures of Ankylosaurian Dinosaurs".
2864:"New geochronological constraints for the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation in Jianchang Basin, NE China, and their implications for the late Jehol Biota"
4170:
749:(2001) identified a large bony plate present ventral to the right pelvic girdle and noted that it was covered in small tubercles. These tubercles are
4071:
3982:
4190:
2937:
2756:
Wu, H.; Zhang, S.; Jiang, G.; Yang, T.; Guo, J.; Li, H. (2013). "Astrochronology for the Early
Cretaceous Jehol Biota in Northeastern China".
757:
in shape, and have a diameter of about 0.5 mm. This ‘shell-like’ ventral bony plate was noted as being present in no other ankylosaur. Arbour
745:
With the exception of a few sub-triangular plates found near the cervical and pectoral region, it completely lacks osteoderms on its body. Xu
1606:
study by
Chinese palaeontologist Wenjie Zheng instead concluded that the holotype was no older than 12 months and further suggested that
2141:
Ji, Q.; Wu, X.; Cheng, Y.; Ten, F.; Ji, Y. (2016). "Fish-hunting ankylosaurs (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Cretaceous of China".
2470:
2276:
688:
II–IV are elongate, while metatarsals I and V are splint-like. The pedal phalangeal formula is 0-3-4-5-0. Both the pedal and manual
545:
In 2022, Chang-Fu Zhou, Qing Liu, Xinyue Wang and Honggang Zhang described a nearly complete, associated skeleton (PMOL-AD00105) of
3999:
2297:"A New Basal Ankylosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Liaoning Province, China"
2038:
714:
deflects laterally and is enlarged. A crest is present on the acetabulum, which connects the ischial and pubic peduncles. The
4195:
1875:. The Jiufotang Formation experienced less volcanism compared to its underlying formation, and fluctuated seasonally between
791:
is a basal ankylosaurid. This has become a consensus among phylogenetic analyses such as Arbour & Currie (2015) and Han
134:
112:
4200:
3977:
1614:. In 2019, Li Xiaobo and Robert R. Reisz investigated three more specimens and also concluded they represented juveniles.
1126:
4130:
2531:"New Ankylosaurian Cranial Remains From the Lower Cretaceous (Upper Albian) Toolebuc Formation of Queensland, Australia"
526:
holotype and shows features that were either previously unknown or not accurately described in the holotype such as the
1727:
have been recovered from the Yixian Formation. Ornithischians from the formation are represented by the hadrosauroids
408:, is known from more than 20 specimens, with some representing juveniles. It was named in 2001 by Xu, Wang and You.
2563:
2177:
Arbour, V. M.; Currie, P. J. (2015). "Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs".
1847:
was retrieved from the Jiufotang Formation of the Jehol Group. It overlies the Yixian Formation, and is composed of
2930:
1663:
related to species that are found in modern subtropical and temperate upland forests dominated the landscape, with
4180:
4175:
342:
2643:
Zhou, Zhonghe; M. Barrett, Paul; Hilton, Jason (2003). "An exceptionally preserved Lower Cretaceous ecosystem".
1631:
have been recovered from the Dawangzhangzi and Jianshangou Beds of the Yixian Formation, which is a part of the
3028:
2270:
474:
419:. However, not all paleontologists agree with this interpretation. It is the oldest ankylosaurid to have had a
276:
441:
The remains of a juvenile ankylosaur were collected by members of the Western Liaoning expedition team of the
777:
could represent some third lineage. In 2004, paleontologist Matthew Vickaryous and colleagues left it under
4160:
4026:
4185:
4110:
3055:
2923:
1109:
433:
show various similarities with one another, with the latter being suggested to be a later growth stage.
303:
4165:
4058:
4009:
2875:
2807:
2765:
2710:
2652:
2604:
2495:
2308:
2186:
2086:
737:, and prezygapophyses that overlap with the adjacent vertebra by at least 50% of the centrum length.
470:
3415:
3312:
2450:
1652:
844:
603:
550:
399:
816:
The following cladogram is based on a 2015 phylogenetic analysis conducted by Arbour and Currie:
3151:
2901:
2676:
2620:
2511:
2202:
2110:
784:
332:
129:
2462:
4115:
618:, slender teeth with few denticles are present. Premaxillary teeth are also seen in some basal
4097:
4089:
3908:
3172:
2893:
2738:
2668:
2466:
2431:
2393:
2375:
2336:
2102:
1907:
1876:
1297:
446:
375:
4102:
2699:"Oxygen isotopes of East Asian dinosaurs reveal exceptionally cold Early Cretaceous climates"
4144:
3373:
3320:
3158:
2883:
2844:
2815:
2773:
2728:
2718:
2660:
2612:
2542:
2503:
2458:
2423:
2383:
2367:
2326:
2316:
2234:
2194:
2150:
2094:
1825:
1765:
1562:
653:
466:
454:
395:
383:
32:
3838:
3802:
3742:
3708:
3594:
3535:
3407:
3304:
3220:
3180:
3013:
1955:
1819:
1685:
1676:
1656:
1084:
624:
558:
539:
416:
2154:
1548:
Based on the second specimen that was described in 2016, Ji and colleagues proposed that
2879:
2811:
2769:
2714:
2656:
2608:
2499:
2312:
2190:
2090:
1929:. Other vertebrate fossils found in the formation included fish, mammaliamorphs such as
423:
and had a wide paleogeographic and stratigraphic distribution in western Liaoning. Both
3901:
3887:
3873:
3781:
3754:
3650:
3631:
3546:
3492:
3357:
3327:
3297:
3260:
3236:
2733:
2698:
2388:
2356:"Ankylosaurid dinosaur tail clubs evolved through stepwise acquisition of key features"
2355:
2331:
2296:
2238:
1943:
1813:
1801:
1759:
1741:
1380:
1354:
823:
779:
672:(2016) noted the presence of five digits (fingers) rather than four in one specimen of
630:
256:
243:
2862:
Yu, Zhiqiang; Wang, Min; Li, Youjuan; Deng, Chenglong; He, Huaiyu (December 1, 2021).
2796:"Evolutionary radiation of the Jehol Biota: chronological and ecological perspectives"
2590:"An exceptionally well-preserved theropod dinosaur from the Yixian Formation of China"
2589:
4154:
3864:
3774:
3767:
3719:
3663:
3610:
3576:
3477:
3423:
3398:
3380:
3283:
3229:
3202:
3194:
2905:
2206:
2018:
2011:
1880:
1789:
1735:
1636:
1571:
1042:
861:
681:
657:
636:
482:
70:
2515:
2114:
652:
and humerus are slender in appearance. The scapula has a narrow scapular base and a
513:
3894:
3880:
3809:
3693:
3617:
3562:
3513:
3485:
3470:
3457:
3430:
3349:
3334:
3290:
3270:
3137:
3119:
3097:
3067:
3040:
2988:
2946:
2680:
2624:
1949:
1925:
1771:
1753:
1747:
1337:
1249:
719:
711:
694:
562:
368:
227:
195:
2265:. 7th Annual meeting Canadian Society of Vertebrate Palaeontology. pp. 31–32.
2198:
1867:. Similar to the Yixian Formation, it represents a lacustrine environment lacking
668:(2001) originally recorded the manual phalangeal formula as 2-3-3-2. However, Ji
2888:
2863:
2777:
2507:
2321:
3929:
3846:
3795:
3735:
3686:
3528:
3506:
3438:
3387:
3187:
3165:
2997:
2032:
2025:
1997:
1985:
1973:
1937:
1931:
1901:
1795:
1783:
1644:
1632:
1553:
1404:
1066:
1009:
952:
598:
429:
211:
45:
680:
present on the mid-length of the shaft. The tibia is as long as the femur. The
3922:
3915:
3853:
3728:
3679:
3671:
3624:
3569:
3555:
3521:
3499:
3365:
3209:
3144:
2848:
2547:
2530:
1961:
1919:
1913:
1831:
1712:
1708:
1692:
1672:
1536:
1207:
992:
935:
894:
805:
685:
677:
619:
615:
90:
55:
4049:
2897:
2379:
553:
of the Liaoning Province, China. The authors considered that the presence of
3936:
3816:
3603:
3583:
3445:
3342:
3244:
2723:
2077:
Xu, X.; Wang, X.-L.; You, H.-L. (2001). "A juvenile ankylosaur from China".
1860:
1852:
1716:
1700:
1603:
1280:
1166:
750:
730:
458:
420:
387:
146:
95:
39:
2742:
2672:
2435:
2397:
2340:
2106:
497:", in reference to a suite of highly unusual traits for an ankylosaur. The
2227:
Journal of Shandong University of Science and Technology (Natural Science)
2098:
4043:
3943:
2979:
2970:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1848:
1777:
1696:
1681:
1640:
1421:
800:
734:
611:
498:
371:
179:
166:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
2664:
1891:
The Jiufotang Formation has yielded specimens of the basal ankylosaurid
4076:
3831:
3823:
2427:
1724:
1704:
1660:
1190:
754:
715:
706:
649:
614:
bone has a straight ventral margin and has a stout appearance. On each
607:
527:
100:
75:
2371:
795:(2014), although a reduced strict consensus performed by Frauenfelder
2964:
1872:
1868:
1807:
1729:
1668:
1648:
689:
462:
391:
156:
4020:
2820:
2795:
787:
performed by Richard Thompson and colleagues in 2011 suggested that
1577:
In addition to a semiaquatic lifestyle, the authors suggested that
3788:
2616:
1864:
1856:
1720:
1664:
1535:
733:. The handle consists of interlocking neural arches on the distal
535:
531:
512:
490:
450:
379:
364:
1544:
based on the semiaquatic hypothesis proposed by Ji et al. (2016).
124:(BMNH-PH000924) on display at Beijing Museum of Natural History.
4063:
3950:
813:, that is sister clade to both Ankylosauridae and Nodosauridae.
661:
4024:
2957:
2919:
2915:
676:. The femur has an indistinct femoral head and a crest-shaped
1566:
557:
in the Jiufotang Formation supports the possibility of a wide
2354:
Arbour, Victoria M.; Currie, Philip J. (October 1, 2015).
2295:
Han, F.; Zheng, W.; Hu, D.; Xu, X.; Barrett, P.M. (2014).
443:
Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology
692:
are triangular in dorsal view, a condition also seen in
538:
and the presence of five digits rather than four on the
718:
is straight with a convex acetabular margin, while the
610:. An external mandibular fenestra is also present. The
1680:
periodic mortality events such as volcanic eruptions,
4128:
453:. It was recovered from the Dawangzhangzi Bed of the
2564:"Theropoda: La Leggenda del (ankylo)Santo Pescatore"
2457:. University of California Press. pp. 363–392.
4033:
3863:
3753:
3718:
3649:
3593:
3545:
3456:
3397:
3269:
3258:
3219:
3117:
3066:
3039:
3012:
2263:
from Western Liaoning, China; Progress and problems
606:or fenestra, as implied by a posteriorly excavated
489:" (lizard). The specific name is derived from the
477:, Xiao-Lin Wang and Hai-Lu You. The generic name,
2868:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2758:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2692:
2690:
664:is moderately developed. The manus is short. Xu
481:, is derived from the Liaoning Province and the
469:period. The specimen was named and described in
2703:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
394:stages, ~125.4 to 118.9 Ma) in what is now the
1610:could be the juvenile form of the much larger
2931:
2409:
2407:
1635:. The Yixian Formation is mainly composed of
8:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2789:
2787:
2638:
2636:
2634:
684:(foot) is about 230% as long as the manus.
4021:
3759:
3655:
3462:
3275:
3266:
3129:
3125:
3114:
3045:
3018:
3009:
2954:
2938:
2924:
2916:
2220:
2218:
2216:
445:(IVPP) from the Baicaigou locality in the
363:(meaning "Liaoning lizard") is an unusual
111:
22:
2887:
2819:
2732:
2722:
2546:
2463:10.1525/california/9780520242098.003.0020
2387:
2330:
2320:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2453:; Weishampel, David B. (June 12, 2004).
2257:Li, X.; Reisz, R. R. (May 10–13, 2019).
2252:
2250:
2248:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
656:that may have been directed towards the
4135:
2050:
769:Given the animal's unusual anatomy, Xu
521:In 2016, a nearly complete skeleton of
2268:
2588:Chen, P.; Dong, Z.; Zhen, S. (1998).
1751:. Saurischians include the sauropods
1686:noxious gases erupting from the lakes
7:
2155:10.3969/j.issn.1674-3636.2016.02.183
1989:, and a variety of early birds like
2488:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2179:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1396:
1329:
1322:
1272:
1265:
1241:
1182:
1158:
1151:
1101:
1058:
1034:
984:
977:
927:
886:
836:
829:
819:
4171:Early Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
2239:10.16452/j.cnki.sdkjzk.2022.03.001
14:
4138:
4005:
4004:
3981:
3976:
2259:The early Cretaceous ankylosaur
1745:; and the basal neornithischian
133:
2562:Cau, Andrea (August 29, 2016).
2039:Timeline of ankylosaur research
741:Skin impressions and osteoderms
517:Map of the Jiufotang Formation.
1:
4191:Fossil taxa described in 2001
2275:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2199:10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985
1651:. It represents a freshwater
1552:might have been adapted to a
1127:Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus
799:(2022) recovered it within a
722:is strongly reduced in size.
402:. The type and only species,
2889:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110657
2778:10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.05.017
2508:10.1080/14772019.2011.569091
2322:10.1371/journal.pone.0104551
530:being almost as long as the
2837:Progress in Natural Science
1971:, enantiornithines such as
1532:Semiaquatic habits and diet
120:An undescribed specimen of
4217:
2535:Frontiers in Earth Science
1627:Specimens attributable to
457:, which dates to the late
18:Extinct genus of dinosaurs
3994:
3974:
3762:
3658:
3465:
3278:
3132:
3128:
3113:
3094:
3048:
3021:
3008:
2953:
2849:10.1080/10020070612330087
2548:10.3389/feart.2022.803505
1418:
1401:
1394:
1377:
1351:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1294:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1246:
1239:
1204:
1187:
1180:
1163:
1156:
1149:
1123:
1106:
1099:
1080:
1063:
1056:
1039:
1032:
1006:
989:
982:
975:
949:
932:
925:
908:
891:
884:
858:
841:
834:
827:
405:Liaoningosaurus paradoxus
343:Chuanqilong chaoyangensis
338:
331:
316:Liaoningosaurus paradoxus
309:
302:
130:Scientific classification
128:
119:
110:
25:
2449:Vickaryous, Matthew K.;
1911:, the jeholornithiforms
1675:, and a small number of
2724:10.1073/pnas.1011369108
1823:; and the tyrannosaurs
1805:; the ornithomimosaurs
1923:, and the tyrannosaur
1793:; the oviraptorosaurs
1653:lacustrine environment
1545:
705:(2001) noted that the
518:
382:that lived during the
4196:Taxa named by Xu Xing
4111:Paleobiology Database
2416:Journal of Morphology
2099:10.1007/s001140100233
1941:, the choristoderans
1905:, the oviraptorosaur
1763:; the dromaeosaurids
1539:
1110:Pinacosaurus grangeri
579:The type specimen of
516:
4201:Ornithischian genera
1899:, the dromaeosaurid
1817:; the compsognathid
1787:; the therizinosaur
509:Additional specimens
437:Discovery and naming
2880:2021PPP...583k0657Y
2812:2006GeolJ..41..377Z
2770:2013PPP...385..221W
2715:2011PNAS..108.5179A
2665:10.1038/nature01420
2657:2003Natur.421..807Z
2609:1998Natur.391..147C
2500:2012JSPal..10..301T
2313:2014PLoSO...9j4551H
2191:2016JSPal..14..385A
2091:2001NW.....88..297X
2079:Naturwissenschaften
1839:Jiufotang Formation
1643:, andesitebreccia,
551:Jiufotang Formation
400:Jiufotang Formation
2800:Geological Journal
2428:10.1002/jmor.20194
2360:Journal of Anatomy
2143:Journal of Geology
1953:, pterosaurs like
1895:, the ceratopsian
1775:; the troodontids
1739:; the ceratopsian
1546:
1540:Reconstruction of
785:cladistic analysis
602:, may have had an
519:
4126:
4125:
4098:Open Tree of Life
4027:Taxon identifiers
4018:
4017:
3990:
3989:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3909:Nodocephalosaurus
3645:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3254:
3253:
3173:Serendipaceratops
3109:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3085:
2794:Zhou, Z. (2006).
2709:(13): 5179–5183.
2651:(6925): 807–814.
2451:Maryanska, Teresa
2372:10.1111/joa.12363
1908:Similicaudipteryx
1572:eosauropterygians
1523:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1504:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1366:
1365:
1309:
1308:
1298:Nodocephalosaurus
1228:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1138:
1137:
1021:
1020:
964:
963:
873:
872:
447:Liaoning Province
376:Liaoning Province
356:
355:
350:
295:L. paradoxus
283:
38:125.4–118.9
4208:
4181:Fossils of China
4176:Cretaceous China
4143:
4142:
4141:
4134:
4119:
4118:
4106:
4105:
4093:
4092:
4080:
4079:
4067:
4066:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4022:
4008:
4007:
3985:
3980:
3760:
3656:
3463:
3374:Propanoplosaurus
3321:Glyptodontopelta
3276:
3267:
3159:Priodontognathus
3130:
3126:
3115:
3046:
3019:
3010:
3003:
3002:
2955:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2917:
2910:
2909:
2891:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2806:(3–4): 377–393.
2791:
2782:
2781:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2726:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2640:
2629:
2628:
2594:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2391:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2324:
2292:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2266:
2254:
2243:
2242:
2222:
2211:
2210:
2174:
2159:
2158:
2138:
2119:
2118:
2074:
1843:One specimen of
1766:Sinornithosaurus
1677:flowering plants
1623:Yixian Formation
1618:Paleoenvironment
1397:
1330:
1323:
1273:
1266:
1242:
1183:
1159:
1152:
1102:
1059:
1035:
985:
978:
928:
887:
837:
830:
820:
735:caudal vertebrae
604:antorbital fossa
467:Early Cretaceous
455:Yixian Formation
384:Early Cretaceous
349:Han et al., 2014
348:
318:
314:
275:
268:
255:
242:
226:
210:
194:
138:
137:
115:
105:
42:
33:Early Cretaceous
31:Temporal range:
23:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4129:
4127:
4122:
4114:
4109:
4101:
4096:
4088:
4083:
4075:
4070:
4062:
4057:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4035:Liaoningosaurus
4029:
4019:
4014:
3986:
3956:
3859:
3839:Tianzhenosaurus
3803:Minotaurasaurus
3749:
3743:Zhongyuansaurus
3714:
3709:Zhejiangosaurus
3702:Liaoningosaurus
3637:
3595:Struthiosaurini
3589:
3541:
3536:Tatankacephalus
3452:
3408:Gargoyleosaurus
3393:
3305:Gargoyleosaurus
3263:
3250:
3221:Parankylosauria
3215:
3181:Sinankylosaurus
3122:
3101:
3082:
3062:
3035:
3029:Avemetatarsalia
3014:Avemetatarsalia
3004:
2960:
2959:
2949:
2944:
2914:
2913:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2821:10.1002/gj.1045
2793:
2792:
2785:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2642:
2641:
2632:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2294:
2293:
2284:
2271:cite conference
2267:
2261:Liaoningosaurus
2256:
2255:
2246:
2224:
2223:
2214:
2176:
2175:
2162:
2140:
2139:
2122:
2076:
2075:
2052:
2047:
2007:
1956:Liaoningopterus
1845:Liaoningosaurus
1841:
1820:Sinosauropteryx
1657:orbital forcing
1629:Liaoningosaurus
1625:
1620:
1608:Liaoningosaurus
1604:microanatomical
1592:
1579:Liaoningosaurus
1550:Liaoningosaurus
1542:Liaoningosaurus
1534:
1529:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1367:
1310:
1229:
1220:
1139:
1085:Zhejiangosaurus
1022:
965:
912:Liaoningosaurus
874:
789:Liaoningosaurus
775:Liaoningosaurus
767:
743:
726:Liaoningosaurus
674:Liaoningosaurus
646:
625:Gargoyleosaurus
594:Liaoningosaurus
590:
581:Liaoningosaurus
577:
572:
559:paleogeographic
555:Liaoningosaurus
547:Liaoningosaurus
523:Liaoningosaurus
511:
479:Liaoningosaurus
439:
425:Liaoningosaurus
360:Liaoningosaurus
347:
327:
320:
312:
311:
298:
274:
271:Liaoningosaurus
266:
253:
240:
224:
208:
192:
132:
122:Liaoningosaurus
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
37:
36:
29:
27:Liaoningosaurus
19:
12:
11:
5:
4214:
4212:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4107:
4094:
4081:
4068:
4055:
4039:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4025:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4002:
3995:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3905:
3902:Euoplocephalus
3898:
3891:
3888:Anodontosaurus
3884:
3877:
3874:Akainacephalus
3869:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3835:
3828:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3782:Crichtonsaurus
3778:
3771:
3763:
3757:
3755:Ankylosaurinae
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3739:
3732:
3724:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3668:
3659:
3653:
3651:Ankylosauridae
3647:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3635:
3632:Struthiosaurus
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3599:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3551:
3549:
3547:Panoplosaurini
3543:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3493:Niobrarasaurus
3489:
3482:
3474:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3442:
3435:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3403:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3362:
3358:Polacanthoides
3354:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3328:Horshamosaurus
3324:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3298:Dongyangopelta
3294:
3287:
3279:
3273:
3264:
3261:Euankylosauria
3259:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3237:Kunbarrasaurus
3233:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3133:
3123:
3118:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3022:
3016:
3006:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2973:
2967:
2958:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2911:
2854:
2843:(1): 222–230.
2827:
2783:
2748:
2686:
2630:
2603:(8): 147–152.
2580:
2554:
2521:
2494:(2): 301–312.
2478:
2471:
2441:
2403:
2366:(4): 514–523.
2346:
2307:(8): e104551.
2282:
2244:
2212:
2160:
2149:(2): 183–190.
2120:
2085:(7): 297–300.
2049:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2006:
2003:
1944:Philydrosaurus
1897:Psittacosaurus
1840:
1837:
1814:Shenzhousaurus
1802:Incisivosaurus
1760:Liaoningotitan
1742:Psittacosaurus
1637:volcanic rocks
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1591:
1588:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:Euoplocephalus
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:Anodontosaurus
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1157:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
988:
983:
981:
976:
974:
971:
970:
967:
966:
962:
961:
958:
957:
948:
945:
944:
941:
940:
931:
926:
924:
921:
920:
917:
916:
907:
904:
903:
900:
899:
890:
885:
883:
880:
879:
876:
875:
871:
870:
867:
866:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
840:
835:
833:
828:
826:
824:Ankylosauridae
818:
780:incertae sedis
766:
765:Classification
763:
742:
739:
654:scapular spine
645:
642:
631:Crichtonsaurus
589:
586:
576:
573:
571:
568:
510:
507:
465:stages of the
438:
435:
354:
353:
352:
351:
336:
335:
329:
328:
321:
307:
306:
300:
299:
291:
289:
285:
284:
264:
260:
259:
257:Ankylosauridae
251:
247:
246:
244:Euankylosauria
238:
231:
230:
222:
215:
214:
206:
199:
198:
190:
183:
182:
177:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
30:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4213:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4161:Ankylosaurids
4159:
4158:
4156:
4146:
4136:
4132:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4060:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4011:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3984:
3979:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3865:Ankylosaurini
3862:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3775:Crichtonpelta
3772:
3770:
3769:
3768:Bissektipelta
3765:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3720:Shamosaurinae
3717:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:Ahshislepelta
3661:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3634:
3633:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3611:Hungarosaurus
3608:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3577:Panoplosaurus
3574:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:Ahshislepelta
3475:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3424:Hoplitosaurus
3421:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3399:Polacanthinae
3396:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3381:Rhadinosaurus
3378:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3284:Acanthopholis
3281:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3230:Antarctopelta
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3203:Tianchisaurus
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:Stegosaurides
3192:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3100:
3099:
3093:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3007:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2936:
2934:
2929:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2828:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2617:10.1038/34356
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2584:
2581:
2569:
2565:
2558:
2555:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2474:
2472:9780520941434
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2019:Koreaceratops
2016:
2014:
2013:
2012:Halszkaraptor
2009:
2008:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1790:Beipiaosaurus
1786:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1736:Jinzhousaurus
1732:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1519:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1473:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1437:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1043:Crichtonpelta
1037:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
996:
995:
994:
987:
986:
980:
979:
973:
972:
969:
968:
960:
959:
956:
955:
954:
947:
946:
943:
942:
939:
938:
937:
930:
929:
923:
922:
919:
918:
915:
914:
913:
906:
905:
902:
901:
898:
897:
896:
889:
888:
882:
881:
878:
877:
869:
868:
865:
864:
863:
862:Ahshislepelta
856:
855:
852:
851:
848:
847:
846:
839:
838:
832:
831:
825:
822:
821:
817:
814:
812:
808:
807:
803:, along with
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:
776:
772:
764:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
740:
738:
736:
732:
727:
723:
721:
717:
713:
708:
704:
699:
697:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
643:
641:
639:
638:
637:Crichtonpelta
633:
632:
627:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:
595:
592:The skull of
587:
585:
582:
574:
569:
567:
564:
563:stratigraphic
560:
556:
552:
548:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
524:
515:
508:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
436:
434:
432:
431:
426:
422:
418:
413:
409:
407:
406:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
370:
366:
362:
361:
345:
344:
340:
339:
337:
334:
330:
325:
319:
317:
308:
305:
304:Binomial name
301:
297:
296:
290:
287:
286:
281:
278:
273:
272:
265:
262:
261:
258:
252:
249:
248:
245:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
136:
131:
127:
123:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
34:
28:
24:
21:
16:
4186:Yixian fauna
4034:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3895:Dyoplosaurus
3893:
3886:
3881:Ankylosaurus
3879:
3872:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3815:
3810:Pinacosaurus
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3773:
3766:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3694:Hylaeosaurus
3692:
3685:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3630:
3623:
3618:Pawpawsaurus
3616:
3609:
3602:
3582:
3575:
3568:
3563:Denversaurus
3561:
3554:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3514:Peloroplites
3512:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3486:Borealopelta
3484:
3476:
3471:Acantholipan
3469:
3458:Nodosaurinae
3444:
3437:
3431:Peloroplites
3429:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3350:Mymoorapelta
3348:
3341:
3335:Hylaeosaurus
3333:
3326:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3296:
3291:Anoplosaurus
3289:
3282:
3271:Nodosauridae
3243:
3235:
3228:
3208:
3201:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3150:
3143:
3138:Cryptosaurus
3136:
3120:Ankylosauria
3098:Ankylosauria
3096:
3068:Ankylosauria
3056:Ornithischia
3041:Ornithischia
2993:
2989:Ornithischia
2984:
2975:
2947:Ankylosauria
2871:
2867:
2857:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2803:
2799:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2706:
2702:
2648:
2644:
2600:
2596:
2583:
2573:February 24,
2571:. Retrieved
2567:
2557:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2455:Ankylosauria
2454:
2444:
2422:(1): 39–50.
2419:
2415:
2363:
2359:
2349:
2304:
2300:
2262:
2258:
2230:
2226:
2182:
2178:
2146:
2142:
2082:
2078:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1950:Ikechosaurus
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1926:Sinotyrannus
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1844:
1842:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1772:Tianyuraptor
1770:
1764:
1758:
1754:Dongbeititan
1752:
1748:Jeholosaurus
1746:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1690:
1645:agglomerates
1628:
1626:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1541:
1527:Paleobiology
1420:
1419:
1403:
1402:
1379:
1378:
1353:
1352:
1338:Ankylosaurus
1336:
1335:
1296:
1295:
1279:
1278:
1250:Dyoplosaurus
1248:
1247:
1206:
1205:
1189:
1188:
1165:
1164:
1125:
1124:
1108:
1107:
1082:
1081:
1065:
1064:
1041:
1040:
1008:
1007:
991:
990:
951:
950:
934:
933:
911:
910:
909:
893:
892:
860:
859:
843:
842:
815:
810:
804:
796:
792:
788:
778:
774:
770:
768:
758:
746:
744:
725:
724:
702:
700:
695:Dyoplosaurus
693:
673:
669:
665:
647:
635:
629:
623:
597:
593:
591:
580:
578:
554:
546:
544:
522:
520:
502:
494:
486:
478:
440:
428:
424:
412:L. paradoxus
411:
410:
404:
403:
369:ankylosaurid
359:
358:
357:
341:
323:
315:
310:
294:
293:
279:
270:
269:
234:
228:Ankylosauria
218:
202:
196:Ornithischia
186:
173:
121:
26:
20:
15:
4166:Aptian life
3930:Scolosaurus
3847:Tsagantegia
3796:Jinyunpelta
3736:Shamosaurus
3687:Chuanqilong
3529:Silvisaurus
3507:Patagopelta
3439:Polacanthus
3388:Sauroplites
3188:Spicomellus
3166:Sarcolestes
2998:Thyreophora
2764:: 221–228.
2185:(5): 1–60.
2033:Spinosaurus
2026:Lurdusaurus
1998:Yixianornis
1986:Yuanchuavis
1974:Longipteryx
1938:Liaoconodon
1932:Fossiomanus
1902:Microraptor
1893:Chuanqilong
1796:Caudipteryx
1784:Sinovenator
1691:Fossils of
1633:Jehol Biota
1612:Chuanqilong
1554:semiaquatic
1405:Scolosaurus
1067:Tsagantegia
1010:Shamosaurus
953:Chuanqilong
811:Chuanqilong
783:. A second
686:Metatarsals
620:nodosaurids
599:Chuanqilong
570:Description
503:IVPP V12560
430:Chuanqilong
212:Thyreophora
4155:Categories
3998:See also:
3923:Platypelta
3916:Oohkotokia
3854:Zaraapelta
3729:Gobisaurus
3680:Cedarpelta
3672:Aletopelta
3625:Stegopelta
3570:Edmontonia
3556:Animantarx
3522:Sauropelta
3500:Nodosaurus
3366:Priconodon
3210:Vectipelta
3145:Dracopelta
3077:see below↓
2980:Dinosauria
2874:: 110657.
2233:(3): 1–7.
2045:References
1962:Sinopterus
1920:Kompsornis
1914:Jeholornis
1861:sandstones
1853:siltstones
1832:Yutyrannus
1713:pterosaurs
1709:amphibians
1693:gastropods
1673:horsetails
1208:Zaraapelta
993:Gobisaurus
936:Cedarpelta
895:Aletopelta
806:Cedarpelta
731:osteoderms
678:trochanter
616:premaxilla
501:specimen,
180:Dinosauria
4145:Dinosaurs
3937:Talarurus
3817:Saichania
3604:Europelta
3584:Texasetes
3446:Taohelong
3343:Invictarx
3245:Stegouros
2963:Kingdom:
2906:239406222
2898:0031-0182
2568:Theropoda
2380:1469-7580
2207:214625754
1877:semi-arid
1849:mudstones
1717:dinosaurs
1701:ostracods
1682:wildfires
1641:andesites
1281:Talarurus
1167:Saichania
751:hexagonal
648:Both the
549:from the
495:paradoxus
461:to early
459:Barremian
421:tail club
390:to early
388:Barremian
374:from the
367:of basal
288:Species:
153:Kingdom:
147:Eukaryota
4044:Wikidata
4010:Category
4000:Timeline
3944:Ziapelta
3416:Gastonia
3313:Gastonia
2971:Chordata
2969:Phylum:
2965:Animalia
2743:21393569
2673:12594504
2541:: 1–17.
2516:86002282
2436:24105904
2398:26332595
2341:25118986
2301:PLOS ONE
2115:10407899
2107:11544897
2005:See also
1992:Yanornis
1980:Sinornis
1968:Guidraco
1697:bivalves
1661:Conifers
1639:such as
1590:Ontogeny
1422:Ziapelta
845:Gastonia
801:polytomy
644:Skeleton
372:dinosaur
333:Synonyms
250:Family:
167:Chordata
163:Phylum:
157:Animalia
143:Domain:
4103:4126273
4090:1148239
4077:4823248
4064:4658572
4050:Q134236
3832:Tarchia
3824:Shanxia
2876:Bibcode
2808:Bibcode
2766:Bibcode
2734:3069172
2711:Bibcode
2681:4412725
2653:Bibcode
2625:4430927
2605:Bibcode
2496:Bibcode
2389:4580109
2332:4131922
2309:Bibcode
2187:Bibcode
2087:Bibcode
1725:mammals
1705:insects
1649:basalts
1191:Tarchia
755:rhombic
716:ischium
707:sternum
690:unguals
658:glenoid
650:scapula
612:dentary
608:maxilla
596:, like
528:humerus
475:Xing Xu
417:aquatic
313:†
292:†
263:Genus:
4131:Portal
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703:et al.
670:et al.
666:et al.
493:word "
487:sauros
485:word "
463:Aptian
396:Yixian
392:Aptian
386:(late
326:, 2001
324:et al.
282:, 2001
280:et al.
4116:68244
4085:IRMNG
3789:Datai
3152:Minmi
2994:Clade
2985:Clade
2976:Clade
2902:S2CID
2677:S2CID
2621:S2CID
2593:(PDF)
2512:S2CID
2203:S2CID
2111:S2CID
1881:mesic
1865:tuffs
1721:birds
1665:ferns
1563:spine
720:pubis
712:ilium
588:Skull
540:manus
536:tibia
532:femur
491:Latin
483:Greek
451:China
380:China
365:genus
235:Clade
219:Clade
203:Clade
187:Clade
174:Clade
4072:GBIF
3951:Zuul
3054:see
3027:see
2894:ISSN
2739:PMID
2669:PMID
2575:2023
2467:ISBN
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2376:ISSN
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2103:PMID
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1983:and
1947:and
1935:and
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634:(or
622:and
575:Size
561:and
499:type
471:2001
427:and
398:and
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4059:EoL
2884:doi
2872:583
2845:doi
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2707:108
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2420:275
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