1370:(LMA) of the Republic and Princeton paleofloras. The CLAMP results after multiple linear regressions for Republic gave a mean annual temperature of approximately 8.0 °C (46.4 °F), with the LMA giving 9.2 ± 2.0 °C (48.6 ± 3.6 °F). CLAMP results from Princeton returned the lower 5.1 °C (41.2 °F), confirmed by the LMA with a mean annual temperature of 5.1 ± 2.2 °C (41.2 ± 4.0 °F). Both Formations are lower than the mean annual temperature estimates given for the coastal Puget Group, which is estimated to have been between 15–18.6 °C (59.0–65.5 °F). The bioclimatic analysis for Republic and Princeton suggests mean annual precipitation amounts of 115 ± 39 cm (45 ± 15 in) and 114 ± 42 cm (45 ± 17 in) respectively.
306:
113:
1139:
137:
2189:
313:
327:
1194:
is toothed. The vertebral skeleton is comprised of between 38 and 43 vertebrae on average. The two dorsal fins have seven and ten rays, while the anal fins have an average of eight to ten. The pectoral fins have between 12 and 15 rays, contrasting the pelvic fin with one spine and seven rays. In the
1259:
is the smaller species of the genus, with a standard length between 10.6–20.8 mm (0.42–0.82 in) and a total vertebrae count of between 31–32. The dorsal fin is supported by two unbranched spines and 7–9 soft rays, but the anal fin has 2 spines and 8–10 rays, different from the numbers of
565:
13466" with the paratypes "UA 14765" and "UA 13469", while an additional thirteen fish were listed as additional material specimens outside the type series. All of the specimens were collected during 1977 and 1978 fieldwork. Given the history of the Toroda creek Site, Wilson chose the species name
1354:
range between 0.7–1.2 km (0.43–0.75 mi) higher than the coastal forests. This is consistent with the paleoelevation estimates for the lake systems, which range between 1.1–2.9 km (1,100–2,900 m), which is similar to the modern elevation 0.8 km (0.50 mi), but higher.
475:
Collection work was performed in the 1970's by Mark M. V. Wilson across the
Okanagan Highlands fossil sites in both British Columbia and Washington, culminating in a series of publications on the Highlands fish fauna over the next two decades. The first major work published was Wilson's 1977
1294:
biotas that are preserved. The highlands temperate biome preserved across a large transect of lakes recorded many of the earliest appearances of modern genera, while also documenting the last stands of ancient lines. The warm temperate highland floras in association with downfaulted
1299:
and active volcanism are noted to have no exact modern equivalents. This is due to the more seasonally equitable conditions of the Early Eocene, resulting in much lower seasonal temperature shifts. However, the highlands have been compared to the upland ecological islands in the
372:
party in 1877 and reported in 1879. The age of the
Allenby Formation was debated for many years, with fish and insect fossils hinting at an Eocene age, while mammal and plant fossils suggested a Late Oligocene or Early Miocene age. The lake sediments at Princeton were
503:
all collected by Wilson during 1970 and 1971 field work at the
Blakeburm mine. He also identified a number of additional specimens which were collected by other people and not included in the type series. An isolated partial specimen collected in 1941 by
993:. This was based on several skull and skeletal characters including a reduced amount of scales present on the skull, reduced spines on the lachrymal and preopercular bones, and a reduced amount of teeth in the jaw and mouth cavity dentitions.
418:, northeast Central Washington. The outcrop along Toroda Creek is considered to be the same general age as the Republic sites of "Boot Hill", UWBM B4131, and "Corner lot", site A0307. Tuffs of the Klondike Mountain Formation had been dated to
1195:
caudal fin the final two vertebra of the spine, the preural and ural centra are fused into one bone, a condition present in the other percopsids. The scales are round with concentric growth rings called circuli and up to thirteen
2149:
Greenwood, D.R.; Archibald, S.B.; Mathewes, R.W; Moss, P.T. (2005). "Fossil biotas from the
Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington State: climates and ecosystems across an Eocene landscape".
1241:
spines comprising part of the dorsal fin. The dorsal fin has 2 to 3 spines and then 8–10 soft rays and the anal fin is similar with 2 spines and 8–9 rays. The pectoral fins have a greater number or rays, 13–15, than seen in
2027:
Murray, A.M.; Brinkman, D.B.; Newbrey, M.G.; Neuman, A.G. (2020). "Earliest North
American articulated freshwater acanthomorph fish (Teleostei: Percopsiformes) from Upper Cretaceous deposits of Alberta, Canada".
1918:
Borden, W. C.; Grande, T.; Smith, W. L. (2013). "Comparative osteology and myology of the caudal fin in the
Paracanthopterygii (Teleostei: Acanthomorpha)". In G. Arratia; H.-P. Schultze; M. V. H. Wilson (eds.).
1944:
Grande, T.; Borden, W.C.; Smith, W.L.; Arratia, G.; Schultze, H.P.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2013). "Limits and relationships of
Paracanthopterygii: a molecular framework for evaluating past morphological hypotheses".
1326:
climate, in which winter temperatures rarely dropped low enough for snow, and which were seasonably equitable. The paleoforests surrounding the lakes have been described as precursors to the modern
1120:
are successive sister clades to the core
Percopsidae within the family, however in the 50% majority rule cladogram, both species are placed just outside the family in polytomy with Percopsidae and
1237:, between the dorsal fin end and the base of the tail complex. The precaudal vertebrae are further grouped as seven predorsal vertebrae in front of the dorsal fin, and eight precaudals with
1472:
Moss, PT; Greenwood, DR; Archibald, SB (2005). "Regional and local vegetation community dynamics of the Eocene
Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia – Washington State) from palynology".
1605:
Archibald, SB; Bradler, S (2015). "Stem-group stick insects (Phasmatodea) in the early Eocene at McAbee, British
Columbia, Canada, and Republic, Washington, United States of America".
340:
1881:
Murray, A.M.; Wilson, M.V.H. (1999). "Contributions of fossils to the phylogenetic relationships of the percopsiform fishes (Teleostei: Paracanthopterygii): order restored".
1773:
Pearson, R.C. (1967). Geologic map of the Bodie Mountain quadrangle, Ferry and Okanogan counties, Washington (Geologic Quadrangle). Report. United States Geological Survey.
1106:
within the paragraph on Percopsidae as a percopsid that is sometimes treated in the separate family "Libotoniidae". The placement in Percopsidae was uncertain in Murray
1225:
has a standard length ranging between 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) long based on the described specimens in 1979. The total vertebral count of 33–34 is similar to
368:
in southcentral British Columbia. The formation has a long history of insect fossil collection, with the earliest Okanagan Highlands specimens being collected by the
305:
2267:
1640:
Archibald, S. B.; Makarkin, V. N. (2021). "Early Eocene snakeflies (Raphidioptera) of western North America from the Okanagan Highlands and Green River Formation".
1018:
within the family Percopsidae. The uncertain placement of the genus was maintained by Murrey and Wilson (1999) who agreed with Patterson and Rosens placement of
530:
specimens for study. Wilson did not elaborate on the origin of the species name "blakeburnensis". Wilson designated the Blakeburn Mine, ROM site L95, south of
1291:
1287:
1280:, including the Early Eocene formations between Driftwood Canyon at the north and Republic at the south, have been described as one of the "Great Canadian
1081:. However in their earlier chapter on the history of Paracanthopterygii and possibilities of molecular phylogenetics, they list the studied specimens of
508:
and 5 additional complete fish donated by Réne Liboton were all collected from around Whipsaw Creek south of Princeton. Wilson coined the genus name
2254:
1069:
and the other core percopsids. In the phylogeny they produced, based on their interpretation of the evolution of 26 differing skeletal characters,
2318:
1507:
Archibald, S.B.; Bossert, W.H.; Greenwood, D.R.; Farrell, B.D. (2010). "Seasonality, the latitudinal gradient of diversity, and Eocene insects".
1891:
1174:, and unlike those genera, it appears to lack a protrusion on the upper edge, the postmaxillary process. There are a reduced number of teeth in
2323:
1315:
The Republic and Princeton upland lake systems were surrounded by a warm temperate ecosystem with nearby volcanism. The highlands likely had a
2338:
1928:
1327:
2348:
2328:
1685:"The Cephalozygoptera, a new, extinct suborder of Odonata with new taxa from the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands, western North America"
2093:"Urticaceae leaves with stinging trichomes were already present in latest early Eocene Okanogan Highlands, British Columbia, Canada"
2011:
1831:
Grande, L. (1988). "A well preserved paracanthopterygian fish (Teleostei) from freshwater lower Paleocene deposits of Montana".
1006:
species as belonging to the family "Libotoniidae", but did not provide a formal description of the family. He cited the work of
2313:
445:
1158:
are small fish where adults range between 10.6–40.0 mm (0.42–1.57 in) long with narrow bodies and large heads. The
1437:
Ewing, T.E. (1981). "Regional stratigraphy and structural setting of the Kamloops Group, south-central British Columbia".
124:
505:
1726:"Detrital zircon UPb ages and Hf-isotopes from Eocene intermontane basin deposits of the southern Canadian Cordillera"
1264:
where the dorsal has more rays and the anal has less. The pectoral fins have a smaller number of rays at 12–13 total.
1007:
407:
365:
136:
2333:
531:
1866:
Patterson, C.; Rosen, D.E. (1989). "The Paracanthopterygii revisited: order and disorder". In Cohen, D.M. (ed.).
1273:
353:
1418:
Hills, L.V.; Baadsgaard, H. (1967). "Potassium-argon dating of some Lower Tertiary strata in British Columbia".
112:
1796:
n. sp.(Teleostei, Hiodontidae), from the Middle Eocene Klondike Mountain Formation near Republic, Washington".
415:
549:
based on fossils collected from Pearson's site along Toroda Creek. While the original specimens identified as
2308:
2207:
1143:
2193:
2280:
1022:
562:
465:
374:
1138:
2343:
2159:
2037:
2003:
1946:
1882:
1840:
1805:
1737:
1516:
1481:
1446:
1272:
Both the Republic and McAbee sites are part of a larger fossil site system collectively known as the
772:
747:
496:
411:
369:
1221:, thus the nose tip through the final vertebrae, but excluding the length of the caudal fin itself.
1343:
1112:
1098:
1014:, then "in press" and released in 1989, where they state finding no convincing characters to place
326:
1122:
998:
850:
553:
were lost by 1979, and thus not accessible to Wilson, he considered them to more likely belong to
2122:
2072:
1. Early Eocene Lagerstätten of the Okanagan Highlands (British Columbia and Washington State)".
1755:
1665:
1622:
1584:
1532:
1054:
882:
389:
131:
661:
2285:
526:
2272:
2114:
2007:
1924:
1706:
1657:
1309:
1301:
535:
452:
361:
2167:
2104:
2068:
Archibald, S.; Greenwood, D.; Smith, R.; Mathewes, R.; Basinger, J. (2011). "Great Canadian
2045:
1978:
1848:
1813:
1774:
1745:
1696:
1649:
1614:
1576:
1524:
1489:
1454:
1367:
1363:
1296:
1234:
1218:
444:
came from collections made in the 1960's by geologist R. C. Pearson while surveying for the
381:
in the 1960s based on ash samples exposed in the lake bed. These samples yielded an age of ~
2245:
2091:
DeVore, M. L.; Nyandwi, A.; Eckardt, W.; Bizuru, E.; Mujawamariya, M.; Pigg, K. B. (2020).
1724:
Rubino, E.; Leier, A.; Cassel, E.; Archibald, S.; Foster-Baril, Z.; Barbeau, D. Jr (2021).
472:, but the fossils were never accessioned into the collections and are now considered lost.
1683:
Archibald, S. B.; Cannings, R. A.; Erickson, R. J.; Bybee, S. M.; Mathewes, R. W. (2021).
1347:
1011:
468:
in Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah. Pearson sent almost all of the specimens collected to the
1282:
2163:
2041:
1844:
1809:
1741:
1520:
1485:
1450:
1110:(2020) who presented to cladograms in relation to the placement of the Cretaceous genus
1305:
1183:
1179:
1149:
1093:
1049:
was again shifting, this time back towards Percopsidae in various chapters of the book
1038:
1026:
679:
595:
460:
259:
188:
178:
312:
2302:
2126:
1966:
1870:. Science Series No. 32. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. pp. 5–36.
1759:
1669:
1331:
1316:
1238:
1191:
1096:
of Percopsidae, but did not give a rational or reference for the placement. The 2016
63:
1626:
1536:
1053:. In the chapter by W. Calvin Borden, Terry Grande and W. Leo Smith which discusses
480:
covering almost all of the fish found in the highlands and initially naming several
1852:
1319:
1230:
983:
924:
899:
517:
455:
1229:
being an estimated two longer. The vertebrae are distributed into an estimated 15
1750:
1725:
2239:
1339:
1323:
1130:
treating them as either sisters to the family or included in an expanded clade.
1042:
974:
469:
378:
283:
198:
38:
2230:
425:, the youngest of the Okanagan Highlands sites, though a revised oldest age of
2049:
1701:
1684:
1653:
1399:
Wilson, M.V. (1977). "Middle Eocene freshwater fishes from British Columbia".
1196:
1159:
83:
48:
1351:
1058:
989:
789:
287:
148:
88:
2118:
1710:
1661:
570:
in recognition of R. C. Pearson and his initial work discovering the site.
2188:
2224:
1982:
1277:
1034:
513:
500:
492:
168:
78:
73:
58:
53:
43:
32:
1029:
stem group. In Murry and Wilsons phylogenic assessments, they recovered
2259:
1618:
1588:
1359:
420:
394:
93:
68:
2109:
2092:
427:
1335:
973:
taxonomic affinities, Wilson (1977) deemed it a member of the family
263:
158:
2201:
2171:
1817:
1580:
1528:
1493:
1458:
541:
Two years later Wilson (1979) published the description of a second
383:
1065:
justified the placement based on the skeletal similarities between
1778:
1187:
1137:
481:
356:
of Washington and British Columbia. Of the two described species,
1996:
Nelson, Joseph S.; Grande, Terry C.; Wilson, Mark V. H. (2016).
2205:
1330:
of Eastern North America and Eastern Asia. Based on the fossil
516:
honoring Mr Liboton, a fossil museum and rock shop owner from
1954:. Vol. 5. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 385–418.
1567:(Pisces: Percopsidae) from the Eocene of Washington State".
440:
The first brief descriptions of fossils later attributed to
1286:" based on the diversity, quality and unique nature of the
491:
Description of the genus and type species was based on the
1233:, between the skull and rear of the dorsal fin, and 18–19
1116:
from Alberta. In the unconstrained cladogram, the two
352:
fossils have been found at two sites belonging to the
478:
Middle Eocene freshwater fishes from British Columbia
432:
was given based on isotopic data published in 2021.
2214:
1162:are narrower and longer in proportion then seen in
282:has been variously treated as part of the expanded
1921:Mesozoic Fishes 5 – Global Diversity and Evolution
1051:Mesozoic Fishes 5 – Global Diversity and Evolution
534:the type locality of the genus and species in the
1401:Life Sciences Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum
392:radiometric date placing some Princeton sites at
266:epoch and contains two species, the type species
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
1923:. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. pp. 419–455.
1913:
1911:
451:map. The fossils were tentatively identified by
1600:
1598:
388:; however, dating published in 2005 provided a
1346:of Western Washington, which are described as
1088:Three years later Richard Van der Laan's 2016
561:. His description was based on the holotype, "
423: ± 0.54 million years ago
397: ± 0.12 million years ago
8:
1868:Papers on the systematics of gadiform fishes
1563:Wilson, M.V.H. (1979). "A second species of
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
430: ± 0.1 million years ago
2202:
2063:
2061:
2059:
1364:climate leaf analysis multivariate program
1334:the lakes were higher and cooler than the
464:, a genus now known to be confined to the
111:
20:
2108:
1749:
1700:
996:Lance Grande, in his 1988 description of
1077:basal to the sister clade that included
1378:
499:11157 A&B", plus a series of seven
286:family, or formerly as a member of the
1420:Canadian Petroleum Geologists Bulletin
406:known exclusively by fossils from the
1328:temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
7:
1969:Family-group names of fossil fishes
1090:Family-group names of fossil fishes
1073:was basal in the Percopsidae, with
873:
866:
841:
763:
738:
731:
652:
645:
638:
615:
608:
601:
591:
2152:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1833:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1798:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1474:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1439:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
262:fish which lived during the early
14:
1890:. Vol. 2. pp. 397–411.
1338:coastal forests preserved in the
2187:
364:'s Whipsaw Creek sites south of
325:
311:
304:
135:
1897:from the original on 2024-03-18
1190:all being toothless, while the
446:United States Geological Survey
2319:Ypresian life of North America
1965:van der Laan, Richard (2016).
1853:10.1080/02724634.1988.10011692
402:The second described species,
1:
2324:Fossil taxa described in 1977
1350:ecosystems. Estimates of the
2339:Prehistoric perciform genera
1975:European Journal of Taxonomy
1751:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2021.105969
1045:. By 2013, the placement of
2349:Fossils of British Columbia
2329:Klondike Mountain Formation
1092:listed "Libotoniidae" as a
408:Klondike Mountain Formation
2365:
2097:American Journal of Botany
2050:10.1017/S0016756819001328
1702:10.11646/zootaxa.4934.1.1
1654:10.11646/zootaxa.4951.1.2
1607:The Canadian Entomologist
1274:Eocene Okanagan Highlands
1211:Libotonius blakeburnensis
1204:Libotonius blakeburnensis
922:
896:
878:
871:
864:
846:
839:
786:
768:
761:
743:
736:
729:
675:
657:
650:
643:
636:
620:
613:
606:
599:
449:Bodie Mountain Quadrangle
358:Libotonius blakeburnensis
354:Eocene Okanagan Highlands
269:Libotonius blakeburnensis
228:
223:
132:Scientific classification
130:
119:
110:
23:
1695:(1): zootaxa.4934.1.1.
1362:have been derived from
1360:mean annual temperature
1348:lowland tropical forest
386: million years ago
258:is an extinct genus of
16:Extinct genus of fishes
2314:Fish described in 1977
1152:
1144:Percopsis transmontana
1102:5th edition discusses
1085:under "Libotoniidae".
977:along with the fossil
344:Princeton and Republic
2281:Paleobiology Database
2004:John Wiley & Sons
1199:on the rear margins.
1141:
969:In his discussion of
466:Green River Formation
410:exposed northwest of
375:radiometrically dated
360:is only known in the
2198:at Wikimedia Commons
1983:10.5852/ejt.2018.466
1792:Wilson, M. (1978). "
1368:leaf margin analysis
506:Harington M. A. Rice
370:George Mercer Dawson
341:class=notpageimage|
2164:2005CaJES..42..167G
2042:2020GeoM..157.1087M
2030:Geological Magazine
1999:Fishes of the World
1845:1988JVPal...8..117G
1810:1978CaJES..15..679W
1742:2021SedG..42205969R
1730:Sedimentary Geology
1521:2010Pbio...36..374A
1486:2005CaJES..42..187M
1451:1981CaJES..18.1464E
1344:Chuckanut Formation
1310:African rift valley
1257:Libotonius pearsoni
1251:Libotonius pearsoni
1231:precaudal vertebrae
1178:species due to the
1099:Fishes of the World
547:Libotonius pearsoni
404:Libotonius pearsoni
275:Libotonius pearsoni
121:Libotonius pearsoni
1794:Eohiodon woodruffi
1736:: Article 105969.
1619:10.4039/tce.2015.2
1320:upper microthermal
1153:
1055:Paracanthopterygii
453:paleoichthyologist
2334:Allenby Formation
2296:
2295:
2208:Taxon identifiers
2192:Media related to
2110:10.1002/ajb2.1548
2103:(10): 1449–1456.
2074:Geoscience Canada
1930:978-3-89937-159-8
1358:Estimates of the
1324:lower mesothermal
1302:Virunga Mountains
1297:lacustrine basins
1262:L. blakeburnensis
1223:L. blakeburnensis
1209:In overall size,
971:L. blakeburnensis
967:
966:
962:
961:
953:
952:
944:
943:
935:
934:
911:
910:
828:
827:
819:
818:
810:
809:
801:
800:
718:
717:
709:
708:
700:
699:
691:
690:
536:Allenby Formation
527:Amyzon brevipinne
522:L. blakeburnensis
362:Allenby Formation
251:
250:
232:L. blakeburnensis
219:
2356:
2289:
2288:
2276:
2275:
2263:
2262:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2203:
2191:
2176:
2175:
2146:
2131:
2130:
2112:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2065:
2054:
2053:
2036:(7): 1087–1096.
2024:
2018:
2017:
2002:(5th ed.).
1993:
1987:
1986:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1915:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1896:
1889:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1560:
1541:
1540:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1445:(9): 1464–1477.
1434:
1428:
1427:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1396:
1268:Paleoenvironment
1235:caudal vertebrae
981:plus the living
874:
867:
842:
764:
739:
732:
653:
646:
639:
616:
609:
602:
592:
578:
577:
520:who contributed
458:as belonging to
431:
424:
398:
387:
329:
315:
308:
245:
236:
217:
210:
140:
139:
125:SRIC SR 95-26-19
115:
105:
35:
29:Temporal range:
21:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2284:
2279:
2271:
2266:
2258:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2210:
2184:
2179:
2172:10.1139/e04-100
2148:
2147:
2134:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2067:
2066:
2057:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2014:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1948:Mesozoic fishes
1943:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1884:Mesozoic fishes
1880:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1818:10.1139/e78-075
1791:
1790:
1786:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1581:10.2307/1443214
1562:
1561:
1544:
1529:10.1666/09021.1
1506:
1505:
1501:
1494:10.1139/E04-095
1471:
1470:
1466:
1459:10.1139/e81-137
1436:
1435:
1431:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1398:
1397:
1380:
1376:
1270:
1254:
1219:standard length
1213:is larger than
1207:
1147:
1136:
1012:Donn Eric Rosen
1008:Colin Patterson
963:
954:
945:
936:
912:
829:
820:
811:
802:
773:Massamorichthys
748:Lateopisciculus
719:
710:
701:
692:
576:
438:
426:
419:
393:
382:
347:
346:
345:
343:
337:
336:
335:
334:
330:
322:
321:
320:
316:
300:
243:
234:
216:
208:
134:
106:
104:
103:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2362:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2309:Percopsiformes
2301:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2277:
2264:
2251:
2236:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2183:
2182:External links
2180:
2178:
2177:
2158:(2): 167–185.
2132:
2083:
2055:
2019:
2012:
1988:
1957:
1936:
1929:
1907:
1873:
1858:
1839:(2): 117-130.
1823:
1804:(5): 679–686.
1784:
1765:
1716:
1675:
1632:
1613:(6): 744–753.
1594:
1575:(3): 400–405.
1542:
1515:(3): 374–398.
1499:
1480:(2): 187–204.
1464:
1429:
1410:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1352:paleoelevation
1306:Albertine Rift
1269:
1266:
1253:
1248:
1206:
1201:
1168:Erismatopterus
1150:Columbia River
1148:Native to the
1135:
1132:
1094:junior synonym
1039:Aphredoderidae
1027:Percopsiformes
979:Erismatopterus
965:
964:
960:
959:
956:
955:
951:
950:
947:
946:
942:
941:
938:
937:
933:
932:
929:
928:
921:
918:
917:
914:
913:
909:
908:
905:
904:
895:
892:
891:
888:
887:
877:
872:
870:
865:
863:
860:
859:
856:
855:
845:
840:
838:
835:
834:
831:
830:
826:
825:
822:
821:
817:
816:
813:
812:
808:
807:
804:
803:
799:
798:
795:
794:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
767:
762:
760:
757:
756:
753:
752:
742:
737:
735:
730:
728:
725:
724:
721:
720:
716:
715:
712:
711:
707:
706:
703:
702:
698:
697:
694:
693:
689:
688:
685:
684:
680:Erismatopterus
674:
671:
670:
667:
666:
656:
651:
649:
644:
642:
637:
635:
632:
631:
628:
627:
619:
614:
612:
607:
605:
600:
598:
596:Percopsiformes
590:
587:
586:
575:
572:
559:Erismatopterus
551:Erismatopterus
461:Erismatopterus
437:
434:
339:
338:
332:
331:
324:
323:
318:
317:
310:
309:
303:
302:
301:
299:
296:
249:
248:
247:
246:
238:
226:
225:
221:
220:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
189:Percopsiformes
186:
182:
181:
179:Actinopterygii
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
128:
127:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
98:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
36:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2361:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2084:
2080:(4): 155–164.
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2013:9781118342336
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1958:
1950:
1949:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1893:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1779:10.3133/gq636
1776:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1239:pterygiophore
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1197:ctenii spines
1193:
1189:
1185:
1184:ectopterygoid
1181:
1180:endopterygoid
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1113:Lindoeichthys
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1002:, listed the
1001:
1000:
994:
992:
991:
986:
985:
980:
976:
972:
958:
957:
949:
948:
940:
939:
931:
930:
927:
926:
920:
919:
916:
915:
907:
906:
903:
902:
901:
894:
893:
890:
889:
886:
885:
884:
876:
875:
869:
868:
862:
861:
858:
857:
854:
853:
852:
844:
843:
837:
836:
833:
832:
824:
823:
815:
814:
806:
805:
797:
796:
793:
792:
791:
784:
783:
780:
779:
776:
775:
774:
766:
765:
759:
758:
755:
754:
751:
750:
749:
741:
740:
734:
733:
727:
726:
723:
722:
714:
713:
705:
704:
696:
695:
687:
686:
683:
682:
681:
673:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
663:
655:
654:
648:
647:
641:
640:
634:
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
618:
617:
611:
610:
604:
603:
597:
594:
593:
589:
588:
584:
580:
579:
573:
571:
569:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
533:
529:
528:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
479:
473:
471:
467:
463:
462:
457:
454:
450:
447:
443:
435:
433:
429:
422:
417:
413:
409:
405:
400:
396:
391:
385:
380:
376:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
342:
328:
314:
307:
297:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
276:
271:
270:
265:
261:
257:
256:
242:
239:
233:
230:
229:
227:
222:
215:
214:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
144:
143:
138:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
34:
26:
22:
19:
2215:
2194:
2155:
2151:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2070:Lagerstätten
2069:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2000:
1997:
1991:
1974:
1968:
1960:
1947:
1939:
1920:
1899:. Retrieved
1883:
1876:
1867:
1861:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1768:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1692:
1688:
1678:
1648:(1): 41–79.
1645:
1641:
1635:
1610:
1606:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1512:
1509:Paleobiology
1508:
1502:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1366:(CLAMP) and
1357:
1314:
1283:Lagerstätten
1281:
1271:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1142:
1127:
1123:Mcconichthys
1121:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1089:
1087:
1082:
1079:Aphredoderus
1078:
1075:Mcconichthys
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1050:
1046:
1030:
1019:
1015:
1003:
999:Mcconichthys
997:
995:
988:
984:Aphredoderus
982:
978:
970:
968:
925:Amblyopsidae
923:
900:Aphredoderus
898:
897:
881:
879:
851:Mcconichthys
849:
847:
788:
787:
771:
769:
746:
744:
678:
676:
660:
658:
623:
621:
582:
581:2013 Borden
567:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
540:
525:
521:
518:Vaseaux Lake
509:
490:
485:
484:, including
477:
474:
459:
456:David Dunkle
448:
441:
439:
416:Ferry County
403:
401:
357:
349:
348:
298:Distribution
292:Libotoniidae
291:
279:
274:
273:
268:
267:
260:percopsiform
254:
253:
252:
240:
235:Wilson, 1977
231:
218:Wilson, 1977
212:
211:
120:
24:
18:
2344:Eocene fish
2240:Wikispecies
1340:Puget Group
1304:within the
1292:paleofaunal
1288:paleofloral
1244:L. pearsoni
1227:L. pearsoni
1215:L. pearsoni
1188:vomer bones
1134:Description
1057:caudal fin
1043:Percopsidae
975:Percopsidae
883:Tricophanes
555:L. pearsoni
470:Smithsonian
379:K-Ar method
284:Percopsidae
244:Wilson 1979
241:L. pearsoni
199:Percopsidae
2303:Categories
2246:Libotonius
2216:Libotonius
2195:Libotonius
1901:2024-03-18
1565:Libotonius
1426:: 138–149.
1374:References
1176:Libotonius
1164:Amphiplaga
1160:premaxilla
1156:Libotonius
1118:Libotonius
1104:Libotonius
1083:Libotonius
1071:Libotonius
1067:Libotonius
1047:Libotonius
1037:with both
1035:trichotomy
1031:Libotonius
1020:Libotonius
1016:Libotonius
1004:Libotonius
662:Amphiplaga
624:Libotonius
585:phylogeny
543:Libotonius
510:Libotonius
486:Libotonius
476:monograph
442:Libotonius
377:using the
350:Libotonius
280:Libotonius
255:Libotonius
213:Libotonius
25:Libotonius
2127:225050834
1760:237717862
1670:233411745
1278:highlands
1172:Percopsis
1126:, Murray
1059:osteology
990:Percopsis
790:Percopsis
574:Phylogeny
545:species,
501:topotypes
366:Princeton
319:Princeton
288:monotypic
155:Kingdom:
149:Eukaryota
2231:Q6542409
2225:Wikidata
2119:33091153
1892:Archived
1711:33756770
1662:33903413
1627:86608533
1537:55208851
1260:rays in
1192:palatine
568:pearsoni
532:Coalmont
514:patronym
493:holotype
412:Republic
333:Republic
224:Species
195:Family:
169:Chordata
165:Phylum:
159:Animalia
145:Domain:
33:Ypresian
2273:1063006
2260:4841479
2160:Bibcode
2038:Bibcode
1977:(466).
1841:Bibcode
1806:Bibcode
1738:Bibcode
1689:Zootaxa
1642:Zootaxa
1589:1443214
1517:Bibcode
1482:Bibcode
1447:Bibcode
1407:: 1–66.
1308:of the
1061:Borden
1023:basally
436:History
290:family
205:Genus:
185:Order:
175:Class:
100:↓
2125:
2117:
2010:
1927:
1758:
1709:
1668:
1660:
1625:
1587:
1569:Copeia
1535:
1336:coeval
1332:biotas
1276:. The
264:Eocene
237:(type)
2286:36073
2268:IRMNG
2123:S2CID
1952:(PDF)
1895:(PDF)
1888:(PDF)
1756:S2CID
1666:S2CID
1623:S2CID
1585:JSTOR
1533:S2CID
1317:mesic
1128:et al
1108:et al
1063:et al
1033:in a
1025:as a
583:et al
557:than
512:as a
421:49.42
395:52.08
390:Ar-Ar
272:plus
2255:GBIF
2115:PMID
2008:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1707:PMID
1693:4934
1658:PMID
1646:4951
1573:1979
1342:and
1290:and
1186:and
1170:and
1041:and
1010:and
987:and
524:and
482:taxa
428:51.2
39:PreꞒ
2168:doi
2105:doi
2101:107
2046:doi
2034:157
1979:doi
1849:doi
1814:doi
1775:doi
1746:doi
1734:422
1697:doi
1650:doi
1615:doi
1611:147
1577:doi
1525:doi
1490:doi
1455:doi
1405:113
1322:to
1217:in
497:ROM
495:, "
414:in
2305::
2283::
2270::
2257::
2242::
2227::
2166:.
2156:42
2154:.
2135:^
2121:.
2113:.
2099:.
2095:.
2078:38
2076:.
2058:^
2044:.
2032:.
2006:.
1973:.
1910:^
1847:.
1835:.
1812:.
1802:15
1800:.
1754:.
1744:.
1732:.
1728:.
1705:.
1691:.
1687:.
1664:.
1656:.
1644:.
1621:.
1609:.
1597:^
1583:.
1571:.
1545:^
1531:.
1523:.
1513:36
1511:.
1488:.
1478:42
1476:.
1453:.
1443:18
1441:.
1424:15
1422:.
1403:.
1381:^
1312:.
1246:.
1182:,
1166:,
563:UA
538:.
488:.
399:.
384:48
294:.
278:.
123:,
89:Pg
2174:.
2170::
2162::
2129:.
2107::
2052:.
2048::
2040::
2016:.
1985:.
1981::
1971:"
1967:"
1933:.
1904:.
1855:.
1851::
1843::
1837:8
1820:.
1816::
1808::
1781:.
1777::
1762:.
1748::
1740::
1713:.
1699::
1672:.
1652::
1629:.
1617::
1591:.
1579::
1539:.
1527::
1519::
1496:.
1492::
1484::
1461:.
1457::
1449::
880:†
848:†
770:†
745:†
677:†
659:†
622:†
209:†
94:N
84:K
79:J
74:T
69:P
64:C
59:D
54:S
49:O
44:Ꞓ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
