623:
485:
583:
517:
505:
595:
607:
695:(excellence). The four statues of the female virtues are not originals, but were replaced with four random female statues. These virtues allude to the dual purpose of the structure, built to function as both a library and a mausoleum; their presence both implies that the man for whom it was built exemplified these four virtues, and that the visitor may cultivate these virtues in him or herself by taking advantage of the library's holdings. This type of façade with inset frames and niches for statues is similar to that of the
64:
656:
544:
38:
559:
465:
57:
529:
571:
184:
453:
1124:...statues (lost except for their bases) were probably of Celsus, consul in A.D. 92, and his son Aquila, consul in A.D. 110. A cuirass statue stood in the central niche of the upper storey. Its identification oscillates between Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus, who is buried in a sarcophagus under the library, and Tiberius Julius Aquila Polemaeanus, who completed the building for his father
394:, the wealthy and privileged were expected to act as benefactors, and use their wealth for the greater good of the community. This Roman belief expanded to other Roman territories and provinces, such as the Greek city of Ephesus, where Aquila built the library in honor of his father, but also to benefit Ephesus as a whole. The library itself also embodies
409:(14–37 CE), as he is named after Tiberius, which may have been to pay homage to the Emperor. The library operated as a public space for the city from its completion around 117–135 until 262 CE. The main floor functioned as a reading room, lit by abundant natural light from the eastern windows. Shelves or
756:
to house the scrolls. These niches, which were backed with double walls, may have also had a function to control the humidity and protect the scrolls from the extreme temperature. The upper level was a gallery with a balcony overlooking the main floor, creating a lofty spatial effect inside. It could
423:
The interior and contents of the library were destroyed by fire in 262 CE, though it remains unknown whether this fire was the result of natural disaster or a Gothic invasion, as it seems the city was struck by one of each that year. Only the façade survived, until an earthquake in the 10th or 11th
419:
book rolls that visitors could read, though borrowing would not have been permitted because copies of books were rare and labor-intensive to produce. Additional scrolls may have been held in free-standing book boxes placed around the room, in which case the library would have had a holding capacity
732:
in general. The interior of the building, which has yet to be restored, consisted of a single rectangular room measuring 17x11 m, with a central apse framed by a large arch at the far wall. The apse contained a podium for a statue, now lost, that likely depicted Celsus, although some scholars
638:
The east-facing marble façade of the library is intricately decorated with botanical carvings and portrait statuary. The façade on the outside was built with false perspective, a Greek technique. This means that the inside columns are longer while the outside columns are higher. Though the columns
1287:
Apart from the public buildings for which such benefactors paid—the library at
Ephesos, for example, recently reconstructed, built by Tiberius Iulius Aquila Polmaeanus in 110–20 in honour of his father Tiberius Iulius Celsus Polemaeanus, one of the earliest men of purely Greek origin to become a
651:
emblems, the latter being a symbol of magisterial power that alludes to Celsus's tenure as a consul. The library is built on a platform, with nine steps the width of the building leading up to three front entrances. These are surmounted by large windows, which may have been fitted with glass or
1656:
After all, the library was simultaneously the sepulchral monument of Celsus and the crypt contained his sarcophagus. The very idea of honouring his memory by erecting a public library above his grave need not have been the original conception of
Tiberius Iulius Aquila the founder of the
720:, which caters to both Romans and Greeks of all literate classes. There is also a Hellenistic scroll on the doorways that has a Roman symbol, which shows the interaction of both cultures. The features that are Roman are the composite capitals as well as the tripartite theatrical
792:
imperial portraiture, suggesting that it was sculpted after the lifetime of not only Celsus, but of his son Aquila as well. The choice to depict him in full armor suggests that Celsus's descendants considered his military career memorable and a source of pride.
748:
was located beneath the floor of the apse. It was unusual in Roman culture for someone to be buried within a library or even within city limits, so this was a special honour for Celsus, reflecting his prominent role as a public official.
783:
statue of Celsus now in the
Istanbul Archaeological Museum was one of three statues of the building's patron located on the second level of the façade. He is depicted with a strong jaw, curly hair, and a neat beard,
622:
484:
2086:
428:
Volker
Michael Strocka. Strocka analysed the fragments that had been excavated by Austrian archaeologists between 1903 and 1904. In the meantime, some of the architectural elements had been acquired by
2081:
911:, possibly in 105/6. Celsus' son, Aquila, was also to be made suffectus in 110, although he is certainly remembered more as the builder of the famous library his father envisioned for Ephesus.
2071:
771:
on
October 20, 2020, the performance of the reconstructed library was tested, and it performed well in terms of seismic behavior and the interaction between the adjacent walls and façade.
504:
2051:
2061:
2056:
2101:
2076:
709:, paralleling the aediculae below, which held statues of Celsus and his son. A third register of columns may have been present in antiquity, though today only two remain.
764:
The design of the library, with its ornate, balanced façade, reflects the influence of Greek style on Roman architecture, which reached its height in the second century.
2041:
464:
1807:
516:
639:
are not identical, the illusion is that they are. This makes the library look larger on the outside and more grand than it actually is. Design features include
582:
712:
On the inside, there are three levels of bookcases meant to be accessed through stairways. The main staircase was flanked by two inscriptions, one in
2002:
606:
375:. Celsus served as a Roman senator, consul, and praetor, rising through the ranks very quickly. He then retired and returned to Ephesus, his home.
441:. The absent fragments had to be replaced by copies or left missing. Only the façade was rebuilt, while the rest of the building remains in ruin.
818:
752:
The three remaining walls were lined with either two or three levels of niches measuring 2.55x1.1x0.58 m on average, which would have held the
594:
1972:
1953:
1927:
1908:
1876:
1854:
1836:
1606:
757:
be reached via a set of stairs built into the walls, which added structural support. The ceiling was flat and may have had a central round
262:
558:
386:
techniques. However, it was not completed until after Aquila's death. An inscription records that Celsus left a large legacy of 25,000
56:
944:
880:
741:
627:
322:
240:
1936:
Smith, R. R. R. "Cultural Choice and
Political Identity in Honorific Portrait Statues in the Greek East in the Second Century A.D."
1280:
1117:
937:
868:
289:
1988:
1738:
Cakir, Ferit. "Structural
Performance Evaluation of Reconstructed Masonry Structure: A Case of Ephesus Celsus Library in Turkey".
570:
1073:
1765:
1475:
F. Hueber, V.M. Strocka, "Die
Bibliothek des Celsus. Eine Prachtfassade in Ephesos und das Problem ihrer Wiederaufrichtung",
986:(1998). "Cultural Choice and Political Identity in Honorific Portrait Statues in the Greek East in the Second Century A.D.".
631:
543:
528:
367:, however there is scholarly debate that this may or may not be true. He was later appointed as proconsul, or governor, of
1241:(Conference, 6–12 May 1995, Getty Conservation Institute), Los Angeles: The Getty Conservation Institute, 1997, pp. 46–47.
452:
2111:
1804:
1795:
988:
2046:
823:
378:
After Celsus' death, his son
Tiberius Julius Aquila Polemaeanus commissioned the library in his father's honor, using
281:, believed to have held around 12,000 scrolls. Celsus is buried in a crypt beneath the library in a decorated marble
2106:
2091:
2066:
1222:
1171:
1146:
1005:
768:
383:
379:
204:
117:
702:
884:
349:
1784:
1754:
948:
860:
395:
391:
338:
317:
713:
655:
261:
The
Library of Celsus is considered an architectural marvel, and is one of the only remaining examples of
788:
portrait features that echo the stylistic choices of the building's façade. The style imitates traits of
424:
century left it in ruins as well. Between 1970 and 1978, a reconstruction campaign was led by the German
904:
758:
368:
274:
248:
37:
1416:"The Celsus Library at Ephesus: Spatial Rhetoric, Literacy, and Hegemony in the Eastern Roman Empire"
1104:
From Croesus to Constantine: the cities of western Asia Minor and their arts in Greek and Roman times
692:
630:, which stood in the central niche of the upper storey of the Celsus Library. It is preserved in the
471:
1494:"Total Quality Management in University Libraries: Middle East Technical University Library Example"
802:
640:
278:
175:
1443:
1391:
1340:
1037:
1029:
313:
300:
by an earthquake in the 10th or 11th century. It lay in ruins for centuries until the façade was
1900:
1894:
288:
The interior of the library and its contents were destroyed in a fire that resulted either from
1868:
1862:
1968:
1949:
1923:
1904:
1872:
1850:
1832:
1647:
1602:
1511:
1435:
1383:
1332:
1276:
1272:
1253:
1113:
1021:
1009:
933:
864:
745:
534:
402:
282:
270:
220:
1109:
1102:
2096:
1594:
1501:
1427:
1375:
1324:
1013:
672:
103:
1811:
1799:
1769:
724:. Several Roman motifs appeared throughout the library, including reliefs fashioned after
697:
680:
664:
495:
475:
705:
and is thus characterized as "scenographic". The columns on the second level flank four
325:
enjoyed a successful military and political career, having served as a commander in the
183:
983:
951:
876:
717:
356:
341:
196:
132:
113:
2035:
1447:
1395:
1344:
1264:
1041:
1001:
856:
785:
725:
425:
252:
93:
1237:
Hartwig Schmidt, 'Reconstruction of Ancient Buildings', in Marta de la Torre (ed.),
892:
806:
364:
360:
334:
266:
232:
136:
1762:
1685:
1415:
1167:
1792:
1431:
1805:
Announcement on the Withdrawal of E8 New Turkish Lira Banknotes from Circulation
1534:
Inside Roman Libraries : Book Collections and Their Management in Antiquity
353:
301:
293:
1547:
1359:
1889:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1-469-63920-8.
1586:
1379:
729:
326:
2017:
2004:
1994:
1598:
1515:
1439:
1387:
1336:
1312:
1025:
1328:
1268:
1218:
997:
900:
896:
244:
1651:
297:
216:
42:
1711:
Inside Roman Libraries: Book Collections and Their Management in Antiquity
1671:
Inside Roman Libraries: Book Collections and Their Management in Antiquity
1629:
Inside Roman Libraries: Book Collections and Their Management in Antiquity
1463:
Inside Roman Libraries: Book Collections and Their Management in Antiquity
1313:"Celsus Library of Ephesus: The Man and the City behind the Famous Façade"
1141:
1887:
nside Roman Libraries: Book Collections and their Management in Antiquity
1673:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 189, 191.
1506:
1493:
684:
676:
668:
491:
438:
406:
212:
1095:
1093:
1788:
1758:
789:
780:
734:
644:
416:
411:
387:
285:. The interior measured roughly 180 square metres (2,000 square feet).
255:
208:
83:
1033:
371:, the Roman province that covered roughly the same area as modern-day
1761:. Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group – Twenty Million Turkish Lira –
1260:
955:
908:
888:
852:
706:
688:
648:
434:
430:
372:
345:
330:
236:
228:
224:
1239:
The Conservation of Archaeological Sites in the Mediterranean Region
1215:
Ephesus After Antiquity: A Late Antique, Byzantine, and Turkish City
809:
banknote of 2001–2005 and of the 20 new lira banknote of 2005–2009.
510:
Statue of Sophia, personification of wisdom in the Library of Celsus
1781:
1751:
1713:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 190.
1631:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 191.
1536:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 189.
1017:
654:
621:
549:
182:
1965:
The Brill's New Pauly Encyclopedia of the Ancient World, volume 7
1791:. Banknote Museum: 8. Emission Group – Twenty New Turkish Lira –
1233:
1231:
675:
stands directly above. The columns on the lower level frame four
1995:
Virtual reconstruction of the Celsus library in Ephesus, Turkey
1644:
The origin and evolution of architectural form of Roman library
1728:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 117.
1575:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 116.
1465:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 193.
1062:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 115.
1360:"Steve Walton, Paul R. Trebilco and David W. J. Gill (eds),
1193:
1191:
1189:
1829:
Etruscan and Roman Architecture: The Pelican History of Art
1991:, Architecture, classical studies, bibliography (Archived)
1209:
1207:
679:
containing statues of female personifications of virtues:
227:. The building was commissioned in the years 110s CE by a
1136:
1134:
1132:
923:
921:
919:
2087:
Buildings and structures demolished in the 3rd century
396:
Roman values of sharing knowledge and growing literacy
2082:
Buildings and structures completed in the 2nd century
1948:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 618–619, 631.
359:
to serve as a consul, the highest elected office in
171:
163:
155:
147:
142:
128:
123:
109:
99:
89:
79:
1252:
1101:
1849:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
849:Dio Chrysostom: Politics, Letters, and Philosophy
728:'s that had never been seen before in Ephesus or
2072:Ancient Roman buildings and structures in Turkey
1201:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, p. 194.
930:Vespasian and the partes Flavianae, Issues 28-31
1899:. London: Cambridge University Press. pp.
363:. He may have been the first Greek to become a
2052:1st-century establishments in the Roman Empire
1199:A Guide to Biblical Sites in Greece and Turkey
875:Nevertheless, in 92 the same office went to a
390:to pay for the library's reading material. In
8:
2062:Ancient Greek archaeological sites in Turkey
1920:The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome
1827:Boethius, Axel; Ward-Perkins, J. B. (1970).
842:
840:
838:
19:
1814:, 8 May 2007. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.
1593:, Routledge, pp. 322–324, 2013-01-11,
235:, Tiberius Julius Aquila Polemaeanus, as a
26:
16:Ancient Greek building in Ephesus, Anatolia
2057:260s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
1740:Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage
1587:"Review in Times Literary Supplement 1929"
1251:Wallace, Richard; Williams, Wynne (1998).
801:The building's façade was depicted on the
269:. It was the third-largest library in the
18:
2102:Former buildings and structures in Turkey
2077:Archaeological sites in the Aegean Region
1505:
663:Flanking the entrances are four pairs of
304:by archaeologists between 1970 and 1978.
187:Façade of the Library of Celsus at sunset
63:
1362:The Urban World and the First Christians
1108:. University of Michigan Press. p.
251:, and completed during the reign of the
215:, today located near the modern town of
2042:130s establishments in the Roman Empire
1831:. Harmondsworth: Penguin. p. 397.
1100:Hanfmann, George Maxim Anossov (1975).
834:
448:
357:eastern provinces of the Roman Republic
348:or Ephesus who belonged to a family of
1782:Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
1752:Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey
1487:
1485:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
899:, he was subsequently to be appointed
819:List of libraries in the ancient world
1940:88 (1998): 56–93. doi:10.2307/300805.
1527:
1525:
498:of knowledge in the Library of Celsus
415:set into niches along the walls held
405:under the reign of the Roman Emperor
7:
1053:
1051:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
958:who became the first eastern consul.
576:Architectural details of the Library
352:, was one of the first men from the
263:great libraries of the ancient world
1967:. Brill Leiden. 2005. p. 502.
1420:Advances in the History of Rhetoric
1074:"Library of Celsus – Lonely Planet"
522:Architectural design of the Library
420:of up to sixteen thousand scrolls.
329:before being elected to serve as a
1946:The Cambridge Ancient History – XI
1255:The Three Worlds of Paul of Tarsus
1197:Clyde E. Fant, Mitchell GReddish,
945:Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus
881:Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus
564:Side view of the Library of Celsus
478:of virtue in the Library of Celsus
458:Side view of the Library of Celsus
401:Celsus' family most likely became
241:Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaeanus
14:
1358:C. Barton, Stephen (2019-02-23).
258:, sometime after Aquila's death.
1686:"Celsus Library, Ephesus Turkey"
605:
593:
581:
569:
557:
542:
527:
515:
503:
483:
463:
451:
62:
55:
36:
1922:. London: Penguin. p. 76.
1772:. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009.
612:Interior walkway of the Library
1867:. London: Routledge. pp.
1847:Libraries in the Ancient World
1726:Libraries in the Ancient World
1573:Libraries in the Ancient World
1060:Libraries in the Ancient World
883:, who belonged to a family of
632:Istanbul Archaeological Museum
1:
1642:Makowiecka, Elżbieta (1978).
659:Plan of the Library of Celsus
151:1903–1904, restored 1970–1978
1938:The Journal of Roman Studies
1918:Scarre, Christopher (1995).
1896:Greek and Roman Architecture
1432:10.1080/15362426.2013.828663
1311:Finley, Susan (2014-01-30).
989:The Journal of Roman Studies
403:citizens of the Roman Empire
1709:Houston, George W. (2014).
1669:Houston, George W. (2014).
1627:Houston, George W. (2014).
1532:Houston, George W. (2014).
1461:Houston, George W. (2001).
1414:Eidson, Diana (July 2013).
824:List of destroyed libraries
737:, Roman goddess of wisdom.
2130:
1885:Houston, George W. 2014. I
1646:. Wydaw-a UW. p. 65.
1223:Cambridge University Press
1172:World History Encyclopedia
1147:World History Encyclopedia
1006:Cambridge University Press
805:of the Turkish 20 million
769:2020 Aegean Sea earthquake
588:Façade roof of the Library
311:
1944:"Greece and Asia Minor".
1380:10.1177/0040571x18817441z
1142:"Celsus Library, Ephesos"
200:
50:
35:
27:
24:
1893:Robertson, D.S. (1964).
1742:15, no. 4 (2022): 1–26.
1599:10.4324/9780203195116-93
1492:Efe, Arzu (2019-05-22).
932:. Steiner. p. 109.
45:of the Library of Celsus
2018:37.939139°N 27.340750°E
1864:Art in the Roman Empire
1861:Grant, Michael (1995).
1845:Casson, Lionel (2001).
1724:Casson, Lionel (2001).
1571:Casson, Lionel (2001).
1329:10.1515/libri-2014-0021
1058:Casson, Lionel (2001).
861:Oxford University Press
761:to provide more light.
600:Interior of the Library
318:Greece in the Roman era
733:have suggested it was
703:ancient Greek theatres
660:
635:
205:ancient Roman building
188:
159:Volker Michael Strocka
928:Nicols, John (1978).
847:Swain, Simon (2002).
775:Portraiture of Celsus
658:
625:
392:Ancient Roman culture
273:behind only those of
201:Βιβλιοθήκη του Κέλσου
186:
167:partly restored ruins
148:Excavation dates
28:Βιβλιοθήκη του Κέλσου
2023:37.939139; 27.340750
1507:10.15612/bd.2019.733
744:'s decorated marble
691:(intelligence), and
337:in 92 CE. Celsus, a
2112:Libraries in Turkey
2014: /
1479:6 (1975), pp. 3 ss.
1168:"Library of Celsus"
984:Smith, Roland R. R.
947:(PIR2 J 260) was a
740:A crypt containing
626:A marble statue of
296:in 262 CE, and the
176:Archaeological site
71:Shown within Turkey
21:
2047:135 establishments
1810:2009-04-22 at the
1798:2009-02-24 at the
1768:2008-11-22 at the
673:Corinthian columns
661:
636:
314:Classical Anatolia
189:
172:Public access
2092:Defunct libraries
2067:Ancient libraries
1974:978-90-04-12259-8
1963:"Library, Rome".
1955:978-0-521-26335-1
1929:978-0-14-051329-5
1910:978-0-521-09452-8
1878:978-0-415-12031-9
1855:978-0-300-09721-4
1838:978-0-300-05290-9
1608:978-0-203-19511-6
1548:"Ephesus Library"
1010:The Roman Society
716:and the other in
665:Composite columns
271:Greco-Roman world
237:funerary monument
193:Library of Celsus
181:
180:
20:Library of Celsus
2119:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
1978:
1959:
1933:
1914:
1882:
1842:
1815:
1779:
1773:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1552:www.kusadasi.biz
1544:
1538:
1537:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1509:
1489:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1411:
1400:
1399:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1308:
1291:
1290:
1258:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1226:
1211:
1202:
1195:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1138:
1127:
1126:
1107:
1097:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1046:
1045:
980:
961:
960:
925:
914:
913:
844:
609:
597:
585:
573:
561:
546:
531:
519:
507:
487:
467:
455:
202:
104:National library
66:
65:
59:
40:
30:
29:
22:
2129:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2032:
2031:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1989:classics.uc.edu
1985:
1975:
1962:
1956:
1943:
1930:
1917:
1911:
1892:
1879:
1860:
1839:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1812:Wayback Machine
1803:
1800:Wayback Machine
1780:
1776:
1770:Wayback Machine
1750:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1556:
1554:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1474:
1470:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1413:
1412:
1403:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1310:
1309:
1294:
1283:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1229:
1225:, 1979, p. 134.
1212:
1205:
1196:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1140:
1139:
1130:
1120:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1057:
1056:
1049:
982:
981:
964:
940:
927:
926:
917:
891:; entering the
885:priests of Rome
871:
846:
845:
836:
832:
815:
799:
777:
620:
613:
610:
601:
598:
589:
586:
577:
574:
565:
562:
553:
547:
538:
532:
523:
520:
511:
508:
499:
496:personification
488:
479:
476:personification
468:
459:
456:
447:
350:priests of Rome
320:
312:Main articles:
310:
294:Gothic invasion
265:located in the
239:for his father
75:
74:
73:
72:
69:
68:
67:
46:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2107:İzmir Province
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2034:
2033:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1984:
1983:External links
1981:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1960:
1954:
1941:
1934:
1928:
1915:
1909:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1858:
1843:
1837:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1787:2009-06-03 at
1774:
1757:2009-06-03 at
1744:
1731:
1716:
1701:
1690:www.ephesus.us
1676:
1661:
1634:
1619:
1607:
1578:
1563:
1539:
1521:
1481:
1468:
1453:
1426:(2): 189–217.
1401:
1374:(2): 152–154.
1350:
1292:
1281:
1243:
1227:
1203:
1185:
1174:. 22 July 2018
1159:
1128:
1118:
1089:
1065:
1047:
1018:10.2307/300805
962:
954:of Ephesus or
938:
915:
869:
863:. p. 57.
833:
831:
828:
827:
826:
821:
814:
811:
798:
795:
776:
773:
619:
616:
615:
614:
611:
604:
602:
599:
592:
590:
587:
580:
578:
575:
568:
566:
563:
556:
554:
548:
541:
539:
533:
526:
524:
521:
514:
512:
509:
502:
500:
489:
482:
480:
469:
462:
460:
457:
450:
446:
443:
354:Greek-speaking
309:
306:
221:İzmir Province
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
157:
156:Archaeologists
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
140:
139:
130:
126:
125:
121:
120:
114:Ancient Greece
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
81:
77:
76:
70:
61:
60:
54:
53:
52:
51:
48:
47:
41:
33:
32:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2125:
2124:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2030:
2027:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1623:
1620:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1591:D.H. Lawrence
1588:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1567:
1564:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1498:Bilgi Dünyasi
1495:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1363:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:Roman consul.
1284:
1282:9780415135917
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1119:9780472084203
1115:
1111:
1106:
1105:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1079:
1078:Lonely Planet
1075:
1069:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:on behalf of
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:
985:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
963:
959:
957:
953:
950:
946:
941:
939:9783515023931
935:
931:
924:
922:
920:
916:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:hailing from
886:
882:
878:
872:
870:9780199255214
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
843:
841:
839:
835:
829:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
812:
810:
808:
804:
797:Commemoration
796:
794:
791:
787:
782:
774:
772:
770:
765:
762:
760:
755:
750:
747:
743:
738:
736:
731:
727:
726:Julius Caesar
723:
719:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
699:
694:
690:
687:(knowledge),
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
657:
653:
652:latticework.
650:
646:
642:
633:
629:
624:
617:
608:
603:
596:
591:
584:
579:
572:
567:
560:
555:
551:
545:
540:
536:
530:
525:
518:
513:
506:
501:
497:
493:
486:
481:
477:
473:
466:
461:
454:
449:
444:
442:
440:
436:
432:
427:
426:archaeologist
421:
418:
414:
413:
408:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
365:Roman senator
362:
361:Imperial Rome
358:
355:
351:
347:
343:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
319:
315:
307:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:an earthquake
286:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
254:
253:Roman Emperor
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
198:
194:
185:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
138:
134:
131:
127:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
58:
49:
44:
39:
34:
23:
2009:27°20′26.7″E
2006:37°56′20.9″N
1999:
1964:
1945:
1937:
1919:
1895:
1886:
1863:
1846:
1828:
1777:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1725:
1719:
1710:
1704:
1693:. Retrieved
1689:
1684:Ephesus.us.
1679:
1670:
1664:
1655:
1643:
1637:
1628:
1622:
1612:, retrieved
1590:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:
1542:
1533:
1497:
1476:
1471:
1462:
1456:
1423:
1419:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1353:
1320:
1316:
1286:
1254:
1246:
1238:
1214:
1213:Clive Foss,
1198:
1176:. Retrieved
1162:
1151:. Retrieved
1145:
1123:
1103:
1081:. Retrieved
1077:
1068:
1059:
993:
987:
943:
929:
874:
848:
800:
778:
766:
763:
753:
751:
739:
722:frons scenae
721:
711:
696:
667:elevated on
662:
637:
618:Architecture
422:
410:
400:
377:
335:Roman Empire
321:
287:
267:Roman Empire
260:
233:Roman Empire
192:
190:
118:Ancient Rome
110:Part of
2021: /
1477:Antike Welt
786:Hellenizing
746:sarcophagus
671:. A set of
552:inscription
537:inscription
535:Greco-Roman
283:sarcophagus
223:of western
2036:Categories
1821:References
1695:2016-10-10
1614:2022-12-01
1557:2016-10-10
1271:. p.
1153:2016-10-02
1083:2016-10-10
767:After the
730:Asia Minor
683:(wisdom),
490:Statue of
470:Statue of
344:native of
327:Roman army
302:re-erected
275:Alexandria
143:Site notes
1793:I. Series
1763:I. Series
1516:2148-354X
1448:145725492
1440:1536-2426
1396:171567979
1388:0040-571X
1345:143810504
1337:1865-8423
1269:Routledge
1219:Cambridge
1178:13 August
1042:154880233
1026:0075-4358
1012:: 56–93.
998:Cambridge
949:Romanized
901:proconsul
897:Vespasian
830:Footnotes
790:Hadrianic
781:cuirassed
701:found in
677:aediculae
669:pedestals
339:Romanized
245:proconsul
243:, former
219:, in the
164:Condition
1808:Archived
1796:Archived
1785:Archived
1766:Archived
1755:Archived
1657:library.
1368:Theology
1265:New York
1002:New York
857:New York
813:See also
685:Episteme
643:leaves,
641:acanthus
494:, Greek
492:Episteme
474:, Greek
439:Istanbul
407:Tiberius
333:for the
279:Pergamum
213:Anatolia
203:) is an
129:Cultures
80:Location
2097:Ephesus
1901:289–290
1789:WebCite
1759:WebCite
1652:5099783
803:reverse
754:armaria
735:Minerva
645:scrolls
445:Gallery
431:museums
417:papyrus
412:armaria
388:denarii
308:History
256:Hadrian
231:of the
209:Ephesus
124:History
84:Ephesus
1971:
1952:
1926:
1907:
1875:
1853:
1835:
1650:
1605:
1514:
1446:
1438:
1394:
1386:
1343:
1335:
1279:
1261:London
1116:
1040:
1034:300805
1032:
1024:
956:Sardis
936:
909:Trajan
907:under
895:under
893:Senate
889:Sardis
867:
853:Oxford
759:oculus
742:Celsus
689:Ennoia
681:Sophia
649:fasces
647:, and
628:Celsus
435:Vienna
373:Turkey
346:Sardis
331:consul
323:Celsus
298:façade
229:consul
225:Turkey
217:Selçuk
94:Aegean
90:Region
43:Façade
1869:48–50
1444:S2CID
1392:S2CID
1341:S2CID
1323:(3).
1317:Libri
1038:S2CID
1030:JSTOR
952:Greek
877:Greek
718:Latin
714:Greek
707:podia
698:skene
693:Arete
550:Latin
472:Arete
384:Roman
380:Greek
342:Greek
292:or a
197:Greek
137:Roman
133:Greek
1969:ISBN
1950:ISBN
1924:ISBN
1905:ISBN
1873:ISBN
1851:ISBN
1833:ISBN
1648:OCLC
1603:ISBN
1512:ISSN
1436:ISSN
1384:ISSN
1333:ISSN
1277:ISBN
1263:and
1180:2020
1114:ISBN
1022:ISSN
1000:and
934:ISBN
905:Asia
865:ISBN
855:and
807:lira
779:The
437:and
382:and
369:Asia
316:and
277:and
249:Asia
191:The
100:Type
1595:doi
1502:doi
1428:doi
1376:doi
1372:122
1325:doi
1273:106
1014:doi
903:of
433:in
247:of
207:in
2038::
1903:.
1871:.
1688:.
1654:.
1601:,
1589:,
1550:.
1524:^
1510:.
1500:.
1496:.
1484:^
1442:.
1434:.
1424:16
1422:.
1418:.
1404:^
1390:.
1382:.
1370:.
1366:.
1339:.
1331:.
1321:64
1319:.
1315:.
1295:^
1285:.
1275:.
1267::
1259:.
1230:^
1221::
1217:,
1206:^
1188:^
1170:.
1144:.
1131:^
1122:.
1112:.
1110:65
1092:^
1076:.
1050:^
1036:.
1028:.
1020:.
1004::
996:.
994:88
992:.
965:^
942:.
918:^
879:,
873:.
859::
851:.
837:^
398:.
211:,
199::
135:,
116:,
1977:.
1958:.
1932:.
1913:.
1881:.
1857:.
1841:.
1802:.
1698:.
1597::
1560:.
1518:.
1504::
1450:.
1430::
1398:.
1378::
1364:"
1347:.
1327::
1182:.
1156:.
1086:.
1044:.
1016::
634:.
195:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
