413:, classes were still held and new people came to the university instead of professors and students who left for evacuation or went to fight on the front. In the winter of 1941, classes were held in unheated rooms, and everyone who was able had to be on duty on the roofs and attics of university buildings, saving them from incendiary bombs. In 1941–1943, she served as head of the Department of General Chemistry, and in 1942, for some time, served as head of the Department of Inorganic Chemistry. The Department of General Chemistry managed to organize the production of various special substances necessary for the front. Under the leadership of Liepiņa, an industrial method was developed for the production of one of the varieties of active
273:(organic chemistry), Alexander Reformatsky (inorganic and analytical chemistry), Sergey Krapivin (physical chemistry). In accordance with the rules imposed by the Ministry of Public Education at that time, unmarried girls had to submit the permission of their fathers to enter the courses. Lidija was very lucky because her father had nothing against her education, while many girls of her age had to argue with their families, who did not understand their desire to continue education.
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Liepiņa "Adsorption of
Electrolytes and Molecular Forces" was published in 1919 in the "Bulletin of the Lomonosov Physicochemical Society". The work was devoted to adsorption from solutions on activated charcoal and was associated with research by the same front-line laboratory. At the same time, Lidija did a little work on the adsorption of cholesterol on charcoal. The study was associated with the problem of the genesis of
345:. She was the first woman teacher in this school. Throughout Lidjia's life, her criterion of success was not the official positions that she received, but her scientific ideas and publications. Her first work - the article about adsorbtion, that she done together with Nikolay Shilov, was published in Russia in 1919 and in German in 1920. Another joint work that Lidija herself considered significant was the study of
647:. After the end of the war, Liepiņa became the founder of the school of corrosionists in Riga. She also was engaged in establishing the laws of corrosion at elevated temperatures and studying the properties of protective coatings. She found out how colloidal-chemical factors affect the inhibition of metal corrosion processes and established kinetic patterns during the oxidation of metals in solutions.
429:. It has been widely used in chemical industries for the absorption of water vapor and as a carrier for catalysts. About 300 kilograms (661 pounds) of this compound was made directly in the laboratory of the university. At the same time, the department successfully completed work on the search for non-deficient wood raw materials to obtain
253:, Liepiņa was required to complete the eighth level of the gymnasium and receive the title of "home tutor". She completed her studies on May 30, 1909, and was certified as a "home tutor of the Russian language and literature, mathematics and French". At the same time, she entered the physics and mathematics department of the
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A significant part of Liepiņa 's works is about the mechanism of reactions between metals and water. In the course of her research, the hydride theory (1955-1959) was formulated, which subsequently received further development. According to this theory, in the first stage of the reaction between the
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Most of the early scientific works of Lidija Liepiņa were carried out in collaboration with
Nikolay Shilov. The work of their front-line laboratory had both practical and theoretical significance. They made it possible to formulate the main provisions of the theory of the action of the gas mask, and
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For all the years of his fruitful activity, Lidija has traveled abroad many times to participate in international conferences and congresses of chemists in
Germany, England and Italy. By the end of her career, she had written, or co-written over 210 scientific papers, and in 1971, she was awarded a
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and got a new job at the
Russian Research Chemical Institute at Moscow State University. In this institute she performed work in the field of the phenomenon of the distribution of solutes between two solvents. Liepiņa joined the new Military Academy for Chemical Protection in 1932, where she became
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as an adsorbent against chlorine. This order was deciphered as it was a provocation by the
Germans. In addition, analytical work was set in the laboratory - for example, establishing the composition of the substances used by the Germans. The laboratory was well equipped and after the revolution was
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began around the same time. According to Lydia's student Janis
Stradins, "this was caused by the solution of practical problems in the protection of aircraft from corrosion, the search for effective inhibitors. Thus, the solution of the defense problem and for the second time in her life it led
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layer. Due to their defensive significance, these data were published only 12 years later, in 1929, in the
Journal of the Russian Physicochemical Society. The revealed patterns formed the basis of the theory of filtering devices and the theory of chromatography. The first scientific article by
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495:). In the period from 1946 to 1958 she served as deputy director of the institute, as a director of the institute between 1958 and 1959, and as a head of the Laboratory of Physical Chemistry in 1959–1960. Since 1960 she had been a senior researcher at the same institute.
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311:. Lidija and Nikolay Shilov were credited for creating the first Russian gas mask, though poor-quality prototypes existed before their work. She would later publish her notes on their works around 1919 which she called the "Theory of Dynamic Adsorption".
610:, which arose in 1926–1927. Since 1933, the main subject of her research has been the synthesis and study of the structure of complex compounds. In 1932, Liepiņa carried out a number of works concerning the distribution of solutes between two solvents.
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Her research team at the
Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR developed recommendations on the protection of metal structures from corrosion, which were used in the construction of the
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from the air stream were formulated and the mechanism of this process was proposed; the first quantitative expression of its dynamics was also found, linking the effectiveness of the gas mask with the thickness of the
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159:. Most of the works are devoted to the study of the mechanism of processes occurring at the interface between a solid and the environment. She was engaged in study of adsorption, various surface phenomena,
294:. This laboratory was organized in the fall of 1915 and was headed by the famous physical chemist - Professor Nikolay Shilov. The laboratory was in a train boxcar. Employees investigated the quality of
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to become a pianist. The final choice about the profession was not made by Lidija, so for a few years, she studied both before finally choosing chemistry over music, though she was a skilled pianist.
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at the
University of Berlin, she completed a series of works on the synthesis and study of the properties of inorganic oxygen-free nitrogen compounds. During this trip she met the Nobel laureate
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of Lubov
Rzhevskaya and then graduated in 1908 with a gold medal for her academic excellence. By 1908, the admission of girls to universities in Russia was again suspended. To enter the
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From the October 1922 to February 1923, she made a number of trips to Germany to work in the laboratories of the greatest scientists of the time. She also visited laboratories of the
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Certificate of honor "For the merits and development of chromatography for the benefit of mankind" of the Scientific Council of Chromatography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
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In November 1917, she passed a qualifying exam that allowed her to work in research institutions, as well as teach in higher educational institutions. After that she began teaching
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The choice of a future profession was difficult for Lidija because, during the period of her admission to science courses, she began to get involved in music. Citing the example of
206:, Russia to a Latvian father, Karl Ivanovich Lepin (Kārlis Liepiņš) (1864–1942), and a Russian mother, Ekaterina Alekseevna Shelkovskaya (1867-1956). Karl Lepin graduated from the
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By the early 1950s, Lidija had published over 60 scientific papers, and in 1951, she became the first of the Latvian chemists elected as an academician of the
1181:Лепинь Л.К. (1967). "Некоторые итоги работ за 20 лет в области химии металлов и их коррозии" (in Russian) (8) (Изв. АН ЛатвССР. Сер. хим. ed.): 3–11.
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department. In 1934, she was awarded the title of professor as the first woman to be awarded a professorship, and in 1937, she was awarded the degree of
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706:Лепинь, Лидия Карловна; Шилов, Николай Александрович; Вознесенским, Лидия Карловна (1929). "К вопросу об адсорбции постороннего газа из тока воздуха".
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On July 1, 1946, Lidija Liepiņa also started working at the Institute of Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR (later is called the I
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1007:Страдынь Я. П. (1981). "Жизненный путь и научная деятельность Лидии Карловны Лепинь" (in Russian) (1) (Изв. АН ЛатвССР. Сер. Хим ed.): 3–11.
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Lidija Liepiņa to a new direction: after the end of the war she was destined to become the founder of the school of corrosionists in Riga".
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substances was developed, and documentation on their use was compiled. For all her work during the Great Patriotic War, she was awarded the
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Lidija Karlovna Liepiņa connected the beginning of her independent scientific activity with the laboratory of inorganic synthesis at the
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746:Лепинь, Лидия Карловна (1949). "Коллоидно-химические явления на поверхности металлов и торможении коррозии в солевых растворах. Сообщ".
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484:. In August 1945, Professor Liepiņa was awarded an academic pension for merit in the field of chemical science in the amount of 300
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1227:Лепинь Л.К. (1978). "О гидридном механизме реакции металл+вода" (in Russian) (2) (Изв. АН ЛатвССР. Сер. хим. ed.): 152–157.
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The end of the 1930s - the beginning of the 1940s included a series of studies on the mechanism of coagulation of hydrophobic
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were used instead of mechanical cleaning of rust. These studies were awarded the State Prize of the Latvian SSR in 1970.
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1149:Страдынь Я.П. (1986). "Памяти академика Л.К. Лепинь" (in Russian) (2) (Изв. АН ЛатвССР. Сер. хим. ed.): 131–137.
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In 1972 she retired and stayed to live with her sister in Riga. Lidija Liepiņa died in Riga on September 4, 1985, in
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144:; 4 April 1891 – 4 September 1985) was a Latvian physical chemist, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the
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Liepiņa published in both the USSR and in Latvia. Throughout the 1950s, she had many articles published in the
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For some unknown reasons, Lidija missed the 1914 school year and returned to her study in September 1915.
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In 1902, according to the results of her entry exam, she entered the second level of the Private Female
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was installed in Riga, at house No.5 on Terbatas Street, where Lidija Liepina lived from 1945 to 1985.
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after a state funeral which was attended by senior officers of the Soviet Armed Forces and scientists.
851:Кадек В. М., Локенбах А. К. (1981). "Лидия Карловна Лепинь (к 90-летию со дня рождения" (in Russian).
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733:Лепинь, Лидия Карловна (1940). "Поверхностные соединения и поверхностные химические реакции".
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for many years of scientific and pedagogical activity. In 1962, she was honored by the
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Lidija received her first scientific experience in a military field laboratory on the
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She received many awards for her research contributions including induction into the
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was established. At the Department of General Chemistry, on the instructions of the
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409:. Even though the university was officially evacuated in the summer of 1941 due to
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1214:Профессора Московского университета. 1755-2004: Биографический словарь. Том 1: А-Л
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with a first-degree diploma. Her thesis was devoted to the catalytic breakdown of
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was listed as the head of this work, in fact it was directed by Nikolay Shilov.
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Moscow State University of Fine Chemical Technologies named after M.V. Lomonosov
701:(in Russian). Moskva: Izdanie tehniko-èkonomič. soveta bumažnoj promyšlennosti.
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759:Лепинь, Лидия Карловна (1954). "О кинетике взаимодействия металлов с водой".
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nstitute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Latvian SSR
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phenomena. In 1938, in one of her works, Lidija Liepiņa suggested that the
502:. She worked at the University of Latvia until 1958, then got a job in the
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Moscow Higher Technical School (Bauman Moscow State Technical University)
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Investigations of surface reactions have been continued in the study of
298:- in particular, the processes and efficiency of absorption of gases by
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special diploma from the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Education.
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722:Неорганический синтез. Введение в препаративную неорганическую химию
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Heuser, Emil; Liepiņa, Lidija; Šilov, Nikolaj Aleksandrovič (1923).
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is located. For summertime, her father sent her to his relatives to
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used in extinguishing fires. The production of foaming agents from
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and then in Novgorod provinces. Lately, he managed the estates of
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Latvijas PSR Zinātn̦u akadēmija. Fundamentālā bibliotēka (1961).
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Diploma of the Ministry of Higher and Secondary Education (1971).
975:"Московский период творчества Лидии Карловны Лепинь (1891–1985)"
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Academic staff of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
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are explained precisely by the formation of surface compounds.
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Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
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265:). These courses were taught by such outstanding chemists as
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Her research interests spanned several areas of physical and
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and other prominent chemists. In 1929, in the laboratory of
1296:(in Latvian). Latvijas PSR Zinatņu Akademijas Izdevnieciba.
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Academic staff of Bauman Moscow State Technical University
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accepting the position of professor at the Department of
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where she created the Department of Physical Chemistry.
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On September 29, 1917, Lidija Lepina graduated from the
1076:Волков, В.А.; Вонский, Е.В.; Кузнецова, Г.И. (1991).
887:
Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey; Harvey, Joy Dorothy (2000).
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Medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War."
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Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic Academy of Sciences
1122:Московский университет в Великой Отечественной войне
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The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science: L-Z
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Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
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Academicians of the Latvian SSR Academy of Sciences
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451:Medal For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War
108:helped test and improve the first Russian gas mask
1366:Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
341:. In 1920, Liepiņa also started teaching at the
1262:(in Russian). Russian Academic Dictionary. 2009
1102:. Riga, Latvia: Riga Technical University. 2011
985:. Riga Latvia: Riga Technical University: 44–52
979:Scientific Journal of Riga Technical University
210:in St. Petersburg and worked in the forests of
690:Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences
468:. Until the end of 1946, she combined work in
464:In 1945, Lidija was offered a position at the
728:(in Russian). Москва: Гос. хим.-техн. изд-во.
572:later to improve the design of the activated
198:Lidija Liepiņa was born on 4 April (March 22
8:
786:and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal (1965).
576:. In addition, the main regularities of gas
1341:Academic staff of Riga Technical University
1061:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
855:(4) (Журн. физ. химии ed.): 1097–1099.
1346:Academic staff of the University of Latvia
1080:(in Russian). Moscow, Russia: Высшая школа
602:Studies of Surface and Corrosion Phenomena
29:
18:
1331:Academic staff of Moscow State University
1293:Akademiķe Lidija Liepiņa biobibliografija
1100:"Publikācija: Latvian Women in Chemistry"
1039:Физическая химия Том 1 Издание 4 (1935).
667:Studies of Reactions of Metals with Water
376:Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
339:Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
547:at the age of 94. She was buried in the
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374:In 1930, she left her position in the
1126:Издательство Московского университета
923:Тюнина, Эрика; Чухин, Сергей (2010).
632:of metals and the poor solubility of
574:charcoal gas mask of Kummant-Zelinsky
521:. In 1965, she was granted the title
322:with sulfonaphthenic acids. Although
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927:(in Russian). Latvia: Русские Латвии
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476:, and in 1946, she finally moved to
387:without defending a thesis from the
395:and studied the surface phenomena.
1043:(in Russian). Справочник химика 21
441:, a recipe for the preparation of
216:Prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn
14:
791:Order of the Red Banner of Labour
608:Moscow State Technical University
519:Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic
511:Order of the Red Banner of Labour
509:In 1960, Liepiņa was awarded the
309:Russian State Agrarian University
184:Order of the Red Banner of Labour
1391:Burials at Forest Cemetery, Riga
1371:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
439:People's Commissariat of Defense
218:. Lidija spend her childhood in
782:, with the presentation of the
657:Riga Hydroelectric Power Plants
402:, Lidija Liepiņa worked at the
389:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
316:Moscow Higher Courses for Women
255:Moscow Higher Courses for Women
251:Moscow Higher Courses for Women
133:[ˈli.di.jaˈli͡ɛ.pi.ɲa]
1:
1321:20th-century women scientists
805:for research in the field of
659:. Before painting the metal,
549:First Forest Cemetery of Riga
1260:"Лепинь, Лидия Карловна это"
349:that was made in 1923–1924.
234:, where today the museum of
163:processes, and formation of
172:Latvian Academy of Sciences
1407:
1361:Heroes of Socialist Labour
1356:Moscow Conservatory alumni
748:Известия АН Латвийской ССР
672:metal and water, unstable
708:Журнал Русского физ.-хим.
692:. Some of her works are:
504:Riga Technical University
141:
28:
1078:"Выдающиеся химики мира"
893:. Taylor & Francis.
780:Hero of Socialist Labour
523:Hero of Socialist Labour
398:By the beginning of the
176:Hero of Socialist Labour
117:Hero of Socialist Labour
16:Latvian physical chemist
1216:. М.: Изд-во МГУ. 2005.
973:Вавилова, С.И. (2012).
404:Moscow State University
1381:Latvian women chemists
1240:Cite journal requires
1194:Cite journal requires
1162:Cite journal requires
1020:Cite journal requires
868:Cite journal requires
719:Лепинь, Л. К. (1932).
714:(7). Часть химическая.
212:Governorate of Livonia
129:Latvian pronunciation:
1386:Soviet women chemists
1285:WorldCat Publications
224:urban-type settlement
142:Лидия Карловна Лепинь
466:University of Latvia
407:Faculty of Chemistry
347:electrode potentials
801:State Prize of the
641:Great Patriotic War
527:"Hammer and Sickle"
400:Great Patriotic War
393:colloidal chemistry
335:inorganic chemistry
307:transferred to the
282:Moscow conservatory
157:colloidal chemistry
1041:"Лепинь адсорбция"
482:Physical Chemistry
385:Doctor of Sciences
259:October Revolution
208:Forestry Institute
1135:978-5-19-011499-7
900:978-0-415-92040-7
773:Awards and titles
617:with mixtures of
381:colloid chemistry
278:Alexander Borodin
236:Alexander Pushkin
220:Bolshiye Vyazyomy
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735:Успехи химии
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82:Soviet Union
68:(1985-09-04)
48:4 April 1891
1316:1985 deaths
1311:1891 births
1266:21 November
1106:21 November
1084:21 November
1047:21 November
989:20 November
931:20 November
803:Latvian SSR
630:passivation
596:cholesterol
445:and highly
357:Fritz Haber
257:(after the
202:) 1891, in
146:Latvian SSR
100:Lydia Lepin
89:Nationality
78:Latvian SSR
1305:Categories
823:References
678:hydroxides
567:Adsorption
530:gold medal
415:silica gel
331:analytical
186:, and The
44:1891-04-04
807:corrosion
645:corrosion
626:corrosion
525:with the
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447:flammable
443:explosive
296:gas masks
247:Gymnasium
194:Biography
161:corrosion
1128:. 2020.
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582:charcoal
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165:hydrides
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261:, the
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726:(PDF)
1268:2015
1246:help
1200:help
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1130:ISBN
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