1259:
1385:
501:
370:
685:
4558:
836:
317:
30:
921:
1354:
987:
1441:. Prince Alois was initially sympathetic to the proposal, but he became neutral during the run-up to the vote. Instead, a government-sponsored counter proposal was ratified. In 2011, Alois announced he would veto any relaxing of the ban on abortion in Liechtenstein, which was an subject for referendum later that year. Such a veto was not necessary, however, as the voters rejected the proposal.
969:
opponents, and most VBDL members were arrested or fled. No German invasion took place as it was blocked by Hitler's orders following intervention by Alois Vogt. It was is not exactly known why Hitler decided to not intervene in the coup, though it has been speculated that he had little interest in
Liechtenstein, and that he did not want to provoke a war with Switzerland. This led to the
133:
2965:
1030:, these were never implemented and Liechtenstein's neutrality was not violated during the war. In 1943, at the request of both the Progressive Citizens' Party and Patriotic Union, Franz Joseph extended the government's term indefinitely while there was ongoing threat from Nazi Germany, primarily to prevent the (VDBL) from gaining seats in the
448:. The aim of the revolution was to improve the economic and political situation of ordinary citizens in Liechtenstein, primarily fuelled by the worsening economy in the country in the years prior. On 22 March 1848, the people's committee appointed a three-person committee to lead the Liechtenstein revolutionary movement, which included
3827:
1049:, a Liechtenstein citizen who became an agent for the Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle was sentenced to death for treason against Switzerland in March 1944. Despite efforts by Quaderer's sister and mother to have him pardoned, such as pleading to Franz Joseph for a private audience, they were denied, and he was
1399:
on 16 March 2003, Prince Hans-Adam, who had threatened to leave the country if he lost, won a large majority (64.3%) in favour of overhauling the constitution to effectively give him more powers than any other
European monarch. The new constitution gave the prince the right to dismiss governments and
1325:
over the dispute and appoint an acting Prime
Minister in his place. In response, approximately 2000 people demonstrated in front of the government house in Vaduz. In the same day, the government and Hans-Adam II negotiated and came to an agreement that scheduled the referendum after the corresponding
611:
imposed an economic embargo on
Liechtenstein in 1916. The country faced economic devastation and food shortages as a result due to the lack of natural resources, which increased smuggling within the country significantly and forced the country to reduce its reliance on Austria-Hungary and seek closer
467:
Following the revolution, a constitutional council was elected on 27 July 1848 in response to popular demand from the revolutionaries, of which Schädler was elected as its president. The primary task of the council was the creation the draft for a new
Liechtenstein constitution, of which the work was
579:
interned
Liechtensteiners and partially confiscated their assets. As a result, the Liechtenstein government made various declarations that the country was neutral and a separate entity from Austria-Hungary. Foreign citizens living in Liechtenstein were conscripted into the armies of their respective
512:
of 1866, Prince Johann II placed his soldiers at the disposal of the
Confederation but only to “defend the German territory of Tyrol”. However, the Landtag had not been consulted regarding the deployment and the war was unpopular among the population, as such it faced resistance from the Landtag. As
1329:
As a result, the 1923 customs union treaty between
Liechtenstein and Switzerland was now compromised, and was no longer viable due to conflicting interests regarding accession to the EEA. In 1994, the treaty was revised to allow for greater freedom for Liechtenstein in defining its foreign policy.
1170:
After World War II, the country's low taxes have spurred strong economic growth. Liechtenstein became increasingly important as a financial center. In dire financial straits following the war, the
Liechtenstein dynasty often resorted to selling family artistic treasures, including for instance the
521:
in the south of
Liechtenstein to defend the Liechtenstein/Austrian border against attacks by the Italians under Garibaldi. A reserve of 20 men remained in Liechtenstein at Vaduz Castle. When the war ended on 22 July, the army of Liechtenstein marched home to a ceremonial welcome in Vaduz. Popular
812:
within Liechtenstein. Most notably, German film directors and theatre managers Fritz and Alfred Rotter with a Jewish background were naturalized in Liechtenstein in 1931. Following German press and demands for their extradition local Liechtenstein Nazis used the event to kidnap the two men and
916:
was only used to distribute a roughly equal number of seats in the Landtag between the two parties, as such it became known as the "silent election" as no actual voting took place. This was primarily due to both parties desire to not hold an election campaign period that would jeopardize the
968:
and seize control of the government, which was hoped would cause clashes between them and the government. German troops from Feldkirch would then move into Liechtenstein in response to a call for help and incorporate the country into Germany. The plan failed however, as they were stopped by
600:
956:
in which they discussed safeguarding Liechtenstein's independence and neutrality while maintaining good relations. Franz Joseph later reminisced on the visit and stated that Hitler showed little interest in them and that it only took place in order to "flatter Hitler's ego".
2973:
1202:
previously refusing to do so in November 1948, the transfer was approved by the Landtag of Liechtenstein the following month. In exchange to the transfer, Switzerland agreed to forgive much of Liechtenstein's debt that it had acquired to the country throughout World War II.
3824:
288:
in 1712. This Prince of Liechtenstein had wide landholdings in Austria, Bohemia and Moravia, but none of his lands were held directly from the Emperor. Thus, the prince was barred from entry to the Council of Princes and the prestige and influence that would entail.
484:
and the constitutional council was reformed again led by Karl Schädler, once again tasked with drafting a new constitution, of which, similarly to 1848, he did most of the work. The draft was reviewed by an unknown German legal expert and formed the basis of the
887:, to be democratically elected into power via funding from Germany, then it would end the customs union with Switzerland and align towards Germany, leading to an eventual annexation of Liechtenstein into Germany. The plans were reportedly supported by
1132:
of 1938. During the war, Liechtenstein's princely family owned land in Austria whose managers hired Nazi forced labor, but a much later inquiry found the family not to have known about this. The expropriations (subject to modern legal dispute at the
522:
legend claims that 80 men went to war but 81 came back. Though it is disputed who this person was, apparently an Austrian liaison officer joined up with the contingent on the way back, whereas it has also been claimed that it was an Italian farmer.
155:
lost its duke in 1268 and was never restored, all vassals of the duchy became immediate vassals of the Imperial Throne (as has happened in much of Westphalia when the duchy of Saxons was divided and partially dissolved in aftermath of the defeat of
1214:
ideologically, politically and economically. The nuclear threat has led to the expansion of civil defence since the 1960s in Liechtenstein. In 1964–1965, the Liechtenstein government built a command bunker with protection against nuclear bombs in
906:
while there was ongoing threat from Nazi Germany, and more importantly, prevent the VBDL from gaining any seats within the Landtag. A compromise for the coalition was to introduce a proportional representation to the country, despite it being
479:
After the failure of the German revolutions, Aloys II once again instated absolute power over Liechtenstein on 20 July 1852 and disbanded the district council. However, calls for a new constitution once again appeared early in the reign of
525:
The German Confederation dissolved in 1866. In combination with its unpopularity among the population and the rising cost to maintain it, Liechtenstein disbanded its army of 80 men on 12 February 1868 and declared its permanent
1341:'s second term, the coalition government that had existed between the Progressive Citizens' Party and Patriotic Union since 1938 was dissolved, marking the first time either party had been in opposition to each other since.
977:
organisation designed to oppose the actions of the VBDL that was formed earlier in the year, to heighten its operations and launch a signature campaign reaffirming Liechtenstein's independence, which gained 2492 signatures.
431:
granted a constitution, although it was limited in its nature. 1818 also saw the first visit of a member of the house of Liechtenstein, Prince Alois. However, the first visit by a sovereign prince did not occur until 1842.
4384:
2029:
1763:
2316:"Le Conseil fédéral confirme le souhait de la Principauté de représenter ses intérêts à l'étranger et propose la création d'une commission mixte pour élaborer les modalités des futures relations bilatérales"
911:
three years prior. It was introduced unanimously on 18 January 1939. Shortly after, Franz Joseph, in agreement with both parties, disbanded the Landtag and called for new elections. However, the subsequent
1076:
sent a delegation to Liechtenstein in an attempt to repatriate the Russians, which was refused despite increasing Soviet pressure to participate in the repatriation program. Eventually the government of
612:
economic ties with Switzerland. By 1916 all food deliveries from Austria-Hungary had ceased, which forced Liechtenstein to seek closer ties with Switzerland in order to ensure food deliveries continued.
1331:
665:
assumed the representation of Liechtenstein's interests at the diplomatic and consular level in countries where it maintains a representation and Liechtenstein does not. Liechtenstein adopted the
875:. On 25 July, he died while at one of his family's castles, Castle Feldberg, and Franz Joseph formally succeeded him as prince of Liechtenstein as Franz Joseph II. Around the same time, the
4333:
1187:
in 1967. Liechtenstein prospered, however, during the decades following, as its economy modernized with the advantage of low corporate tax rates which drew many companies to the country.
736:, as well as providing for referendums on decisions of the Landtag. It also abolished the three seats in the Landtag appointed by the Prince and lowered the voting age from 24 to 21 with
1022:. It achieved the de facto inclusion of Liechtenstein in the Swiss national supply. Franz Joseph himself periodically sent congratulatory letters to Hitler, such as the thwarting of the
1321:, against the countries custom union and the wishes of the government with the Landtag of Liechtenstein. On 28 October 1992, he threatened to dismiss the Landtag and prime minister
476:
was formed on 7 March 1849 with 24 elected representatives and acted as the first democratic representation in Liechtenstein, with Schädler was elected as District Administrator.
5448:
4007:
3939:
3850:
3737:
3571:
3542:
3429:
3361:
3320:
3265:
3233:
3142:
3101:
3004:
2901:
2869:
2840:
2811:
2727:
2646:
2513:
2460:
2428:
2373:
2292:
2260:
2193:
2172:
2133:
2092:
2056:
1999:
1901:
1865:
1833:
1797:
1689:
1627:
898:
Under the initiative of Franz Joseph, the Progressive Citizens' Party and Patriotic Union started negotiations for the formation of a coalition government, led by Josef Hoop and
542:, died in 1939, aged 94 years old. This neutrality was respected during both World Wars, and ultimately would allow the country to avoid the fate of the other German monarchies.
195:
was the one who built the Lichtenstein Castle (with the help of peasants). But the 17th century was a lowpoint, with some plague, some skirmishing from the struggles of the
1407:. on 15 August 2004, Prince Hans-Adam handed over the practical running of the principality to his son, Crown Prince Alois, although still remaining official head of state.
292:
By acquiring the Lordships of Schellenberg and Vaduz, modest areas of mountain villages each of which was directly subordinate to the Emperor because there no longer being a
4100:
2342:"Die liechtensteinische Gesandtschaft unterbreitet dem Politischen Departement die Grundlagen, auf welchen sich der Fürst die Vertretung des Fürstentums im Ausland wünscht"
1252:
705:
641:, who was the first Liechtensteiner head of government. Despite diplomatic efforts by Liechtenstein, they received no representation in the negotiations or signing of the
4191:
1276:. In 1996, Russia returned the Liechtenstein family's archives, ending a long-running dispute between the two countries. In 1978, Liechtenstein became a member of the
567:. The majority of the Liechtenstein government did not expect the war to last long, thus no food or economic preparations were made for it. At the outbreak of the war
661:
the Liechtenstein government could no longer rely on Austria to fulfil their monetary and diplomatic needs. Liechtenstein and Switzerland signed a treaty under which
4030:
789:
634:
4453:
1669:
1285:
1045:, who regarded him as a trusted contact. Three Liechtensteiner's were sentenced to death by Switzerland for spying for Nazi Germany during the war. Most notably,
908:
1452:" ("So that your voice counts") was launched to change the constitution of Liechtenstein to prevent the prince from vetoing legislation approved in referendums.
513:
a result, Johann II promised a loan to the country and refused to have his men fight against other Germans. The Liechtenstein contingent took up position on the
1112:, acting to seize what they considered to be German possessions, expropriated the entirety of the Liechtenstein dynasty's hereditary lands and possessions in
4683:
1482:
1453:
1396:
4875:
1595:
The eastern Alps : including the Bavarian highlands, the Tyrol, Salzkammergut, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, and Istria : handbook for travellers
4678:
214:, which it owned from at least 1140 until the 13th century and from 1807 onwards. Over the centuries, the family acquired huge landed estates, mostly in
2615:"Regierungschef Josef Hoop versichert Prinz Alois von Liechtenstein, dass von der Gründung der Ortsgruppe Liechtenstein der NSDAP keine Gefahr ausgehe"
817:. However, this failed and as a result of a highly publicized trial it held back the formation of an organized Nazi party in Liechtenstein until 1938.
493:
and largely addressed the demands of the revolutionaries in Liechtenstein. This constitution established civil liberties in the country and formed the
5441:
1388:
1061:
876:
3677:
4542:
4277:
1301:
868:
401:
373:
4833:
4532:
4466:
1426:
755:
749:
428:
344:
4734:
1138:
4218:
3193:
883:
party, was formed and advocated for the annexation of Liechtenstein into Nazi Germany. There were plans for the party, with connections to the
646:
538:. In 1893, former soldiers of the Liechtenstein army founded a veterans association, which had 141 members in 1896. Its last surviving member,
408:. Thus Liechtenstein became a sovereign state later that year when it joined Napoleon's Confederation of the Rhine upon the dissolution of the
4319:
4133:
3806:
1938:
1326:
one in Switzerland, though notably it affirmed that Liechtenstein would commit to agreements with the EEA despite the result in Switzerland.
1273:
1269:
1262:
584:, of which 27 did not return. In addition, many Liechtensteiners also voluntarily enlisted in both armies, including several members of the
5434:
4673:
804:
of the refugees under a new citizenship law. In doing this, Liechtenstein faced attacks from German press and internal sources such as the
527:
355:
that was burned by French troops, which resulted in the deaths of four people. The Austrian and Volgraberg state militias under command by
277:
3873:
2216:
441:
5390:
4729:
3194:"GUARANTEE SOUGHT BY LIECHTENSTEIN; Principality Wants to Join Switzerland if Powers Fail to Back Independencece GERMAN INVASION FEARED"
1035:
913:
826:
621:
As the war dragged on, the country faced increasing civil unrest and dissatisfaction, particularly of that towards to the government of
5244:
4148:
3594:
808:. Hoop personally attempted to temper relations with Germany through the use of private contacts and actively downplayed the threat of
5576:
4636:
4629:
4578:
4527:
4522:
4446:
725:
689:
616:
486:
481:
4123:
3705:"Liechtenstein's Franz Josef II Dead at 83 : Royalty: The tiny nation's popular prince was the world's longest-reigning monarch"
3165:
5841:
5506:
4507:
4405:
3455:
2703:
1777:
1577:
1552:
1477:
970:
592:, who is the highest member of the house of Liechtenstein to have been killed in action. Three Liechtensteiners were imprisoned for
445:
419:
occupied the country for a few years, but Liechtenstein retained its independence in 1815. Soon afterward, Liechtenstein joined the
238:
1334:
took place on 9 April 1995, which was accepted by 55.9% of voters. Liechtenstein subsequently joined the EEA in May the same year.
460:. Together, they managed to maintain order in Liechtenstein and formed a constitutional council. Liechtenstein was a member of the
296:, the Prince of Liechtenstein achieved his goal. The territory took the name of the family which now ruled it. On 23 January 1719,
3760:
2677:
206:
The Principality takes its name from the Liechtenstein family, rather than vice versa, and the family in turn takes its name from
5375:
4970:
4797:
4663:
4502:
4108:
3901:
1472:
1141:), and several family castles and palaces. Citizens of Liechtenstein were also forbidden from entering Czechoslovakia during the
1041:
Notable figures in the Liechtenstein government, such as Alois Vogt, retained contacts with Nazi Germany during the war, such as
864:
589:
305:
2589:"Regierungschef Josef Hoop bemüht sich über private Kontakte, der deutschen Pressekampagne gegen Liechtenstein entgegenzutreten"
300:, decreed that the counties of Vaduz and Schellenberg be promoted to a principality with the name Liechtenstein for his servant
5400:
5003:
4868:
4588:
4583:
3788:
2455:
1289:
1224:
4195:
3974:
3039:
1137:) included over 1,600 square kilometres (600 sq mi) of agricultural and forest land (most notably the UNESCO listed
229:
All of these rich territories were held in fief under other more senior feudal lords, particularly under various lines of the
5187:
5020:
4958:
4709:
4487:
1134:
1082:
805:
759:
728:
on behalf of Johann II and Josef Ospelt as a government representative on 5 October 1921. It established the rule of partial
658:
461:
393:
377:
301:
297:
701:
1258:
588:. In total, 4 Liechtenstein citizens are known to have been killed in the war despite the country being neutral, including
504:
The Liechtenstein veterans association in 1896, showing the remaining soldiers of the army that was disestablished in 1868.
5820:
5713:
5526:
5395:
5304:
4775:
4770:
4641:
4614:
4547:
4439:
4034:
1404:
5779:
5551:
4646:
4482:
1240:
1220:
73:
5354:
5349:
4965:
4724:
1460:
1057:
473:
348:
188:
330:
1384:
1026:, of which he briefly replied. Though Nazi Germany did have plans for the annexation of Liechtenstein, primarily in
369:
5794:
5746:
5638:
5633:
5410:
5405:
4861:
4785:
4619:
4566:
4512:
4397:
1042:
884:
713:
678:
622:
397:
336:
270:
4426:
1400:
approve judicial nominees and allowed him to veto laws simply by refusing to sign them within a six-month period.
5380:
5134:
5095:
4802:
4668:
4602:
4537:
4378:
2722:
1487:
1248:
1050:
961:
830:
758:, where it was revealed that leading members of the Christian-Social People's Party had embezzled funds from the
405:
4056:
2927:
2614:
2588:
2562:
2536:
1010:, Liechtenstein remained neutral, while family treasures within the war zone were brought to Liechtenstein (and
5751:
4826:
4697:
4653:
3878:
3621:
2400:
1338:
494:
449:
356:
192:
127:
1306:
On 6 December 1992 a referendum was to be held in Switzerland on a federal resolution on the accession to the
500:
677:
in 1920, though unsuccessfully. Switzerland was the only country to vote in favour of their ascension at the
5756:
5718:
5385:
5043:
4719:
4366:
4346:
3044:
1180:
1154:
1069:
737:
733:
729:
709:
233:
family, to which many Liechtensteins were close advisors. Thus, without holding any land directly under the
4161:
5698:
5209:
5038:
4842:
4792:
3764:
3170:
1721:
1318:
1307:
953:
585:
4421:
1403:
On 15 August 2003, Hans-Adam announced he would step down in one year and hand over the reins to his son
5668:
5628:
5608:
5588:
5491:
5289:
4780:
3704:
3648:
3481:
3137:
3067:
2774:
1244:
568:
5154:
2537:"Regierungschef Josef Hoop orientiert den Landtag über einen Entwurf für ein Staatsbürgerschaftsgesetz"
1521:
684:
469:
94:
at the edge of the floodplain, was uninhabited for long lengths of time because of periodic flooding.
3732:
5784:
5603:
5344:
5339:
5279:
5214:
5119:
4765:
4624:
4517:
4492:
4226:
3424:
3315:
1232:
1172:
1027:
642:
420:
385:
359:
262:
207:
196:
2563:"Die liechtensteinische Regierung protestiert gegen die deutsche Pressekampagne gegen Liechtenstein"
1994:
237:, the Liechtenstein dynasty was unable to meet the primary requirement to qualify for a seat in the
5804:
5789:
5774:
5736:
5683:
5678:
5653:
5511:
5309:
5239:
5182:
5099:
4925:
4714:
3979:
2023:
1757:
1314:
between the two countries, a similar referendum was to be held in Liechtenstein at a similar time.
835:
763:
509:
4002:
1101:
and the general population of Liechtenstein supported the government in providing asylum to them.
363:
5708:
5658:
5618:
5571:
5566:
5556:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5516:
5501:
5496:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5415:
5319:
5103:
5055:
5050:
4953:
4943:
4900:
4892:
3626:
2221:
1771:
1663:
1456:
was held on 1 July 2012, and 76% of voters upheld the prince's power to veto referendum results.
1419:
1194:
mountain to Switzerland as a result of Swiss demands and threats to, among other things, end the
1086:
991:
925:
903:
809:
724:, of which Beck and Peer created the first draft for the constitution. It was signed into law by
424:
234:
148:
2835:
767:
316:
17:
1725:
599:
5799:
5741:
5703:
5693:
5673:
5663:
5648:
5643:
5623:
5593:
5561:
5546:
5521:
5457:
5294:
5269:
5249:
5229:
5219:
5109:
5091:
5060:
4993:
4910:
4884:
4401:
4315:
4129:
3906:
3802:
3709:
3653:
3072:
2779:
2255:
2226:
1934:
1729:
1573:
1548:
1499:
1422:"invaded" Liechtenstein territory by mistake, with 170 Swiss Army troops crossing the border.
1277:
1176:
929:
814:
779:
674:
630:
518:
409:
340:
57:
29:
2864:
1828:
5688:
5613:
5583:
5284:
5199:
5144:
5114:
5065:
5025:
5008:
4998:
4933:
4905:
3794:
1065:
920:
453:
266:
161:
3845:
5324:
5299:
5087:
5070:
4915:
3831:
3260:
2999:
2806:
2451:
2283:
2251:
2163:
2124:
2083:
1990:
1094:
1046:
1019:
888:
629:
formed an opposition group against him, and in November 1918 he was subject of a de facto
560:
535:
254:
165:
152:
123:
2695:
1958:
1014:) for safekeeping. At the same time, Liechtenstein tied itself as closely as possible to
151:, and divided into countships, which became subdivided over the generations. Because the
87:
5426:
3302:
Between the Alps and a Hard Place: Switzerland in World War II and Moral Blackmail Today
2396:
1081:
offered the Russians asylum, and about a hundred people left. This is commemorated by a
986:
917:
recently-formed coalition government and allow for the VBDL to be able to gain support.
5274:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5234:
5224:
5139:
5082:
4975:
4938:
3682:
3486:
2707:
2681:
2669:
2368:
1714:
1434:
1281:
1105:
974:
899:
872:
844:
801:
608:
576:
572:
564:
539:
293:
223:
157:
2287:
1353:
5835:
5370:
5169:
4807:
4753:
4739:
4557:
4462:
4307:
1438:
1415:
1322:
1311:
1228:
1211:
1195:
1184:
1097:, with the support of Franz Joseph, the Russians were at no point in danger of being
852:
700:
The November 1918 putsch would begin a period of the next three years where both the
670:
638:
633:
against him. The coup forced Imhof's government to resign and the establishment of a
581:
531:
514:
489:, which was ratified on 26 September. It was heavily inspired by the constitution of
219:
211:
187:
was formed in 1342 as a small subdivision of the Werdenberg county of the dynasty of
45:
34:
3228:
2641:
2217:"10,000 NEUTRALS STARVING.; Swiss Government Sends Food to Liechtenstein Population"
1414:
in the history of the Principality were appointed to represent Liechtenstein in the
351:, France invaded the country on 6 March 1799 and plundered several towns, including
5329:
5159:
5030:
4948:
4497:
4374:
4354:
4329:
4282:
4249:
3256:
3224:
2802:
2508:
2159:
2128:
1622:
1150:
1146:
1073:
1023:
1007:
995:
949:
892:
785:
717:
693:
626:
457:
281:
136:
95:
83:
41:
3825:
Dataset: Liechtenstein: Referendum on the Agreement of European Economic Area 1992
3096:
1792:
362:
defeated 18,000 French troops stationed in Liechtenstein under command of General
4082:
1928:
559:, claiming neutrality. However, until the end of the war, it was closely tied to
5314:
5192:
5177:
5149:
4985:
3511:
1522:"History - Liechtenstein - issues, growth, area, system, economic growth, power"
1098:
1015:
666:
662:
556:
177:
61:
3566:
1684:
5077:
3356:
2051:
1251:. Women in Liechtenstein received voting rights for the first time, following
941:
848:
840:
797:
721:
563:
due to the customs union between the two countries and was sympathetic to the
490:
200:
99:
4380:
Landesverrat. Der Fall des 1944 in der Schweiz hingerichteten Alfred Quaderer
2423:
2230:
1896:
645:, though the country received indirect recognition of its sovereignty in the
245:), although its head was elevated to princely rank in the late 17th century.
191:. The 15th century brought three wars and some devastation. Centuries later,
5124:
3798:
2966:"Gesetz vom 18. Januar 1939 - über die Einführung des Verhältniswahlrechtes"
2896:
2188:
1236:
1129:
1078:
860:
716:. The drafting process included prominent politicians such as Wilhelm Beck,
593:
4362:
2167:
3934:
3537:
2087:
1860:
400:
but Napoleon refused because he had appreciated the personal qualities of
132:
5334:
5129:
4431:
4254:
3166:"Ninety-Five Per Cent of Voters in Liechtenstein Reject Union with Nazis"
1430:
1207:
1153:, had attempted to seek refuge in Liechtenstein after being flown to the
1142:
1056:
Just before the end of the war, Franz Joseph granted political asylum to
416:
381:
230:
107:
404:
as a negotiator, Austria's envoy during the negotiations leading to the
86:
road crossed the region from south to north, traversing the Alps by the
52:. Liechtenstein's borders have remained unchanged since 1434, when the
5204:
5015:
3911:
1733:
1411:
1199:
1191:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1090:
1031:
352:
215:
103:
79:
4169:
1272:
on 26 August 1984. On 13 November 1989, he succeeded him as prince as
265:
of 1618–1648. During the 17th century the country was afflicted by a
4342:
4101:"Portal of the Principality of Liechtenstein - News & Statements"
1959:"Der 1866er Feldzug fürstlich leichtensteinischen Bundeskontingentes"
1655:
1125:
1109:
1011:
945:
933:
895:
himself as he did not want to complicate relations with Switzerland.
880:
258:
173:
169:
144:
111:
78:
The area that is now Liechtenstein was part of the Roman province of
49:
4853:
3933:
Sele, Patrick; Hochuli, Gerhard; Büchel, Donat (31 December 2011).
444:
which caused increased opposition against the absolute monarchy of
176:) entered the region. In the 21st century, the mountain village of
4385:
Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein
4349:, Liechtensteinischen Akademischen Gesellschaft. pp. 141–143.
4194:. Associated Press/The Oklahoman. 8 September 2011. Archived from
2030:
Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein
1963:
Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein
1764:
Jahrbuch des Historischen Vereins für das Fürstentum Liechtenstein
1609:
The Microstates of Europe: Designer Nations in a Post-Modern World
1433:
and birth control in the country. The initiative was supported by
1383:
1257:
1216:
985:
965:
919:
839:
Four major political figures in Liechtenstein in 1938. From left;
834:
683:
598:
499:
440:
Like most of Europe at the time, Liechtenstein was subject to the
392:
In 1806, Liechtenstein was one of the principalities and counties
368:
315:
285:
184:
131:
91:
53:
28:
110:
from the north is memorialized by the remains of a Roman fort at
4278:"Centuries-Old Principality Set to Become IMF's Youngest Member"
999:
793:
5430:
4857:
4435:
423:(20 June 1815 – 24 August 1866, which was presided over by the
203:, in which more than 100 persons were persecuted and executed.
4060:
2456:"Schlossabmachungen (Septemberabmachungen, Schloss-Protokoll)"
1348:
273:, in which more than 100 people were persecuted and executed.
253:
The area that was to become Liechtenstein was invaded by both
168:
gained ground, and in 1300 an Alemannic population called the
160:). Until about 1100, the predominant language of the area was
1317:
Hans-Adam II called for the referendum to be held before the
964:
took place. The plan was for members of the VDBL to march on
40:
Political identity came to the territory now occupied by the
1716:
Liechtenstein: History and Institutions of the Principality
1268:
Franz Joseph II handed over most of his powers to his son,
688:
Front page of the Liechtenstein constitution, as signed by
1459:
In 2024, Liechtenstein started the proceeding to join the
1198:
between the two countries. Despite the local community in
762:
into various speculative transactions. The scandal forced
754:
The country was subject to an embezzlement scandal in the
708:
worked together in creating a new constitution based on a
3595:"AROUND THE WORLD; Liechtenstein Women Win Right to Vote"
3482:"Nazi Camp Labor Used in Liechtenstein – DW – 04/14/2005"
2341:
2315:
1516:
1514:
4250:"Liechtenstein referendum rejects curbs on royal powers"
924:
Franz Joseph II (centre) with members of the German and
796:
emigrants to the country in which the government led by
3678:"The Richest Royal in Europe Just Keeps Getting Richer"
1365:
603:
A group of Liechtensteiner smugglers on pontoons, 1916.
3406:
3404:
792:
in Germany, Liechtenstein experienced a large rise of
48:
in 814, with the formation of the subcountry of Lower
4122:
Melissen, Jan; Fernández, Ana Mar (7 February 2011).
3040:"Prince Franz Josef II visits Adolf Hitler in Berlin"
1444:
Following the prince's threat, an initiative called "
1652:
Les Princes du Saint-Empire à l'époque napoléonienne
5813:
5765:
5727:
5464:
5363:
5168:
4984:
4924:
4891:
4752:
4696:
4601:
4565:
4473:
4192:"Liechtenstein prince threatens to veto referendum"
1018:during the war in hopes of retaining the country's
902:respectively. This coalition was designed to avoid
4008:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
3940:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
3851:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
3738:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
3572:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
3543:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
3430:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
3362:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
3321:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
3266:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
3234:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
3143:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
3102:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
3005:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
2902:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
2870:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
2841:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
2812:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
2728:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
2647:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
2514:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
2461:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
2429:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
2374:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
2293:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
2261:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
2194:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
2173:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
2134:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
2093:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
2057:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
2000:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
1902:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
1866:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
1834:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
1798:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
1713:
1690:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
1628:Historisches Lexikon des Fürstentums Liechtenstein
1219:. Liechtenstein condemned the suppression of the
3456:"Prince Franz Josef II Von Und Zu Liechtenstein"
2723:"Volksdeutsche Bewegung in Liechtenstein (VDBL)"
877:German National Movement in Liechtenstein (VBDL)
4359:Liechtenstein in den Dreissigerjahren 1928–1939
3790:Looking back : 1992 as a critical juncture
2706:from the original on 20 April 2020 – via
2680:from the original on 20 April 2020 – via
1570:Roman villas : A study in social structure
681:on 17 December 1920, as opposed to 28 against.
2397:"Switzerland and Liechtenstein: December 2000"
1034:. General elections were not held again until
813:forcefully return them to Nazi Germany in the
580:home countries, primarily Austria-Hungary and
5442:
4869:
4447:
396:wanted to annex as his price for joining the
8:
3961:
3512:"Francis Joseph II, prince of Liechtenstein"
3342:
3026:
2952:
2494:
2482:
1483:List of heads of government of Liechtenstein
1446:
770:to resign and early elections to be called.
180:still preserves features of Walser dialect.
4427:History of Liechtenstein: Primary Documents
4422:Fullest history of Liechtenstein on the Web
3649:"Liechtenstein's Prince Franz Josef II, 83"
3068:"Liechtenstein's Prince Franz Josef II, 83"
2775:"Liechtenstein's Prince Franz Josef II, 83"
673:in 1924. Liechtenstein applied to join the
343:contributed approximately 20 troops to the
5449:
5435:
5427:
4876:
4862:
4854:
4758:
4702:
4607:
4571:
4454:
4440:
4432:
2025:Liechtensteiner Ärzte des 19. Jahrhunderts
1759:Liechtensteiner Ärzte des 19. Jahrhunderts
1668:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1425:On 27 November 2005, Liechtenstein voters
1239:in protest against the suppression of the
4219:"Liechtenstein: No to Legalized Abortion"
3902:"Liechtenstein bucks Swiss in trade vote"
2619:Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein
2593:Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein
2567:Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein
2541:Staatsarchiv des Fürstentum Liechtenstein
1389:Alois, Hereditary Prince of Liechtenstein
712:, much of which was loosely based on the
4335:Der Kleinstaat in der Ära der Weltkriege
4031:"The Reform of the Constitution in 2003"
3304:(Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 2000) 57–58.
1827:Rheinberger, Rudolf (31 December 2011).
1302:1992 Liechtenstein constitutional crisis
1124:— the princes of Liechtenstein lived in
891:. However, it was personally blocked by
669:in 1920 and the two countries entered a
637:in his place until 7 December headed by
325:French revolutionary and Napoleonic wars
320:A map of the Confederation of the Rhine.
3410:
3138:"Heimattreue Vereinigung Liechtenstein"
2932:Prince and People: Liechtenstein Civics
1510:
1319:corresponding referendum in Switzerland
756:1928 Liechtenstein embezzlement scandal
750:1928 Liechtenstein embezzlement scandal
4162:"Voters defeat restrictive initiative"
3820:
3818:
3460:Liechtenstein The Princely Collections
3450:
3448:
3395:
3383:
3355:Schremser, Jürgen (31 December 2011).
3123:
2922:
2920:
2761:
2749:
2187:Burgmeier, Markus (31 December 2011).
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2077:
2075:
1985:
1983:
1922:
1920:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1769:
1661:
5458:History of current European countries
4160:Rosenbaum, Harry (28 November 2005).
3844:Marxer, Wilfried (31 December 2011).
3761:"Tiny Liechtenstein Joining the U.N."
3219:
3217:
3215:
3136:Marxer, Wilfried (31 December 2011).
2993:
2991:
2890:
2888:
2834:Marxer, Wilfried (31 December 2011).
2721:Marxer, Wilfried (31 December 2011).
2154:
2152:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
1952:
1950:
1859:Frommelt, Fabian (31 December 2011).
1854:
1852:
1791:Quaderer, Rupert (31 December 2011).
1683:Mazohl, Brigitte (31 December 2011).
1545:Liechtenstein : a modern history
1345:Liechtenstein during the 21st century
1263:Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein
1206:Liechtenstein was neutral during the
1038:, shortly before the end of the war.
940:In March 1939, Franz Josef, Hoop and
859:On 31 March 1938, in the wake of the
555:Liechtenstein did not participate in
366:and liberated the country by 14 May.
304:whereby he and his successors became
90:and, following the right bank of the
7:
4312:Elections in Europe: A data handbook
3676:Pendleton, Devon (26 October 2017).
2928:"Parties in Liechtenstein 1921-1943"
2895:Marxer, Wilfred (31 December 2011).
2422:Biland, Susanna (31 December 2011).
1621:Wanner, Gerhard (31 December 2011).
278:Johann Adam Andreas of Liechtenstein
5391:History of the Mediterranean region
4217:Zeldin, Wendy (27 September 2011).
3423:Wanger, Harald (31 December 2011).
3314:Wanger, Harald (31 December 2011).
2970:Liechtensteinische Landesverwaltung
2367:Marxer, Roland (31 December 2011).
2050:Marxer, Roland (31 December 2011).
1995:"Preussisch-Österreichischer Krieg"
1927:Beattie, David (4 September 2004).
1895:Wille, Herbert (31 December 2011).
1053:on 7 June 1944, aged 24 years old.
827:1939 Liechtenstein general election
546:Liechtenstein during the world wars
56:established the border between the
4383:(in German) (98 ed.). Vaduz:
4057:"Prince wins Liechtenstein powers"
3874:"Liechtenstein to join trade zone"
3565:Büchel, Donat (31 December 2011).
3536:Büchel, Donat (31 December 2011).
3095:Büchel, Donat (31 December 2011).
2998:Büchel, Donat (31 December 2011).
2863:Büchel, Donat (31 December 2011).
2670:"Prince Franz to Return to Estate"
2507:Büchel, Donat (31 December 2011).
1572:. London: Routledge. p. 283.
1139:Lednice–Valtice Cultural Landscape
1068:, who were being cared for by the
821:1938–1939 crisis and failed putsch
617:November 1918 Liechtenstein putsch
487:1862 Constitution of Liechtenstein
25:
4083:"Liechtenstein profile - Leaders"
1478:Military history of Liechtenstein
1461:International Monetary Fund (IMF)
1292:(EFTA) in its own right in 1991.
1190:In 1949, Liechtenstein ceded the
1155:American-occupied zone of Austria
1093:map. According to prime minister
1089:which is marked on the country's
971:Liechtenstein Loyalty Association
5376:Bibliography of European history
4971:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
4556:
4248:Foulkes, Imogen (30 June 2012).
3622:"WHAT'S DOING IN: Liechtenstein"
1473:List of Princes of Liechtenstein
1352:
788:in 1933 and the introduction of
590:Prince Heinrich of Liechtenstein
339:, Liechtenstein, as part of the
306:Princes of the Holy Roman Empire
18:Liechtenstein during World War I
5401:History of Western civilization
5004:Christianity in the Middle Ages
4128:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
3510:Tikkanen, Amy (21 April 2023).
3425:"Liechtenstein, Franz Josef II"
3316:"Liechtenstein, Franz Josef II"
1930:Liechtenstein: A Modern History
1547:. Triesen: Van Eck. p. 2.
1290:European Free Trade Association
1286:Security Council Resolution 663
1225:1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia
706:Christian-Social People's Party
647:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
635:Provisional Executive Committee
442:German revolutions of 1848–1849
436:Constitution and latter century
106:. The late Roman influx of the
98:villas have been excavated in
5245:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
5188:Christianity in the modern era
4959:Christianity in late antiquity
4276:Eder, Marton (16 April 2024).
4125:Consular Affairs and Diplomacy
3914:. 14 December 1992. p. 21
3882:. 14 December 1992. p. 21
3620:Hofmann, Paul (23 July 1989).
2696:"Oldest Former Ruler Succumbs"
1410:On 1 July 2007, the first two
1227:. Liechtenstein boycotted the
1135:International Court of Justice
1104:At the close of the conflict,
871:regent and moved to Feldberg,
806:Liechtenstein Homeland Service
760:National Bank of Liechtenstein
659:dissolution of Austria-Hungary
462:National Assembly in Frankfurt
347:from 1793 to 1796. During the
302:Anton Florian of Liechtenstein
298:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
139:, built during the Middle Ages
1:
5396:History of the European Union
4011:(in German). 31 December 2023
3741:(in German). 31 December 2011
2676:. 1 April 1938. p. 216.
1776:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1597:. London: Dulau. p. 265.
1568:Smith, J.T. (February 2011).
1310:. In correspondence with the
1179:, which was purchased by the
1064:White emigres led by General
4361:(in German) (2nd ed.).
2640:Editorial (16 August 2021).
2022:Rheinberger, Rudolf (1991).
1829:"Schädler, Karl (1804–1872)"
1756:Rheinberger, Rudolf (1991).
1308:European Economic Area (EEA)
1221:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
147:, was incorporated into the
74:Switzerland in the Roman era
5355:Russian invasion of Ukraine
4966:Crisis of the Third Century
3768:. 15 August 1990. p. 5
2972:(in German). Archived from
2702:. 26 July 1938. p. 1.
1058:First Russian National Army
702:Progressive Citizens' Party
653:Interwar period (1919–1939)
349:War of the Second Coalition
5858:
5411:Military history of Europe
5406:Maritime history of Europe
4513:Confederation of the Rhine
3983:. 10 April 1995. p. 4
3846:"Staatskrise (28.10.1992)"
3834:European Election Database
3462:(in German). 21 April 2023
3048:(in German). 27 March 2019
2256:"Imhof, Leopold Baron von"
1299:
1043:Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle
944:paid an official visit to
885:Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle
824:
777:
747:
714:Swiss Federal Constitution
679:League of Nations Assembly
623:Leopold Freiherr von Imhof
614:
530:, neither joining the new
468:done primarily by him and
398:Confederation of the Rhine
337:War of the First Coalition
328:
284:in 1699 and the county of
271:Liechtenstein witch trials
121:
71:
5381:Genetic history of Europe
4820:
4761:
4705:
4610:
4574:
4554:
4533:1928 embezzlement scandal
4392:Tolstoy, Nikolai (1977).
4310:; Stöver, Philip (2010).
3261:"Hoop,_Josef_(1895–1959)"
2807:"Hoop,_Josef_(1895–1959)"
2621:(in German). 21 July 1933
2595:(in German). 7 March 1933
2569:(in German). 9 April 1933
1650:d'Arenberg, Jean (1951).
1524:. Nationsencyclopedia.com
1488:Politics of Liechtenstein
1337:In 1997, at the start of
1332:A referendum on the topic
1255:(among men only) in 1984.
1253:a referendum on the topic
1249:Soviet war in Afghanistan
1072:. On 16 August 1945, the
831:1939 Liechtenstein putsch
744:1928 embezzlement scandal
5842:History of Liechtenstein
3975:"Trade alliance gets OK"
3962:Nohlen & Stöver 2010
3879:Doylestown Intelligencer
3343:Nohlen & Stöver 2010
3027:Nohlen & Stöver 2010
2953:Nohlen & Stöver 2010
2543:(in German). 29 May 1933
2495:Nohlen & Stöver 2010
2483:Nohlen & Stöver 2010
2401:World Trade Organization
1448:Damit deine Stimme zählt
1416:United States of America
1149:, the Prime Minister of
1051:executed by firing squad
926:Liechtenstein government
879:, a local Liechtenstein
495:Landtag of Liechtenstein
357:Lieutenant field marshal
331:Suvorov's Swiss campaign
193:Carl Alexander Heideloff
128:Lordship of Schellenberg
5386:History of Christianity
4398:Charles Scribner's Sons
4367:Liechtenstein Institute
4347:Liechtenstein Institute
3830:26 January 2019 at the
3799:10.4324/9781003038719-2
3045:Liechtenstein Institute
2028:. Vol. 89. Vaduz:
1957:Ospelt, Joseph (1924).
1933:. Bloomsbury Academic.
1762:. Vol. 89. Vaduz:
1607:P. Christiaan Klieger,
1593:Baedeker, Karl (1891).
1543:Beattie, David (2004).
1418:. On 3 March 2007, the
1181:National Gallery of Art
1157:, but was turned away.
1070:Liechtenstein Red Cross
909:rejected via referendum
738:universal male suffrage
734:constitutional monarchy
730:parliamentary democracy
710:constitutional monarchy
657:In 1919, following the
394:Maximilian I of Bavaria
199:but most of all from a
183:The medieval county of
5507:Bosnia and Herzegovina
5210:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
4630:and the European Union
3787:Kreis, George (2021).
3765:Syracuse Post Standard
3171:Lawrence Journal-World
2836:"Patriotic Union (VU)"
2369:"Zollanschlussvertrag"
1712:Raton, Pierre (1970).
1447:
1427:rejected an initiative
1392:
1280:, and then joined the
1265:
1085:at the border town of
1003:
960:On 24 March 1939, the
954:Joachim von Ribbentrop
937:
856:
697:
604:
586:House of Liechtenstein
505:
389:
321:
189:Montfort of Vorarlberg
140:
37:
5290:Industrial Revolution
2288:"Novemberputsch 1918"
1387:
1261:
1247:in Moscow due to the
1210:, but sided with the
1060:pro-Axis pro-emperor
989:
923:
914:1939 general election
867:made his grandnephew
838:
825:Further information:
687:
615:Further information:
602:
517:under the command of
503:
372:
329:Further information:
319:
280:bought the domain of
135:
32:
5345:European debt crisis
5340:European integration
5280:Age of Enlightenment
5120:Republic of Florence
4625:European microstates
4518:German Confederation
4493:Liechtenstein Castle
4223:Global Legal Monitor
4105:www.liechtenstein.li
3500:Warner, pp. 404–407.
3259:(31 December 2011).
3227:(31 December 2011).
2805:(31 December 2011).
2454:(31 December 2011).
2286:(31 December 2011).
2254:(31 December 2011).
2166:(31 December 2011).
2127:(31 December 2011).
2086:(31 December 2011).
1993:(31 December 2011).
1722:Liechtenstein Verlag
1429:that would prohibit
1288:and a member of the
1028:Operation Tannenbaum
861:Anschluss of Austria
643:Treaty of Versailles
497:for the first time.
421:German Confederation
386:Battle of Austerlitz
208:Liechtenstein Castle
5728:States with limited
5310:Revolutions of 1848
5240:Early modern France
5021:Anglo-Saxon England
4926:Classical antiquity
4394:The Secret Betrayal
4387:. pp. 109–142.
4229:on 22 February 2013
3980:Winnipeg Free Press
3398:, pp. 123–129.
3386:, pp. 116–122.
3229:"Zweiter Weltkrieg"
3126:, pp. 364–408.
2764:, pp. 142–143.
2752:, pp. 141–142.
2642:"Rotter-Entführung"
732:mixed with that of
510:Austro-Prussian War
406:Treaty of Pressburg
235:Holy Roman Emperors
5416:Crusading movement
5320:Russian Revolution
5155:Hundred Years' War
5051:Maritime republics
4954:Early Christianity
4944:Hellenistic period
4901:Paleolithic Europe
4730:Telecommunications
4538:1939 failed putsch
4149:The New York Times
3713:. 14 November 1989
3657:. 15 November 1989
3627:The New York Times
3599:The New York Times
3300:Angelo Codevilla,
3198:The New York Times
3076:. 15 November 1989
2976:on 2 February 2017
2783:. 15 November 1989
2509:"Sparkassaskandal"
2222:The New York Times
2129:"Erster Weltkrieg"
2082:Frommelt, Fabian;
1746:Raton 1970, p. 21.
1623:"Koalitionskriege"
1420:Swiss Armed Forces
1393:
1364:. You can help by
1284:in 1990 following
1266:
1241:Hungarian uprising
1145:. In August 1945,
1087:Hinterschellenberg
1004:
992:Marcel Pilet-Golaz
938:
904:political deadlock
857:
810:National-socialism
800:had supported the
784:Since the rise of
698:
696:on 5 October 1921.
625:. Figures such as
605:
506:
464:until April 1849.
425:Emperor of Austria
390:
388:, 5 December 1805.
322:
312:Nineteenth century
261:troops during the
149:Carolingian empire
143:The area, part of
141:
38:
5829:
5828:
5424:
5423:
5350:COVID-19 pandemic
5295:French Revolution
5270:Habsburg monarchy
5250:Cossack Hetmanate
5230:Portuguese Empire
5220:Absolute monarchy
5215:Thirty Years' War
5110:Holy Roman Empire
5035:Bulgarian Empire
4994:Early Middle Ages
4911:Bronze Age Europe
4885:History of Europe
4851:
4850:
4816:
4815:
4748:
4747:
4692:
4691:
4679:Political parties
4637:Foreign relations
4597:
4596:
4523:1862 Constitution
4321:978-3-8329-5609-7
4135:978-90-04-18876-1
4037:on 2 January 2017
3907:Medicine Hat News
3808:978-1-003-03871-9
3710:Los Angeles Times
3654:Los Angeles Times
3097:"Anschlussputsch"
3073:Los Angeles Times
2934:(in German). 2007
2780:Los Angeles Times
2403:. 6 December 2000
2225:. 21 March 1915.
1940:978-1-85043-459-7
1793:"Revolution 1848"
1766:. pp. 54–55.
1500:History of Europe
1382:
1381:
1278:Council of Europe
1177:Leonardo da Vinci
1173:Ginevra de' Benci
990:Franz Joseph II,
930:Reich Chancellery
815:Rotter kidnapping
780:Rotter kidnapping
774:Rotter kidnapping
726:Prince Karl Aloys
690:Prince Karl Aloys
675:League of Nations
534:in 1871, nor the
519:Peter Rheinberger
470:Michael Menzinger
415:The French under
410:Holy Roman Empire
341:Holy Roman Empire
263:Thirty Years' War
197:Thirty Years' War
164:, but thereafter
58:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
5849:
5766:Dependencies and
5465:Sovereign states
5451:
5444:
5437:
5428:
5285:Great Divergence
5200:Age of Discovery
5145:Late Middle Ages
5115:High Middle Ages
5026:Byzantine Empire
5009:Christianization
4999:Migration Period
4934:Classical Greece
4906:Neolithic Europe
4878:
4871:
4864:
4855:
4836:
4829:
4759:
4703:
4659:
4608:
4572:
4560:
4508:Military history
4456:
4449:
4442:
4433:
4411:
4388:
4370:
4350:
4340:
4325:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4225:. Archived from
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4168:. Archived from
4166:Associated Press
4157:
4151:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4111:on 29 June 2009.
4107:. Archived from
4097:
4091:
4090:
4079:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4033:. Archived from
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3841:
3835:
3822:
3813:
3812:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3733:"Brunhart, Hans"
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3701:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3452:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3311:
3305:
3298:
3292:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3221:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2962:
2956:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2892:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2452:Quaderer, Rupert
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2284:Quaderer, Rupert
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2252:Quaderer, Rupert
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2164:Quaderer, Rupert
2156:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2125:Quaderer, Rupert
2121:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2084:Rupert, Quaderer
2079:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2047:
2034:
2033:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1991:Quaderer, Rupert
1987:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1892:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1824:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1767:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1719:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1659:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1618:
1612:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1518:
1450:
1377:
1374:
1356:
1349:
1161:The Post-War era
1066:Boris Smyslovsky
790:anti-Jewish laws
474:District Council
345:coalition forces
269:and also by the
249:Early modern era
172:(originating in
21:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5809:
5767:
5761:
5747:Northern Cyprus
5729:
5723:
5639:North Macedonia
5460:
5455:
5425:
5420:
5359:
5325:Interwar period
5300:Napoleonic Wars
5164:
5135:Mongol invasion
5088:Crown of Aragon
4980:
4920:
4916:Iron Age Europe
4887:
4882:
4852:
4847:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4812:
4798:Public holidays
4744:
4688:
4664:Law enforcement
4657:
4593:
4561:
4552:
4548:2008 tax affair
4503:Princely family
4469:
4460:
4418:
4408:
4391:
4373:
4353:
4338:
4328:
4322:
4306:
4303:
4298:
4288:
4286:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4260:
4258:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4232:
4230:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4201:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4175:
4173:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4147:
4143:
4136:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4089:. 8 March 2017.
4081:
4080:
4076:
4066:
4064:
4063:. 16 March 2003
4055:
4054:
4050:
4040:
4038:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4012:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3986:
3984:
3973:
3972:
3968:
3964:, p. 1176.
3960:
3956:
3946:
3944:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3917:
3915:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3885:
3883:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3857:
3855:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3832:Wayback Machine
3823:
3816:
3809:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3703:
3702:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3632:
3630:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3549:
3547:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3520:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3454:
3453:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3409:
3402:
3394:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3345:, p. 1164.
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3299:
3295:
3289:A World At Arms
3287:Weinberg 2005,
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3223:
3222:
3213:
3203:
3201:
3200:. 10 April 1938
3192:
3191:
3187:
3177:
3175:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3049:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3029:, p. 1179.
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
2997:
2996:
2989:
2979:
2977:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2955:, p. 1172.
2951:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2732:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2497:, p. 1158.
2493:
2489:
2485:, p. 1156.
2481:
2477:
2467:
2465:
2450:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2123:
2122:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2049:
2048:
2037:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1894:
1893:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1826:
1825:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1768:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1660:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1606:
1602:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1508:
1469:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1362:needs expansion
1347:
1304:
1298:
1168:
1163:
1095:Alexander Frick
1047:Alfred Quaderer
984:
948:where they met
936:, 2 March 1939.
889:Joseph Goebbels
869:Franz Joseph II
833:
823:
782:
776:
768:Gustav Schädler
752:
746:
655:
619:
596:during the war.
561:Austria-Hungary
553:
548:
536:Austrian Empire
438:
333:
327:
314:
251:
153:Duchy of Swabia
130:
124:County of Vaduz
120:
76:
70:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5855:
5853:
5845:
5844:
5834:
5833:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5823:
5821:European Union
5817:
5815:
5814:Other entities
5811:
5810:
5808:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5771:
5769:
5768:other entities
5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5733:
5731:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5714:United Kingdom
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5527:Czech Republic
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5446:
5439:
5431:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5367:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5275:Russian Empire
5272:
5267:
5265:British Empire
5262:
5260:Dutch Republic
5257:
5255:Swedish Empire
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5235:Spanish Empire
5232:
5227:
5225:Ottoman Empire
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5185:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5140:Serbian Empire
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5012:
5011:
5001:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4976:Late antiquity
4973:
4968:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4939:Roman Republic
4936:
4930:
4928:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4858:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4838:
4837:
4830:
4822:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4756:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4706:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4684:Prime Minister
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4639:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4622:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4584:Municipalities
4581:
4575:
4569:
4563:
4562:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4477:
4471:
4470:
4461:
4459:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4417:
4416:External links
4414:
4413:
4412:
4406:
4389:
4371:
4351:
4326:
4320:
4308:Nohlen, Dieter
4302:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4268:
4240:
4209:
4198:on 23 May 2019
4183:
4172:on 7 July 2013
4152:
4141:
4134:
4114:
4092:
4074:
4048:
4022:
4003:"Frick, Mario"
3994:
3966:
3954:
3925:
3893:
3865:
3836:
3814:
3807:
3779:
3752:
3724:
3696:
3683:Bloomberg News
3668:
3640:
3612:
3586:
3567:"Kalter Krieg"
3557:
3528:
3502:
3493:
3487:Deutsche Welle
3473:
3444:
3415:
3400:
3388:
3376:
3347:
3335:
3306:
3293:
3280:
3248:
3211:
3185:
3174:. 3 April 1939
3157:
3128:
3116:
3087:
3059:
3031:
3019:
2987:
2957:
2945:
2916:
2884:
2855:
2826:
2794:
2766:
2754:
2742:
2713:
2708:Newspapers.com
2687:
2682:Newspapers.com
2661:
2632:
2606:
2580:
2554:
2528:
2499:
2487:
2475:
2443:
2414:
2388:
2359:
2333:
2307:
2275:
2243:
2208:
2179:
2148:
2107:
2071:
2035:
2014:
1979:
1946:
1939:
1916:
1880:
1848:
1812:
1783:
1748:
1739:
1704:
1685:"Souveränität"
1675:
1658:. p. 115.
1642:
1613:
1600:
1585:
1578:
1560:
1553:
1535:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1454:The referendum
1435:Roman Catholic
1380:
1379:
1359:
1357:
1346:
1343:
1297:
1294:
1282:United Nations
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1106:Czechoslovakia
983:
980:
900:Otto Schaedler
873:Czechoslovakia
845:Otto Schaedler
822:
819:
802:naturalization
778:Main article:
775:
772:
764:the government
748:Main article:
745:
742:
654:
651:
609:Entente powers
577:United Kingdom
565:Central Powers
552:
549:
547:
544:
540:Andreas Kieber
437:
434:
384:following the
360:Franjo Jelačić
326:
323:
313:
310:
294:Duke of Swabia
250:
247:
158:Henry the Lion
119:
116:
72:Main article:
69:
66:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5854:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5780:Faroe Islands
5778:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5764:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5752:South Ossetia
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5726:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5599:Liechtenstein
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5452:
5447:
5445:
5440:
5438:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5371:Art of Europe
5369:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5170:Modern period
5167:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4879:
4874:
4872:
4867:
4865:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4463:Liechtenstein
4457:
4452:
4450:
4445:
4443:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4407:0-684-15635-0
4403:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4375:Geiger, Peter
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4355:Geiger, Peter
4352:
4348:
4344:
4341:(in German).
4337:
4336:
4331:
4330:Geiger, Peter
4327:
4323:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4272:
4269:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4244:
4241:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4213:
4210:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4145:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4118:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4062:
4058:
4052:
4049:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3955:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3929:
3926:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3869:
3866:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3826:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3793:. Routledge.
3792:
3791:
3783:
3780:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3685:
3684:
3679:
3672:
3669:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3616:
3613:
3601:. 2 July 1984
3600:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3561:
3558:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3532:
3529:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3474:
3461:
3457:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3377:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3357:"Vogt, Alois"
3351:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3257:Geiger, Peter
3252:
3249:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3225:Geiger, Peter
3220:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3117:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3091:
3088:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3060:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3007:
3006:
3001:
3000:"Stille Wahl"
2994:
2992:
2988:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2856:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2803:Geiger, Peter
2798:
2795:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2743:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2636:
2633:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2418:
2415:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2160:Geiger, Peter
2155:
2153:
2149:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2052:"Neutralität"
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:. p. 75.
2031:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2015:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1708:
1705:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1657:
1654:(in French).
1653:
1646:
1643:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1611:(2014), p. 41
1610:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1579:9780415620116
1575:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1554:3-905501-62-7
1550:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1439:Wolfgang Haas
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1367:
1363:
1360:This section
1358:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1323:Hans Brunhart
1320:
1315:
1313:
1312:customs union
1309:
1303:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:Olympic Games
1226:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:customs union
1193:
1188:
1186:
1185:United States
1182:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
981:
979:
976:
972:
967:
963:
958:
955:
951:
947:
943:
935:
931:
927:
922:
918:
915:
910:
905:
901:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
854:
853:Ludwig Marxer
850:
846:
842:
837:
832:
828:
820:
818:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
781:
773:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
751:
743:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
695:
691:
686:
682:
680:
676:
672:
671:customs union
668:
664:
660:
652:
650:
648:
644:
640:
639:Martin Ritter
636:
632:
628:
624:
618:
613:
610:
601:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
550:
545:
543:
541:
537:
533:
532:German Empire
529:
523:
520:
516:
515:Stilfser Joch
511:
502:
498:
496:
492:
488:
483:
477:
475:
471:
465:
463:
459:
455:
454:Karl Schädler
451:
447:
443:
435:
433:
430:
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
365:
364:André Masséna
361:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
332:
324:
318:
311:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
248:
246:
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5719:Vatican City
5598:
5330:World War II
5183:Early modern
5160:Kalmar Union
5031:Papal States
4949:Roman Empire
4776:Demographics
4771:Coat of arms
4735:Trade unions
4658:(parliament)
4654:
4642:Human rights
4615:Constitution
4498:Vaduz Castle
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5305:Nationalism
5193:Reformation
5178:Renaissance
5150:Black Death
5083:Kievan Rus'
4986:Middle Ages
4543:1992 crisis
4528:1918 putsch
4015:26 November
3987:18 February
3947:18 February
3943:(in German)
3918:18 February
3886:18 February
3858:18 February
3854:(in German)
3772:19 February
3745:19 February
3575:(in German)
3546:(in German)
3433:(in German)
3396:Geiger 1999
3384:Geiger 1999
3365:(in German)
3324:(in German)
3269:(in German)
3241:18 November
3237:(in German)
3150:17 November
3146:(in German)
3124:Geiger 2000
3109:14 November
3105:(in German)
3008:(in German)
2905:(in German)
2897:"Koalition"
2873:(in German)
2865:"Märzkrise"
2844:(in German)
2815:(in German)
2762:Geiger 2007
2750:Geiger 2007
2735:14 November
2731:(in German)
2650:(in German)
2517:(in German)
2464:(in German)
2432:(in German)
2377:(in German)
2296:(in German)
2264:(in German)
2201:12 November
2197:(in German)
2189:"Schmuggel"
2137:(in German)
2100:23 February
2096:(in German)
2060:(in German)
2007:22 February
2003:(in German)
1972:20 December
1909:24 December
1905:(in German)
1873:24 December
1869:(in German)
1841:24 December
1837:(in German)
1805:24 December
1801:(in German)
1697:30 December
1693:(in German)
1631:(in German)
1528:13 November
1437:Archbishop
1339:Mario Frick
1016:Switzerland
975:nonpartisan
962:1939 putsch
667:Swiss franc
663:Switzerland
631:coup d'état
557:World War I
551:World War I
508:During the
178:Triesenberg
118:Middle Ages
5669:San Marino
5629:Montenegro
5609:Luxembourg
5589:Kazakhstan
5492:Azerbaijan
5078:Viking Age
4893:Prehistory
4725:Healthcare
4674:Neutrality
4488:Werdenberg
4483:Background
3516:Britannica
3273:26 October
3178:29 January
3012:15 January
2819:26 October
2674:Daily News
2436:25 October
2381:25 October
2352:2 February
2326:2 February
2168:"Spionage"
1734:B0006D0J8E
1724:. p.
1506:References
1397:referendum
1300:See also:
1231:twice- in
1171:portrait "
1128:until the
1099:extradited
1036:April 1945
1020:neutrality
942:Alois Vogt
849:Josef Hoop
841:Alois Vogt
798:Josef Hoop
722:Josef Peer
528:neutrality
491:Vorarlberg
378:Francis II
241:, (German
201:witch hunt
122:See also:
100:Schaanwald
5785:Gibraltar
5604:Lithuania
5125:Feudalism
5096:Catalonia
4786:Languages
4740:Transport
4620:Elections
4579:Mountains
4567:Geography
4289:18 August
4261:31 August
3935:"Schweiz"
3538:"Ellhorn"
2980:28 August
2909:28 August
2877:28 August
2300:3 October
2268:3 October
2236:6 October
2231:0362-4331
2088:"Militär"
1861:"Landrat"
1772:cite book
1720:. Vaduz:
1664:cite book
1270:Hans-Adam
1237:Melbourne
1130:Anschluss
1079:Argentina
594:espionage
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68:Antiquity
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5836:Category
5805:Svalbard
5790:Guernsey
5737:Abkhazia
5684:Slovenia
5679:Slovakia
5654:Portugal
5512:Bulgaria
5364:See also
5335:Cold War
5130:Crusades
5100:Valencia
4843:Category
4803:Religion
4715:Currency
4669:Monarchy
4603:Politics
4467:articles
4377:(1999).
4357:(2000).
4332:(2007).
4255:BBC News
4087:BBC News
4041:11 March
3828:Archived
3689:8 August
3605:21 April
3550:19 March
3521:21 April
3466:21 April
3291:, p. 174
2704:Archived
2678:Archived
2654:23 March
2346:Dodis.ch
2320:Dodis.ch
1467:See also
1431:abortion
1223:and the
1208:Cold War
1166:Cold war
1143:Cold War
1083:monument
1062:Vladimir
575:and the
446:Aloys II
429:Johann I
417:Napoleon
402:Johann I
382:Napoleon
374:Johann I
255:Austrian
231:Habsburg
162:Romansch
108:Alemanni
60:and the
33:Arms of
5709:Ukraine
5659:Romania
5619:Moldova
5577:Ireland
5572:Iceland
5567:Hungary
5557:Germany
5552:Georgia
5542:Finland
5537:Estonia
5532:Denmark
5517:Croatia
5502:Belgium
5497:Belarus
5487:Austria
5482:Armenia
5477:Andorra
5472:Albania
5205:Baroque
5104:Majorca
5016:Francia
4827:Outline
4754:Culture
4698:Economy
4655:Landtag
4475:History
4067:10 June
3912:Alberta
3437:15 June
3328:15 June
2625:28 July
2599:28 July
2573:28 July
2547:28 July
2348:. Dodis
2322:. Dodis
1494:General
1412:consuls
1391:in 2024
1243:and in
1200:Balzers
1192:Ellhorn
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1122:Silesia
1118:Moravia
1114:Bohemia
1091:tourist
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1006:During
1002:, 1943.
865:Franz I
582:Germany
353:Nendeln
335:In the
276:Prince
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216:Moravia
170:Walsers
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5800:Jersey
5742:Kosovo
5704:Turkey
5694:Sweden
5674:Serbia
5664:Russia
5649:Poland
5644:Norway
5624:Monaco
5594:Latvia
5562:Greece
5547:France
5522:Cyprus
5092:Aragon
5071:Amalfi
5056:Venice
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4808:Sports
4766:Anthem
4720:Energy
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3633:16 May
3369:26 May
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3080:17 May
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2787:17 May
2521:17 May
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5584:Italy
5061:Genoa
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4339:(PDF)
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