116:
471:
47:
667:
649:, armies became more expensive to maintain. A vassal needed economic resources to equip the cavalry he was bound to contribute to his lord to fight his frequent wars. Such resources, in the absence of a money economy, came only from land and its associated assets, which included
629:" that had started to supersede "benefice" in the 9th century. An "upper" group comprised great territorial magnates, who were strong enough to ensure the inheritance of their benefice to the heirs of their family. A "lower" group consisted of landless
621:
times (5th century to 752), monarchs would reward only the greatest and most trusted vassals with lands. Even at the most extreme devolution of any remnants of central power, in 10th-century France, the majority of vassals still had no fixed estates.
609:(ruled 768–814), the connection slowly developed between vassalage and the grant of land, the main form of wealth at that time. Contemporaneous social developments included agricultural "
1018:; the essential point was made again, and the documents on which the historian's view of vassalage are based were reviewed, with translation and commentary, by Elizabeth Magnou-Nortier,
737:, based on tribes, kingdoms, or city-states, the subjects of which they wish to control without having to conquer or directly govern them. In these cases a subordinate state (such as a
764:
In this framework, a "formal colony" or "junior ally" might also be regarded as a vassal state in terms of international relations, analogous to a domestic "fief-holder" or "trustee".
57:
771:
relationships between states – even those using non-personal forms of rule. Imperial states to which this terminology has been applied include, for instance:
1115:
457:
518:. The obligations of a vassal often included military support by knights in exchange for certain privileges, usually including land held as a tenant or
1032:
115:
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1093:
959:
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450:
921:
The Tours formulary, which a mutual contract of rural patronage, offered parallels; it was probably derived from Late
Antique
692:
378:
753:) has retained internal autonomy, but has lost independence in foreign policy, while also, in many instances, paying formal
475:
303:
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641:. This social settling process also received impetus in fundamental changes in the conduct of warfare. As co-ordinated
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The stratification of a fighting band of vassals into distinct groups might roughly correlate with the new term "
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for the event. Such refinements were not included from the outset when it was time of crisis, war, hunger, etc.
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Foi et Fidélité. Recherches sur l'évolution des liens personnels chez les Francs du VIIe au IXe siècle
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The concept of a vassal state uses the concept of personal vassalry to theorize formally
328:
553:, including the use of Christian sacraments to show its sacred importance. According to
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613:" and the social and legal structures labelled — but only since the 18th century — "
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506:. While the subordinate party is called a vassal, the dominant party is called a
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522:. The term is also applied to similar arrangements in other feudal societies.
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954:, MacMillan Press and University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, p. 18.
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614:
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363:
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Feudal society was increasingly based on the concept of "lordship" (French
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In fully developed vassalage, the lord and the vassal would take part in a
617:". These developments proceeded at different rates in various regions. In
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F. L. Ganshof, "Benefice and
Vassalage in the Age of Charlemagne"
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Rouche, Michel, "Private life conquers state and society," in
660:
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514:, while the rights and obligations of a suzerain are called
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term for a tribal leader acknowledging another as his liege
761:
which are present in the actual territory of the monarch.
1088:
vol I, Paul Veyne, editor, Harvard
University Press 1987
490:
is a person regarded as having a mutual obligation to a
594:), which was one of the distinguishing features of the
65:
510:. The rights and obligations of a vassal are called
533:) was sworn, unconditional loyalty to a monarch.
657:Difference between "vassal" and "vassal state"
925:precedents, according to Magnou-Nortier 1975.
451:
54:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
880:treaties of offensive and defensive alliance
476:Count Palatine Frederick I of the Palatinate
695:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
474:A vassal swears the oath of fealty before
458:
444:
103:
715:Learn how and when to remove this message
92:Learn how and when to remove this message
1035:. Noctes-gallicanae.org. Archived from
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914:
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302:
232:
106:
123:Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci
27:Person aligned with a lord or monarch
7:
1022:(University of Toulouse Press) 1975.
904:, or low-born worker under feudalism
693:adding citations to reliable sources
1079:The Civilization of the Middle Ages
797:Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire
25:
571:Saints Denis, Rusticus, Éleuthère
665:
114:
45:
952:Early Modern Germany, 1477–1806
598:and had evolved from times of
379:Peerages in the United Kingdom
1:
304:Feudal land tenure in England
1000:Cambridge Historical Journal
567:Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria
653:as well as wood and water.
545:composed of two parts, the
68:, discuss the issue on the
30:For subsidiary states, see
1160:
726:
581:– apparently assembled at
557:'s brief description, the
29:
1086:A History of Private Life
1056:Ganshof, François Louis,
814:Mandala (political model)
733:Many empires have set up
569:, involved the relics of
1014:Ganshof 151 note 23 and
950:Hughes, Michael (1992).
645:superseded disorganized
498:, in the context of the
1116:Encyclopædia Britannica
36:Vassal (disambiguation)
1119:(11th ed.). 1911.
479:
34:. For other uses, see
543:commendation ceremony
473:
319:English feudal barony
689:improve this section
214:Feudal fragmentation
74:create a new article
66:improve this article
56:may not represent a
978:The Free Dictionary
149:Ecclesiastical fief
840:Multiple vassalage
831:, a type of vassal
563:Pippin the Younger
537:European vassalage
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369:Customary freehold
209:Feudal maintenance
1005:.2 (1939:147-75).
863:, vassals of the
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596:Early Middle Ages
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244:Lord of the manor
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687:Please help
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419:Scot and lot
329:Knight's fee
324:Feudal baron
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32:Vassal state
984:11 November
923:Gallo-Roman
843: [
619:Merovingian
611:manorialism
607:Charlemagne
559:commendatio
314:Land tenure
294:Free tenant
254:Manor house
234:Manorialism
1128:Categories
1043:2012-02-13
933:References
890:) was the
819:Suzerainty
739:dependency
727:See also:
565:in 757 by
516:suzerainty
502:system in
414:Feudal aid
154:Crown land
1134:Feudalism
1058:Feudalism
938:Citations
886:(plural:
865:shogunate
808:Lehnsmann
769:hegemonic
743:residency
676:does not
615:feudalism
583:Compiegne
531:fidelitas
512:vassalage
434:Feudalism
364:Gavelkind
349:Serjeanty
174:Feoffment
70:talk page
835:Zamindar
829:Vavasour
802:Freeborn
791:See also
783:and the
759:fiefdoms
651:peasants
647:infantry
591:seigneur
561:made to
555:Eginhard
549:and the
508:suzerain
359:Freehold
354:Copyhold
339:Baronage
274:Overlord
204:Affinity
179:Seignory
164:Appanage
64:You may
18:Liegeman
1068:Sources
898:Villein
874:Manrent
860:Gokenin
755:tribute
697:removed
682:sources
643:cavalry
631:knights
579:Germain
577:, and
496:monarch
424:Tallage
409:Scutage
344:Peerage
289:Serfdom
284:Peasant
264:Demesne
189:Feoffee
1092:
1016:passim
958:
892:Mongol
775:, the
575:Martin
551:fealty
547:homage
527:fealty
500:feudal
484:vassal
404:Socage
224:Livery
199:Homage
194:Fealty
169:Vassal
1081:1993.
909:Notes
888:nöker
884:Nöken
869:Japan
847:]
824:Thegn
635:count
269:Glebe
72:, or
1090:ISBN
1033:"at"
986:2020
956:ISBN
902:serf
900:, a
680:any
678:cite
639:duke
627:fief
520:fief
492:lord
279:Lord
258:List
144:Fief
867:in
749:or
691:by
637:or
573:,
494:or
486:or
1130::
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