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378:, from 1765 to 1769, which are often cited in the laws of the United States. Blackstone argues that God 'has so intimately connected, so inseparably interwoven the laws of eternal justice with the happiness of each individual, that the latter cannot be attained but by observing the former; and, if the former be punctually obeyed, it cannot but induce the latter. In consequence of which mutual connection of justice and human felicity, he has not perplexed the law of nature with a multitude of abstracted rules and precepts, referring merely to the fitness or unfitness of things, as some have vainly surmised; but has graciously reduced the rule of obedience to this one paternal precept, “that man should pursue his own true and substantial happiness.” This is the foundation of what we call ethics, or natural law.'
321:"If, in reality, courage and a heart devoted to the good of mankind are the constituents of human felicity, the kindness which is done infers a happiness in the person from whom it proceeds, not in him on whom it is bestowed; and the greatest good which men possessed of fortitude and generosity can procure to their fellow creatures is a participation of this happy character. If this be the good of the individual, it is likewise that of mankind; and virtue no longer imposes a task by which we are obliged to bestow upon others that good from which we ourselves refrain; but supposes, in the highest degree, as possessed by ourselves, that state of felicity which we are required to promote in the world."
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on June 12, 1776, speaks of happiness in the context of recognizably
Lockean rights and is paradigmatic of the way in which "the fundamental natural rights of mankind" were expressed at the time: "That all men are by nature equally free and independent and have certain inherent rights, of which, when
191:
that
Jefferson meant the "pursuit of happiness" to refer primarily or exclusively to property. Under such an assumption, the Declaration of Independence would declare that government existed primarily for the reasons Locke gave, and some have extended that line of thinking to support a conception of
155:
A number of possible sources of inspiration for
Jefferson's use of the phrase in the Declaration of Independence have been identified, although scholars debate the extent to which any one of them actually influenced Jefferson. The greatest disagreement comes between those who suggest the phrase was
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stated "that among the necessary desires some are necessary for happiness, some for physical health, and some for life itself". Although the
Declaration of Independence does not mention health, this may be included under "life", and liberty and autarchy are cardinal values of Epicurean philosophy.
190:
that "the highest perfection of intellectual nature lies in a careful and constant pursuit of true and solid happiness". According to those scholars who saw the root of
Jefferson's thought in Locke's doctrine, Jefferson replaced "estate" with "the pursuit of happiness", although this does not mean
298:(on the hierarchy of desires) states that desires may be natural and necessary, natural and unnecessary, or neither natural nor necessary. Jefferson may have been enshrining a version of the "natural and necessary" category of desires into the social contract of his new country. In his
294:. In his Letter to William Short, Jefferson said: "As you say of yourself, I too am an Epicurean. I consider the genuine (not the imputed) doctrines of Epicurus as containing every thing rational in moral philosophy which Greece and Rome have left us." The 29th of Epicurus' 40
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they enter into a state of society, they cannot, by any compact, deprive or divest their posterity; namely, the enjoyment of life and liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and obtaining happiness and safety."
37:
68:, and which governments are created to protect. Like the other principles in the Declaration of Independence, this phrase is not legally binding, but has been widely referenced and seen as an inspiration for the basis of government.
478:
Scanned image of the
Jefferson's "original Rough draught" of the Declaration of Independence, written in June 1776, including all the changes made later by John Adams, Benjamin Franklin and other members of the committee, and by
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in playing down the protection of "property" as a goal of government. It is noted that
Franklin found the property to be a "creature of society" and thus, he believed that it should be taxed as a way to finance civil society.
184:, he wrote that the magistrate's power was limited to preserving a person's "civil interest", which he described as "life, liberty, health, and indolency of body; and the possession of outward things". He declared in his
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Lance
Banning notes that the Virginia Declaration of Rights was the inspiration for the phrase in the Declaration of Independence, but does not trace it back to Locke, and in general downplays Jefferson's debts to
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139:& independent, that from that equal creation they derive rights inherent & inalienable, among which are the preservation of life, & liberty, & the pursuit of happiness; ...
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on July 4, 1776. The second paragraph of the first article in the
Declaration of Independence contains the phrase "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness".
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prepared in 1763 extolled the "noble pursuit" of "true and solid happiness" in the opening chapter discussing natural rights. Historian
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that political society existed for the sake of protecting "property", which he defined as a person's "life, liberty, and estate". In
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wrote that promoting the well-being of our fellow humans is essential to the "pursuit of our own happiness". Locke never associated
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The Committee of Five edited Jefferson's draft. Their version survived further edits by the whole Congress intact, and reads:
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to the United States Constitution declare that governments cannot deprive any person of "life, liberty, or property" without
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Republics Ancient & Modern, Volume 3; Inventions of Prudence: Constituting the American Regime
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Proposals for concerted operation among the powers at war with the Pyratical states of Barbary
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Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States
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posits Burlamaqui as a source in addition to Locke as inspiration for Jefferson's phrase.
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581:"Thomas Jefferson, June 1776, Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence"
2715:
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555:
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390:: "life, liberty, security of the person" (this line was also in the older
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reads, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person".
3304:
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580:
237:
Independence Hall Assembly Room where Thomas Jefferson served in Congress
1238:
1175:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. p. 171.
1145:
887:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 78.
2847:
Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society
521:. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 7–22.
417:. An alternative phrase "life, liberty, and property", is found in the
1031:. Vol. 1. Chicago: Burdette J. Smith & Company. p. 178.
1340:
The Pursuit of Happiness in the Founding Era: An Intellectual History
397:
The phrase can also be found in Chapter III, Article 13 of the 1947
2399:
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, 1777 draft and 1786 passage
2193:
3765:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789, France)
1411:
1358:
1338:
750:. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. pp. 73–85.
349:
describes the "truest definition" of "natural religion" as being "
280:
276:
232:
64:
which the Declaration says have been given to all humans by their
36:
855:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. pp.
353:
by the practice of reason and truth". An English translation of
3593:
3589:
2197:
1430:
885:
The Annotated U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence
722:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. Book 2, Chapter 21, Section 51.
519:
The Annotated U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence
1123:. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press. pp. 99–100.
3235:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
3083:
Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression
2163:
Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence
209:(1776) also declare the right to life, liberty and property.
88:
The United States Declaration of Independence was drafted by
606:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 243–247.
30:
This article is about a famous phrase. For other uses, see
1270:
Revolutionaries: A New History of the Invention of America
1094:
Inventing America: Jefferson's Declaration of Independence
828:(2nd ed.). Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
203:
Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress
131:
to create a transcript of Jefferson's draft, which reads:
123:
Jefferson's "original Rough draught" is on exhibit in the
2349:
Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
1171:
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1988). Riley, Patrick (ed.).
135:
We hold these truths to be sacred & undeniable; that
1003:
The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England
264:
The First Part of the Institutes of the Lawes of England
27:
Phrase in the United States Declaration of Independence
1306:"Section the Second: Of the Nature of Laws in General"
976:. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. p. 413.
1150:. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund. pp. 523–524.
1117:
Ferguson, Adam (1995) . Oz-Salzberger, Fania (ed.).
694:. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing. p. 26.
548:
A Multitude of Amendments, Alterations and Additions
394:, which added "enjoyment of property" to the list).
337:
made such an association in the introduction to his
290:
Jefferson's phrase may be specifically based on his
283:
and orphan of a deceased landowner could keep their
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3857:
3809:
3778:
3757:
3654:
Primary author, 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights
3627:
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3243:
3036:
3005:
2860:
2799:
2725:
2603:
2450:
2441:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
2430:
2323:
2111:
1998:
1962:
1932:
1901:
1875:
1829:
1798:
1772:
1716:
1680:
1649:
1618:
1597:
1566:
1540:
1521:
1512:
1496:
1469:
Physical history of the Declaration of Independence
1205:(8th ed.). London: Samuel Palmer. p. 90.
604:
The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. Volume 1: 1760–1776
775:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
1273:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p.
368:Another possible source for the phrase is in the
112:. It was then further edited and adopted by the
2336:A Summary View of the Rights of British America
914:. New York: Rowman & Littlefield. pp.
333:with happiness, but his philosophical opponent
317:as a good guide to what Jefferson had in mind:
145:
133:
3639:Drafted, 1769 Virginia Association resolutions
1243:. Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund. p. 31.
626:"Declaration of Independence: A Transcription"
462:"The Declaration of Independence: Rough Draft"
147:We hold these truths to be self-evident, that
3605:
2209:
1442:
662:. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.
8:
2895:Member, Virginia Committee of Correspondence
550:. Pennsylvania: U.S. National Park Service.
279:was closely guarded as a means by which the
1051:"LETTER: Thomas Jefferson to William Short"
3666:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
3612:
3598:
3590:
2987:Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)
2384:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
2216:
2202:
2194:
2039:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
1518:
1493:
1449:
1435:
1427:
54:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness
3991:United States Declaration of Independence
3213:Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar
3173:Washington and Jefferson National Forests
3098:Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service
1458:United States Declaration of Independence
1240:The Principles of Natural and Politic Law
160:and those who more strongly attribute to
84:History of the United States Constitution
78:United States Declaration of Independence
60:. The phrase gives three examples of the
58:United States Declaration of Independence
2840:The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth
1120:An Essay on the History of Civil Society
803:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
325:The 17th-century cleric and philosopher
3737:Co-father, United States Bill of Rights
3133:Jefferson Literary and Debating Society
453:
386:The phrase is similar to a line in the
3644:Primary author, 1774 Fairfax Resolves
3093:Jefferson National Expansion Memorial
2930:Jefferson and the Library of Congress
2905:Founding Fathers of the United States
2465:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
442:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
401:, Chapter II, Article 10 of the 1987
359:Principles of Natural and Politic Law
7:
3366:Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings
2079:Journals of the Continental Congress
1028:The Law of Real Property in Illinois
942:"The Virginia Declaration of Rights"
720:Essay Concerning Human Understanding
217:The first and second article of the
187:Essay Concerning Human Understanding
3770:United States Bill of Rights (1789)
3649:Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention
2313:Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention
2251:Vice President of the United States
2126:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
1314:. Clarendon Press. pp. 40–41.
1311:Commentaries on the Laws of England
1006:. London: Adam Islip. Section 193.
718:(1975) . Nidditch, Peter H. (ed.).
371:Commentaries on the Laws of England
2693:A Manual of Parliamentary Practice
1377:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
1079:"Letter to Menoikeus, by Epicurus"
1065:"Principal Doctrines, by Epicurus"
1025:Whitehead, Edward Jenkins (1922).
801:The Spirit of Modern Republicanism
56:" is a well-known phrase from the
25:
2687:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
1202:The Religion of Nature Delineated
544:"The Declaration of Independence"
490:"The Declaration of Independence"
347:The Religion of Nature Delineated
3573:
3572:
3218:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins
2262:United States Secretary of State
1343:. University of Missouri Press.
1147:A Treatise of the Laws of Nature
690:(1983) . Tully, James H. (ed.).
411:1945 declaration of independence
227:Virginia Convention of Delegates
96:, which consisted of Jefferson,
4006:American political catchphrases
3223:250th Anniversary silver dollar
2623:Founder, University of Virginia
656:(1988) . Laslett, Peter (ed.).
464:. USHistory.org. Archived from
440:of law. Also, Article 3 of the
225:and adopted unanimously by the
42:Office for Emergency Management
3718:1787 Constitutional Convention
3163:Thomas Jefferson School of Law
2969:Separation of church and state
2878:American Philosophical Society
2815:Notes on the State of Virginia
2808:The Papers of Thomas Jefferson
2240:President of the United States
2011:Virginia Declaration of Rights
692:A Letter Concerning Toleration
419:Declaration of Colonial Rights
415:Democratic Republic of Vietnam
219:Virginia Declaration of Rights
213:Virginia Declaration of Rights
207:Virginia Declaration of Rights
181:A Letter Concerning Toleration
1:
3732:Virginia Ratifying Convention
3123:University of Virginia statue
2957:Jefferson–Hemings controversy
2595:Federal judicial appointments
2282:Congress of the Confederation
1821:Charles Carroll of Carrollton
1144:Cumberland, Richard (2005) .
972:(2006). Skousen, Mark (ed.).
602:Boyd, Julian P., ed. (1950).
3839:George Mason Memorial Bridge
3724:high crimes and misdemeanors
3713:1785 Mount Vernon Conference
3691:Cruel and unusual punishment
2828:European journey memorandums
2568:State of the Union Addresses
2497:Dunbar and Hunter Expedition
974:The Compleated Autobiography
542:Dube, Ann Marie (May 1996).
3686:Baseless search and seizure
3436:Cornelia Jefferson Randolph
3168:Thomas Jefferson University
3138:Thomas Jefferson Foundation
2645:Democratic-Republican Party
2563:West Point Military Academy
2355:Declaration of Independence
2305:Second Continental Congress
2016:Second Continental Congress
1173:Leibniz: Political Writings
1096:. New York: Mariner Books.
748:The Natural Rights Republic
659:Two Treatises of Government
403:Constitution of South Korea
382:Comparable mottos worldwide
175:Two Treatises of Government
127:. This version was used by
118:Second Continental Congress
4027:
3703:1776 Virginia Constitution
2475:Lewis and Clark Expedition
2169:Signers Monument (Georgia)
1474:Memorial to the 56 Signers
1394:10.4135/9781412965811.n252
1337:Conklin, Carli N. (2019).
583:. U.S. Library of Congress
423:First Continental Congress
388:Canadian Charter of Rights
81:
75:
29:
18:Life, liberty and property
3660:All men are created equal
3541:
3466:Frederick Madison Roberts
3388:Martha Jefferson Randolph
3308:(1997 documentary series)
3068:Thomas Jefferson Building
2640:Anti-Administration party
2377:All men are created equal
2231:
2032:All men are created equal
1492:
1464:
826:Interpreting the Founding
771:Corbett, Ross J. (2009).
335:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
172:In 1689, Locke argued in
149:all men are created equal
137:all men are created equal
92:, and then edited by the
46:Office of War Information
3844:George Mason High School
3361:Wine bottles controversy
3153:Jefferson City, Missouri
2618:Franco-American alliance
1235:Burlamaqui, Jean-Jacques
773:The Lockean Commonwealth
351:The pursuit of happiness
168:Lockean roots hypothesis
32:The Pursuit of Happiness
3822:George Mason University
3681:Consent of the governed
3534:(2nd great-grandfather)
3478:Jane Randolph Jefferson
3430:Ellen Randolph Coolidge
3012:Presidential elections
2915:Jefferson and education
2900:Committee of the States
2391:Consent of the governed
2270:U.S. Minister to France
2046:Consent of the governed
911:Jefferson & Madison
908:Banning, Lance (1995).
849:Rahe, Paul A. (1994) .
392:Canadian Bill of Rights
355:Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui
48:war poster (1941–1945).
3870:American Enlightenment
3832:George Mason, Virginia
3786:Chopawamsic plantation
3316:(2002 animated series)
3148:Monticello Association
2873:American Enlightenment
2834:Indian removal letters
2791:White House Colonnades
2786:Virginia State Capitol
2764:University of Virginia
2650:Jeffersonian democracy
2546:Native American policy
2416:Land Ordinance of 1785
2411:Land Ordinance of 1784
1368:"Pursuit of Happiness"
1366:Eicholz, Hans (2008).
947:U.S. National Archives
664:Sec. 87, 123, 209, 222
631:U.S. National Archives
421:, a resolution of the
323:
253:Alternative hypotheses
244:was in agreement with
238:
153:
141:
114:Committee of the Whole
49:
4001:Human rights concepts
3899:Woodbridge plantation
3849:18-cent postage stamp
3817:George Mason Memorial
3460:T. Jefferson Coolidge
3456:(great-granddaughter)
3448:John Wayles Jefferson
3193:Jefferson–Jackson Day
3128:David d'Angers statue
2925:Jefferson and slavery
2910:Historical reputation
2613:Early life and career
2345:(initial draft; 1775)
2343:Olive Branch Petition
1862:Francis Lightfoot Lee
1523:President of Congress
1380:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
1092:Wills, Gary (2002) .
824:Gibson, Alan (2009).
399:Constitution of Japan
319:
236:
162:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
82:Further information:
40:
3865:Age of Enlightenment
3827:George Mason Stadium
3671:Freedom of the press
3484:Lucy Jefferson Lewis
3394:Mary Jefferson Eppes
2868:Age of Enlightenment
2502:Red River Expedition
2293:Governor of Virginia
1976:Robert R. Livingston
1388:. pp. 408–410.
434:Fourteenth Amendment
267:, his commentary on
3875:American Revolution
3676:Freedom of religion
3528:(great-grandfather)
3230:U.S. postage stamps
3198:Currency depictions
3178:Peaks and mountains
3108:Karl Bitter statues
3078:Jefferson Territory
2975:The American Museum
2883:American Revolution
2534:Non-Intercourse Act
2517:Embargo Act of 1807
2421:Northwest Ordinance
2404:Freedom of religion
2103:American Revolution
1302:Blackstone, William
744:Zuckert, Michael P.
405:, and in President
339:Codex Iuris Gentium
300:Letter to Menoeceus
296:Principal Doctrines
269:Thomas de Littleton
125:Library of Congress
72:Origin and phrasing
3490:Randolph Jefferson
3424:George W. Randolph
3418:Thomas J. Randolph
3329:Jefferson's Garden
3289:Jefferson in Paris
3053:Jefferson Memorial
2680:Compromise of 1790
2655:First Party System
2557:Marbury v. Madison
2480:Corps of Discovery
2470:Louisiana Purchase
2165:(Washington, D.C.)
2156:Semiquincentennial
2059:Document's history
1914:Thomas Heyward Jr.
1584:Robert Treat Paine
1197:Wollaston, William
970:Franklin, Benjamin
376:William Blackstone
327:Richard Cumberland
239:
193:limited government
62:unalienable rights
50:
3973:
3972:
3758:Writings inspired
3587:
3586:
3454:Sarah N. Randolph
3357:(2020 miniseries)
3324:(2008 miniseries)
3158:Jefferson College
3118:Louisville statue
3088:Jefferson Lecture
2541:First Barbary War
2490:Empire of Liberty
2432:French Revolution
2361:Committee of Five
2328:the United States
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2179:Trumbull portrait
2121:National Archives
2091:Independence Hall
2026:Committee of Five
1958:
1957:
1857:Thomas Nelson Jr.
1852:Benjamin Harrison
1842:Richard Henry Lee
1734:Benjamin Franklin
1698:Francis Hopkinson
1662:Philip Livingston
1631:Samuel Huntington
950:. 4 November 2015
797:Pangle, Thomas L.
494:National Archives
468:on March 30, 2014
374:published by Sir
343:William Wollaston
304:Epicurus of Samos
242:Benjamin Franklin
110:Robert Livingston
102:Benjamin Franklin
94:Committee of Five
16:(Redirected from
4018:
3986:1770s quotations
3952:George Mason III
3708:Seal of Virginia
3614:
3607:
3600:
3591:
3576:
3575:
3526:William Randolph
3468:(great-grandson)
3462:(great-grandson)
3382:Martha Jefferson
3297:Thomas Jefferson
3203:Jefferson nickel
3188:Other placenames
3113:Hempstead statue
2992:Virginia dynasty
2946:National Gazette
2635:Ratification Day
2371:physical history
2316:
2308:
2296:
2285:
2273:
2265:
2254:
2243:
2225:Thomas Jefferson
2218:
2211:
2204:
2195:
2146:Sesquicentennial
2133:Independence Day
2006:Halifax Resolves
1992:Matthew Tilghman
1965:for Independence
1963:Delegates voting
1924:Arthur Middleton
1919:Thomas Lynch Jr.
1847:Thomas Jefferson
1693:John Witherspoon
1688:Richard Stockton
1636:William Williams
1558:Matthew Thornton
1519:
1504:Thomas Jefferson
1494:
1479:Founding Fathers
1451:
1444:
1437:
1428:
1423:
1362:
1324:
1323:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1022:
1016:
1015:
994:
988:
987:
966:
960:
959:
957:
955:
938:
932:
929:
905:
899:
898:
877:
871:
870:
846:
840:
839:
821:
815:
814:
793:
787:
786:
768:
762:
761:
740:
734:
733:
712:
706:
705:
684:
678:
677:
650:
644:
643:
641:
639:
622:
616:
615:
599:
593:
592:
590:
588:
577:
571:
570:
568:
567:
558:. Archived from
539:
533:
532:
511:
505:
504:
502:
501:
486:
480:
477:
475:
473:
458:
246:Thomas Jefferson
205:(1774), and the
90:Thomas Jefferson
21:
4026:
4025:
4021:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4015:
3996:English phrases
3976:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:George Mason II
3908:
3888:Wilson v. Mason
3853:
3805:
3774:
3753:
3749:Founding Father
3631:Founding events
3630:
3623:
3618:
3588:
3583:
3554:James Madison →
3537:
3472:Peter Jefferson
3438:(granddaughter)
3432:(granddaughter)
3406:Madison Hemings
3400:Harriet Hemings
3370:
3246:
3239:
3208:Two-dollar bill
3073:Jefferson River
3038:
3032:
3001:
2940:Pet mockingbird
2920:Religious views
2856:
2852:Founders Online
2795:
2728:
2721:
2606:accomplishments
2605:
2599:
2551:Burr conspiracy
2512:Cumberland Road
2507:Pike Expedition
2446:
2426:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2311:
2299:
2288:
2276:
2268:
2257:
2246:
2235:
2227:
2222:
2192:
2183:
2113:
2107:
2086:United Colonies
2074:Timothy Matlack
2069:Charles Thomson
1994:
1982:
1966:
1964:
1954:
1928:
1909:Edward Rutledge
1897:
1871:
1825:
1794:
1768:
1712:
1676:
1645:
1614:
1605:Stephen Hopkins
1593:
1562:
1553:William Whipple
1548:Josiah Bartlett
1536:
1533:(Massachusetts)
1508:
1488:
1460:
1455:
1404:
1365:
1351:
1336:
1333:
1331:Further reading
1328:
1327:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1265:Rakove, Jack N.
1263:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1213:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1024:
1023:
1019:
996:
995:
991:
984:
968:
967:
963:
953:
951:
940:
939:
935:
926:
907:
906:
902:
895:
881:Rakove, Jack N.
879:
878:
874:
867:
848:
847:
843:
836:
823:
822:
818:
811:
795:
794:
790:
783:
770:
769:
765:
758:
742:
741:
737:
730:
714:
713:
709:
702:
686:
685:
681:
674:
652:
651:
647:
637:
635:
634:. November 2015
624:
623:
619:
601:
600:
596:
586:
584:
579:
578:
574:
565:
563:
541:
540:
536:
529:
515:Rakove, Jack N.
513:
512:
508:
499:
497:
488:
487:
483:
471:
469:
460:
459:
455:
450:
430:Fifth Amendment
384:
255:
215:
198:Boston Pamphlet
170:
86:
80:
74:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4024:
4022:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3978:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3943:
3937:
3931:
3925:
3922:George Mason V
3918:
3916:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3904:Mason's Island
3901:
3896:
3891:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3819:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3734:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3550:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3529:
3523:
3520:Isham Randolph
3517:
3516:(grand-nephew)
3514:Dabney S. Carr
3511:
3505:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3385:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3313:Liberty's Kids
3309:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3268:
3260:
3251:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3183:Jefferson Rock
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3058:Mount Rushmore
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3009:
3007:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2949:
2942:
2937:
2935:Jefferson Pier
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2801:
2800:Other writings
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2779:Jefferson Hall
2776:
2771:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2705:Jefferson disk
2702:
2700:American Creed
2697:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2565:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2436:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2297:
2286:
2274:
2266:
2255:
2244:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2198:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:Anniversaries
2135:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2023:
2021:Lee Resolution
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1970:
1968:
1967:(did not sign)
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1940:Button Gwinett
1936:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1902:South Carolina
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1883:William Hooper
1879:
1877:
1876:North Carolina
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1867:Carter Braxton
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
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1800:
1796:
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1787:
1782:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
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1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1641:Oliver Wolcott
1638:
1633:
1628:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1610:William Ellery
1607:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1589:Elbridge Gerry
1586:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1498:
1497:Primary author
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1403:978-1412965804
1402:
1386:Cato Institute
1372:Hamowy, Ronald
1363:
1350:978-0826221858
1349:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1293:
1284:978-0618267460
1283:
1256:
1249:
1226:
1212:978-0598846105
1211:
1188:
1181:
1163:
1156:
1136:
1129:
1109:
1103:978-0618257768
1102:
1084:
1070:
1056:
1042:
1017:
989:
982:
961:
933:
924:
900:
894:978-0674036062
893:
872:
865:
841:
835:978-0700617050
834:
816:
809:
788:
782:978-1438427942
781:
763:
756:
735:
728:
707:
700:
679:
672:
645:
617:
594:
572:
534:
528:978-0674036062
527:
506:
481:
452:
451:
449:
446:
383:
380:
331:natural rights
254:
251:
214:
211:
169:
166:
76:Main article:
73:
70:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4023:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3966:(grandfather)
3965:
3962:
3959:
3958:Thomson Mason
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3934:Thomson Mason
3932:
3929:
3928:William Mason
3926:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3629:United States
3626:
3622:
3615:
3610:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3580:
3579:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3522:(grandfather)
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3442:Francis Eppes
3440:
3437:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3412:Eston Hemings
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3331:
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2997:Ward republic
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1950:George Walton
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1729:Benjamin Rush
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582:
576:
573:
562:on 2013-05-16
561:
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315:Adam Ferguson
312:
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285:real property
282:
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270:
266:
265:
260:
257:In 1628, Sir
252:
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221:, written by
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107:
106:Roger Sherman
103:
99:
95:
91:
85:
79:
71:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
3946:Thomas Mason
3886:
3801:Ohio Company
3791:Gunston Hall
3696:Speedy trial
3665:
3621:George Mason
3571:
3565:Aaron Burr →
3561:← John Adams
3552:
3547:← John Adams
3545:
3352:
3341:2015 musical
3335:
3327:
3319:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3276:1969 musical
3270:
3267:(1953 short)
3262:
3256:The Patriots
3254:
3048:Bibliography
2974:
2944:
2838:
2813:
2806:
2729:architecture
2727:Jeffersonian
2714:
2710:Swivel chair
2691:
2666:
2555:
2526:
2522:
2383:
2334:
2326:documents of
2151:Bicentennial
2038:
1983:
1980:Henry Wisner
1971:
1888:Joseph Hewes
1837:George Wythe
1816:Thomas Stone
1811:William Paca
1806:Samuel Chase
1759:James Wilson
1717:Pennsylvania
1672:Lewis Morris
1598:Rhode Island
1574:Samuel Adams
1531:John Hancock
1376:
1339:
1309:
1296:
1288:
1269:
1259:
1239:
1229:
1201:
1191:
1172:
1166:
1146:
1139:
1119:
1112:
1093:
1087:
1073:
1059:
1045:
1027:
1020:
1002:
998:Coke, Edward
992:
973:
964:
952:. Retrieved
945:
936:
910:
903:
884:
875:
851:
844:
825:
819:
800:
791:
772:
766:
747:
738:
719:
710:
691:
682:
658:
648:
636:. Retrieved
629:
620:
603:
597:
585:. Retrieved
575:
564:. Retrieved
560:the original
547:
537:
518:
509:
498:. Retrieved
496:. 2015-10-30
493:
484:
470:. Retrieved
466:the original
456:
427:
396:
385:
369:
367:
358:
350:
346:
338:
324:
320:
309:
292:Epicureanism
289:
262:
256:
240:
223:George Mason
216:
201:(1772), the
196:
185:
179:
173:
171:
154:
146:
142:
134:
122:
87:
53:
51:
3894:Hollin Hall
3532:Henry Soane
3508:Dabney Carr
3502:Samuel Carr
3332:(2015 play)
3300:(1997 film)
3292:(1995 film)
3259:(1946 play)
2982:Tufton Farm
2769:The Rotunda
2604:Other noted
2439:Co-author,
2307:(1775–1776)
2295:(1779–1781)
2284:(1783–1784)
2272:(1785–1789)
2264:(1790–1793)
2253:(1797–1801)
2242:(1801–1809)
1988:John Rogers
1780:George Read
1764:George Ross
1749:James Smith
1739:John Morton
1619:Connecticut
1514:Signatories
916:17, 103–104
716:Locke, John
688:Locke, John
654:Locke, John
438:due process
407:Ho Chi Minh
363:Jack Rakove
311:Garry Wills
259:Edward Coke
156:drawn from
129:Julian Boyd
3980:Categories
3940:John Mason
3796:On slavery
3496:Peter Carr
3450:(grandson)
3444:(grandson)
3426:(grandson)
3420:(grandson)
3402:(daughter)
3396:(daughter)
3390:(daughter)
3354:Washington
3321:John Adams
3264:Ben and Me
3247:depictions
3037:Legacy and
2747:Monticello
2742:Farmington
2523:Chesapeake
2460:Transition
2452:Presidency
2141:Centennial
2114:and legacy
1945:Lyman Hall
1681:New Jersey
1579:John Adams
1412:2008009151
1359:2018043085
1250:0865974969
1182:0521353807
1157:0865974721
1130:052144215X
983:0895260336
925:0945612486
866:080784473X
810:0226645401
757:0268014809
729:0198245955
701:091514560X
673:052135448X
587:August 17,
566:2013-11-04
500:2020-12-02
448:References
273:common law
158:John Locke
98:John Adams
4011:Happiness
3960:(brother)
3492:(brother)
3346:2020 film
3281:1972 film
3040:memorials
3006:Elections
2843:(c. 1819)
2716:Megalonyx
1893:John Penn
1703:John Hart
1420:750831024
1237:(2006) .
1199:(1759) .
954:April 13,
638:April 13,
479:Congress.
261:wrote in
3954:(father)
3880:patriots
3578:Category
3510:(nephew)
3504:(nephew)
3498:(nephew)
3486:(sister)
3480:(mother)
3474:(father)
3336:Hamilton
3305:Liberty!
3245:Cultural
3063:Birthday
2977:magazine
2888:patriots
2774:The Lawn
2485:timeline
2366:authored
2324:Founding
2301:Delegate
2278:Delegate
1984:Maryland
1972:New York
1830:Virginia
1799:Maryland
1773:Delaware
1650:New York
1320:65350522
1304:(1765).
1267:(2010).
1037:60731472
1012:84760833
1000:(1628).
883:(2009).
799:(1988).
746:(1996).
612:16353926
556:44638441
517:(2009).
3858:Related
3742:history
3103:Statues
2861:Related
2752:gardens
2628:history
2590:Cabinet
2527:Leopard
2357:(1776)
2303:to the
2280:to the
2112:Display
2064:signing
1999:Related
1933:Georgia
1374:(ed.).
1221:2200588
472:May 18,
413:of the
116:of the
66:Creator
3914:Family
3810:Legacy
3384:(wife)
3375:Family
2830:(1787)
2824:(1786)
2818:(1785)
2696:(1801)
2671:(1790)
2529:affair
2443:(1789)
2423:(1787)
2351:(1775)
2339:(1774)
2315:(1776)
1418:
1410:
1400:
1357:
1347:
1318:
1281:
1247:
1219:
1209:
1179:
1154:
1127:
1100:
1035:
1010:
980:
931:Locke.
922:
891:
863:
832:
807:
779:
754:
726:
698:
670:
610:
554:
525:
195:. The
108:, and
3948:(son)
3942:(son)
3936:(son)
3930:(son)
3924:(son)
3414:(son)
3408:(son)
1370:. In
857:13–19
281:widow
277:dower
3779:Life
3271:1776
3026:1804
3021:1800
3016:1796
2583:1805
2578:1802
2573:1801
1416:OCLC
1408:LCCN
1398:ISBN
1382:Sage
1355:LCCN
1345:ISBN
1316:OCLC
1279:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1217:OCLC
1207:ISBN
1177:ISBN
1152:ISBN
1125:ISBN
1098:ISBN
1033:OCLC
1008:OCLC
978:ISBN
956:2021
920:ISBN
889:ISBN
861:ISBN
830:ISBN
805:ISBN
777:ISBN
752:ISBN
724:ISBN
696:ISBN
668:ISBN
640:2021
608:OCLC
589:2020
552:OCLC
523:ISBN
474:2014
432:and
428:The
2290:2nd
2259:1st
2248:2nd
2237:3rd
1390:doi
1275:300
425:.
409:'s
357:'s
345:'s
3982::
1990:,
1986::
1978:,
1974::
1414:.
1406:.
1396:.
1384:;
1353:.
1308:.
1287:.
1277:.
1215:.
944:.
918:.
859:.
666:.
628:.
546:.
492:.
341:.
302:,
287:.
275:,
164:.
104:,
100:,
44:.
3726:"
3722:"
3662:"
3658:"
3613:e
3606:t
3599:v
2525:–
2393:"
2389:"
2386:"
2382:"
2379:"
2375:"
2217:e
2210:t
2203:v
2048:"
2044:"
2041:"
2037:"
2034:"
2030:"
1450:e
1443:t
1436:v
1422:.
1392::
1361:.
1322:.
1253:.
1223:.
1185:.
1160:.
1133:.
1106:.
1081:.
1067:.
1053:.
1039:.
1014:.
986:.
958:.
928:.
897:.
869:.
838:.
813:.
785:.
760:.
732:.
704:.
676:.
642:.
614:.
591:.
569:.
531:.
503:.
476:.
52:"
34:.
20:)
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