42:
153:
396:, also known as the "Extermination Order" on October 27, 1838. The order stated that the Mormon community was in "open and avowed defiance of the laws, and of having made war upon the people of this State ... the Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the State if necessary for the public peace—their outrages are beyond all description." The Extermination Order was not officially rescinded until June 25, 1976 by Governor
496:, the Clay County seat, to await trial. Although he frequently called down imprecatory judgments on his enemies and perceived enemies, as Fawn Brodie has written, Smith bore his harsh imprisonment "stoically, almost cheerfully, for there was a serenity in his nature that enabled him to accept trouble along with glory." Smith wrote to his followers "with skill and tact" attempting to dispel the now current notion that he was a fallen prophet.
404:
903:, p. 247). "The prisoners had long suspected they were an embarrassment to the state because the vigilante action and Bogg's extermination order would cause a scandal if widely publicized." Bushman (2005), 382. Brodie also noted that it was common knowledge that "one member of the legislature had participated in the Haun's Mill massacre." Brodie, 247.
308:
Political and religious differences between old
Missourians and newly arriving Latter Day Saint settlers provoked tensions between the two groups, much as they had in Jackson County. Local leaders saw their Latter Day Saints as a religious and political threat, alleging that Smith and his followers
470:
An estimated 800 Mormons were forcibly dispossessed of their homes and businesses. A long trail of appeals went as far as
Washington, D.C., with Joseph receiving a personal audience with President Martin Van Buren, who said he could not help. Congress sent the matter back to the state of Missouri.
513:
Once the Latter Day Saints no longer posed a political threat, Missouri leaders realized that Mormon behavior could hardly be classified as treason whereas, as Fawn Brodie has written, the governor's "exterminating order stank to heaven." On the way to trial, the sheriff and guards agreed to get
352:
celebration, Rigdon declared that
Mormons would no longer tolerate persecution by the Missourians and spoke of a "war of extermination" if Mormons were attacked. Smith implicitly endorsed this speech, and many non-Mormons understood it to be a thinly veiled threat. They unleashed a flood of
388:. In consequence of the reports of the battle, the burning out of ex-Mormon 'apostates' by the Danites, the attack on non-Mormons in Caldwell County, the sacking of Gallatin by the Mormons, and their reported plans to burn Richmond and Liberty, Missouri Governor
504:
said he hoped that Joseph would never get out of the hands of his enemies alive. Smith and his companions also made two unsuccessful attempts to escape from jail before, on April 6, they were started under guard to stand trial in
Daviess County.
247:
The Latter Day Saints had been migrating to
Missouri ever since Smith had claimed the area to be Zion. They simultaneously occupied the Kirtland area, as well as the Independence area for around seven years. Following the failure of the
336:
to intimidate Latter Day Saint dissenters and oppose anti-Mormon militia units. Though it is unclear how much Smith knew of the
Danites' activities, he clearly approved of those of which he did know. After Rigdon delivered
1544:
860:, pp. 245–46). Smith claimed to have been ignorant of many of Avard's devices; and "oddly, he chose to deny the ubiquitous rumor of polygamy—though it had not been mentioned in the Richmond trial."
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1726:
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451:, but its objectives were achieved. Most of the Mormon community in Missouri had either left or been forced out by the spring of 1839. Many found refuge in settlements in Illinois.
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240:. Smith first visited Independence in the summer of 1831, and a site was dedicated for the construction of the temple. Soon afterward, Mormon converts—most of them from the
1268:
313:
viewpoints, including Smith himself. Thus they clashed with the pro-slavery persuasions of the majority of
Missourians. Tensions were fueled by the announcement by Smith that
1147:
2127:
962:
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843:, pp. 375–77). However, Rigdon was both sick and a whiner, and Smith became disillusioned with him during their period of enforced association in Liberty jail.(
1473:
1824:
2026:
411:
Soon after the "Extermination Order" was issued, vigilantes attacked an outlying Mormon settlement and killed seventeen people. This event is identified as the
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1775:
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276:—on allegations of misusing church property and finance amid tense relations between them and Smith. Smith explicitly approved of the
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By this time, Smith's experiences with mob violence led him to believe that his faith's survival required greater militancy against
310:
920:, p. 255). The Mormons may also have bribed their guards. Joseph Smith III remembered his father paying $ 800 to the sheriff.
283:
In
Missouri, the church also took the name "Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints", and construction began on a new temple.
208:, when he was 33–34 years old, covers a period beginning when Smith left Ohio in January 1838 until he left Missouri and moved to
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that implied dissenters had no place in the Latter Day Saint community, the
Danites forcibly expelled them from the county.
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459:, one of the church's governing bodies–rose to prominence when he organized the move of about 14,000 Mormon refugees to
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would vote in blocs. Additionally, Mormons purchased vast amounts of land in which to establish settlements, and held
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439:, who was Smith's former attorney and a brigadier general in the Missouri militia, refused to carry out the order.
381:, a group of Mormons attacked the Missouri state militia, mistakenly believing them to be anti-Mormon vigilantes.
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51:
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During this time, a church council expelled many of the oldest and most prominent leaders of the church—including
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and that the surrounding lands were promised to the Church by God and that the Saints would inhabit that area.
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252:, Smith fled for Missouri in January 1838, and the rest of the remaining Latter Day Saints followed.
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raided and burned Mormon farms, while
Danites and other Mormons pillaged non-Mormon towns. In the
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1980:
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423:. Smith and several other Church leaders surrendered to state authorities on charges of
244:
area—began immigrating in large numbers to Independence and the surrounding area.
2016:
1990:
1975:
1937:
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369:, tried to prevent Mormons from voting, and the election day scuffles initiated the
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384:
This battle led to reports of a "Mormon insurrection" and the death of apostle
1855:
1840:
1273:
1170:
1125:
353:
anti-Mormon rhetoric in newspapers and in stump speeches given during the
1240:
460:
221:
1970:
432:
424:
416:
333:
236:, was identified as "the center place" and the spot for building a
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402:
464:
447:
The legality of Boggs' "Extermination Order" was debated in the
1129:
280:
of these men, who were known collectively as the "dissenters".
488:, Smith and other church leaders were then transferred to the
2037:
Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
2057:
Eyewitness accounts associated with the Joseph Smith Papyri
1876:
Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement
228:, the place for Mormons to gather in preparation for the
518:
and looked the other way while their prisoners escaped.
427:. Although they were civilians, Smith was immediately
435:, and sentenced to be executed the next morning, but
2009:
1963:
1930:
1833:
1714:
1553:
1464:
1396:
1289:
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1007:
415:. Soon afterward, the 2,500 troops from the state
964:No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith
940:No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith
1513:Christian fellowships of "the Remnants" movement
1474:The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
967:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
943:(1st ed.). New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
514:drunk on whiskey purchased by Joseph's brother
1079:. Penguin Lives. New York, NY: Penguin Group.
1353:Doctrine and Covenants (Book of Commandments)
1269:Church of Jesus Christ (Bickertonite) history
1141:
869:Statement of Brigham Young (1865) quoted in (
220:Smith's early revelations identified western
177:
8:
2032:Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism
1545:List of Reorganized Restorationist churches
1148:
1134:
1126:
1094:
184:
170:
22:
544:
2128:History of the Latter Day Saint movement
500:later claimed that even Smith's brother
419:converged on the Mormon headquarters at
332:formed a covert organization called the
1055:. Salt Lake City, UT: Signature Books.
1014:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co.
913:
883:
840:
823:
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32:
1053:The Mormon Hierarchy: Origins of Power
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1358:Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible
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7:
1943:Latter Day Saints in popular culture
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1681:Spectrums of orthodoxy and practice
27:This article is part of a series on
1820:List of prophecies of Joseph Smith
365:On August 6, 1838, non-Mormons in
14:
1798:Historicity of the Book of Mormon
1176:Mormonism and Nicene Christianity
1033:. Grand Rapids, MI: Xulon Press.
991:. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
988:Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling
2084:Temple architecture (LDS Church)
1749:Black people and early Mormonism
1348:Criticism of Mormon sacred texts
1031:The Rise of Mormonism: 1816–1844
151:
40:
429:brought before a military court
16:Joseph Smith's life in Missouri
1948:Portrayal of Mormons in comics
1903:Association for Mormon Letters
1029:Marquardt, H. Michael (2005).
1010:Joseph Smith: The First Mormon
455:–as president of the church's
1:
457:Quorum of the Twelve Apostles
158:Latter Day Saints portal
1533:Latter Day Church of Christ
1373:Book of the Law of the Lord
1250:Community of Christ history
806:, pp. 242, 344, 367);
757:Patterson, Sara M. (2020).
394:Missouri Executive Order 44
2159:
296:
290:
2102:
1528:Apostolic United Brethren
1387:Fettingites and offshoots
1221:History of the LDS Church
1186:Teachings of Joseph Smith
1157:Latter Day Saint movement
1114:
1105:
1097:
583:, pp. 210, 222–23);
287:Conflict with Missourians
2107:Latter Day Saints Portal
2062:Kirtland Egyptian papers
1226:Mormon handcart pioneers
727:, pp. 96–99, 101);
559:, pp. 324, 346–348)
315:Jackson County, Missouri
1554:Doctrines and practices
765:Oxford University Press
379:Battle of Crooked River
250:Kirtland Safety Society
1636:Melchizedek priesthood
983:Bushman, Richard Lyman
547:, p. 463) ;
408:
355:1838 election campaign
299:Mormonism and violence
256:Ecclesiastical matters
234:Independence, Missouri
2074:Mormonism and history
1626:Judaism and Mormonism
1538:Centennial Park group
1518:Mormon fundamentalism
1181:Mormon fundamentalism
760:Pioneers in the Attic
406:
1813:Geographical setting
1759:Joseph Smith's views
1641:Patriarchal blessing
1591:Early views on death
1491:Restoration branches
1397:Founders and leaders
1383:The Word of the Lord
1363:Pearl of Great Price
1260:Restoration branches
1006:Hill, Donna (1977).
822:, pp. 245–51);
790:, pp. 366–67);
743:, pp. 364–65);
639:, pp. 346–52);
413:Haun's Mill Massacre
348:given at Far West’s
328:. Around June 1838,
2052:Joseph Smith Papyri
1701:Women and Mormonism
1631:Law of consecration
1621:Islam and Mormonism
1601:Gifts of the Spirit
1486:Community of Christ
1209:Extermination Order
890:, pp. 250–51).
826:, pp. 375–77))
398:Christopher S. Bond
304:Prelude to violence
1953:Mormon pornography
1922:Placement marriage
1861:Mormon blogosphere
1236:Mormon Reformation
671:, pp. 131–33)
571:, pp. 347–48)
437:Alexander Doniphan
409:
367:Gallatin, Missouri
2115:
2114:
2079:Reformed Egyptian
2001:Smith Family Farm
1915:Mormon folk music
1888:Mormon literature
1771:Pacific Islanders
1646:Plan of salvation
1571:Articles of Faith
1561:Adam–God doctrine
1466:LDS denominations
1451:Granville Hedrick
1446:William Bickerton
1368:Lectures on Faith
1279:William Bickerton
1214:Succession crisis
1164:Fundamental ideas
1124:
1123:
1115:Succeeded by
1071:Remini, Robert V.
1049:Quinn, D. Michael
659:, pp. 94–95)
534:Covenant 57:3
494:Liberty, Missouri
486:Mormon War (1838)
484:After losing the
232:of Jesus Christ.
206:from 1838 to 1839
198:
197:
194:
193:
28:
2150:
1986:Nauvoo, Illinois
1931:The Mormon Image
1766:Native Americans
1686:Son of perdition
1671:Second anointing
1611:Heavenly Parents
1586:Degrees of glory
1436:Joseph Smith III
1431:Wilford Woodruff
1255:Amboy Conference
1231:Mormon Battalion
1204:Church of Christ
1150:
1143:
1136:
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1098:Preceded by
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210:Nauvoo, Illinois
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2005:
1981:Mormon corridor
1959:
1926:
1883:Mormon foodways
1871:Mormon folklore
1829:
1710:
1616:Heavenly Mother
1549:
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1392:
1377:Strangites only
1314:Book of Abraham
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959:Brodie, Fawn M.
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873:, p. 246).
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767:. p. 217.
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545:Marquardt (2005
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386:David W. Patten
371:1838 Mormon War
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293:1838 Mormon War
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278:excommunication
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2017:Anti-Mormonism
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1976:Kirtland, Ohio
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810:, p. 241)
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711:, p. 357)
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699:, p. 133)
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687:, p. 355)
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350:Fourth of July
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373:. Non-Mormon
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317:would be the
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230:second coming
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2143:1839 endings
2133:Joseph Smith
2094:Voree plates
2042:First Vision
2027:Bibliography
2022:Angel Moroni
1996:Sacred Grove
1910:Mormon music
1825:Universalism
1754:Civil rights
1744:Black people
1676:Spirit world
1606:Views on God
1576:Confirmation
1498:Bickertonite
1441:James Strang
1404:Joseph Smith
1290:Sacred texts
1108:Joseph Smith
1106:
1076:Joseph Smith
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914:Bushman 2005
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841:Bushman 2005
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820:Brodie (1971
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721:Remini (2002
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589:Remini (2002
581:Brodie (1971
576:
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549:Remini (2002
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483:
480:Imprisonment
475:Liberty Jail
469:
463:and eastern
446:
410:
407:Liberty Jail
383:
364:
343:
326:anti-Mormons
323:
311:abolitionist
307:
282:
274:W. W. Phelps
266:John Whitmer
259:
246:
219:
204:Joseph Smith
201:
199:
123:Bibliography
72:1839 to 1844
67:1838 to 1839
66:
62:1831 to 1837
57:1827 to 1830
52:1805 to 1827
34:Joseph Smith
1846:Jack Mormon
1803:archaeology
1788:LGBT people
1661:Restoration
1523:FLDS Church
918:Brodie 1945
901:Brodie 1945
888:Brodie 1945
871:Brodie 1945
858:Brodie 1945
845:Brodie 1945
837:Brodie 1945
745:Quinn (1994
725:Quinn (1994
681:Quinn (1994
657:Quinn (1994
641:Quinn (1994
621:Quinn (1994
601:Quinn (1994
585:Quinn (1994
553:Quinn (1994
449:legislature
242:New England
2122:Categories
1856:Mormon art
1776:Phrenology
1666:Revelation
1656:Priesthood
1596:Exaltation
1508:Hedrickite
927:References
645:Hill (1977
375:vigilantes
297:See also:
216:Background
128:Chronology
118:Prophecies
1851:Lost boys
1841:Ex-Mormon
1581:Cosmology
1503:Strangite
1336:Criticism
1319:Criticism
1274:Rigdonite
1171:Mormonism
443:Aftermath
212:in 1839.
108:Teachings
1793:Violence
1722:Polygamy
1241:Utah War
1112:1838–39
1073:(2002).
1051:(1994).
985:(2005).
961:(1971).
937:(1945).
461:Illinois
421:Far West
361:Violence
346:a speech
339:a sermon
222:Missouri
202:life of
144:Category
113:Miracles
103:Children
93:Polygamy
2010:Related
1971:Cumorah
1834:Culture
1781:Slavery
1696:Tithing
1691:Temples
1479:outline
1409:outline
1331:outline
1196:History
1118:1839–44
1101:1831–37
502:William
433:treason
425:treason
417:militia
392:issued
334:Danites
139:Outline
1964:Places
1808:origin
1732:origin
1566:Agency
1083:
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1037:
1018:
995:
971:
947:
771:
509:Escape
272:, and
238:temple
2069:Kolob
1297:Bible
522:Notes
516:Hyrum
98:Wives
88:Legal
83:Death
1739:Race
1081:ISBN
1057:ISBN
1035:ISBN
1016:ISBN
993:ISBN
969:ISBN
945:ISBN
769:ISBN
490:jail
465:Iowa
226:Zion
200:The
492:at
344:In
224:as
2124::
763:.
467:.
400:.
357:.
268:,
264:,
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185:e
178:t
171:v
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