710:. Modifications in Vichy service included fitting the aircraft with larger rudders and two more 7.5 mm machine guns in the rear turret. The extra weapons were added because of the limited capacity of the cannon magazines and the fact that changing them in flight was extremely difficult. Aircraft production had stopped with the German occupation but a 1941 agreement authorized Vichy authorities to have a limited number of military aircraft built and orders were placed for 225 newly built Leo 451s. In order to speed production, considerable use was made of components that had been built in 1940 and stored in the German-occupied zone. The first of the newly produced aircraft flew on 30 April 1942, and by the time the German occupation of Southern France following
676:
LeOs performance and made them difficult to intercept. The diving and climbing speeds were very good as well (the
Italian SM.79 took 17 minutes to reach 5,000 m, compared to 14 for the LeO), even if not that useful for a bomber. LeOs were optimized for medium-altitude operations (5,000 m) but were forced to go far lower to search for and destroy tactical targets, rarely with even a basic fighter escort (H-75, D.520). LeOs were not unarmed and German fighters had to keep a look out for their dorsal turret: on 6 June 1940, gunner sergeant Grandchamp, GB II/11 shot down two Bf 110Cs with the Hispano cannon. German fighters came to avoid this danger by attacking from below, forcing the LeOs to deploy their retractable turret, which slowed them.
644:
808:
608:, within which the majority of the aircraft's armaments were enclosed. In total, the aircraft's armaments comprised: 120 20 mm rounds, 800 7.5 mm rounds, up to seven 200 kg bombs or other combinations (1–2 500 kg bombs in the belly, plus the two 200 kg in the wings). When flown with the maximum payload, this reduced the corresponding fuel load to only 1,000 liters. The fuel tanks were also housed within the wings, these comprising a pair of 880 lts tanks within the inner wings), along with a further two pairs of 330 and 410 liters contained in the external wings.
1089:
377:, were procured between 1933 and 1935, many of these originated from technical programmes which had predated the recognition of the service's independence and thus had not been developed to meet its new strategic ambitions. In addition, several shortcomings was quickly identified with many of these aircraft, including inadequate defensive armaments, being too slow and relatively unmanoeuvrable, and thus too vulnerable for viable sorties over hostile territory. Accordingly, the need for their replacement was apparent. It was out of the
1041:
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491:
540:. At the same point, there were only 10 LeO 451 bombers in French Air Force service, while another 22 were in the process of being delivered. It was at this point that a flurry of additional wartime production orders were issued, calling for hundreds more aircraft to be manufactured, amounting to around 1,549 LeO 45 aircraft of various models. While additional productions lines were established in order to produce more aircraft, much of this extra capacity did not arrive until mere months prior to the catastrophic
556:, which had been conceived with the aim of producing a suitably advanced bomber to equip the French Air Force. In contrast to its predecessors, which had relied on machine guns for self-protection, the emphasis was placed on high-speed high-altitude cruise. The expectation was that high speed would force enemy fighters into tail-chase attacks and to that effect the aircraft was designed with a rear-firing cannon which possessed an unobstructed rear arc of fire thanks to the design of the twin tailfins.
139:
321:
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improvements; the mandate was issued in spite of known teething troubles with the type that were far from cleared. At the same time, the requirements of Plan V were elevated to 1188 B4 bombers, 396 of these being first line aircraft. Accordingly, on 20 February 1939, a tentative order for 100 aircraft was confirmed; on 18 April 1939, a large order for a further 480 LeO 45 bombers was received.
33:
393:
carrying an internally carried payload of 1,200 kg (2,650 lb). The new bombers would have to be capable of operating at day and night, while carrying defensive turrets, the forward unit being fixed to the fuselage while the ventral position was to be flexible. In late 1935, Amiot, Latecoere, Romano, Lioré et
Olivier and Bloch presented the mock-ups of their submissions.
1019:
612:
987:
313:
1114:
631:. The undercarriage was fully retractable; it featured an unusually complicated mechanism for the main wheels in order to reduce the size of the engine nacelles. The two horizontal surfaces of the tail unit were constructed in two separate halves and bolted onto a short center section fixed to the upper fuselage; the twin fins and rudders, which were furnished with
664:(bomber squadrons, abbreviated GB) I/12 and II/12 on 11 May. Flying at low altitude, the bombers suffered from heavy ground fire with one aircraft shot down and eight heavily damaged. Within the next eight days many of them were shot down, such as the one piloted by sergent-chef Hervé Bougault near Floyon, during a bombing mission over German troops. By the
627:, flow adjustment was not provided by flaps but by a frontal ring that moved back and forth to respectively reduce or increase flow, without change in drag. Like many other French twin-engine aeroplanes of the era, the propellers rotated in opposite directions to eliminate the undesirable effects of propeller
461:
for the type's official evaluation. On 6 December 1937, it was involved in a forced landing incident as a result of both engines having failed simultaneously in mid-flight; the pilot, Jean
Doumerc, was able to land without sustaining any damage. The prototype was promptly returned to the manufacturer
523:
on 24 March 1939. On 28 April 1939, the second production aircraft conducted its first flight. Further production issues were encountered as a result of supply issues with Gnome-Rhone engines and associated propellers; as a result, it was decided to fit the type with Ratier-built propellers instead,
599:
The fuselage housed the aircraft's four-man crew; the bombardier, who was also the commander as per French tradition, was positioned within an almost-fully glazed nose at the front of the aircraft, ahead of the pilot, and performed observation and bombing aiming functions from this location. Behind
514:
On 21 October 1938, it was specified that all production LeO 45 aircraft were to be equipped with Gnome-Rhône engines in place of the originally envisioned
Hispano-Suiza powerplants. However, as a result of this demand, there was considerable delays in the delivery of the first production aircraft.
498:
In May 1937, the Armée de l'Air placed an initial pre-production order for a pair of LeO 450 aircraft, one being fitted with
Hispano-Suiza AA 06/07 engines and the other with Hispano-Suiza 14 AA 12/13 engines. On 29 November 1937, an order for 20 production machines was received, the first of which
473:
Various issues with the troublesome
Hispano-Suiza engines had been experienced and this resulted in several changes being made to the prototype, such as the adoption of broader, more efficient air intakes for the oil coolers, which in turn reduced instances of engine overheating. On 29 August 1938,
396:
During the latter half of 1935, the
Service Technique Aéronautique decided to enact several changes to some of the specified requirements; these included the revision of the rearward and lower turret arrangements and the crew reduced from five to four, as it was thought that the co-pilot could also
675:
Although the LeOs were typically faster than many fighters and also faster than almost all other types of bomber, the
Luftwaffe was equipped with fighters that were even faster (such as the Bf 109 and Bf 110). The cruise speed, up to 420 km/h (7 km/min), was one of the strengths of the
453:
radial engines producing 1,120 hp (835 kW) each, flew for the first time. Despite problems experienced with longitudinal instability, engine reliability and overheating, the aircraft demonstrated excellent overall performance. During flight testing, the prototype was capable of reaching
695:
Upon Italy's entry into the war on the Axis side, LeOs attacked
Livorno, Novi Ligure, Vado and Palermo in a four-aircraft morning mission. Against Italian forces, the LeOs were able to operate without much difficulty. Turin (Fiat plants) was near the border and easy to reach, while Italy did not
651:
At the outbreak of World War II, only ten LeO 45s had been formally accepted by the French Air Force. These aircraft were issued to a front line unit to experiment with the new type in the field and flew a few reconnaissance flights over
Germany, which resulted in the type's first combat loss.
527:
During early 1939, as it was becoming apparent that the international situation was worsening and that the European powers were increasingly likely to be involved in a major war, the Armée de l'Air explicitly requested of SNCASE that the company would not delay production by enacting any further
672:(bomber wing) had flown approximately 400 combat missions, dropping 320 tons of bombs at the expense of 31 aircraft shot down by enemy fire, 40 written off due to damage and five lost in accidents. Other statistics state that about 47 bombers were lost: 26 to fighters, 21 to anti-aircraft fire.
392:
heavy bomber programme and made approaches to all of the main French aircraft manufacturers. Various requirements were specifying a five-seat bomber with a top speed of 400 km/h (215 knots, 250 mph) at 4,000 m (13,125 ft) and a combat radius of 700 km (435 mi)
337:
was officially recognised as an independent military service. In accordance with this new position, in addition to cooperating with land and naval operations, there was a newfound emphasis on the ability to execute independent strategic-level operations. It was quickly determined that existing
462:
for adjustments prior to the resumption of evaluation flights. In July 1938, the prototype, fitted with the new Mercier-designed cowlings, attained 500 km/h (270 knots, 311 mph). The earlier instability issues were partially addressed via the adoption of redesigned twin
583:
wing, which employed a structure designed and patented by Mercier, was constructed in four separate sections. Specifically, the inner section was built around two spars equipped with steel booms which had enough room between them to accommodate a 200 kg-class bomb and large
659:
on 10 May 1940, only 54 of the 222 LeO 451s that had been delivered were considered ready for combat, the remainder being used for training, spares, undergoing modifications and repairs or having been lost. The first combat sortie of the campaign was flown by ten aircraft from
600:
the pilot, the radio operator could man a defensive 7.5 mm M.1934 (500 rounds) machine gun from an underbelly retractable "gondola". A corridor alongside the main bomb bay led to the dorsal gunner's position, which featured a powered mounting for the 20 mm cannon
482:. Following the completion of the re-engining, the flight test programme was resumed, running from 21 October 1938 to February 1939. In spite of the new engines being slightly less powerful, the speed and general performance of the prototype remained relatively unchanged.
424:
and other lesser-known biplane bombers. This had earned the company a reputation for reliability, but were had been relatively traditional and conservative in terms of their design. The 1934 programme was put under Pierre Mercier, a younger engineer who had expertise in
531:
By September 1939, the eve of the outbreak of the Second World War, there were a total of 749 LeO 45 aircraft on order; this included several different variants of the type, such as an envisioned high altitude model, aircraft outfitted with American-built
401:. In September 1936, the envisioned bomber's requirements were revised to account for development of 1,000 hp (746 kW)-class engines; accordingly, the cruise speed raised to 470 km/h (255 knots, 290 mph). It was at this point that
687:
continued the fight, since the LeOs were produced at a fast pace (around 4–5/day, over 200 built within 45 days) allowing them to re-equip. Losses remained high and, on missions, 13 LeOs were intercepted and four shot down by Luftwaffe fighters.
409:, which called for an even larger and more capable bomber force to be provisioned for the French Air Force; under this plan, it was envisioned that a total of 41 units each equipped with 12 B4-type aircraft would be established.
503:, which called for the reequipping of 22 bomber units. In order to meet French ambitions, which was viewed as requiring 449 frontline aircraft and 185 reserve aircraft, by April 1940, official contracts were also issued for
342:, was promptly initiated. This plan called for 1,010 modern combat aircraft suitable for first-line service to be provisioned by late 1936; out of these, 350 of these were to be bombers, further divided into 210
799:
Following the war, the 67 surviving aircraft were mostly used as trainers and transports. The LeO 451 was retired in September 1957, making it the last pre-war French design to leave active duty.
696:
possess a radar system and radios were not commonly used on the Italian fighters. On the other front, however, ground-based flak fire and Luftwaffe fighters alike took a heavy toll upon the type.
1347:
269:
The LeO 45 was a low-wing monoplane, all-metal in construction, equipped with a retractable undercarriage and powered by two 1,060 hp Gnome-Rhône 14N engines. The prototype, which made its
280:
As only a handful of aircraft had been introduced into the French Air Force by the outbreak of the Second World War, the LeO 45 was too late to provide a substantial contribution during the
683:
had 50 LeOs but these aircraft had not been dispersed and even lacked capable AA defence on their airfields. When the Luftwaffe attacked, a total of 40 bombers were lost. In spite of this,
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which began on 8 November 1942, surviving French LeO 451 in North Africa were used primarily for freight duties, although they flew a few bombing missions against Axis forces during the
776:
The Germans were not especially interested in the type but on 21 May 1943, the Luftwaffe requested the Regia Aeronautica to hand over 39 LeO 451s captured by Italians troops in the
1974:
300:
forces operated the aircraft. The LeO 45 participated in combat missions throughout the remainder of the war and continued to be used for some time after its end by the post-war
579:. The fuselage cross-section was reduced via the adoption of a main fuselage bomb bay paired to smaller bomb bays that were located within the wing roots. The low
1937:
2195:
604:, with 120 rounds; the turret could be retracted. Another 7.5 mm machine-gun M.1934 was installed in the nose (with 300 rounds). The LeO 45 had a central
665:
50:
1967:
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on 15 January 1937, had been fitted two 1,100 hp Hispano-Suiza engines. The LeO 45 had been developed as a modern and advanced bomber for the new
929:
engines producing 1,375 hp (1025 kW) each, 400 ordered, one prototype built. The aircraft flew on 12 March 1939 but was later destroyed on the ground.
412:
Amongst the numerous manufacturers to submit proposals for the B4 programme was Lioré et Olivier, which was to be soon nationalized as part of the
499:
being specified for delivery in May 1938. On 26 March 1938, a further 20 LeO 450 was ordered in line with the French Air Ministry's newly adopted
458:
2190:
2180:
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1960:
277:, which had gained its independence on 1 April 1933. Introduced to operational service in 1938, it was a very effective and capable bomber.
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engines, which were capable of producing 1,030 hp (768 kW) each; as a result of these changes, the aircraft was re-designated as
97:
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69:
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480 km/h (260 knots, 300 mph) at 4000 m and of attaining 624 km/h (337 knots, 388 mph) in a shallow dive.
741:, losing one of their number to British anti-aircraft fire. Two bomber units equipped with LeO 451s, GB I/12 and GB I/31 were based in
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1885:
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engines, seating for 6 passengers, range 3,500 km (1,890 nm, 2,175 mi) at 400 km/h (215 knots, 250 mph) cruising speed, 40 modified.
116:
76:
940:
588:; the spars did not continue to the wing-tip but made way for a box-type structure. The wings were furnished with large split-type
807:
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as a modern medium bomber capable of performing independent strategic operations, unlike the majority of previous French bombers.
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aircraft would be incapable of performing the latter role to a sufficient degree, thus a modernisation programme, known as
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Post-war conversion to high-speed transports and search-and-rescue aircraft, powered by two 895 kW (1,200 hp)
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German-captured bombers modified for freight duty, seating for up to 17 troops. Around about 50 aircraft were modified.
714:
brought production to an end, 102 LeOs had been built for Vichy. In 1942, LeO 451-359 was fitted with an experimental
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panels. As a consequence of the specified speed requirements of the programme, a lot of effort was spent in reducing
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modernisation programme that the requirements for an advanced medium bomber were formulated for the new service.
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serve as a navigator and bomb-aimer. To reflect the crew change, the programme was re-designated from B5 to
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792:. The 451s were converted into transport aircraft for fuel and troops. Other LeOs were delivered to the
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14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 790 kW (1,060 hp) RH rotation (or −39 or −47)
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14-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 790 kW (1,060 hp) LH rotation (or −38 or −46)
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aircraft as stop gap measures, along with another 100 LeO 45 aircraft being ordered on 15 June 1938.
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airframes. It was out of Mercier's work that a new design emerged, which was soon christened as the
1983:
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and 12 were put in service with a ground attack unit, although they saw almost no active service.
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1 × 7.5 mm (0.295 in) MAC 1934 in "dustbin" retractable ventral turret with 500 rounds
926:
475:
1909:
1897:
1881:
1818:
1079:
793:
788:). The Luftwaffe, claiming to have previously bought the LeOs, gave in exchange a stock of 30
457:
In September 1937, the prototype was delivered to the Centre d'Essais de Matériels Aériens at
699:
A total of 452 aircraft had then been built, 373 accepted into service (including 13 for the
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totalled around 70 losses both in air and ground but still continued to fight until the end.
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The first LeO 45.01 prototype was redesignated, fitted with two Gnome-Rhone 14R engines.
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fuselage; the structure included 60 individual fixed frames attached to longitudinal
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Notice descriptive et d'utilisation de l'avion LeO. 451 à moteurs Gnome et Rhône 14N
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L'aviation française de bombardement et de renseignement 1918–1940 (Docavia n°12)
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Twelve LeO 451T aircraft were redesignated, used as mail transport aircraft for
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1942:
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1857:
Ehrengardt, Christian-Jacques "Le bombardement français, tome I: 1939/1940".
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1813:
Capello, R. (June 2000). "Courrier des Lecteurs" [Readers' Letters].
1952:
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495 km/h (308 mph, 267 kn) at 4,000 m (13,000 ft)
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On 24 October 1940, Vichy French LeO 451s carried out an air raid against
611:
1268:
935:
Post-war photo-reconnaissance variant, powered by two 1,600 hp (1195 kW)
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605:
515:
During late November 1938, the first LeO 45 was on static display at the
750:
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304:. The last examples in active service were retired in September 1957.
1932:
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Up to 1568 kg (3,457 lb) of bombs in fuselage and wing root bomb bays
1018:
992:
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which reduced the maximum speed from 500 km/h to 470 km/h.
467:
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170:
544:, thus making their contribution to the course of the war minimal.
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A LeO 45 having landed in the French countryside in December 1937.
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572:
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319:
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292:, the type continued to be manufactured and operated by occupied
1938:
French airforce analysis 1940 -included bombers-in airpower site
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7 × 200 kg bombs (actual bomb weight: 224 kg (494 lb))
785:
749:. These were supplemented by GB I/25, which was dispatched from
679:
Another problem had been caused by the Germans' initial strike.
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it was decided to replace the existing Hispano-Suiza engines by
1956:
745:
when Allied forces invaded on 8 June 1941, at the start of the
1901:, October 1985, Vol 29 No 4. pp. 179–189. ISSN 0306-5634.
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magazine, Westward editions, Parma, n.14 (10/2005), pp. 28–29.
706:
Following the Armistice, LeO 451s continued to fly, under the
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26:
592:, which were electronically controlled and high aspect-ratio
1831:
The Lioré et Olivier LeO 45 Series (Aircraft in Profile 173)
1348:
List of aircraft of the French Air Force during World War II
1125:
The Lioré et Olivier LeO 45 Series (Aircraft in Profile 173)
1873:, 16 May 1940, Vol. XXXVII, No. 1636. pp. 452c–d, 453.
1833:. Leatherhead, Surrey, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1967.
1182:
3,235 L (855 US gal; 712 imp gal)
939:
engines. Five LeO 451s were modified and were used by the
1850:
Dimensione Cielo Aerei italiani nella 2° guerra mondiale
1793:
up to 502 km/h (312 mph; 271 kn) on trials
753:. During this campaign, the LeO 451s flew a total of 855
1809:(Sampson Low Guides). Maidenhead, UK: Sampson Low, 1978.
536:
engines, and 12 aircraft which had been ordered for the
1208:
3-bladed constant-speed propellers (LH and RH rotation)
635:, were attached at the extreme edges of the tailplane.
596:, the latter of which being depressed during takeoff.
559:
The LeO 45 featured an all-metal construction and a
1865:"The LeO 45 Bomber: Pride of France's Bomber Force"
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Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
416:. Lioré et Olivier was a long-time supplier to the
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57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1104:operated several captured aircraft as unit hacks.
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1271:fixed forward-firing machine gun with 300 rounds
623:for the LeO 45's radial engines. Unlike typical
494:Production of LeO 45s in the SNCASE plant, 1938.
353:While numerous multi-seat aircraft, such as the
552:The Lioré et Olivier LeO 45 was a twin-engined
925:High-altitude version with turbo-supercharged
1968:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1235:2,900 km (1,800 mi, 1,600 nmi)
8:
1880:. Boulogne-Billancourt, France: ETAI. 2002.
1838:LeO 45, Amiot 350 et autre B4 (Docavia n°23)
1815:Avions: Toute l'Aéronautique et son histoire
703:), and around 130 lost in action in Europe.
757:, losing 29 LeO 451s in the process. After
1975:
1961:
1953:
1908:. Le Muy, France: Editions d'Along, 2004.
128:
1640:
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1229:420 km/h (260 mph, 230 kn)
839:Production version variously fitted with
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
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884:Post-war flying laboratory, 11 modified.
1904:Marchand, Patrick and Takamori, Junko.
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1264:cannon in dorsal turret with 120 rounds
919:engines, one prototype left unfinished.
619:Mercier also used his patented type of
1807:World Aircraft: World War II, Volume I
1805:Angelucci, Enzo and Paolo Matricardi.
1760:Angelucci and Matricardi 1978, p. 255.
1383:Angelucci and Matricardi 1978, p. 254.
811:LeO 451 in North Africa, January, 1943
350:, and 20 four-engined heavy bombers.
7:
2196:Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
1152:22.52 m (73 ft 11 in)
615:A LeO 45 with NACA cowlings in 1938.
55:adding citations to reliable sources
1146:17.17 m (56 ft 4 in)
1057:operated several captured aircraft.
260:. It had been designed for the new
256:that was used during and after the
1948:French airforce OrBat in June 1940
1158:5.24 m (17 ft 2 in)
25:
1943:French airforce OrBat in May 1940
420:, providing aircraft such as its
1847:(in French). Editions Larivière.
1840:(in French). Editions Larivière.
1353:List of aircraft of World War II
1267:1 × 7.5 mm (0.295 in)
1087:
1064:
1039:
1017:
985:
953:, 68 ordered. Also known as the
819:First prototype, powered by two
730:also carried a similar device).
668:of 25 June 1940, LeO 451 of the
445:prototype, powered by a pair of
137:
31:
1176:11,398 kg (25,128 lb)
1164:66 m (710 sq ft)
42:needs additional citations for
1843:Danel, Raymond and Cuny, Jean
1836:Danel, Raymond and Cuny, Jean
1260:1 × 20 mm (0.79 in)
1170:7,530 kg (16,601 lb)
941:Institut Géographique National
386:Service Technique Aéronautique
284:in the face of an invasion by
1:
1854:Roma, Edizioni Bizzarri, 1972
1614:16 May 1940, pp. 452c–d, 453.
1241:9,000 m (30,000 ft)
1102:United States Army Air Forces
908:Pratt & Whitney R-1830-67
718:coil for remotely detonating
2191:Aircraft first flown in 1937
2176:1930s French bomber aircraft
1117:3-view drawing of the LeO 45
670:Groupement de bombardement 6
1878:Les Avions Lioré Et Olivier
1859:Aéro-Journal Hors-Série N°5
1628:Sgarlato, Nico: "Leo 451",
739:Free-French attack on Dakar
405:was cancelled in favour of
324:Profile view of the LeO 45.
2212:
1739:October 1985, pp. 184–185.
1715:October 1985, pp. 185–186.
1703:October 1985, pp. 183–184.
2181:Lioré et Olivier aircraft
1991:
1602:October 1985 pp. 179–180.
567:and was covered by flush-
384:On 17 November 1934, the
316:Front view of the LeO 45.
290:Armistice of 22 June 1940
136:
66:"Lioré et Olivier LeO 45"
1109:Specifications (LeO 451)
857:Gnome & Rhône 14N-46
765:. They were replaced by
441:On 16 January 1937, the
132:Lioré et Olivier LeO 451
18:Lioré et Olivier LeO 451
1906:Loiré et Olivier LeO 45
1891:"Liore-et-Olivier 45...
1358:List of bomber aircraft
1131:General characteristics
737:in retaliation for the
662:Groupes de bombardement
586:self-sealing fuel tanks
367:Lioré et Olivier LeO 25
250:Lioré-et-Olivier LeO 45
1585:Danel 1967, pp. 10–11.
1562:Danel 1967, pp. 7, 10.
1118:
1031:Vichy French Air Force
949:Naval version for the
827:radial piston engines.
812:
747:Syria-Lebanon Campaign
648:
616:
495:
325:
317:
1817:(in French) (87): 2.
1727:October 1985, p. 185.
1691:October 1985, p. 184.
1659:October 1985, p. 183.
1446:October 1985, p. 179.
1116:
810:
646:
614:
493:
476:Gnome-Rhône 14N 20/21
333:On 1 April 1933, the
323:
315:
288:. As a result of the
1775:October 1985, p.189.
1501:Danel 1967, pp. 5–6.
1492:Danel 1967, pp. 4–5.
1483:October 1985, p.180.
1414:Danel 1967, pp. 3–4.
1262:Hispano-Suiza HS.404
969:engines, ten ordered
825:Hispano-Suiza 14AA-7
821:Hispano-Suiza 14AA-6
767:Handley-Page Halifax
655:At the start of the
602:Hispano-Suiza HS.404
451:Hispano-Suiza 14AA-7
447:Hispano-Suiza 14AA-6
51:improve this article
1893:A Study in Elegance
1174:Max takeoff weight:
1005:Aéronautique navale
917:Bristol Hercules II
724:Vickers Wellingtons
701:Aéronautique navale
639:Operational history
519:; it performed its
346:, 120 twin-engined
152:General information
1784:Danel 1967, p. 16.
1674:Aerei nella Storia
1644:Danel 1967, p. 11.
1630:Aerei nella Storia
1576:Danel 1967, p. 10.
1321:Douglas A-20 Havoc
1200:Gnome-Rhône 14N−49
1190:Gnome-Rhône 14N−48
1119:
967:Wright GR-2600-A5B
946:LeO 456 (LeO 451M)
861:Gnome-Rhône 14N-47
853:Gnome-Rhône 14N-39
849:Gnome-Rhône 14N-38
845:Gnome-Rhône 14N-49
841:Gnome-Rhône 14N-48
813:
649:
617:
534:Wright GR-2600-A5B
496:
470:on the tail unit.
326:
318:
2186:Low-wing aircraft
2163:
2162:
1898:Air International
1876:Hartmann Gérard.
1773:Air International
1737:Air International
1725:Air International
1713:Air International
1701:Air International
1689:Air International
1657:Air International
1600:Air International
1553:Danel 1967, p. 7.
1529:Danel 1967, p. 6.
1481:Air International
1464:Danel 1967, p. 5.
1444:Air International
1434:Danel 1967, p. 4.
1405:Danel 1967, p. 3.
1080:Regia Aeronautica
794:Regia Aeronautica
782:Ambérieu-en-Bugey
247:
246:
220:Introduction date
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
2203:
1984:Lioré et Olivier
1977:
1970:
1963:
1954:
1933:LeO 451 (French)
1852:CACCIA ASSALTO 3
1829:Danel, Raymond.
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763:Tunisia Campaign
708:Vichy government
657:Battle of France
594:slotted ailerons
542:Battle of France
335:French Air Force
302:French Air Force
282:Battle of France
258:Second World War
193:French Air Force
144:Lioré et Olivier
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712:Operation Torch
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1927:External links
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437:Flight testing
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418:Armée de l'air
344:medium bombers
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1916:. (in French)
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1914:2-914403-21-6
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1343:
1342:Related lists
1337:
1334:
1332:
1331:Junkers Ju 88
1329:
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1227:Cruise speed:
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1197:
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1191:
1187:
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1168:Empty weight:
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254:medium bomber
252:was a French
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68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
2134:
1919:
1905:
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1800:Bibliography
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1024:Vichy France
954:
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732:
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690:Groupement 6
689:
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375:Farman F.221
359:Bloch MB.210
355:Bloch MB.200
352:
339:
332:
294:Vichy France
286:Nazi Germany
279:
274:
268:
261:
249:
248:
230:First flight
212:Manufactured
199:Number built
189:Primary user
166:Manufacturer
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
1888:(in French)
1861:(in French)
1214:Performance
1206:Propellers:
1196:Powerplant:
1186:Powerplant:
951:French Navy
780:factory in
726:and German
720:naval mines
308:Development
298:Free France
2170:Categories
2086:LeO H-23-2
1676:, 10/2005.
1364:References
1162:Wing area:
1010:Air France
937:SNECMA 14R
876:Air France
830:LeO 451.01
716:degaussing
581:cantilever
486:Production
480:LeO 451-01
427:cantilever
329:Background
77:newspapers
1823:1243-8650
1306:Amiot 354
1150:Wingspan:
1122:Data from
1055:Luftwaffe
979:Operators
932:LeO 455Ph
881:LeO 451E2
866:LeO 451GS
816:LeO 45.01
773:bombers.
735:Gibraltar
666:Armistice
633:trim tabs
565:stringers
561:monocoque
509:Amiot 350
505:Bloch 131
443:LeO 45-01
371:Potez 540
363:Amiot 143
215:1938–1942
2155:LeO H-49
2145:LeO H-47
2140:LeO H-46
2130:LeO H-43
2110:LeO H-28
2105:LeO H-27
2091:LeO H-24
2081:LeO H-23
2076:LeO H-22
2061:LeO H-19
2056:LeO H-18
2051:LeO H-15
2046:LeO H-13
2036:LeO H-10
1986:aircraft
1295:See also
1269:MAC 1934
1247:Armament
955:LeO 451M
892:LeO 451T
887:LeO 451M
871:LeO 451C
803:Variants
606:bomb bay
569:rivetted
107:May 2013
1156:Height:
1144:Length:
1047:Germany
972:LeO 459
963:LeO 458
960:LeO 457
922:LeO 455
913:LeO 454
903:LeO 453
898:LeO 452
863:engines
836:LeO 451
755:sorties
751:Tunisia
621:fairing
468:rudders
407:Plan II
238:Retired
207:History
184:Retired
146:LeO 451
91:scholar
2150:LeO 48
2135:LeO 45
2125:LeO 41
2120:LeO 40
2115:LeO 30
2100:LeO 25
2071:LeO 21
2066:LeO 20
2041:LeO 12
1912:
1884:
1870:Flight
1821:
1612:Flight
1280:Bombs:
1233:Range:
1092:
1069:
1044:
993:France
990:
778:SNCASE
629:torque
571:light
548:Design
501:Plan V
431:LeO 45
422:LeO 20
414:SNCASE
403:Plan I
379:Plan I
340:Plan I
181:Status
171:SNCASE
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
2095:H-246
2031:LeO 9
2026:LeO 8
2021:LeO 7
2016:LeO 6
2011:LeO 5
2006:LeO 4
2001:LeO 3
1996:LeO 1
1369:Notes
1255:Guns:
1138:Crew:
1072:Italy
743:Syria
573:alloy
175:SNCAO
98:JSTOR
84:books
1910:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1819:ISSN
1198:1 ×
1188:1 ×
786:Lyon
769:and
507:and
466:and
464:fins
373:and
242:1957
224:1938
157:Type
70:news
1895:".
855:or
847:or
369:7,
296:as
202:561
53:by
2172::
1867:.
1765:^
1681:^
1664:^
1649:^
1637:^
1619:^
1590:^
1567:^
1534:^
1506:^
1469:^
1451:^
1419:^
1388:^
1376:^
859:/
851:/
843:/
823:/
449:/
433:.
399:B4
390:B5
365:,
361:,
357:,
173:,
2093:/
1976:e
1969:t
1962:v
1825:.
1140:4
957:.
943:.
878:.
784:(
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
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