2206:
287:
714:
670:
658:
2200:
104:
686:
472:
698:
192:) with spike underneath to fit it on a ship's rail or the edge of a stockade. For land use they are commonly placed on corners of a fort or stockade, so they could cover alternately two different walls. Often, they have dolphins (metal lugs on top to lift the cannon) but they may be purely ornamental, as they can be picked up without hoisting it with ropes. Compared to European falconet with its history dating back to the 1500s, lela was shorter in range and lighter in weight but excels in ornamentation and design.
646:
747:
196:
775:
733:
761:
28:
2194:
1583:
410:
Setelah datang ke Melaka, maka bertemu, ditembaknya dengan meriam. Maka segala orang Melaka pun hairan, terkejut mendengar bunyi meriam itu. Katanya, "Bunyi apa ini, seperti guruh ini?". Maka meriam itu pun datanglah mengenai orang Melaka, ada yang putus lehernya, ada yang putus tangannya, ada yang
826:
Maka kata
Laksamana, "Adapun hamba sekalian datang ini dititahkan oleh Sultan Melaka membawa surat dan bingkisan tanda berkasih-kasihan antara Sultan Melaka dan duli Sultan Rum, serta hendak membeli bedil dan meriam yang besar-besar. Adalah kekurangan sedikit bedil yang besar-besar di dalam negeri
414:
After (the
Portuguese) coming to Malacca, then met (each other), they shot (the city) with cannon. So all the people of Malacca were surprised, shocked to hear the sound of the cannon. They said, "What is this sound, like thunder?". Then the cannon came about the people of Malacca, some lost their
829:
Translation: Then the
Admiral said, "As for our reason for coming here, we were ordered by the Sultan of Melaka to bring a letter and a gift of sympathy between the Sultan of Melaka and the Sultan of Rum, as well as to buy large guns and cannons. There is a shortage of large guns in the state of
394:
Despite having a lot of artillery and firearms, the weapons of
Malacca were mostly and mainly purchased from the Javanese and Gujarati, where the Javanese and Gujarati were the operators of the weapons. In the early 16th century, before the Portuguese arrival, the Malays were a people who lacked
78:
The cannon was named after a heroine of the Malay classic romance story called "Laila Majnun". It seems that the adoption of the word stems from the name given to some particular piece. The customs of naming special cannon was not uncommon in Europe in the early days and also in
Nusantara to the
259:
which is similar to
Chinese cannon. Swivel guns however, only developed in the archipelago because of the close maritime relations of the Nusantara archipelago with the territory of West India after 1460 CE, which brought new types of gunpowder weapons to the archipelago, likely through Arab
264:, which is a breech-loading swivel gun. A new type of cetbang, called the western-style cetbang, was derived from the Turkish prangi. Just like prangi, this cetbang is a breech-loading swivel gun made of bronze or iron, firing single rounds or scattershots (a large number of small bullets).
604:
of copper and zinc), has always been the preferred metal as it is cheaper and easier to work, compared to iron or the other harder alloy, the bronze. However, bronze (alloy of copper and tin) is much stronger and is therefore more popular for use in making weapons. The process used is
657:
286:
713:
697:
669:
633:
of 1899–1902. Rentaka and lela was brought by Malay from
Peninsular and Borneo Malay to Southern Philippine. Bangsamoro have then retained the most of the adopted Malay culture relative to the rest of the Philippines.
415:
necks, some lost their arms, some lost their thighs. The people of
Malacca were even more astonished to see the effect of the gun. They said: "What is this weapon called that is round, yet is sharp enough to kill?"
2205:
317:
compared
Malaccan gun founders as being on the same level as those of Germany. However, he did not state what ethnicity the Malaccan gun founder was. Duarte Barbosa stated that the arquebus-maker of Malacca was
685:
322:. The Javanese also manufactured their own cannon in Malacca. Anthony Reid argued that the Javanese handled much of the productive work in Malacca before 1511 and in 17th century Pattani.
582:
The prahus used by Malay pirates are from eight to ten tons burthen, extremely well manned and remarkably fast, particularly with the paddles commonly used. They are generally armed with
271:
weapon. This indicated that the cetbang is the direct predecessor of them. Michael
Charney (2004) pointed out that early Malay swivel guns were breech-loaded. There is a trend toward
2199:
663:
Lela with Arabic inscription, which reads "Peace be upon him in the hijri year 1267", referring to the founding year (1850–1851 CE). Length: 164 cm, caliber: 37 mm.
180:
Lela always had a tube cast in the back, in which a wooden handle or tiller would be fitted. This tiller is used for aiming the gun. Lela has forked pivot mount (called
645:
3039:
411:
panggal pahanya. Maka bertambahlah hairannya orang Melaka melihat fi'il bedil itu. Katanya: "Apa namanya senjata yang bulat itu maka dengan tajamnya maka ia membunuh?"
401:, mentioned that in 1509 they do not understand “why bullets killed”, indicating their unfamiliarity with using firearms in battle, if not in ceremony. As recorded in
325:
Wan Mohd Dasuki Wan Hasbullah explained several facts about the existence of gunpowder weapons in Malacca and other Malay states before the arrival of the Portuguese:
590:
are erected, behind which the crew ensconce themselves, fighting with their long guns until their prey is disabled; or till the gong sound the signal for boarding.
130:. They fire1.13–2.5 kg (2.5–5.5 lb) round shot with a range of over 360 m (1,180 ft). Alternatively they can also be loaded with scattershots (
114:(dragon-head lela), from 1667. 172 cm (68 in) long with diameter of 22 cm (8.7 in), 150.6 kg (332 lb) in weight. Captured during the
460:(cannons) after their first encounter with the Portuguese in 1509 CE, indicating their shortage of firearms and gunpowder weapons. Malaccan expedition to Rum (
1679:
3265:
2573:
963:
305:(1511), Albuquerque captured 3,000 out of 8,000 artillery. Among those, 2,000 were made from brass and the rest from iron, in the style of Portuguese
719:
Bronze muzzle-loading lela, reinforced with 2 pieces of bamboo and fastened with rattan. 144 cm long, 36 mm in caliber. Weight: 70 kg.
3853:
3005:
3858:
3848:
3412:
3349:
3417:
1466:
996:
707:
Amsterdam near Tanjung Pulisan on the northeast coast of Celebes from pirates. 119 cm long, 16 mm caliber. Weight: 30.6 kg.
3843:
332:
No evidence showed that guns were ever used by the Malacca Sultanate before the Portuguese attack, even from Malay sources themselves.
1439:
1235:
1208:
1183:
892:
1562:
Hachelijke reys-togt van Jacob Jansz de Roy, na Borneo en Atchin, in sijn vlugt van Batavia, derwaards ondernoomen in het jaar 1691
1284:
The Commentaries of the Great Afonso Dalboquerque, Second Viceroy of India, translated from the Portuguese edition of 1774 volume 3
1620:
1672:
1657:
3619:
1524:
103:
3808:
3777:
2566:
586:
on their bows, centre, and stern, of small calibre, but long range. When preparing to attack, strong bulwarks of wood called
1113:
Schlegel, Gustaaf (1902). "On the Invention and Use of Fire-Arms and Gunpowder in China, Prior to the Arrival of European".
138:). Malay cannon usually fired stone balls made from boulders of riverbanks, and to lesser extent were cast metal balls from
1300:
Charney, Michael (2012). Iberians and Southeast Asians at War: the Violent First Encounter at Melaka in 1511 and After. In
3833:
3813:
3029:
1317:
3828:
3818:
2998:
630:
1665:
471:
154:) of between 19 and 76.2 mm (0.75 and 3.00 in). Some big lela are double barreled and sometimes one or more
468:, which in reality based on the sending of a series of Acehnese embassies to the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century.
219:
is long and heavy gun made from brass, used for the defense of the stockades behind which the Malays usually fight (
3247:
2924:
1225:
491:
In 1600 CE, lela cannons are becoming more common in the archipelago. Several renowned foundries of the region are
3364:
2899:
2559:
310:
298:
276:
1483:
3823:
3803:
3112:
1406:
313:). All of the artillery had its proper complement of carriages which could not be rivalled even by Portugal.
3782:
3599:
2991:
2532:
1456:
943:
Gibson-Hill, C. A. (July 1953). "Notes on the old Cannon found in Malaya, and known to be of Dutch origin".
431:
244:
240:
55:
2321:
1282:
3260:
3147:
3044:
2300:
1600:
Newbold, T.J. (1836). "Note on the States of Perak, Srimenanti, and other States in the Malay Peninsula".
1128:
Le carrefour javanais. Essai d'histoire globale (The Javanese Crossroads: Towards a Global History) Vol. 2
554:
or as water castle. Rectangular kotta mara can be equipped with 12 lela, while the kotta mara with corner
155:
3447:
3018:
2939:
1367:
Artillery Through the Ages: A Short Illustrated History of the Cannon, Emphasizing Types Used in America
314:
51:
1621:"L'Artillerie legere nousantarienne: A propos de six canons conserves dans des collections portugaises"
2377:
3092:
3034:
2108:
806:
562:
220:
3500:
3452:
3252:
2316:
2041:
1991:
2036:
1996:
335:
Based on the majority of cannons reported by the Portuguese, the Malays preferred small artillery.
227:
fortification). They can reach as far as 1000 yards (914 m), and fire 4 pound (1.8 kg) shot.
3668:
3315:
3232:
2929:
1643:
752:
508:
387:(short, fat, and heavy cannon). The Malays also has 1 beautiful large cannon sent by the king of
2193:
161:
were cast on top of their barrel for use if the enemy charged before the gun could be reloaded.
2016:
1902:
1044:
Political and Statistical Account of the British Settlements in the Straits of Malacca volume 2
827:
Melaka itu. Adapun hamba lihat tanah di atas angin ini terlalu banyak bedil yang besar-besar.”.
3657:
3562:
3402:
3354:
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3190:
1505:
1462:
1435:
1231:
1204:
1179:
1083:
992:
888:
461:
444:
357:
302:
280:
279:
in 1511 CE, both breech-loading and muzzle-loading swivel guns were found and captured by the
67:
2103:
464:) to buy cannons never actually happened, it was only mentioned in the fictitious literature
260:
intermediaries. This weapon seems to be cannon and gun of Ottoman tradition, for example the
3678:
3521:
3516:
3462:
3242:
3222:
3142:
3087:
2629:
2262:
1952:
1890:
1829:
1779:
1764:
1635:
1495:
780:
738:
551:
2450:
2118:
1942:
3838:
3642:
3594:
3529:
3082:
2781:
2735:
2604:
2407:
2026:
1897:
766:
496:
319:
204:
200:
1262:
575:
is the name given to two lelas or light guns standing on the gun-shield of a heavy gun.
3764:
3726:
3305:
3237:
2744:
2699:
2624:
2445:
2382:
2175:
2077:
1986:
1963:
1789:
1739:
1729:
1393:
Sejarah Melayu The Malay Annals MS RAFFLES No. 18 Edisi Rumi Baru/New Romanised Edition
704:
500:
449:
438:'s account. Both recorded a similar story, although not as spectacular as described in
423:
397:
383:
366:
272:
195:
66:, fixed gun, or mounted in a gun carriage. It is the equivalent of European falcon and
679:) from Lombok, captured from Lombok in 1894. 128 cm long with 41 mm caliber.
3797:
3754:
3706:
3432:
3325:
3280:
3182:
3137:
3117:
2983:
2845:
2760:
2750:
2465:
2455:
2252:
2098:
1976:
1854:
1844:
1819:
1784:
1647:
1587:
1058:
691:
Blunderbuss lela, 115 cm long. The diameter of the flared muzzle is 8.4 cm.
543:
215:
Lela also refer to medium to large size Malay cannon. According to Isabella L. Bird,
3711:
3686:
3636:
3577:
3549:
3495:
3310:
3200:
3072:
2644:
2493:
2430:
2242:
2237:
2031:
2021:
2001:
1885:
1839:
1824:
1814:
1794:
1754:
1734:
268:
115:
88:
27:
1146:
Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680. Volume Two: Expansion and Crisis
1429:
1042:
3749:
3741:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3397:
3359:
3152:
3107:
3102:
3077:
2797:
2755:
2440:
2435:
2402:
2285:
2257:
2072:
1947:
1021:
The Might of the Miniature Cannon A treasure of Borneo and the Malay Archipelago
800:
626:
606:
516:
170:
79:
recent times. On Malay literature the name is usually coupled with rentaka, as "
1157:
Averoes, Muhammad (2020). Antara Cerita dan Sejarah: Meriam Cetbang Majapahit.
651:
A 1.5-pounder (0.68 kg) lilla. 176.5 cm long, 5.5 cm in caliber.
3652:
3614:
3605:
3490:
3477:
3467:
3427:
3407:
3290:
3227:
3177:
3127:
3097:
2919:
2639:
2422:
2387:
1917:
1769:
1130:. Paris: Editions de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales. Page 178.
964:"Meriam Lelo di Kampar Meledak Karena Pecah, Seorang Tewas dan 4 lainnya luka"
728:
622:
612:
583:
547:
492:
344:
329:
No evidence showed that guns, cannons, and gunpowder are made in Malay states.
252:
63:
1688:
Indonesian traditional weapons, armors, and premodern gunpowder-based weapons
1509:
1500:
1302:
Waffen Wissen Wandel: Anpassung und Lernen in transkulturellen Erstkonflikten
1101:
Between 2 Oceans (2nd Edn): A Military History of Singapore from 1275 to 1971
17:
3759:
3731:
3716:
3701:
3696:
3662:
3485:
3457:
3422:
3387:
3377:
3336:
3300:
3167:
3132:
3122:
3067:
2909:
2904:
2879:
2862:
2609:
2599:
2247:
1749:
1639:
1318:
The Organization of Production in the Pre-Colonial Southeast Asian Port City
236:
208:
135:
131:
2704:
122:
Usually lela are about 100–180 cm (39–71 in) long and made from
3721:
3554:
3392:
3344:
3320:
3162:
3157:
3062:
3054:
2967:
2679:
2674:
2664:
2614:
2412:
2331:
2160:
2123:
1912:
1724:
532:
528:
373:
1176:
Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor
830:
Melaka. While I see that the land above the wind has too many big guns."
3691:
3647:
3624:
3585:
3573:
3437:
3382:
3214:
3195:
3014:
2972:
2962:
2889:
2884:
2855:
2828:
2776:
2714:
2694:
2594:
2397:
2326:
2290:
2280:
2229:
2165:
2155:
2113:
2046:
2011:
1937:
1927:
1907:
1804:
1774:
1744:
1719:
1710:
1484:"Co-opting the Rival Ca(n)non the Turkish Episode of Hikayat Hang Tuah"
794:
788:
555:
512:
388:
256:
151:
59:
3630:
3472:
3372:
3295:
3275:
3270:
3210:
3172:
2952:
2914:
2851:
2689:
2654:
2649:
2634:
2619:
2488:
2483:
2475:
2460:
2372:
2364:
2272:
2170:
2139:
2051:
2006:
1981:
1922:
1875:
1809:
1799:
1759:
1264:
A Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian Islands and Adjacent Countries
857:
Peperangan dalam Historiografi Johor: Kajian Terhadap Tuhfat Al-Nafis
520:
476:
261:
147:
127:
32:
2551:
2957:
2947:
2823:
2802:
2709:
2684:
2669:
2659:
2392:
2093:
2067:
1967:
1932:
1870:
1849:
1834:
1382:, with introduction and notes by A. Bausani, Rome, 1970, page 138.
601:
470:
285:
194:
173:(flared) muzzle which fired slugs or stones. They are also called
123:
102:
26:
1586:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
146:") at close quarters, and the case shot were made of stones in a
2807:
2719:
1880:
568:
536:
524:
504:
248:
139:
2987:
2555:
2514:
2352:
2217:
1697:
1661:
600:
Brunei was known for its foundries in the 19th century. Brass (
2740:
616:
578:
Lieutenant T.J. Newbold recorded about the Malay pirate prahu:
1411:
Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
945:
Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
859:. Kuala Lumpur: Akademi Pengajian Islam Universiti Malaya.
448:
narrates a Malaccan expedition to the country of Rum (the
243:
archipelago can be traced from the late 13th century. The
62:
but longer and had larger bore. Lela can be configured as
1369:. U.S. Department of the Interior Washington. p. 34.
1547:
De Bandjermasinsche Krijg van 1859-1863 nader toegelicht
1322:
Brides of the Sea: Asian Port Cities in the Colonial Era
1201:
Kearifan Tempatan: Pandainya Melayu Dalam Karya Sastera
290:
A drawing of a floating water castle (kotta mara) from
989:
Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past
377:
between a six and a ten pounder, probably refers to
339:
The cannons found in Malacca were of various types:
3740:
3677:
3571:
3509:
3334:
3209:
3053:
2938:
2872:
2837:
2816:
2790:
2769:
2728:
2587:
2525:
2474:
2421:
2363:
2309:
2271:
2228:
2148:
2132:
2086:
2060:
1961:
1863:
1708:
809:, structure on Malay ships used for mounting cannon
1532:Digital Repository of National Library of Malaysia
595:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 5
275:weapons during colonial times. Nevertheless, when
3291:Meylin M1719 Pennsylvania-Kentucky rifled musket
1395:. Academic Art & Printing Services Sdn. Bhd.
1103:. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd.
142:or brass. They used lead and tin slugs (called "
3326:Xun Lei Chong spear five barrel revolver musket
580:
1148:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
2999:
2567:
1673:
629:were still using rentaka and lela during the
8:
1335:Netherlands India: A Study of Plural Economy
929:. Singapore: Progressive Publishing Company.
292:Hachelijke reys-togt van Jacob Jansz de Roy.
3006:
2992:
2984:
2574:
2560:
2552:
2522:
2511:
2360:
2349:
2225:
2214:
1705:
1694:
1680:
1666:
1658:
1431:Portuguese Documents on Malacca: 1509–1511
1499:
1085:The Golden Chersonese and the Way Thither
169:is a type of lela, made from brass, with
1602:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
1324:(pp. 54–74). University of Hawaii Press.
1256:
1254:
991:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
361:(cast bronze swivel gun larger than the
1579:. Hongkong: Kelly & Walsh, limited.
1347:Hasbullah, Wan Mohd Dasuki Wan (2020).
1312:
1310:
842:
818:
641:
567:(gunshield) of Malay war and piratical
267:Earliest lela, just like lantaka, were
35:. This specimen has two dolphins and a
3413:Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages
3350:Artillery of France in the Middle Ages
3183:San Yan Chong three barrel hand cannon
1360:
1358:
1276:
1274:
1169:
1167:
1140:
1138:
1136:
3418:Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty
1864:Daggers (Belati) & knives (Pisau)
1296:
1294:
1227:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
1047:. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
95:in several parts of the archipelago.
7:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
938:
936:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
850:
848:
846:
3253:Girardoni M1780 repeating air rifle
1525:"Melayu Sudah Lama Ada Senjata Api"
803:, swivel gun with monkey tail shape
2900:Filipino Marine Scout Sniper Rifle
1482:Braginsky, Vladimir (2012-12-08).
1337:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9
1059:"Cannons of the Malay Archipelago"
885:Southeast Asian Warfare, 1300-1900
255:). This resulted in eastern-style
251:in the form of a cannon (Chinese:
25:
1709:Swords (Pedang) & cutlasses (
1575:Wilkinson, Richard James (1901).
1545:van Rees, Willem Adriaan (1867).
1523:Ahmad, Rasdan (7 December 2014).
1434:. National Archives of Malaysia.
2204:
2198:
2192:
1581:
1088:. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
773:
759:
745:
731:
712:
696:
684:
668:
656:
644:
550:. The kotta mara can be used as
247:brought gunpowder technology to
3854:16th-century military equipment
1564:. Te Leyden: Pieter van der Aa.
1455:Schap, Bot Genoot, ed. (2010).
1407:"Portuguese History of Malacca"
962:Romadhoni, Anggi (9 May 2018).
395:firearms. The Malay chronicle,
3778:Category:Early modern firearms
3286:Kalthoff M1630 repeating rifle
3257:Hartingk M1670 repeating rifle
1287:. London: The Hakluyt Society.
1281:Birch, Walter de Gray (1875).
791:, earlier, 14th century cannon
277:Malacca fell to the Portuguese
1:
3859:17th-century military history
3849:15th-century military history
3243:Cookson M1750 repeating rifle
3223:Belton M1777 repeating musket
1619:Manguin, Pierre-Yves (1976).
1380:Lettera di Giovanni da Empoli
1041:Newbold, Thomas John (1839).
927:Keris and Other Malay Weapons
297:De Barros mentions that with
3369:Byzantine fire tube (cannon)
1560:de Roy, Jacob Jansz (1706).
1099:Murfett, Malcolm H. (2011).
1082:Bird, Isabella Lucy (1883).
1019:Teoh, Alex Eng Kean (2005).
951:: 145–174 – via JSTOR.
855:Ismail, Norain B.T. (2012).
3510:Medieval large calibre guns
3158:Nock M1779 seven barrel gun
3128:Huo Qiang lance hand cannon
1351:. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
199:Worn out, heavier lela, at
54:cannon, used widely in the
3875:
3844:Weapons of the Philippines
3248:M1696 French common musket
2925:GA Personal Defense Weapon
1577:A Malay-English dictionary
1391:Kheng, Cheah Boon (1998).
1365:Manucy, Albert C. (1949).
1320:. In Broeze, Frank (Ed.),
1224:Partington, J. R. (1999).
1199:Hamid, Rahimah A. (2015).
365:, 1 to 2-pounder), medium
3773:
3591:Byzantine rocket launcher
3365:Breech-loading swivel gun
3178:Puckle Îś1717 revolver gun
3025:
2521:
2510:
2359:
2348:
2224:
2213:
2190:
1704:
1693:
1608:– via Google Books.
1461:. Jakarta: Pusat Bahasa.
1333:Furnivall, J. S. (2010).
883:Charney, Michael (2004).
797:, smaller version of lela
527:in Southern Philippines,
311:breech-loading swivel gun
150:basket. Lela has a bore (
3201:Tu Huo Qiang hand cannon
3148:Meriam kecil hand cannon
3113:Heilongjiang hand cannon
3073:Bedil tumbak hand cannon
118:expedition, August 1858.
83:". It is also called as
58:. They are similar to a
3783:Category:Early firearms
3600:Fierce-fire Oil Cabinet
2940:Associated martial arts
2533:Weapons of pencak silat
1640:10.3406/arasi.1976.1103
1349:Senjata Api Alam Melayu
1261:Crawfurd, John (1856).
1126:Lombard, Denys (1990).
925:Gardner, G. B. (1936).
631:Philippine–American War
561:Lela is mounted on the
432:Manuel de Faria y Sousa
245:Mongol invasion of Java
31:19th century lela from
3187:Shou Chong hand cannon
3045:History of the firearm
2301:Miniature meriam kecil
1549:. Arnhem: D.A. Thieme.
1428:Pintado, M.J. (1993).
1316:Reid, Anthony (1989).
1174:Ooi, Keat Gin (2004).
1144:Reid, Anthony (1993).
675:Western-styled lilla (
598:
546:fortified raft called
488:
417:
294:
212:
119:
40:
3809:Indonesian inventions
3633:rocket arrow launcher
3627:rocket arrow launcher
3611:Fire crow rocket bomb
3238:Che Dian Chong musket
3123:Huo Chong hand cannon
2817:Pole or spear weapons
2322:Bujang Timpang Berang
2149:Miscellaneous weapons
2087:Pole or spear weapons
1267:. Bradbury and Evans.
558:could mount 16 lela.
542:Lela is also used in
474:
407:
347:, probably refers to
315:Afonso de Albuquerque
289:
198:
177:(frog-mouthed lela).
106:
56:Nusantara archipelago
30:
3834:Culture of Indonesia
3814:Weapons of Indonesia
3620:Hale rocket launcher
3311:Spanish M1752 musket
3191:Tanegashima arquebus
3093:English horse pistol
3035:History of gunpowder
1501:10.37052/ml.25(2)no5
1458:Hikayat Hang Tuah II
1304:. Hamburger Edition.
987:Wade, Geoff (2012).
807:Apilan and kota mara
343:(1/4 to 1/2-pounder
221:apilan and kota mara
3829:Culture of Malaysia
3819:Weapons of Malaysia
3639:(Chinese petroleum)
3530:Dardanelles bombard
3501:Wuwei Bronze Cannon
3453:Obusier de vaisseau
2526:Traditional weapons
968:riau.antaranews.com
239:-based weaponry in
3669:Thunder crash bomb
3316:Springfield musket
3233:Charleville musket
3133:Istinggar arquebus
2948:Arnis/Kali/Eskrima
1966:) & machetes (
1699:Traditional weapon
753:Philippines portal
511:lands of interior
489:
295:
213:
120:
41:
3791:
3790:
3679:Firing mechanisms
3658:Petroleum naphtha
3563:Pumhart von Steyr
3526:Byzantine bombard
3428:Hu Dun Pao cannon
3228:Brown Bess musket
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2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
1468:978-979-069-058-5
1405:Koek, E. (1886).
1161:, 3(2), 89 - 100.
1023:. Asean Heritage.
998:978-981-4311-96-0
703:Lela captured by
466:Hikayat Hang Tuah
456:(guns) and large
445:Epic of Hang Tuah
16:(Redirected from
3866:
3463:Pierrier a boite
3196:Toradar arquebus
3143:Jiaozhi arquebus
3068:Bajozutsu pistol
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2582:Filipino weapons
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2354:Armor and outfit
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1780:Langgai Tinggang
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1203:. Penerbit USM.
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552:floating battery
515:, at Brunei and
371:(long cannon or
175:lela mulut katak
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3015:Early firearms
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573:Sunting apilan
485:sunting apilan
450:Ottoman Empire
440:Sejarah Melayu
436:Sejarah Melayu
424:Gaspar Correia
403:Sejarah Melayu
398:Sejarah Melayu
337:
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273:muzzle-loading
235:The origin of
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100:
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39:(swivel yoke).
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3139:
3138:Java arquebus
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3119:
3118:Howdah pistol
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2456:Karambalangan
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2253:Java arquebus
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1845:Sikin Panyang
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1588:public domain
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462:Ottoman Turks
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269:breech-loaded
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53:
50:is a type of
49:
45:
38:
34:
29:
19:
18:Lila (cannon)
3712:Muzzleloader
3687:Breechloader
3665:rocket arrow
3637:Meng Huo You
3588:rocket arrow
3578:incendiaries
3550:Grose Bochse
3496:Wankou Chong
3442:
2894:
2645:Dahong palay
2494:Takula tofao
2431:Baju Empurau
2295:
2243:Bedil tombak
2037:Parang Taawu
2032:Parang Latok
2002:Golok Rembau
1997:Golok Ciomas
1886:Keris bahari
1825:Piso Halasan
1815:Parang Nabur
1735:Bara Sangihe
1631:
1627:
1614:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1576:
1570:
1561:
1555:
1546:
1540:
1531:
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1387:
1379:
1375:
1366:
1348:
1342:
1334:
1329:
1321:
1301:
1283:
1263:
1241:. Retrieved
1226:
1219:
1200:
1194:
1178:. ABC-CLIO.
1175:
1158:
1153:
1145:
1127:
1122:
1114:
1109:
1100:
1094:
1084:
1077:
1066:. Retrieved
1062:
1053:
1043:
1020:
988:
982:
971:. Retrieved
967:
957:
948:
944:
926:
884:
856:
825:
821:
676:
625:(Muslim) of
621:
607:
599:
587:
581:
577:
572:
563:
560:
541:
490:
487:can be seen.
484:
480:
475:Detail of a
465:
457:
453:
443:
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435:
427:
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266:
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224:
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214:
189:
185:
181:
179:
174:
167:jala rambang
166:
163:Lela rambang
162:
158:meriam kecil
157:
143:
121:
111:
107:
92:
84:
81:lela rentaka
80:
77:
47:
43:
42:
36:
3750:Huolongjing
3742:Literatures
3545:Faule Mette
3540:Faule Grete
3535:Dulle Griet
3398:Ekor lotong
3360:Baton a feu
3261:Jäger rifle
3153:Muff pistol
3108:Hand mortar
3103:Hand cannon
3078:Blunderbuss
2798:Buntot Pagi
2756:Tabak-toyok
2446:Baru Lema'a
2441:Baju Rantai
2436:Baju Lamina
2403:Peurise Awe
2286:Ekor lotong
1948:Tumbok Lada
1634:: 233–268.
1243:12 December
801:Ekor lotong
627:Philippines
608:cire perdue
517:Banjarmasin
509:Minangkabau
171:blunderbuss
108:Meriam naga
99:Description
3798:Categories
3653:Pen Huo Qi
3615:Greek fire
3606:Fire arrow
3491:Xanadu Gun
3478:Swivel gun
3468:Pot de fer
3408:Fauconneau
3098:Fire lance
2920:PVAR rifle
2838:Projectile
2451:Baru Öröba
2423:Body armor
2388:Klebit Bok
1962:Choppers (
1918:Pisau raut
1770:Krai Silai
1417:: 117–149.
1117:. 3: 1–11.
1115:T'oung Pao
1068:2020-02-19
973:2020-03-23
837:References
623:Bangsamoro
613:terracotta
548:kotta mara
493:Terengganu
434:confirmed
345:swivel gun
281:Portuguese
156:miniature
64:swivel gun
3760:Wubei Zhi
3732:Wheellock
3717:Snaphance
3702:Matchlock
3697:Flintlock
3663:Singijeon
3486:Veuglaire
3482:Tarasnice
3458:Organ gun
3423:Hongyipao
3388:Chongtong
3378:Carronade
3337:artillery
3301:Musketoon
3168:Pepperbox
2910:Model 45A
2905:Floro PDW
2880:Astinggal
2863:Slingshot
2610:Balisword
2600:Balasiong
2248:Istinggar
2017:Kandawulo
1903:Pasatimpo
1750:Dua Lalan
1648:191565174
1510:0128-1186
887:. BRILL.
544:Banjarese
452:) to buy
241:Nusantara
237:gunpowder
209:Indonesia
144:dadu-dadu
136:case shot
132:grapeshot
112:lela naga
74:Etymology
3722:Snaplock
3555:Mons Meg
3403:Falconet
3393:Culverin
3355:Basilisk
3321:Wall gun
3163:Petronel
3063:Arquebus
3055:Firearms
3030:Timeline
2968:Suntukan
2873:Firearms
2861:Saltik (
2791:Flexible
2680:Karambit
2675:Kampilan
2665:Head axe
2630:Batangas
2615:Bangkung
2516:Category
2413:Salawaku
2378:Cakalele
2332:Si Jagur
2161:Kerambit
1913:Peurawot
1725:Amanremu
725:See also
677:draaibas
593:—
556:bastions
533:Sulawesi
529:Makassar
374:culverin
358:falconet
320:Javanese
299:the fall
190:rangking
68:falconet
3692:Doglock
3648:Naphtha
3625:Huo Che
3586:Bo-hiya
3574:rockets
3522:Basilic
3517:Bombard
3438:Lantaka
3383:Cetbang
3215:muskets
2973:Yaw-Yan
2963:Sikaran
2890:Lantaka
2885:Cetbang
2856:Blowgun
2829:Bagakay
2777:Kalasag
2770:Shields
2761:Tungkod
2745:Karay-a
2715:Susuwat
2695:Panabas
2595:Balarao
2398:Kurabit
2327:Ki Amuk
2310:By name
2291:Lantaka
2281:Cetbang
2263:Terakul
2258:Pemuras
2230:Firearm
2166:Salukat
2156:Celurit
2124:Trisula
2114:Lembing
2104:Bessing
2047:Tangkin
2012:Kabeala
1938:Si Euli
1928:Rencong
1908:Palitai
1850:Sundang
1805:Pakayun
1775:Ladieng
1745:Co Jang
1720:Alamang
1711:Klewang
795:Rentaka
789:Cetbang
638:Gallery
619:mould.
588:Apilans
584:swivels
513:Sumatra
389:Calicut
384:bombard
381:), and
363:esmeril
353:lantaka
349:cetbang
341:esmeril
303:Malacca
257:cetbang
253:炮—"Pà o"
231:History
201:Sanggau
152:caliber
87:by the
60:lantaka
3839:Cannon
3631:Hwacha
3572:Early
3473:Prangi
3448:Mortar
3373:Cannon
3335:Early
3296:Musket
3276:Jingal
3211:Rifles
3173:Pistol
3088:Dragon
2953:Kuntao
2930:Sumpak
2915:Paltik
2852:Sumpit
2844:Pana (
2808:Latigo
2803:Cadena
2782:Taming
2751:Pingga
2741:Bugsay
2736:Baston
2705:PinutĂ
2700:Parang
2690:Laring
2655:Gayang
2650:Gunong
2635:Bicuco
2625:Barong
2620:Banyal
2489:Paseki
2484:Katapu
2476:Helmet
2461:Kawaca
2373:Baluse
2365:Shield
2273:Cannon
2171:Sumpit
2140:Cambuk
2109:Kawali
2068:Cabang
2052:Wedung
2007:Jimpul
1982:Blakas
1964:Parang
1953:Wamilo
1923:Pisuwe
1898:Kujang
1891:Patrem
1876:Dohong
1810:Pandat
1800:Niabor
1790:Mandau
1765:Jenawi
1760:Hemola
1740:Belida
1730:Balato
1646:
1508:
1465:
1438:
1234:
1207:
1182:
995:
891:
611:using
564:apilan
535:, and
521:Borneo
507:, and
501:Gresik
481:Apilan
477:lanong
458:meriam
442:. The
379:meriam
262:prangi
148:rattan
128:bronze
33:Pahang
2958:Silat
2824:Sibat
2710:Pirah
2685:Lahot
2670:Kalis
2660:Gulok
2393:Kliau
2383:Kanta
2238:Bedil
2176:Tolor
2119:Pantu
2094:Arbir
2078:Indan
1977:Bendo
1968:Golok
1943:Tappi
1933:Sewar
1871:Badik
1855:Surik
1835:Rudus
1820:Penai
1785:Luwuk
1644:S2CID
1624:(PDF)
1528:(PDF)
602:alloy
569:prahu
454:bedil
368:saker
307:Berço
217:lelah
182:cagak
124:brass
116:Jambi
89:Dutch
85:lilla
52:Malay
37:cagak
3576:and
3443:Lela
3345:Abus
3213:and
3017:and
2895:Lela
2720:Utak
2640:Bolo
2296:Lela
2073:Gada
2042:Peda
2022:Kudi
1992:Guma
1987:Buko
1881:Kris
1840:Rugi
1795:Moso
1755:Gari
1506:ISSN
1463:ISBN
1436:ISBN
1245:2014
1232:ISBN
1205:ISBN
1180:ISBN
993:ISBN
889:ISBN
814:Note
615:and
537:Aceh
525:Sulu
505:Java
483:and
426:and
249:java
225:kubu
140:iron
93:lelo
91:and
48:lila
44:Lela
1636:doi
1496:doi
617:wax
531:in
519:in
503:in
495:in
430:by
422:by
355:),
351:or
301:of
188:or
165:or
134:or
126:or
110:or
46:or
3800::
1642:.
1632:32
1630:.
1626:.
1604:.
1530:.
1504:.
1492:25
1490:.
1486:.
1415:17
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