135:
1906:
1847:
1825:
1832:
587:
112:
555:
641:
470:
614:
525:
1839:
497:
399:
near the edge of the palate (these bones are separated by an opening in euskelian skulls), and the lack of bony projections called denticles on the vomer. Other characteristic features of limnarchians include the extension of the lower jaw behind the jaw joint, and a small hole called the
420:
Yates and Warren (2000) erected
Limnarchia in their phylogenetic study of stereospondyls and their relatives. They found support for two major divisions of temnospondyls, which they named Euskelia and Limnarchia. Limnarchia included a group of small-bodied aquatic temnospondyls called
344:
of temnospondyls into aquatic environments, while euskelians represent a radiation into terrestrial environments. While many euskelians were adapted to life on land with strong limbs and bony scutes, most limnarchians were better adapted for the water with poorly developed limbs and
850:
Sigurdsen, T.; Bolt, J.R. (2010). "The Lower
Permian amphibamid Doleserpeton (Temnospondyli: Dissorophoidea), the interrelationships of amphibamids, and the origin of modern amphibians". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (5): 1360β1377.
737:(2007) place Dvinosauria outside the Euskelia-Limnarchia split as much more basal temnospondyls. If this is the case, Limnarchia would include the same taxa as Stereospondylomorpha.
375:
is indeed both an advanced stereospondyl and a relative of caecilians, this means that limnarchians (in the form of caecilians) survived to the present day.
387:, relate to the shapes of bones on the underside and back of the skull. Limnarchian synapomorphies include the presence of a row of teeth stemming from the
2006:
936:
2011:
761:"The phylogeny of the 'higher' temnospondyls (Vertebrata: Choanata) and its implications for the monophyly and origins of the Stereospondyli"
383:
Several characteristics unique to
Limnarchia were identified when the clade was named in 2000. Most of these characteristics, called
929:
300:, in reference to their aquatic lifestyles and long existence over a span of approximately 200 million years from the
134:
1036:
1846:
1804:
1521:
2001:
1926:
1909:
922:
341:
1973:
426:
871:"A supertree of Temnospondyli: cladogenetic patterns in the most species-rich group of early tetrapods"
1831:
1727:
1609:
537:
438:
285:
243:
217:
1824:
1356:
1555:
1306:
1118:
388:
1838:
1485:
301:
129:
1978:
1432:
1259:
900:
833:
815:
1899:
1478:
1423:
1367:
1236:
890:
882:
852:
823:
805:
772:
581:
550:
430:
309:
305:
1964:
1869:
1670:
1191:
1021:
996:
409:
358:
353:
794:"Stem caecilian from the Triassic of Colorado sheds light on the origins of Lissamphibia"
1864:
1793:
1771:
1764:
1750:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1597:
1510:
1454:
1412:
1391:
1200:
1140:
1133:
895:
870:
828:
793:
777:
760:
567:
434:
384:
297:
1995:
1757:
1736:
1622:
1562:
1214:
1207:
1096:
1074:
1048:
987:
945:
656:
609:
452:
405:
363:
293:
265:
179:
62:
1884:
1778:
1743:
1709:
1679:
1527:
1469:
1440:
1320:
1275:
1268:
1110:
1005:
978:
636:
465:
401:
346:
325:
314:
289:
261:
195:
121:
856:
1958:
1716:
1695:
1630:
1590:
1583:
1447:
1398:
1334:
1313:
1286:
1243:
1221:
1155:
1147:
586:
520:
422:
273:
235:
37:
1949:
1889:
1874:
1702:
1637:
1228:
640:
554:
469:
111:
82:
47:
819:
1576:
1548:
1539:
1499:
1376:
1341:
1327:
1299:
1167:
1125:
810:
613:
524:
442:
368:
146:
100:
87:
31:
904:
886:
837:
1943:
1879:
1492:
1384:
969:
492:
329:
281:
166:
77:
72:
57:
52:
42:
1405:
1349:
496:
392:
277:
269:
92:
67:
792:
Pardo, Jason D.; Small, Bryan J.; Huttenlocker, Adam K. (2017-07-03).
1688:
1569:
963:
320:
156:
1920:
400:
paraquadrate foramen at the back of the skull. The only limnarchian
1180:
396:
257:
914:
357:, a putative Triassic stereospondyl considered to be related to
1924:
956:
918:
869:
Ruta, M.; Pisani, D.; Lloyd, G. T.; Benton, M. J. (2007).
296:
and their relatives. Limnarchia means "lake rulers" in
445:
from Yates and Warren (2000) showing this phylogeny:
404:
not found in the skull is the elongated shape of the
371:, a living group of legless burrowing amphibians. If
332:, which is all temnospondyls more closely related to
733:
Some more recent phylogenetic analyses such as Ruta
312:
including all temnospondyls more closely related to
240:
232:
1933:
1792:
1726:
1678:
1669:
1608:
1538:
1509:
1468:
1422:
1366:
1285:
1258:
1190:
1166:
1094:
1047:
1020:
429:members of the clade, followed by the large-bodied
798:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
930:
367:, has been noted to share many features with
8:
1921:
1675:
1614:
1291:
1172:
1102:
1091:
1026:
1017:
953:
937:
923:
915:
110:
20:
894:
827:
809:
776:
765:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
308:. In phylogenetic terms, Limnarchia is a
746:
754:
752:
750:
7:
759:Yates, A. M.; Warren, A. A. (2000).
629:
602:
573:
543:
513:
485:
458:
448:
875:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
778:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2000.tb00650.x
437:, which together formed the clade
14:
349:sensory systems in their skulls.
1905:
1904:
1845:
1837:
1830:
1823:
639:
612:
585:
553:
523:
495:
468:
288:. The clade was named in a 2000
133:
103:(caecilians) survives to present
2007:Pennsylvanian first appearances
16:Extinct clade of temnospondyls
1:
2012:Early Cretaceous extinctions
857:10.1080/02724634.2010.501445
340:. Limnarchians represent an
2028:
99:Possible descendant taxon
1859:
1821:
1617:
1294:
1175:
1105:
1090:
1071:
1029:
1016:
952:
654:
634:
627:
607:
600:
578:
571:
548:
541:
518:
511:
490:
483:
463:
456:
264:. It includes the mostly
229:
224:
130:Scientific classification
128:
118:
109:
23:
391:bone on the palate, the
811:10.1073/pnas.1706752114
887:10.1098/rspb.2007.1250
342:evolutionary radiation
1974:Paleobiology Database
1610:Stereospondylomorpha
538:Stereospondylomorpha
439:Stereospondylomorpha
286:Stereospondylomorpha
244:Stereospondylomorpha
119:Life restoration of
881:(1629): 3087β3095.
804:(27): E5389βE5395.
466:basal Temnospondyli
395:bone touching the
302:Late Carboniferous
216:Yates and Warren,
1989:
1988:
1927:Taxon identifiers
1918:
1917:
1855:
1854:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1788:
1787:
1464:
1463:
1433:Batrachosuchoides
1260:Dendrerpetontidae
1254:
1253:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1067:
1066:
730:
729:
721:
720:
712:
711:
703:
702:
694:
693:
685:
684:
676:
675:
667:
666:
251:
250:
220:
104:
2019:
1982:
1981:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1922:
1908:
1907:
1900:Archegosauroidea
1850:
1849:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1827:
1728:Platyoposaurinae
1676:
1615:
1526:likely includes
1479:Acanthostomatops
1424:Tupilakosauridae
1368:Trimerorhachidae
1292:
1237:Procochleosaurus
1173:
1103:
1092:
1027:
1018:
1011:
1010:
954:
939:
932:
925:
916:
909:
908:
898:
866:
860:
848:
842:
841:
831:
813:
789:
783:
782:
780:
756:
643:
630:
616:
603:
589:
582:Peltobatrachidae
574:
557:
551:Archegosauroidea
544:
527:
514:
499:
486:
472:
459:
449:
433:and the diverse
431:Archegosauroidea
310:stem-based taxon
306:Early Cretaceous
242:
234:
215:
210:
194:
178:
138:
137:
114:
98:
97:
34:
27:Temporal range:
21:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2016:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1977:
1972:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1929:
1919:
1914:
1870:Eutemnospondyli
1851:
1844:
1836:
1829:
1811:
1784:
1722:
1671:Archegosauridae
1665:
1604:
1534:
1505:
1460:
1418:
1362:
1281:
1250:
1192:Cochleosauridae
1186:
1162:
1099:
1078:
1063:
1043:
1037:Tetrapodomorpha
1022:Tetrapodomorpha
1012:
997:Tetrapodomorpha
959:
958:
948:
943:
913:
912:
868:
867:
863:
849:
845:
791:
790:
786:
758:
757:
748:
743:
731:
722:
713:
704:
695:
686:
677:
668:
418:
410:pectoral girdle
381:
373:Chinlestegophis
354:Chinlestegophis
276:and the mostly
214:
208:
192:
176:
132:
105:
96:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
29:
28:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2025:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1994:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1970:
1955:
1939:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1865:Batrachomorpha
1860:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1805:Stereospondyli
1798:
1796:
1794:Stereospondyli
1790:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1772:Platyoposaurus
1768:
1765:Kashmirosaurus
1761:
1754:
1751:Bashkirosaurus
1747:
1740:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1659:Syndyodosuchus
1655:
1652:Sclerocephalus
1648:
1645:Korkonterpeton
1641:
1634:
1627:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1598:Syndyodosuchus
1594:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1544:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1524:
1522:Dissorophoidea
1515:
1513:
1511:Dissorophoidea
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1455:Tupilakosaurus
1451:
1444:
1437:
1428:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1413:Trimerorhachis
1409:
1402:
1395:
1392:Nannospondylus
1388:
1381:
1372:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1357:Trypanognathus
1353:
1346:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1201:Adamanterpeton
1196:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1141:Palatinerpeton
1137:
1134:Iberospondylus
1130:
1122:
1115:
1106:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1030:
1024:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1008:
999:
990:
981:
972:
966:
957:
950:
949:
944:
942:
941:
934:
927:
919:
911:
910:
861:
843:
784:
745:
744:
742:
739:
728:
727:
724:
723:
719:
718:
715:
714:
710:
709:
706:
705:
701:
700:
697:
696:
692:
691:
688:
687:
683:
682:
679:
678:
674:
673:
670:
669:
665:
664:
661:
660:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
633:
628:
626:
623:
622:
619:
618:
606:
601:
599:
596:
595:
592:
591:
577:
572:
570:
568:Stereospondyli
564:
563:
560:
559:
547:
542:
540:
534:
533:
530:
529:
517:
512:
510:
506:
505:
502:
501:
489:
484:
482:
479:
478:
475:
474:
462:
457:
455:
447:
435:Stereospondyli
417:
414:
385:synapomorphies
380:
377:
359:metoposauroids
294:stereospondyls
249:
248:
247:
246:
238:
227:
226:
222:
221:
206:
199:
198:
190:
183:
182:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
126:
125:
116:
115:
107:
106:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
35:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2024:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:Temnospondyls
2000:
1999:
1997:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1911:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1758:Collidosuchus
1755:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1737:Archegosaurus
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:Cheliderpeton
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1563:Clamorosaurus
1560:
1558:
1557:
1556:Chelydosaurus
1553:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1307:Bermanerpeton
1304:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1216:
1215:Chenoprosopus
1212:
1210:
1209:
1208:Cochleosaurus
1205:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:Temnospondyli
1093:
1089:
1077:
1076:
1075:Temnospondyli
1070:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1049:Temnospondyli
1046:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
1000:
998:
994:
991:
989:
988:Sarcopterygii
985:
982:
980:
976:
973:
971:
967:
965:
961:
960:
955:
951:
947:
946:Temnospondyli
940:
935:
933:
928:
926:
921:
920:
917:
906:
902:
897:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
865:
862:
858:
854:
847:
844:
839:
835:
830:
825:
821:
817:
812:
807:
803:
799:
795:
788:
785:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
755:
753:
751:
747:
740:
738:
736:
726:
725:
717:
716:
708:
707:
699:
698:
690:
689:
681:
680:
672:
671:
663:
662:
659:
658:
657:Trematosauria
652:
651:
648:
647:
644:
642:
638:
632:
631:
625:
624:
621:
620:
617:
615:
611:
610:Rhinesuchidae
605:
604:
598:
597:
594:
593:
590:
588:
584:
583:
576:
575:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
558:
556:
552:
546:
545:
539:
536:
535:
532:
531:
528:
526:
522:
516:
515:
508:
507:
504:
503:
500:
498:
494:
488:
487:
481:
480:
477:
476:
473:
471:
467:
461:
460:
454:
453:Temnospondyli
451:
450:
446:
444:
441:. Below is a
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
415:
413:
411:
407:
406:interclavicle
403:
398:
394:
390:
389:ectopterygoid
386:
378:
376:
374:
370:
366:
365:
364:Rileymillerus
360:
356:
355:
350:
348:
343:
339:
335:
331:
328:of the clade
327:
323:
322:
317:
316:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:Carboniferous
263:
262:temnospondyls
259:
255:
245:
239:
237:
231:
230:
228:
223:
219:
213:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:Temnospondyli
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
136:
131:
127:
124:
123:
117:
113:
108:
102:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
33:
30:301β120
22:
19:
1934:
1894:
1885:Eryopiformes
1828:
1779:Prionosuchus
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1744:Bageherpeton
1742:
1735:
1715:
1710:Tryphosuchus
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:Melosaurinae
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1528:Lissamphibia
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:Zatracheidae
1453:
1446:
1441:Slaugenhopia
1439:
1431:
1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1333:
1326:
1321:Erpetosaurus
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1276:Dendrerpeton
1274:
1269:Balanerpeton
1267:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1179:
1154:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1124:
1117:
1111:Caerorhachis
1109:
1073:
1006:Stegocephali
1001:
992:
983:
979:Osteichthyes
974:
878:
874:
864:
846:
801:
797:
787:
768:
764:
734:
732:
655:
637:Capitosauria
635:
608:
580:
579:
549:
519:
491:
464:
425:as the most
419:
408:bone in the
402:synapomorphy
382:
372:
362:
352:
351:
347:lateral line
338:Parotosuchus
337:
333:
326:sister group
324:. It is the
319:
315:Parotosuchus
313:
292:analysis of
290:phylogenetic
253:
252:
211:
202:
196:Eryopiformes
186:
122:Parotosuchus
120:
18:
1959:Wikispecies
1717:Uralosuchus
1696:Konzhukovia
1631:Glanochthon
1591:Stenokranio
1584:Osteophorus
1486:Chemnitzion
1448:Thabanchuia
1399:Neldasaurus
1335:Kourerpeton
1314:Dvinosaurus
1287:Dvinosauria
1244:Saharastega
1222:Macrerpeton
1156:Colosteidae
1148:Baphetoidea
521:Dvinosauria
509:Limnarchia
423:Dvinosauria
379:Description
274:Dvinosauria
236:Dvinosauria
1996:Categories
1965:Limnarchia
1935:Limnarchia
1895:Limnarchia
1890:Eryopoidea
1875:Rhachitomi
1863:See also:
1703:Melosaurus
1638:Intasuchus
1229:Nigerpeton
1058:see belowβ
771:: 77β121.
741:References
369:caecilians
254:Limnarchia
225:Subgroups
212:Limnarchia
24:Limnarchia
1577:Onchiodon
1549:Actinodon
1540:Eryopidae
1500:Zatrachys
1377:Eugyrinus
1342:Perryella
1328:Isodectes
1300:Acroplous
1168:Edopoidea
1126:Casineria
962:Kingdom:
820:0027-8424
443:cladogram
416:Phylogeny
153:Kingdom:
147:Eukaryota
1950:Q6549732
1944:Wikidata
1910:Category
1880:Euskelia
1493:Dasyceps
1385:Lafonius
970:Chordata
968:Phylum:
964:Animalia
905:17925278
838:28630337
493:Euskelia
361:such as
336:than to
330:Euskelia
318:than to
282:Triassic
167:Chordata
163:Phylum:
157:Animalia
143:Domain:
1406:Procuhy
1350:Timonya
1119:Capetus
896:2293949
829:5502650
393:maxilla
304:to the
278:Permian
270:Permian
173:Order:
1979:140808
1689:Koinia
1570:Eryops
903:
893:
836:
826:
818:
735:et al.
334:Eryops
321:Eryops
1181:Edops
1002:Clade
993:Clade
984:Clade
975:Clade
427:basal
397:vomer
298:Greek
258:clade
256:is a
203:Clade
187:Clade
101:Apoda
1803:see
1520:see
1035:see
901:PMID
834:PMID
816:ISSN
284:age
272:age
218:2000
38:Preκ
891:PMC
883:doi
879:274
853:doi
824:PMC
806:doi
802:114
773:doi
769:128
260:of
1998::
1976::
1961::
1946::
1004::
995::
986::
977::
899:.
889:.
877:.
873:.
832:.
822:.
814:.
800:.
796:.
767:.
763:.
749:^
412:.
205::
189::
88:Pg
32:Ma
1662:?
1626:?
1601:?
1436:?
1380:?
1345:?
1247:?
1232:?
1159:?
1151:?
1129:?
1114:?
938:e
931:t
924:v
907:.
885::
859:.
855::
840:.
808::
781:.
775::
280:-
268:-
241:β
233:β
209:β
193:β
177:β
93:N
83:K
78:J
73:T
68:P
63:C
58:D
53:S
48:O
43:κ
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
