1733:
1334:
process. While
Limnoscelis itself lacked an astragalus, this feature is present in the diadectidae, which could be further evidence uniting the Diadectomorpha with amniotes. However, this may also be the result of convergent evolution. Other studies question the reliability of the characters allying Diadectomorpha with Synapsida, instead agreeing with Heaton's original placement of the Diadectomorpha outside of Amniota, with the two clades remaining sister taxa. Some also argue that Amniota should be defined by the use of the amniotic egg, and that there is little evidence regarding the potential use of this
126:
759:
569:
1325:
complexes, the possession of small posttemporal fenestrae, the possession of a small parietal foramen, the structure and position of the septomaxillae, and the possession of a tall, broad, and flat ilium. Most recently, a study of the inner ear morphology of diadectomorphs using X-ray microcomputed tomography by
Klembara et al. also supported the close relationship between diadectomorphs and synapsids. If this relationship is true, it would make all Diadectomophs, including
3578:
155:
4821:
1306:
4843:
380:
4833:
4838:
4849:
1107:, and having similar pectoral and pelvic girdles. Differences were noted as well, including having a single continuous rib articulation rather than double-headed ribs, its conical teeth and carnivorous diet, the lack of a fused astragalus, and the presence of two fused coracoid elements rather than a single element in the coracoid plate. Despite these differences, the similarities with
1816:
1067:
4828:
534:
467:
1863:
placement of the fossils used for biostratigraphy. An early
Permian age again fell into favor, based on faunal similarities with the Arroyo del Agua beds of the Cutler Formation. However, later studies again confirmed a Late Pennsylvanian age based on biostratigraphy using several new marker fossils,
1894:
would have probably inhabited this river. The river is thought to have flooded seasonally with the rains, possibly drying up completely between the rainy seasons, and forming new channels on an annual to semi-annual basis. To cope with the dry periods between the seasonal rains, it has been proposed
1324:
to
Amniota. However, subsequent studies have argued for a close relationship between diadectomorphs and synapsids, with many cladistic analyses placing them as sister taxa. This grouping is based on a variety of shared characters, including the possession of an otic trough, having similar atlas-axis
1301:
suggesting that it might not only be representative of the ancestor of all amniotes, but representative of the pre-synapsid condition as well. These included a large supratemporal bone contacting the postorbital anteriorly, and a line of weakness between the postorbital, supratemporal, and squamosal
1333:
and other diadectomorphs within
Amniota is supported by other shared characters, including the loss of the intertemporal bone, absence of the temporal notch, presence of an ossified supraoccipital, shared digital formulas, and the possession of a ventrally displaced, laterally directed paroccipital
866:
possessed an unfused tibiale along with these elements. The absence of the tibiale has been attributed either to poor preservation (possibly due to being cartilaginous), or to being displaced and misidentified as one of the distal tarsals. This differs from other diadectomorphs in the
2011:
Williston noted a lack of fish and shark fossils from the site, supporting the sites reconstruction as a terrestrial, semi-arid, seasonal floodplain. It is possible, however, that the faunal assemblage at El Cobre Canyon represents two horizons, with species including
862:, consisting of the fibulare and a preaxial element comprising a fused tibiale and intermedium. However, subsequent analyses have cast doubt on this assessment, instead proposing that the two preserved proximal tarsals are the fibulare and intermedium, and that
3453:
Klembara, J.; Hain, M.; Ruta, M.; Berman, D.S.; Pierce, S.E.; Henrici, A.C. (2020). "Inner Ear
Morphology of Diadectomorphs and Seymouriamorphs (Tetrapoda) Uncovered by High-Resolution X-Ray Microcomputed Tomography, and the Origin of the Amniote Crown Group".
3541:
Berman, D.S.; Reisz, R.R.; Eberth, D.A. (1987). "Seymouria sanjuanensis (Amphibia, Batrachosauria) from the Lower
Permian Cutler Formation of north-central New Mexico and the occurrence of sexual dimorphism in that genus questioned".
1858:
was found in these lower beds, suggesting that it might have been restricted to a similar age. However, dating of these lower beds to the late
Pennsylvanian was initially found to be dubious based on inconsistencies with the
1285:, particularly in its post-cranial skeleton. Others disagreed, citing differences in the postorbital bone, and arguing that a hypothetical ancestor of all amniotes should be small enough to efficiently produce the amniotic
514:
in several publications. However, the fossils themselves were not recognized as their own species until paleontologists David S. Berman and Stuart S. Sumida described the fossils in 1990. They designated the new species as
1129:
grouping of
Diadectomorpha is supported by the anterior processes of the atlas and axis intercentra, and the presence of an external iliac shelf, features that are shared by all diadectomorphs. Within the Diadectomorpha,
2466:
Kennedy, N.K. (2010). "Redescription of the
Postcranial Skeleton of Limnoscelis paludis Williston (Diadectomorpha: Limnoscelidae) from the Upper Pennsylvanian of El Cobre Canyon, Northern New Mexico".
3055:
Sumida, S.S. (1990). "Vertebral morphology, alternation of neural spine height, and structure in Permo-Carboniferous tetrapods, and a reappraisal of primitive modes of terrestrial locomotion".
2041:
is known from the Sangre de Cristo Formation in Colorado, which is thought to be stratigraphically equivalent to the Cutler Formation and dated to a similar Late Pennsylvanian age.
443:, who discovered three specimens of the genus in the Yale Peabody Museum collections. These included one relatively complete articulated specimen which included the skull (the
1732:
651:. These flanges consisted of an anterior row of smaller blunt denticles, and a posterior row of larger teeth, with neither having labyrinthodont infolding. The pterygoid of
1752:
was characterized as a slow but nonetheless powerful animal. Poor ossification of the cranium, along with its short limbs and flattened tail, suggest that it likely had an
506:
at the locality was finally recognized upon the collection of more fossils from the genus, which would amount to three disarticulated specimens (the holotype CM 47653, and
3263:
Lee, M.S.Y.; Spencer, P.S. (1997). "Crown-clades, Key Characters and Taxonomic Stability: When is an Amniote not an Amniote?". In Sumida, S. S.; Martin, K. L. M. (eds.).
4993:
3025:
Sumida, S.S.; Lombard, R.E.; Berman, D.S. (1992). "Morphology of the atlas-axis complex of the late Paleozoic tetrapod suborders Diadectomorpha and Seymouriamorpha".
1277:
and the development of a pterygoid flange on the palatal surface, while retaining a generalized amphibian-like postcranial morphology. Furthermore, it was noted that
3283:"Ambedus pusillus, new genus and species, a small diadectid (Tetrapoda, Diadectomorpha) from the Lower Permian of Ohio, with consideration of diadectomorph phylogey"
5003:
4952:
1265:
has long been thought to be morphologically similar to a hypothetical ancestor of all amniotes, although its occurrences are too recent to be this ancestor itself.
5028:
4998:
2626:
Berman, D.S.; Sumida, S.S.; Lombard, R.E. (1992). "Reinterpretation of the Temporal and Occipital Regions in Diadectes and the Relationships of Diadectomorphs".
1903:
during these periods, with the close stratigraphic association of the original specimens found by Baldwin being possible evidence of a communal aestivation den.
463:
might have inhabited. In 1912, Williston described the discovery of an additional specimen, collected by himself at the same locality as the previous specimens.
1807:
most likely had a predatory lifestyle. This differs significantly from most other diadectomorphs, particularly the family Diadectidae, which were herbivorous.
1302:
bones which could eventually develop into the temporal fenestra of synapsids. However, several authors argued against the validity of these characters.
1764:
suggested that this might be a retention of an ancestral semiaquatic lifestyle found in amphibians, which might have also been retained in some early
4939:
3611:
699:
bones. This “line of weakness” has been proposed to be a precursor to the synapsid temporal fenestra, although this hypothesis has been challenged.
5033:
3340:
Benson, R.B.J. (2012). "Interrelationships of basal synapsids: cranial and postcranial morphological partitions suggest different topologies".
5038:
3192:
Wideman, N.K. (2002). "The postcranial anatomy of the late Paleozoic Family Limnoscelidae and its significance for diadectomorph taxonomy".
1320:
and the Diadectomorpha relative to Amniota and Synapsida. Heaton's originally classified the diadectomorphs as amphibians, outside of and
718:
were typically longer than they were wide, but varied in size and shape throughout the vertebral column, along with neural spine height.
5018:
648:
2358:
Fracasso, M.A. (1983). "Cranial Osteology, Functional Morphology, Systematics, and Paleoenvironment of Limnoscelis paludis Williston".
806:
may also have had cartilaginous extensions above the scapolocoracoid, compensating for this reduction in size. The scapulocoracoid of
5023:
2294:"A new species of Limnoscelis (Amphibia, Diadectomorpha) from the Late Pennsylvanian Sangre de Cristo Formation of Central Colorado"
426:
3522:
Vaughn, P.P. (1963). "The Age and Locality of the Late Paleozoic Vertebrates from El Cobre Canyon, Rio Arriba County, New Mexico".
1783:
could have been a predator, as he believed its short, robust limbs made it too slow to pursue prey. Instead, he hypothesized that
1841:
in age, though later studies concluded that the lower beds of the formation were actually from the Late Carboniferous based on
3245:
Sumida, S.S. (1997). "Locomotor features of taxa spanning the origin of amniotes". In Sumida, S. S.; Martin, K. L. M. (eds.).
388:
2778:
Fracasso, M.A. (1980). "Age of the Permo-Carboniferous Cutler Formation Vertebrate Fauna from El Cobre Canyon, New Mexico".
2022:
Edaphosaurus novomexicanus, Platyhystrix rugosus, Sphenacodon ferox, Aspidosaurus novomexicanus, and Ophiacodon navajovicus
635:
was well-built, with large processes for jaw muscle attachment, indicating that it had a powerful bite. In addition to its
5013:
3105:
Berman, D.S.; Henrici, A.C. (2003). "Homology of the Astragalus and Structure and Function of the Tarsus of Diadectidae".
125:
1837:
is endemic to the El Cobre Canyon beds of the Cutler Formation, New Mexico. This site was originally thought to be early
3604:
2874:
Vaughn, P.P. (1972). "More vertebrates, including a new microsaur, from the Upper Pennsylvanian of central Colorado".
3177:
Heaton, M.J. (1980). "The Cotylosauria: A reconsideration of a group of archaic tetrapods". In Panchen, A. L. (ed.).
154:
4842:
4820:
1795:
could have been a successful semiaquatic predator, comparing its anatomy with that of known aquatic predators like
827:
483:
758:
403:
2846:
Vaughn, P.P. (1969). "Upper Pennsylvanian vertebrates from the Sangre de Cristo Formation of central Colorado".
3709:
1737:
750:
vertebrae, a feature shared with amniotes, though the second sacral vertebra is reduced compared to the first.
440:
232:
925:
was significantly smaller, with the ventral border of the external naris instead being formed by the maxilla.
5008:
3597:
510:
CM 47651 and CM 47652). These fossils, particularly the holotype, were referenced as representing the genus
309:
41:
4832:
4907:
4837:
3378:
Panchen, A.L. (1972). "The Interrelationships of the Earliest Tetrapods". In Joysey, K.; Kemp, T. (eds.).
3325:
Kissel, R.A. (2010). "Morphology, Phylogeny and Evolution of Diadectidae (Cotylosauria: Diadectomorpha)".
1868:
belonging to this Late Pennsylvanian assemblage. The El Cobre Canyon formation is thought to represent an
3481:
Cope, E.D. (1878). "Descriptions of Extinct Batrachia and Reptilia from the Permian Formation of Texas".
3079:
Gauthier, J.; Kluge, A.G.; Rowe, T (1988). "The early evolution of the Amniota". In Benton, M. J. (ed.).
451:
skeletons (MCZ 1947 and MCZ 1948, formerly YPM 819 and YPM 809 respectively). Williston named the fossil
4965:
1115:
at its current taxonomic position as a diadectomorph, with Limnoscelidae erected as a family within the
414:
4848:
730:
complex, with a ventral anterior process of the axis intercentrum articulating with that of the atlas.
4703:
1536:
The below cladogram, modified from Berman et al. (1992), depicting the alternative hypothesis placing
568:
421:. Although Marsh would describe several specimens from Baldwin's collections, many fossils, including
4827:
4199:
3551:
2980:
2928:
2719:
2635:
2553:
2403:
2223:
4526:
691:
has been pushed posteriorly and ventrally, creating a “line of weakness” between the supratemporal,
4785:
4661:
4463:
3583:
1349:
and the Diadectomorpha sister to Amniota, agreeing with the original placement from Heaton (1980).
714:. These vertebrae had swollen neural arches, and amphicoelous notochordal centra. The vertebrae of
4696:
4689:
4590:
4434:
4749:
4575:
4147:
3410:
3357:
3304:
2998:
2944:
2737:
2651:
2315:
1769:
1270:
879:
672:
149:
4619:
4448:
4970:
4140:
4957:
4627:
4554:
4352:
4333:
4090:
2091:
1884:
1880:
859:
525:
meaning “strong” or “powerful”, referencing the genus’ capability as a “formidable predator”.
1803:. Several subsequent analyses have agreed with Romer's argument, and most studies agree that
826:
possessed an iliac shelf, a low ridge extending anteroposteriorly across the dorsal ilium, a
4865:
4605:
4583:
4312:
4112:
3559:
3463:
3402:
3349:
3294:
3224:
3148:
3114:
3034:
2988:
2936:
2727:
2643:
2595:
2561:
2411:
2305:
2231:
1025:-like neural arches. However, Williston noted enough differences from these groups to place
868:
739:
692:
592:
482:
fossils were collected between 1966 and 1973 by the paleontologist Peter P. Vaughn from the
407:
1305:
1103:, including the bones forming the orbital border, the presence of a glenoid foramen on the
4561:
4470:
4362:
4073:
3997:
3884:
3840:
3694:
1842:
1116:
1090:
1052:
1037:, which would later be erected as its own family. Limnoscelidae once contained the genera
791:
775:
723:
878:
consisting of a fused tibiale, intermedium, and proximal centrale, similar (and possibly
3555:
3027:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
2984:
2932:
2723:
2639:
2557:
2407:
2227:
4880:
4875:
4675:
4645:
4547:
4456:
4411:
4235:
4097:
4083:
4034:
3965:
3928:
3769:
3747:
3721:
3620:
3406:
3228:
2599:
2070:
1753:
1586:
1385:
1163:
909:
is thought to be the smaller of the two genera, estimated to be about 20% smaller than
727:
696:
660:
499:
302:
199:
138:
379:
4987:
4654:
4612:
4499:
4477:
4425:
4404:
4376:
4326:
4161:
4041:
4013:
4006:
3972:
3903:
3851:
3829:
3669:
2741:
2053:
2006:
1983:
1910:
would have likely been dominated by pelycosaurs and other basal synapsids, including
1779:
Despite its long conical teeth indicating a carnivorous diet, Williston doubted that
1034:
1014:
982:
783:
684:
656:
313:
212:
83:
45:
3414:
3361:
3308:
2655:
2319:
814:
elements, which it shares with a number of basal amniotes, but which differentiates
4885:
4870:
4682:
4598:
4568:
4519:
4305:
4277:
4205:
3986:
3951:
3862:
3786:
3660:
3002:
2948:
2098:
indicate the presence of water, with the site possibly representing an oxbow lake.
2095:
1999:
1993:
1963:
1947:
1860:
1788:
1761:
1557:
1366:
1335:
1321:
1082:
1022:
843:
819:
799:
616:
596:
553:
430:
411:
321:
241:
17:
2020:
inhabiting the lower (Late Carboniferous) assemblage, and other species including
3353:
3212:
913:
The premaxilla differs considerably between the species. While the premaxilla of
4668:
4634:
4540:
4533:
4485:
4441:
4397:
4383:
4268:
4187:
4055:
4020:
3958:
3944:
2076:
1930:
1912:
1900:
1638:
1437:
1215:
1047:
871:
352:
58:
4930:
3589:
490:. Vaughn, however, did not initially recognize these materials as belonging to
4890:
4767:
4291:
4175:
4126:
3979:
3873:
3819:
3573:
3152:
3118:
2647:
2415:
2235:
2079:
2025:
1970:
1940:
1936:
1918:
1869:
1846:
1815:
1796:
1765:
1695:
1495:
1274:
1139:
1066:
1018:
875:
636:
495:
448:
328:
103:
68:
2586:
Laurin, M.; Reisz, R.R. (1995). "A Reevaluation of Early Amniote Phylogeny".
552:
measuring 7 feet (around 2 meters) long. Portions of the skeleton are poorly
4731:
4512:
4390:
4298:
4154:
4133:
4119:
4104:
4048:
4027:
3937:
3917:
3808:
3797:
2066:
1977:
1800:
1671:
1480:
1297:
and amniotes was later expanded upon, with several features of the skull of
1146:
1126:
1099:
1030:
945:
consisted of a single element, while it consisted of two paired elements in
795:
738:, though they might have had cartilaginous caps to allow the passage of the
557:
533:
418:
360:
348:
166:
108:
52:
3038:
1776:, based on relatively well-ossified portions of its post-cranial skeleton.
842:
were short and robust, giving the animal a low sprawling posture. It had a
3467:
2565:
371:
has significant implications regarding the origins of the first amniotes.
4924:
4369:
4319:
4257:
4168:
3678:
3651:
1850:
1622:
1421:
1293:
having been too big to have been this ancestor. The relationship between
1199:
1121:
1021:
based on its flat occiput, as well as its large upper incisors and broad
1013:
was identified as an early reptile, thought to be closely related to the
1001:, leading some to consider it to be the more derived of the two species.
835:
831:
811:
787:
711:
628:
620:
507:
444:
336:
305:
186:
142:
98:
93:
78:
73:
63:
1883:
environment, being one of the earliest representations of a terrestrial
466:
339:, both of which are thought to have lived concurrently. No specimens of
4944:
4791:
4718:
4284:
4222:
1873:
1838:
1760:
might have used the water to hide from predators, or look to for food.
1569:
1467:
1104:
966:
918:
854:, which it shared with basal amniotes. Originally, it was thought that
818:
from its fellow diadectomorphs (which only had a single coracoid). The
680:
612:
608:
368:
364:
317:
265:
113:
88:
2876:
Contributions in Science, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History
2848:
Contributions in Science, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History
355:, though it may have spent a significant portion of its life on land.
4755:
3645:
3299:
3282:
2993:
2968:
2940:
2893:
Fracasso, M.A. (1987). "Braincase of Limnoscelis paludis Williston".
2310:
2293:
1987:
1342:
making it difficult to determine its placement relative to amniotes.
994:
747:
644:
600:
520:
399:
176:
4901:
3563:
3139:
Berman, D.S. (2000). "Origin and Evolution of the Amniote Occiput".
2391:
2211:
1345:
The below cladogram, modified from Laurin and Reisz (1995), showing
1093:. However, these early authors also noted many similarities between
2732:
2707:
2544:
Romer, A.S. (1946). "The Primitive Reptile Limnoscelis Restudied".
3213:"A Sketch Classification of the Pre-Jurassic Tetrapod Vertebrates"
2392:"Restoration of Limnoscelis, a Cotylosaur Reptile from New Mexico"
1876:
1814:
1731:
1304:
1086:
1065:
990:
970:
957:
while also being thinner and less convex. Similarly, the ilium of
798:
on its right and left sides. The cleithrum was small and possibly
757:
588:
584:
567:
532:
465:
456:
378:
298:
4795:
986:
941:, possessing smaller teeth and denticles. The supraoccipital of
851:
847:
4905:
3638:
3593:
410:, New Mexico. Baldwin was collecting fossils in service of the
3179:
The Terrestrial Environment and the Origin of Land Vertebrates
1975:
Also sharing the landscape were several amphibians, including
1540:
and the Diadectomorpha as sister to Synapsida within Amniota.
1286:
1119:
Diadectomorpha alongside the family Diadectidae and the genus
735:
667:
was relatively flat, similar to that of some basal synapsids.
1768:. However, other studies have suggested a significantly more
1149:
shows the order Diadectomorpha, modified from Heaton (1980).
1138:, with the later clades forming a monophyletic group in many
997:) were longer. Many of these features appear more derived in
3505:
University of California Publications in Geological Sciences
3393:
Carroll, R.L. (1969). "Problems of the Origin of Reptiles".
1958:
also likely lived alongside other diadectomorphs, including
486:
in Colorado, which would later be attributed to the species
3503:
Langston, W. (1953). "Permian amphibians from New Mexico".
802:, indicating further ossification of the scapulocoracoid.
3433:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
3431:
Berman, D.S. (2013). "Diadectomorphs: amniotes or not?".
2919:
Kemp, T.S. (1980). "Origin of the mammal-like reptiles".
2468:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
2212:"A new family of reptiles from the Permian of New Mexico"
2816:
Williston, S.W. (1911). "American Permian Vertebrates".
977:
were shorter relative to body size compared to those of
3327:
Graduate Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
1261:
Due to its highly generalized post-cranial morphology,
1756:
or semiaquatic lifestyle. Williston hypothesized that
587:, with a narrow snout and wider posterior region. Its
2682:
Marsh, O.C. (1878). "Notice of New Fossil Reptiles".
1316:
Many recent studies have focused on the placement of
882:) to the astragalus or talus bone found in amniotes.
494:, instead attributing several fossil elements to the
4496:
4422:
4348:
4232:
4070:
3900:
3880:
3869:
3858:
3847:
3836:
3825:
3815:
3804:
3793:
3782:
929:
had smaller teeth, but had more of them compared to
623:. This tooth morphology has been used to infer that
439:
was finally described in 1911 by the paleontologist
402:
hunter David Baldwin between 1877 and 1880 from the
274:
248:
4914:
4766:
4730:
4717:
4644:
4495:
4421:
4347:
4267:
4231:
4220:
4185:
4069:
3996:
3927:
3899:
3767:
3720:
3693:
1823:
at the El Cobre Canyon beds of the Cutler Formation
3265:Amniote Origins: Completing the Transition to Land
3247:Amniote origins: Completing the transition to land
953:was shorter and wider than the scapulocoracoid of
3483:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
3081:The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods
1281:shared many features with early Pelycosaurs like
3057:University of California Publications in Zoology
2708:"The Permo-Carboniferous of Northern New Mexico"
2045:fossils have been found alongside the synapsids
742:between the capitulum and tubercle of each rib.
425:, would be deposited without description at the
3217:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
2090:and labyrinthodont amphibians. The presence of
1134:is often found to be sister to Diadectidae and
297:(/limˈnäsələ̇s/, meaning "marsh footed") was a
3249:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 353–398.
1125:from the monogeneric family Tseajaiidae. This
519:, with “dynatis” being derived from the Greek
3605:
3382:. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. pp. 65–87.
8:
3267:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 61–84.
3083:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 103–155.
3181:. London: Academic Press. pp. 497–551.
1748:In its earliest descriptions by Williston,
917:was relatively large, enclosing the entire
4902:
4727:
4504:
4241:
4228:
3909:
3896:
3775:
3764:
3699:
3690:
3635:
3612:
3598:
3590:
316:of western North America. It includes two
124:
31:
3298:
2992:
2731:
2588:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2309:
687:fenestrae. However, the supratemporal of
343:are known from outside of North America.
4994:Carboniferous tetrapods of North America
961:was also shorter and wider than that of
367:features, and its placement relative to
2773:
2771:
2107:
1257:Relationship with Amniota and Synapsida
981:, while its distal limb bone elements (
933:. The ridge of the pterygoid flange of
459:-like environment that he hypothesized
5004:Taxa named by Samuel Wendell Williston
3498:
3496:
3448:
3446:
3426:
3424:
3373:
3371:
3320:
3318:
3276:
3274:
3258:
3256:
3240:
3238:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2701:
2699:
2697:
1081:as a member of the paraphyletic group
5029:Pennsylvanian genus first appearances
4999:Cisuralian tetrapods of North America
3074:
3072:
3070:
3050:
3048:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
850:, and a formula of 2-3-4-5-4 for the
576:, in lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views
137:holotype (YPM 811) on display at the
7:
2706:Williston, S.W.; Case, E.C. (1912).
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2113:
2111:
1269:possessed several reptilian cranial
1062:Relationship with the Diadectomorpha
683:skull fenestration pattern, lacking
3342:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2292:Berman, D.S.; Sumida, S.S. (1990).
1614:
1592:
1582:
1575:
1550:
1543:
1473:
1413:
1391:
1381:
1359:
1352:
1329:, crown amniotes. The placement of
1191:
1169:
1159:
1152:
1085:within Cotylosauria, alongside the
647:teeth on transverse flanges of its
3544:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
3407:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1969.tb01218.x
3281:Kissel, R.A.; Reisz, R.R. (2004).
3229:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1917.tb02055.x
3194:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2967:Reisz, R.R.; Heaton, M.J. (1980).
2600:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00932.x
1111:would eventually be used to place
615:, similar to the placement of the
611:, peaking in size at the anterior
447:, YPM 811), and two less-complete
25:
897:A number of features distinguish
427:Peabody Museum of Natural History
4847:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4819:
3576:
2969:"Origin of mammal-like reptiles"
1077:These early descriptions framed
639:, maxillary, and dentary teeth,
607:had particularly well-developed
153:
3380:Studies in Vertebrate Evolution
2684:The American Journal of Science
2546:The American Journal of Science
2396:The American Journal of Science
2216:The American Journal of Science
1273:, including the closure of the
1851:Anthracospirifer rockymontanus
1009:In its earliest descriptions,
389:Natural History Museum, London
1:
5034:Fossil taxa described in 1911
1791:. However, Romer argued that
846:formula of 2-3-4-5-3 for the
768:The Osteology of the Reptiles
359:had a combination of derived
5039:Cisuralian genus extinctions
3748:Reptiliomorpha / Pan-Amniota
3354:10.1080/14772019.2011.631042
521:
2818:University of Chicago Press
830:of the Diadectomorpha. The
583:had a relatively elongated
548:was relatively large, with
5055:
5019:Paleontology in New Mexico
2000:Aspidosaurus novomexicanus
1948:Edaphosaurus novomexicanus
484:Sangre de Cristo Formation
4860:
4816:
4507:
4244:
3912:
3895:
3778:
3763:
3744:
3702:
3689:
3634:
3287:Annals of Carnegie Museum
3153:10.1017/S0022336000033114
3119:10.1017/S002233600004350X
2895:Postilla, Yale University
2648:10.1017/S0022336000034028
2416:10.2475/ajs.s4-34.203.457
2298:Annals of Carnegie Museum
2236:10.2475/ajs.s4-31.185.378
1693:
1669:
1636:
1619:
1612:
1597:
1590:
1580:
1573:
1555:
1548:
1493:
1478:
1471:
1435:
1418:
1411:
1396:
1389:
1379:
1364:
1357:
1213:
1196:
1189:
1174:
1167:
1157:
965:The proximal limb bones (
949:. The scapulocoracoid of
271:
263:
247:
240:
150:Scientific classification
148:
132:
123:
34:
5024:Paleontology in Colorado
3329:. University of Toronto.
2390:Williston, S.W. (1912).
2210:Williston, S.W. (1911).
1872:, with a single-channel
1744:as aquatic (lower right)
1738:Samuel Wendell Williston
470:Skeletal diagram of the
441:Samuel Wendell Williston
3524:Journal of Paleontology
3211:Watson, D.M.S. (1917).
3141:Journal of Paleontology
3107:Journal of Paleontology
2780:Journal of Paleontology
2628:Journal of Paleontology
937:was narrow compared to
858:possessed two proximal
283:Berman and Sumida, 1990
27:Genus of diadectomorphs
3039:10.1098/rstb.1992.0060
2712:The Journal of Geology
2024:inhabiting the upper (
1978:Seymouria sanjuanensis
1824:
1745:
1313:
1074:
901:from the type species
782:consisted of a single
771:
577:
541:
475:
391:
4966:Paleobiology Database
3468:10.5061/dryad.4j2tp4s
2566:10.2475/ajs.244.3.149
2071:Coloraderpeton brilli
2007:Chenoprosopus milleri
1931:Clepsydrops vinslovii
1887:. Being semiaquatic,
1818:
1762:Alfred Sherwood Romer
1735:
1308:
1069:
874:, which possessed an
761:
754:Appendicular skeleton
655:articulated with the
627:was a carnivore. The
571:
536:
469:
433:for several decades.
415:Othniel Charles Marsh
398:was collected by the
382:
5014:Transitional fossils
2055:Xyrospondylus ecordi
1994:Platyhystrix rugosus
1736:1914 restoration by
921:, the premaxilla of
886:Differences between
595:, with infolding of
375:Discovery and naming
3584:Paleontology portal
3556:1987CaJES..24.1769B
2985:1980Natur.288..193R
2933:1980Natur.283..378K
2724:1912JG.....20....1W
2640:1992JPal...66..481B
2558:1946AmJS..244..149R
2408:1912AmJS...34..457W
2228:1911AmJS...31..378W
2063:Desmatodon hesperis
2043:Limnoscelis dynatis
2039:Limnoscelis dynatis
2033:Limnoscelis dynatis
2018:Desmatodon hollandi
2014:Limnoscelis paludis
1971:Desmatodon hollandi
1908:Limnoscelis paludis
1906:The environment of
1866:Limnoscelis paludis
1856:Limnoscelis paludis
1835:Limnoscelis paludis
1829:Limnoscelis paludis
1819:Restoration of two
1089:Diadectomorpha and
1051:, but is currently
903:Limnoscelis paludis
899:Limnoscelis dynatis
722:had a multipartite
550:Limnoscelis paludis
517:Limnoscelis dynatis
488:Limnoscelis dynatis
453:Limnoscelis paludis
437:Limnoscelis paludis
423:Limnoscelis paludis
396:Limnoscelis paludis
333:Limnoscelis dynatis
325:Limnoscelis paludis
253:Limnoscelis paludis
18:Limnoscelis paludis
4576:Opisthodontosaurus
4204:possibly includes
3395:Biological Reviews
1964:Diasparactus zenos
1825:
1787:might have fed on
1746:
1314:
1097:and the diadectid
1075:
1055:, containing only
772:
766:left foreleg from
734:had single headed
578:
542:
502:. The presence of
476:
474:holotype from 1911
455:, referencing the
392:
310:Late Carboniferous
42:Late Carboniferous
4981:
4980:
4908:Taxon identifiers
4899:
4898:
4856:
4855:
4814:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4713:
4712:
4353:Protorothyrididae
4343:
4342:
4334:Stephanospondylus
4216:
4215:
4065:
4064:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3740:
3739:
3033:(1277): 259–273.
2927:(5745): 378–380.
2092:paleoniscoid fish
1960:Diadectes lentus,
1913:Sphenacodon ferox
1724:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1682:
1681:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1457:
1456:
1448:
1447:
1253:
1252:
1244:
1243:
1235:
1234:
1226:
1225:
710:had 26 presacral
673:occipital condyle
591:were conical and
394:The type species
290:
289:
284:
236:
51:306.5–295.0
16:(Redirected from
5046:
4974:
4973:
4961:
4960:
4948:
4947:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4903:
4866:Labyrinthodontia
4851:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4775:
4771:
4739:
4735:
4728:
4724:
4704:Tramuntanasaurus
4606:Rhiodenticulatus
4584:Protocaptorhinus
4505:
4498:
4424:
4350:
4313:Kuwavaatakdectes
4242:
4234:
4229:
4113:Karpinskiosaurus
4072:
3910:
3902:
3897:
3882:
3871:
3860:
3849:
3838:
3827:
3817:
3806:
3795:
3784:
3776:
3765:
3700:
3691:
3684:
3683:
3636:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3568:
3567:
3550:(9): 1769–1784.
3538:
3532:
3531:
3519:
3513:
3512:
3500:
3491:
3490:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3450:
3441:
3440:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3375:
3366:
3365:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3322:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3300:10.5962/p.215153
3278:
3269:
3268:
3260:
3251:
3250:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3174:
3157:
3156:
3136:
3123:
3122:
3102:
3085:
3084:
3076:
3065:
3064:
3052:
3043:
3042:
3022:
3007:
3006:
2996:
2994:10.1038/288193a0
2964:
2953:
2952:
2941:10.1038/283378a0
2916:
2903:
2902:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2871:
2856:
2855:
2843:
2822:
2821:
2813:
2788:
2787:
2775:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2703:
2692:
2691:
2679:
2660:
2659:
2623:
2604:
2603:
2583:
2570:
2569:
2541:
2476:
2475:
2463:
2420:
2419:
2402:(203): 457–468.
2387:
2364:
2363:
2355:
2324:
2323:
2313:
2311:10.5962/p.240774
2289:
2240:
2239:
2222:(185): 378–398.
2207:
1919:Ophiacodon mirus
1615:
1593:
1583:
1576:
1551:
1544:
1474:
1414:
1392:
1382:
1360:
1353:
1192:
1170:
1160:
1153:
1083:Captorhinomorpha
792:scapulocoracoids
762:Illustration of
740:vertebral artery
619:of many derived
544:The skeleton of
524:
408:Cutler Formation
282:
276:
250:
231:
224:
211:
198:
158:
157:
128:
118:
55:
40:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5043:
4984:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4969:
4964:
4956:
4951:
4943:
4938:
4929:
4928:
4923:
4910:
4900:
4895:
4852:
4818:
4802:
4773:
4769:
4762:
4737:
4733:
4722:
4721:
4709:
4640:
4562:Labidosauriscus
4491:
4471:Petrolacosaurus
4417:
4363:Anthracodromeus
4339:
4263:
4225:
4212:
4181:
4074:Seymouriamorpha
4061:
3998:Chroniosuchidae
3992:
3923:
3891:
3885:Gephyrostegidae
3841:Solenodonsaurus
3772:
3751:
3736:
3716:
3710:Tetrapodomorpha
3695:Tetrapodomorpha
3685:
3641:
3640:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3621:Reptiliomorpha
3618:
3582:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3564:10.1139/e87-169
3540:
3539:
3535:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3489:(101): 505–530.
3480:
3479:
3475:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3376:
3369:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3280:
3279:
3272:
3262:
3261:
3254:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3176:
3175:
3160:
3138:
3137:
3126:
3104:
3103:
3088:
3078:
3077:
3068:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3024:
3023:
3010:
2966:
2965:
2956:
2918:
2917:
2906:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2873:
2872:
2859:
2845:
2844:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2791:
2786:(6): 1237–1244.
2777:
2776:
2749:
2705:
2704:
2695:
2681:
2680:
2663:
2625:
2624:
2607:
2585:
2584:
2573:
2543:
2542:
2479:
2465:
2464:
2423:
2389:
2388:
2367:
2357:
2356:
2327:
2291:
2290:
2243:
2209:
2208:
2109:
2104:
2096:xenacanth shark
2036:
1843:biostratigraphy
1832:
1813:
1730:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1683:
1659:
1650:
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1458:
1449:
1259:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1091:Seymouriamorpha
1070:Restoration of
1064:
1029:within its own
1007:
895:
776:pectoral girdle
756:
705:
643:had additional
566:
564:Skull and teeth
537:Restoration of
531:
404:El Cobre Canyon
377:
259:
258:Williston, 1911
256:
230:
222:
209:
196:
152:
119:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
50:
49:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5052:
5050:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5009:Diadectomorphs
5006:
5001:
4996:
4986:
4985:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4975:
4962:
4949:
4936:
4920:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4897:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4881:Batrachosauria
4878:
4876:Anthracosauria
4873:
4868:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4788:
4779:
4777:
4764:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4752:
4743:
4741:
4725:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4676:Labidosaurikos
4672:
4665:
4658:
4650:
4648:
4646:Moradisaurinae
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4631:
4624:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4587:
4580:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4548:Gecatogomphius
4544:
4537:
4530:
4527:Captorhinoides
4523:
4516:
4508:
4502:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4489:
4482:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4457:Halgaitosaurus
4453:
4445:
4438:
4430:
4428:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4412:Thuringothyris
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4358:
4356:
4345:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4281:
4273:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4254:
4245:
4239:
4236:Diadectomorpha
4226:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4202:
4193:
4191:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4101:
4098:Discosauriscus
4094:
4087:
4084:Ariekanerpeton
4079:
4077:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4035:Madygenerpeton
4031:
4024:
4017:
4010:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3966:Hassiacoscutum
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3933:
3931:
3929:Bystrowianidae
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3913:
3907:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3878:
3867:
3856:
3845:
3834:
3823:
3813:
3802:
3791:
3779:
3773:
3770:Reptiliomorpha
3768:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3722:Reptiliomorpha
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3703:
3697:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3672:
3663:
3654:
3648:
3639:
3632:
3631:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3570:
3569:
3533:
3514:
3492:
3473:
3462:(1): 131–154.
3442:
3420:
3401:(3): 393–431.
3385:
3367:
3348:(4): 601–624.
3332:
3314:
3270:
3252:
3234:
3223:(1): 167–186.
3203:
3184:
3158:
3147:(5): 938–956.
3124:
3113:(1): 172–188.
3086:
3066:
3044:
3008:
2954:
2904:
2885:
2857:
2823:
2820:. Chicago, Il.
2789:
2747:
2733:10.1086/621924
2693:
2661:
2634:(3): 481–499.
2605:
2594:(2): 165–223.
2571:
2552:(3): 149–188.
2477:
2421:
2365:
2325:
2304:(4): 303–341.
2241:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2061:the diadectid
2035:
2030:
2028:) assemblage.
1988:Eryops grandis
1870:alluvial plane
1831:
1826:
1812:
1809:
1772:lifestyle for
1729:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1587:Diadectomorpha
1581:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1386:Diadectomorpha
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1351:
1309:Skull cast of
1258:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1164:Diadectomorpha
1158:
1156:
1151:
1063:
1060:
1039:Limnosceloides
1019:Pareiasauridae
1006:
1005:Classification
1003:
919:external naris
894:
884:
810:had two fused
786:, with paired
755:
752:
704:
703:Axial skeleton
701:
593:labyrinthodont
565:
562:
530:
527:
500:Anthracosauria
412:paleontologist
376:
373:
363:and primitive
288:
287:
286:
285:
269:
268:
261:
260:
257:
245:
244:
238:
237:
220:
216:
215:
207:
203:
202:
200:Diadectomorpha
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
146:
145:
139:Redpath Museum
130:
129:
121:
120:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
56:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5051:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4972:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4941:
4937:
4932:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4850:
4846:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4822:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4765:
4757:
4753:
4751:
4747:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4729:
4726:
4723:(crown group)
4720:
4716:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4662:Captorhinikos
4659:
4657:
4656:
4655:Balearosaurus
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4613:Rhodotheratus
4610:
4608:
4607:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4500:Captorhinidae
4494:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4478:Spinoaequalis
4475:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4464:Kadaliosaurus
4461:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4426:Araeoscelidia
4420:
4414:
4413:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4405:Protorothyris
4402:
4400:
4399:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4377:Cephalerpeton
4374:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4346:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4327:Phanerosaurus
4324:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4219:
4207:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4162:Spinarerpeton
4159:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4068:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4042:Phratochronis
4039:
4037:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4014:Chroniosuchus
4011:
4009:
4008:
4007:Chroniosaurus
4004:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3973:Jiyuanitectum
3970:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3904:Chroniosuchia
3898:
3894:
3887:
3886:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:Termonerpeton
3846:
3843:
3842:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:Silvanerpeton
3824:
3822:
3821:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3780:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3762:
3750:
3749:
3743:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3680:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3670:Sarcopterygii
3667:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3615:
3610:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3585:
3574:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3534:
3530:(1): 283–286.
3529:
3525:
3518:
3515:
3511:(7): 349–416.
3510:
3506:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3456:Palaeontology
3449:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3386:
3381:
3374:
3372:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3207:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3185:
3180:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2979:(5787): 193.
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2026:Early Permian
2023:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1984:temnospondyls
1981:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1942:greenleeorum,
1939:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1861:stratigraphic
1857:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:invertebrates
1786:
1782:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1719:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1529:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1231:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:Limnoscelidae
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:Captorhinidae
1012:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
893:
889:
885:
883:
881:
877:
873:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
784:interclavicle
781:
777:
769:
765:
760:
753:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
702:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
671:had a single
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
575:
570:
563:
561:
559:
558:cartilaginous
555:
551:
547:
540:
535:
528:
526:
523:
518:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
473:
468:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
390:
386:
381:
374:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
351:, and likely
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
323:
319:
315:
314:early Permian
311:
307:
304:
303:diadectomorph
300:
296:
295:
281:
280:
273:
272:
270:
267:
262:
255:
254:
246:
243:
239:
234:
229:
228:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:Limnoscelidae
208:
205:
204:
201:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
156:
151:
147:
144:
140:
136:
131:
127:
122:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
54:
47:
46:Early Permian
43:
37:
33:
30:
19:
4915:
4886:Cotylosauria
4871:Lepospondyli
4825:
4772:Pan‑Reptilia
4736:Pan‑Mammalia
4702:
4697:Sumidadectes
4695:
4690:Rothianiscus
4688:
4683:Moradisaurus
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4633:
4626:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4599:Reiszorhinus
4597:
4591:Puercosaurus
4589:
4582:
4574:
4569:Labidosaurus
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4520:Baeotherates
4518:
4511:
4484:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4447:
4440:
4435:Aphelosaurus
4433:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4306:Diasparactus
4304:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4278:Alveusdectes
4276:
4256:
4249:
4248:
4206:Lissamphibia
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3987:Yumenerpeton
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3952:Bystrowiella
3950:
3943:
3936:
3916:
3883:
3872:
3863:Westlothiana
3861:
3850:
3839:
3828:
3818:
3807:
3796:
3787:Caerorhachis
3785:
3746:
3674:
3665:
3661:Osteichthyes
3656:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3508:
3504:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3459:
3455:
3436:
3432:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3379:
3345:
3341:
3335:
3326:
3290:
3286:
3264:
3246:
3220:
3216:
3206:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3178:
3144:
3140:
3110:
3106:
3080:
3060:
3056:
3030:
3026:
2976:
2972:
2924:
2920:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2879:
2875:
2851:
2847:
2817:
2783:
2779:
2715:
2711:
2687:
2683:
2631:
2627:
2591:
2587:
2549:
2545:
2471:
2467:
2399:
2395:
2360:Dissertation
2359:
2301:
2297:
2219:
2215:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2069:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2047:Edaphosaurus
2046:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2005:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1927:navajovicus,
1926:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1865:
1855:
1849:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1820:
1811:Paleoecology
1804:
1797:crocodilians
1792:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1773:
1757:
1749:
1747:
1741:
1728:Paleobiology
1694:
1670:
1637:
1621:
1620:
1599:
1598:
1558:Seymouriidae
1556:
1537:
1535:
1494:
1479:
1436:
1420:
1419:
1398:
1397:
1367:Seymouriidae
1365:
1346:
1344:
1340:Limnoscelis,
1339:
1338:strategy by
1336:reproductive
1330:
1326:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1214:
1198:
1197:
1176:
1175:
1144:
1135:
1131:
1127:monophyletic
1120:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1094:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1057:Limnoscelis.
1056:
1046:
1043:Limnoscelops
1042:
1038:
1026:
1010:
1008:
998:
978:
974:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
896:
891:
887:
863:
855:
839:
828:synapomorphy
823:
815:
807:
803:
779:
773:
767:
763:
743:
731:
719:
715:
707:
706:
688:
676:
668:
664:
657:basisphenoid
652:
640:
637:premaxillary
632:
624:
617:canine tooth
604:
580:
579:
573:
556:, with many
549:
545:
543:
538:
516:
511:
503:
491:
487:
479:
477:
471:
460:
452:
449:post-cranial
436:
435:
431:Yale College
422:
406:beds of the
395:
393:
384:
383:Cast of the
356:
344:
340:
332:
324:
322:type species
293:
292:
291:
278:
277:
252:
251:
242:Type species
226:
225:
134:
133:Cast of the
35:
29:
4916:Limnoscelis
4768:Sauropsida
4669:Gansurhinus
4635:Saurorictus
4541:Euconcordia
4534:Captorhinus
4486:Zarcasaurus
4442:Araeoscelis
4398:Paleothyris
4384:Coelostegus
4269:Diadectidae
4250:Limnoscelis
4200:Microsauria
4188:Microsauria
4148:Nyctiboetus
4056:Uralerpeton
4021:Ingentidens
3959:Dromotectum
3945:Bystrowiana
3625:Pan‑Amniota
3293:: 197–212.
2718:(1): 1–12.
1953:Limnoscelis
1899:might have
1897:Limnoscelis
1889:Limnoscelis
1805:Limnoscelis
1793:Limnoscelis
1785:Limnoscelis
1781:Limnoscelis
1774:Limnoscelis
1770:terrestrial
1766:pelycosaurs
1758:Limnoscelis
1750:Limnoscelis
1742:Limnoscelis
1639:Diadectidae
1600:Limnoscelis
1538:Limnoscelis
1438:Diadectidae
1399:Limnoscelis
1347:Limnoscelis
1331:Limnoscelis
1327:Limnoscelis
1318:Limnoscelis
1299:Limnoscelis
1295:Limnoscelis
1291:Limnoscelis
1279:Limnoscelis
1267:Limnoscelis
1263:Limnoscelis
1216:Diadectidae
1177:Limnoscelis
1132:Limnoscelis
1113:Limnoscelis
1095:Limnoscelis
1079:Limnoscelis
1053:monogeneric
1048:Limnostygis
1027:Limnoscelis
1023:parareptile
1011:Limnoscelis
963:L. paludis.
955:L. paludis,
911:L. paludis.
872:Diadectidae
864:Limnoscelis
856:Limnoscelis
840:Limnoscelis
824:Limnoscelis
816:Limnoscelis
808:Limnoscelis
804:Limnoscelis
780:Limnoscelis
764:Limnoscelis
744:Limnoscelis
732:Limnoscelis
720:Limnoscelis
716:Limnoscelis
708:Limnoscelis
693:postorbital
689:Limnoscelis
677:Limnoscelis
669:Limnoscelis
665:Limnoscelis
653:Limnoscelis
641:Limnoscelis
633:Limnoscelis
625:Limnoscelis
605:Limnoscelis
581:Limnoscelis
574:Limnoscelis
546:Limnoscelis
529:Description
512:Limnoscelis
504:Limnoscelis
492:Limnoscelis
480:Limnoscelis
461:Limnoscelis
417:during the
357:Limnoscelis
353:semiaquatic
349:carnivorous
345:Limnoscelis
341:Limnoscelis
294:Limnoscelis
227:Limnoscelis
36:Limnoscelis
4988:Categories
4891:Eureptilia
4864:See also:
4786:Sauropsida
4732:Synapsida
4620:Riabininus
4449:Dictybolos
4292:Desmatodon
4176:Waggoneria
4127:Leptoropha
3980:Synesuchus
3874:Embolomeri
3820:Romeriscus
3731:see below↓
2690:: 409–411.
2474:: 211–220.
2102:References
2084:howardinus
2081:Trihecaton
1937:Aerosaurus
1924:Ophiacodon
1901:aestivated
1874:meandering
1847:brachiopod
1845:using the
1821:L. paludis
1801:phytosaurs
1696:Sauropsida
1496:Sauropsida
1311:L. paludis
1283:Ophiacodon
1275:otic notch
1271:homologies
1145:The below
1142:analyses.
1072:L. paludis
999:L. paludis
979:L. paludis
975:L. dynatis
959:L. dynatis
951:L. dynatis
947:L. dynatis
943:L. paludis
939:L. paludis
935:L. dynatis
931:L. paludis
927:L. dynatis
923:L. dynatis
915:L. paludis
907:L. dynatis
892:L. paludis
888:L. dynatis
880:homologous
876:astragalus
844:phalangeal
663:region of
560:elements.
539:L. paludis
496:Rhachitomi
472:L. paludis
387:holotype,
385:L. paludis
329:New Mexico
279:L. dynatis
135:L. paludis
4790:includes
4754:includes
4750:Synapsida
4513:Acrodenta
4391:Hylonomus
4299:Diadectes
4155:Seymouria
4141:Microphon
4134:Makowskia
4120:Kotlassia
4105:Enosuchus
4049:Suchonica
4028:Jarilinus
3938:Axitectum
3918:Laosuchus
3809:Eldeceeon
3798:Casineria
3679:Tetrapoda
3644:Kingdom:
2742:140631710
2077:microsaur
2050:raymondi,
1881:semi-arid
1672:Synapsida
1481:Synapsida
1147:cladogram
1140:cladistic
1109:Diadectes
1100:Diadectes
1031:subfamily
836:hindlimbs
832:forelimbs
800:vestigial
788:clavicles
712:vertebrae
697:squamosal
661:occipital
649:pterygoid
621:synapsids
572:Skull of
508:paratypes
419:bone wars
365:reptilian
361:amphibian
308:from the
306:tetrapods
301:of large
233:Williston
173:Kingdom:
167:Eukaryota
4931:Q2268365
4925:Wikidata
4792:reptiles
4555:Kahneria
4370:Brouffia
4320:Orobates
4258:Tseajaia
4169:Utegenia
4091:Biarmica
3652:Chordata
3650:Phylum:
3646:Animalia
3439:: 22–35.
3415:84302993
3362:84706899
3309:90384814
3063:: 1–133.
2656:73547163
2320:92022042
2067:aïstopod
1982:and the
1740:showing
1623:Tseajaia
1422:Tseajaia
1200:Tseajaia
1136:Tseajaia
1122:Tseajaia
812:coracoid
796:cleithra
746:had two
685:temporal
629:mandible
609:incisors
554:ossified
445:holotype
337:Colorado
206:Family:
187:Chordata
183:Phylum:
177:Animalia
163:Domain:
143:Montreal
4958:1443446
4945:4823367
4756:mammals
4719:Amniota
4628:Romeria
4285:Ambedus
4223:Amniota
3552:Bibcode
3200:: 119A.
3003:7858734
2981:Bibcode
2949:4330876
2929:Bibcode
2901:: 1–22.
2882:: 1–30.
2854:: 1–28.
2720:Bibcode
2636:Bibcode
2554:Bibcode
2404:Bibcode
2224:Bibcode
1956:paludis
1892:paludis
1839:Permian
1754:aquatic
1570:Amniota
1468:Amniota
1289:, with
1105:scapula
967:humerus
860:tarsals
681:anapsid
679:had an
645:palatal
613:maxilla
522:dynatos
498:or the
369:Amniota
318:species
266:species
219:Genus:
193:Order:
3413:
3360:
3307:
3001:
2973:Nature
2947:
2921:Nature
2740:
2654:
2318:
2094:and a
2065:, the
1322:sister
1087:clades
1045:, and
1033:, the
995:fibula
993:, and
983:radius
869:family
794:, and
770:(1925)
748:sacral
695:, and
659:. The
601:dentin
597:enamel
400:fossil
331:, and
320:: the
264:Other
235:, 1911
4971:37232
4953:IRMNG
4796:birds
3675:Clade
3666:Clade
3657:Clade
3411:S2CID
3358:S2CID
3305:S2CID
2999:S2CID
2945:S2CID
2738:S2CID
2686:. 3.
2652:S2CID
2398:. 4.
2316:S2CID
2218:. 4.
1895:that
1885:fauna
1879:in a
1877:river
1864:with
1117:order
991:tibia
973:) of
971:femur
848:manus
820:ilium
724:atlas
589:teeth
585:skull
478:More
457:marsh
335:from
327:from
299:genus
4940:GBIF
4794:and
4784:see
4748:see
4198:see
3708:see
2075:the
2052:and
2016:and
2004:and
1968:and
1945:and
1799:and
987:ulna
969:and
890:and
834:and
774:The
736:ribs
728:axis
726:and
599:and
347:was
59:PreꞒ
3560:doi
3464:doi
3403:doi
3350:doi
3295:doi
3225:doi
3149:doi
3115:doi
3061:122
3035:doi
3031:336
2989:doi
2977:288
2937:doi
2925:283
2899:201
2880:223
2852:164
2728:doi
2644:doi
2596:doi
2592:113
2562:doi
2550:244
2412:doi
2306:doi
2232:doi
1287:egg
1017:or
852:pes
838:of
822:of
778:of
631:of
429:at
312:to
4990::
4968::
4955::
4942::
4927::
4190:"?
3677::
3668::
3659::
3558:.
3548:24
3546:.
3528:37
3526:.
3509:29
3507:.
3495:^
3487:17
3485:.
3460:63
3458:.
3445:^
3437:60
3435:.
3423:^
3409:.
3399:44
3397:.
3370:^
3356:.
3346:10
3344:.
3317:^
3303:.
3291:73
3289:.
3285:.
3273:^
3255:^
3237:^
3221:87
3219:.
3215:.
3198:22
3196:.
3161:^
3145:74
3143:.
3127:^
3111:77
3109:.
3089:^
3069:^
3059:.
3047:^
3029:.
3011:^
2997:.
2987:.
2975:.
2971:.
2957:^
2943:.
2935:.
2923:.
2907:^
2897:.
2878:.
2860:^
2850:.
2826:^
2792:^
2784:54
2782:.
2750:^
2736:.
2726:.
2716:20
2714:.
2710:.
2696:^
2688:89
2664:^
2650:.
2642:.
2632:66
2630:.
2608:^
2590:.
2574:^
2560:.
2548:.
2480:^
2472:49
2470:.
2424:^
2410:.
2400:40
2394:.
2368:^
2328:^
2314:.
2302:59
2300:.
2296:.
2244:^
2230:.
2220:33
2214:.
2110:^
1854:.
1041:,
989:,
985:,
905:.
790:,
675:.
603:.
141:,
109:Pg
53:Ma
48:,
44:-
4774:)
4770:(
4738:)
4734:(
4623:?
4594:?
4579:?
4497:†
4481:?
4452:?
4423:†
4355:"
4351:"
4349:†
4253:?
4238:?
4233:†
4186:"
4108:?
4076:?
4071:†
3906:?
3901:†
3888:?
3881:†
3877:?
3870:†
3866:?
3859:†
3855:?
3848:†
3844:?
3837:†
3833:?
3826:†
3816:†
3812:?
3805:†
3801:?
3794:†
3790:?
3783:†
3627:)
3623:(
3613:e
3606:t
3599:v
3566:.
3562::
3554::
3470:.
3466::
3417:.
3405::
3364:.
3352::
3311:.
3297::
3231:.
3227::
3155:.
3151::
3121:.
3117::
3041:.
3037::
3005:.
2991::
2983::
2951:.
2939::
2931::
2744:.
2730::
2722::
2658:.
2646::
2638::
2602:.
2598::
2568:.
2564::
2556::
2418:.
2414::
2406::
2362:.
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2088:,
2073:,
2059:,
2009:.
2002:,
1996:,
1990:,
1980:,
1973:.
1966:,
1950:.
1933:,
1921:,
1915:,
275:†
249:†
223:†
210:†
197:†
114:N
104:K
99:J
94:T
89:P
84:C
79:D
74:S
69:O
64:Ꞓ
20:)
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