Limousin cattle - Knowledge (XXG)

1492:) cattle breeds reported that Limousin cattle were the most efficient and fastest of all breeds at converting feed into saleable meat even though Limousin's live weight growth was the slowest. This arose because saleable meat yield expressed as percentage of live weight was significantly higher in Limousins than in most other cattle breeds. Saleable meat yield was an average 34.9% of live weight for the three British cattle breeds, compared with 40.4% for the five other continental European breeds, and 46.0% for Limousins, for two market end points of 225 kg saleable meat at 8mm fat trim, and 210 kg saleable meat at 0mm fat trim. Live weight gain for the Limousins averaged 1.27 kg/day, compared with an average 1.29 kg/day for the British breeds and 1.38 kg/day for the other continental European cattle. Limousin saleable meat gain averaged 585g/day, with the balance being 687g/day of low value or waste product, such as bone, trimmed fat, internal organs, and hide. The British breeds produced significantly less saleable meat (average 451g/day) and significantly more low value product (841g/day), while consuming about twice the feed of the Limousins from entry to the trial ( 1508:

based on live weight gain was marginally poorer (12% less than the British breeds and comparable with the other continental European breeds). When feed conversion efficiency is adjusted to weight of saleable meat divided by feed consumed, Limousin feed conversion efficiency then exceeds both British and continental European breeds by 10–25%. The USMARC study also indicated that Limousins were very significantly the slowest of all breeds to achieve market specifications of three measures of rib eye fat (300 to 400 days longer than the British breeds, and 170 to 220 days longer than the other continental European breeds) while feed conversion efficiency based on live weight gain was poorer (25–30% less than the British breeds and 12–16% less than the other continental European breeds). When corrected to saleable meat divided by feed consumed, feed conversion efficiency was similar or marginally better for Limousins. At these end points, Limousins finished at markedly heavier live weights (up to 490 kg heavier than the British breeds, and 190 kg heavier than the other continental European breeds).

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As a result of genetic drift or different selection, each country's population of Limousins is becoming genetically differentiated, but which is counterbalanced to a limited extent by gene flows from other countries. A study of over 2.4million Limousin pedigree files of five European countries (France, Denmark, Ireland, Sweden, United Kingdom) showed moderate gene flows from France to the United Kingdom and Denmark, but negligible gene flows to Sweden. Except for gene flows originating from France, and some limited gene flows between Denmark and Sweden in the 1990s, bull and semen exchanges between European countries has been scarce, especially since about 2000. Cow and embryo flows have been even more scarce. Conversely, the genetic contribution of North American Limousins to European countries has increased since the late 1990s, which has occurred because of their use in breeding programmes to introduce the polled gene.

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after three generations for females and four generations for males, is known (confusingly with the legal European definition) as purebred, which is then eligible for recording in the respective countries' herd books alongside Fullblood and French Pure Limousins. Unlike the US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, which allow both purebred and Full French bulls and dams to be used for grading up, in Britain, grading up can only occur using Full French bulls. British graded up females when they reach fourth generation from a non-Limousin base cow can then be registered as Limousins in the British Limousin Pedigree Register. The British Limousin Pedigree Register is separate from the British Limousin Herd Book, which is reserved for animals that have complete Full French ancestry.

1615:(a cross between Brahman and Limousin cattle) and Lim-Flex (a cross between Angus and Limousin cattle), which were both developed before the significance of the F94L myostatin variant had been quantified. When Limousins homozygous for the F94L myostatin mutation are used in crossbreeding, only one of the mutations will be inherited (that is, progeny will be heterozygous for the mutation), and a high level of phenotypic uniformity and hybrid vigour would be expected in the progeny. However, breeding using heterozygous animals as parents, which could include purebred Limousins of low percentage Full French content, and Lim-Flex and 881: 211: 656: 1536:

palatability is not universally supported. In some countries, Limousin's lean, tender meat is considered to be of outstanding quality and marketed through specialist outlets. Beef producers targeting the higher marbling specifications of some markets, but who have concerns over the poorer feed conversion efficiency and yield associated with higher marbling British breed cattle, use Limousin sires over British breed cows, or British breed sires over Limousin cows, in

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Short head, broad forehead and muzzle, lighter area around the eyes and muzzle, fine horns curved forward and slightly raised at the tip (if present). Short neck. Chest broad and rounded. Side round. Pelvis wide, especially at the pin bones, not too inclined. Bones of lower back and hips slightly protruding. Forequarter well-muscled, wide above and very muscular. Hindquarters thick, deep and rounded. Horns and hooves lighter coloured. Correct limbs. Fine supple hide.

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entered in the main section, can be regarded as purebred and entered in the main section of a herd book. Although this appears to be a simple two-stage grading up process, base females that start a new grading up line were also required by EU legislation to "be judged to conform to the breed standard". Since 2007, EU legislation allowed base animals to be males but infusion of their genetics into the main section is still only possible through their female progeny.

1552:, and allows complementary traits of parents to be combined to produce progeny better suited to different environments or markets. Crossbreeding through the use of Limousin terminal sires in purebred British breed cow herds allows the complementary traits of higher marbling and fat cover provided by the British breed cows, and required or preferred by some markets, to be combined with the higher yield and feed conversion efficiency of Limousin sires. 901: 1087:, abbreviated to JB). Female progeny go to a test station in Moussour in Corrèze, where they are inseminated with the same bulls and calve at two years in confinement before being put out to pasture with their calves. The test station evaluates weight, growth, morphology, fertility, calving ability and milking ability in order to assess their maternal qualities. The best bulls following the tests on their daughters are identified as 518:

encouraged farmers to continue selecting animals that were most consistent with the characteristics of the Limousin breed, which was perfectly adapted to the region's environment, rather than trying to adapt other breeds. Furthermore, the vast majority of Limousin breeders could not afford to raise livestock in addition to their working animals, as was the case on larger properties that practiced crossing with Durham cattle.

541: 970: 1740:(1929). However, the only herd that became established outside France during this period was in New Caledonia, which continued to import Limousins. It was not until after the reform of Limousin breeding in France in 1962 that significant numbers were exported around the world. Limousins were reintroduced in Argentina (1966) and Brazil (1978), and imported to other European countries such as Spain (1965), 1652:

useful for the majority of the US. The American Brahmousin Council allows animals that are not purebred to be recorded as percentage animals as long as they are at least one-quarter Limousin and one-quarter Brahman. To be recorded as a purebred Brahmousin, the animal must then be sired by a registered purebred or fullblood Limousin bull, registered Brahman bull, or a registered purebred Brahmousin bull.

1032:, just after weaning, when they are about seven months old. At Lanaud the animals are grouped together to compare their performance under identical feeding and environmental conditions to the age of 13–14 months. The differences observed between the animals are then related principally to their genetics, which is of interest to breeders because this is what is transmitted to a bull's progeny. 449: 1556:

in a crossbred cow decline in subsequent generations if progeny are mated to cattle of parentage similar to the cow, and increase if a new breed is introduced. Although studies acknowledge that the major production benefits of hybrid vigour occur in crossbred cow herds, the main use of Limousins outside of Europe continues to be as terminal sires in purebred British breed cow herds.

73: 32: 131: 1500:). The other continental European breeds produced on average less saleable meat (556g/day) and more low cost product (819g/day) while consuming about 25% more feed than the Limousins. Although the Simmental and Charolais produced marginally more saleable meat (590g/day) than Limousins, they produced significantly more low cost product (847g/day) and consumed 18% more feed. 1135: 1066:(AI) cooperatives where semen is taken. AI allows the wide distribution of a bulls' genetics to the benefit of more farmers. However, in order to guarantee their genetic qualities, the bulls are subject to a strict selection scheme to increase the accuracy of the different genetic indexes. The best bulls identified at Lanaud are sent to another test station at 1043:, abbreviated to RJ) by the HBL. Most of these bulls are intended for natural service, and the best are subjected to evaluations of their progeny. In the same way as for females, the best bulls receive the qualification "Reproductive Recognised" (RR), awarded to the top 10%, or "Reproductive Recommended" (RRE), awarded to the top 1%. 1608:

heterozygosity is the key to maintaining the highest levels of hybrid vigour. This requires complex breeding programmes and high levels of management. Simplified crossbreeding programmes have been developed using hybrid or composite bulls, which was the motivation behind the development of Lim-Flex hybrids.

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about 900,000 Limousin cows, 63,000 were recorded in the herd book. At that time, 20,000 bulls were used for breeding, 10% through artificial insemination, and 1,600 were recorded in the Herd Book. France's Limousin herd grew by 2.6% in 2014 to 2.69 million head as of 31 Dec., including 1.09 million cows.

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from a French-imported Limousin dam. The resulting progeny were then crossed with Brahman cattle to achieve an F1 hybrid. Further crosses over a broader base led to the production of the 5/8 Limousin – 3/8 Brahman Brahmousin purebred, a mix which has been found to be the most widely accepted and most

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For a market end point of 333 kg carcase weight, the Limousin carcases in the USMARC study were estimated to be on average 63.5% of live weight, compared with an average 59.7% (range 58.6% – 60.4%) for the eight other breeds. Similar figures for Limousin meat yield are reported in other sources.

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in the south of France, where they are fed a ration of corn silage before being slaughtered at the age of 16 months. In addition to evaluations of growth and conformation in the live animals, carcases, including fat composition, are evaluated. The best bulls identified in progeny testing are formally

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in Corrèze. Here they are tested more accurately and evaluated for feed conversion efficiency, growth and muscle development. Progeny of the top 10 bulls out of this testing, and the best natural service bulls, are then evaluated. Cows are inseminated to produce 60 to 80 calves per bull tested, which

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The Limousin is a large framed breed of beef cattle with a bright wheat-coloured coat, not too dark, a little lighter on the belly, the rear of the thighs, between the legs, on the anus, around the testicles or udder, and the tail tip. Absence of any spots or pigmentation, with pink mucous membranes.

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Since the 1960s and until 2008, the French Pureblood class defined the standard against which Limousins throughout the world were measured. Although it would seem appropriate to preserve the integrity of the herd-book as the international Limousin breed standard by preventing the EU-mandated entry of

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Only the Certified Purebred sub-class 2 and Registered Purebred class are identified as Limousin in France because cattle of non-Limousin origin had been introduced into the supplementary section of the Pureblood class. The growth and spread of the Limousin breed in France since the early 1980s meant

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in French) to be used to introduce genetics into existing breeds from other breeds in a grading up process aimed at "progressive improvement". According to the legislation, only females whose mother and maternal grandmother entered in a supplementary section, and whose father and two grandfathers are

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A less pure form of Limousin is bred up (also known as graded up) from a base animal over a defined number of generations. A parent of each generation's progeny must be registered as a Limousin in the respective country's herd book. In the US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, a graded up Limousin,

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The results were not immediate. In 1862, cattle sold at La Souterraine weighed about 600 kg. The decline of Anglomania in favour of economic pragmatism, and the criticism and fall of the aristocracy aided the development of Limousin cattle. The crowning moment was the honour received by the bull

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in the north to South Africa in the south. Limousin breeders' associations exist in many of these countries, of which 29 are members of the International Limousin Council (ILC). The ILC was founded at Limoges in 1973 by Louis de Neuville, the Limousin breed ambassador. In 1989, EUROLIM was formed to

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Lim-Flex is a registered certification mark awarded to Limousin:Angus crossbred or hybrid cattle in the US with content between 25% and 75% Limousin pedigree blood, and between 25% and 75% of either Angus or Red Angus pedigree blood, with a maximum allowable 1/8th of unknown or other breed. Lim-Flex

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In Australia, Brahmousin are between one-quarter and three-quarters of the parent breeds with the objective of combining the muscle growth and meat quality of Limousins with the heat and parasite resistance, fast growth, and good mothering ability of the Brahman. Brahmousin is formally recognised as

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Breed differences are expected to have reduced since the USMARC studies in the 1980s and 1990s because of the wide-scale introduction and use of performance recording and genetic improvement programmes. The reduction in yield reported for Limousins is possibly a result of the loss of French Limousin

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The Limousin cattle breed has been popular in France for more than two centuries because of its meat qualities and the breed's production efficiency. Since the early 1990s scientists have quantified these breed characteristics in comparisons with other breeds, and identified a natural variant of the

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The qualifications RR and RRE are recorded with an animal's description in sales' catalogues and other promotional literature. As a further aid to purchasers of French Limousin genetics, additional qualifications provide a guide to the greatest likely production benefit based on an animal's genetics

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over base or lower grade animals has resulted in the gradual reduction in the French Limousin content of some purebreds, and an observable divergence from the French breed standard. The Canadian breed association by regulation prevents loss of French Limousin content from its registered purebreds by

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Currently, only cattle recorded in the French Limousin Certified Purebred sub-class 2 and Registered Purebred class satisfy the requirements of EU law on herd books and can be transferred as Limousins, including indirectly through their genetics (for example semen and embryos), to other EU countries

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Base animals selected for the two-stage grading up process to any EU herd book purebred class require a minimum of 3/4 Limousin content. Graded up females using the two-stage process then become eligible for entry into the main section of all EU herd book purebred classes as initial registration (or

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The Limousin breed resumed its growth in the 1960s. The size of the French Limousin herd has increased sharply in recent years, with a 50% increase in numbers in France in 15 years. Today, it is the second-most numerous French beef breed, behind Charolais and ahead of Blonde d'Aquitaine. In 2004, of

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At the beginning of the 19th century, a bonus was introduced to reward farmers who retained their best bulls, though they were not productive. The increase in weight of the animals began with improved grassland. The second half of the 19th century had the arrival of fertilizers and improved pastures

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At the beginning of the 19th century, the Limousin region was characterised by the mediocrity of its animals. Texier-Olivier Louis, prefect of the Haute-Vienne, observed that Limousin cattle weighed 300 to 350 kg and measured 1.5 m at the withers. The defect was considered to be attributable to

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Statistically, in the absence of other selection pressures, the three-generation for females, and four-generation for males, purebred Limousin grading up process used in Canada, USA, Australia, and New Zealand will result in the loss of homozygous F94L carriers from the purebred population at about

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Animals not entered in the herd book are not certified as being of the Limousin breed. However, this does not mean they do not belong to the breed – only that they are not recorded and performance monitored. Indeed, recording in the herd book is not routinely sought by breeders who have no interest

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Limousins in different countries are bred according to different selection practices or objectives, and are connected by limited international gene flows. Poor genetic connectedness between countries has negative implications for estimation accuracies of international genetic prediction programmes.

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with animals genetically similar to the F1 parent. Interbred F1 hybrids produce progeny that can be either heterozygous for each gene variant, homozygous for one gene variant, or homozygous for the other gene variant. When one of the variants has a large effect on a trait, for example the effect of

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Crossbred cows produce up to, and in some cases in excess of, 20% more weaned calf weight as a result of increased reproductive performance and maternal ability. Crossbred cow longevity is also increased by up to two years when compared with straightbred cows. However, the benefits of hybrid vigour

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and subcutaneous fat when compared with British breed cattle grown in similar conditions. Marbling, together with tenderness and flavour, has been associated with eating quality in some countries, and attracts a higher quality grading with associated premiums, although the link between marbling and

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The USMARC study indicated that Limousins were significantly the slowest of all breeds to achieve market end points of two measures of marbling score (70 to 160 days longer than the British breeds, and 65 to 70 days longer than the other continental European breeds) while feed conversion efficiency

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breeds. Studies of double-muscled cattle identified natural mutations of the myostatin gene which produce inactivated proteins that are unable to control muscle development. In Belgian Blue and Piedmontese cattle this causes an increase in muscle mass of 20–25%. Subsequent studies identified a less

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Immediately prior to the restructuring of the herd-book in 2008, French breeders had two months to nominate the class (Pureblood or Purebred) in which they wanted their cattle to be registered. Pureblood cattle have higher business value than Purebreds because they are preferred by French breeders.

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and Limousin first created in the US in the late 1970s. The goal was to blend the best of the Limousin and Brahman traits to create a breed that has reproductive efficiency, mothering ability, good muscling and growth traits, and adaptability to varying environmental conditions. Brahmousin are now

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Of the 14 Limousins tested during the research that led to the discovery of the F94L variant, 12 cattle were homozygous for the variant and two were heterozygous. The second myostatin genes in both heterozygous cases were each different myostatin MH variants of types normally found in Belgian Blue

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EU legislation on dehorning practices is expected to place greater pressure to breed polled cattle, which is being pursued in France by the GIE Polled Excellence group. Because no French Limousins had been identified with the polled gene, a breeding programme commenced in 2005 with polled Canadian

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Following its re-establishment, the Herd Book was opened from time to time for the admission of T.I. females that on inspection satisfied the Full French breed standard. These animals were identified by the letters T.I. placed after their name. The process of admitting new T.I. animals to the Herd

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In 1791, Jacques-Joseph Saint-Martin, an agronomist from Limoges, acknowledged the importance of Limousin cattle in the markets of cities such as Paris, Lyon, and Toulouse. Limousin cattle actually came from the departments of Charente, Dordogne, Haute-Vienne, Vienne, Lot, Corrèze, and Creuse. The

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Most Limousin cattle's coloration varies from light wheat to darker golden-red. Other coloration, mainly black, has been developed through cross-breeding and grading up from other breeds of cattle. In addition to altering natural coloration, other traits, such as polled (a genetic lack of horns),

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The Limousin breed was also not immune to the wave of Anglomania affecting France in the middle of the 19th century. Some wealthy farmers maintained Durham cattle, which were prized by the elite of the time. However, this practice was criticised by the agricultural society of Limoges. The society

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of prediction. For example, average rib eye area for Limousins in US Meat Animal Research Center (USMARC) trials during the 1980s and early 1990s is reported to be 12.3in, and the reported possible difference in rib eye area in progeny arising from inheritance of either two F94L mutations or two

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A number of international breed associations have been testing the F94L status of cattle registered in their herd books. The absence of F94L genes in some tested cattle might be a result of a sire or dam ancestor that had double muscling (MH) genes, or more likely that the myostatin gene was the

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in French) intermediate between the first two for recording animals that do not comply with the breed standard (for example incorrectly coloured hair in certain places), have double muscling genes, or are polled. Limousins imported into France that comply with Council Directive 2009/157 are also

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Limousins ability to adapt to different environments contributed greatly to the breed's current success outside France. In most cases, Limousin bulls or their semen are now imported to improve locally bred Limousins. Today, the breed is present in about 70 countries around the world, and in all

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weight, and 13% heavier total meat weight. Increased meat weight and size was accompanied by a 15% reduction in intra-muscular fat and 25% reduction in total fat weight. No other significant effects were observed. A second backcross study conducted in Japan of Limousin and Japanese Black breeds

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All females recorded in the French Herd Book are controlled under this system, which focuses mainly on maternal qualities derived from measurements of calving ease, and growth and structure of calves. Females that achieve the best indexes for particular traits are then examined in detail by HBL

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The French Limousin breed standard is applied by international breed associations in slightly different forms. These range from mandatory compliance before an animal can be recorded in a country's herd book (mainly European countries) to voluntary application in others. For example, in Belgium,

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The Lim-Flex certification mark has been adopted in Australia and New Zealand, where "commercial Lim-Flex must be 25 to 75 percent Limousin and 25 to 75 percent Angus or Red Angus", and in Canada, where they "must be 37.5 to 75 percent Limousin and 25 to 62.5 percent Angus or Red Angus, with a

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in the context of EBV and EPD predictions, are dependent on the quality of information used to predict an animal's EBV or EPD for a given trait. Errors in estimating genetic merit are being addressed in research programmes that aim to supplement phenotypic data extensively used in current BLUP

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that a past practice of selecting a base female on appearance alone was no longer a guarantee of its breed origin because of the potential for "crossing absorption". Base females inadvertently assessed as Limousin and recorded as T.I. animals in the main section of the Pureblood class included

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breed in the 1960s, which was fiercely opposed by French Limousin breeders, the impetus to re-establish the herd-book was provided. Inspectors were appointed to identify "true to type" Limousins from the Limousin region. These were admitted to the new herd-book as foundation animals (in French

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The Limousin breed almost disappeared when the French government planned to combine it with the Garonne, Quercy, and Blonde des Pyrenées breeds, during the formation of the Blonde d'Aquitaine breed in 1962. All of these cattle belonged to the "blond and red" branch of cattle. Limousin breeders

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The latest USMARC study of Limousins, two of the British breeds and three of the continental European breeds from the original study, reported similar saleable meat yields/live weight for the British breeds (average 36.3%, compared with the earlier 34.9%) and other continental European breeds

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When one parent is heterozygous for the mutation, and the other homozygous for the mutation or the normal form of the myostatin gene, the expected average difference in rib eye area of progeny will be about 0.9in (12.3in x 7.5%), depending on whether the mutation or normal form of the gene is

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and recorded in the respective herd books. Outside of the EU, the rules and regulations of Limousin breed associations do not yet differentiate between the French Pureblood and Purebred classes, with the Pureblood class remaining the origin of, and standard for, the purest form of Limousin.

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in the twentieth century, numbers declined. In the 1960s there were still more than 250 000 head, but the future of the breed was not clear; it was proposed that it be merged with the other blonde draught breeds of south-western France – the Blonde des Pyrénées, the Blonde de Quercy and the

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A third form of progeny arises when F1 hybrids are bred with animals genetically dissimilar to their parents. If heterozygosity is maintained or increased as a result, hybrid vigour and other production benefits occurring in the F1 generation will be maintained or increased. Maintenance of

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French breeders of polled Limousins claimed that the breed standard that prevented their animals being recorded in the French Herd Book provided an unfair export advantage to foreign countries that do not have similar restrictions. The French recording ban was removed in July 2007 with the

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breed status in any participating countries, which includes the US, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. The need for the Lim-Flex hybrid arose in 2000 out of a perceived need by North American commercial cattle breeders for hybrid bulls that would assist in achieving end-product targets.

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myostatin variants on muscularity, larger phenotypic variation will occur among the progeny. Backcross progeny have less phenotypic variation and comprise animals that are either heterozygous for each gene variant or homozygous for the variant found in the original F1 backcross parent.

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Cattle heterozygous for the F94L myostatin mutation have a 50% probability of passing the mutation to their progeny. Because the mutation has greatest effect on carcase traits, only 50% of progeny of a heterozygous parent will inherit increased muscling associated with the mutation.

1512:(average 38.7%, compared with 40.4%), but a significant reduction for Limousin (39.4% compared with 46.0%). However, feed conversion to saleable meat for Limousins for the six reported market end points still exceeded the average of the other two breed groups by up to one-fifth. 1900: 977:

The breed standard in France is applied in parallel to an intensively applied system of selection, performance recording and genetic prediction that was established gradually across the country commencing in the 1980s. The system appears to be similar to that used in Denmark.

1752:(1970), and the United Kingdom (1971). Their introduction to the United Kingdom provided opportunities for Australia and New Zealand to import semen in 1972. Soon after, New Zealand allowed the importation of Limousins from both Ireland and the United Kingdom, and the first 1251:

Test results of approximately 1,100 cattle recorded in the North American Limousin Foundation herd book show the following distributions for three classes of animal. About 94.4% of Fullbloods, 62.3% of purebreds and 5.3% of Lim-Flex were homozygous for the F94L mutation.

1763:, to Canada. The semen of this bull was made available to the United States in 1969. During the early 1970s, imports of animals to North America started to grow strongly. Today, the North American Limousin Foundation is the largest global Limousin breeders' association. 1673:

provide genetic options ranging from high content fullblood and purebred Limousin with high levels of muscle and efficiency, to blended options with higher marbling and maternal characteristics associated with Angus cattle, to meet the needs of crossbreeding programmes.

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normal myostatin genes from heterozygous parents is estimated to be 1.8in (12.3in x 15%). This difference, which is unpredictable without DNA testing, is nearly four times the possible change value for a 0% BIF accuracy, reported to be 0.46in for the rib eye EPD.

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study conducted in Australia and New Zealand to investigate the effects of the F94L myostatin variant concluded that the mutation had no significant effect on birth-weight and growth traits. Averaged over all backcross calves in the trial (total of 766), animals

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extreme myostatin mutation known as F94L associated with Limousins. The resulting partially active protein results in Limousins having intermediate muscle development, which avoids the extreme muscling and associated disadvantages of double muscled cattle.

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Test results of 1028 cattle recorded in the Australian and New Zealand herd book indicate that 96.7% of Fullbloods (known in Australia as French Pure), 88.0% of purebreds, and 33.3% of a limited sample of Lim-Flex were homozygous for the F94L mutation.

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EU legislation, pressure from French breeders of polled stock, and other developments, including requirements of European Limousin associations (the 11 countries of EUROLIM), contributed to a restructuring of the herd-book that commenced in July 2007.

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for the mutation express less to significantly less than half of the effects noted for homozygous cattle, the Japanese study found that the meat and fat quantities in cattle heterozygous for the mutation were about midway between the two extremes.

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The First World War slowed down the growth of the Limousin breed, which carried through the interwar years despite a reorganisation of the herd book in 1923. Herd book registrations grew slowly, from 600,000 animals in 1890 to 800,000 in 1940.

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in Aveyron in the south of France. The local stations provide commercial beef producers in their region with bulls of high production potential for use by commercial farmers whose herds are not necessarily registered in the French herd book.

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hybrids that have not been bred to a uniform (homozygous) standard over several generations, would produce progeny with inconsistent carcase characteristics and production value depending upon whether or not the F94L mutation was inherited.

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Inconsistent inheritance of myostatin mutations (for example, F94L in Limousins, nt821 in Angus, and Q204X in Charolais) by progeny is expected to result in possible BLUP prediction errors for EBVs and EPDs equalling or exceeding worst case

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Bred by French active member-associates of the HBL: The strictly enforced rules of the HBL require breeders to conduct on-farm performance testing of their animals and to have selected animals independently tested by approved official

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One historian reported that the Limousin breed's origins can be traced to the blonde Garonne breed in the fifth century AD. The Garonne breed from the south-west of France was merged into the Blonde d'Aquitaine breed in 1962. The grey

1596:. This is the genetic basis of hybrid vigour. While many gene variants have effects that are of little consequence to beef production, a few, such as the myostatin variants found in different cattle breeds, have a major effect. 537:

Achilles Caillaud to open the competition in Paris for all breeds in 1886 (the year the Limousin Herd Book was created), and the grand champion prize of all breeds won three years later by Charles Léobardy for his team.

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Breed comparison studies of performance-tested bulls report Limousin's more efficient conversion of feed into live weight and confirm the breed's slower live weight gain when compared with other beef cattle breeds.

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and influences the production of a protein that controls muscle development. Variants of the gene produce proteins that are less effective at controlling muscle development, which results in increased muscle mass.

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techniques to produce docility EBVs and EPDs. Significant improvement has been recorded in the temperament of Limousins, as can be observed from trait trends published by various international breed associations.

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The use of Lim-Flex and Brahmousin sires over a third breed of cow would benefit most from increased hybrid vigour, which should minimise any reduction in carcase value arising from the loss of the F94L mutation.

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herd book classification requires that animals carry "100% Pure French genetics". USA, Australian and New Zealand breed association regulations also allow graded up animals to be registered in their herd books as

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British test results of sale bulls in February 2010 indicated that of 142 animals tested, just under 90% were homozygous for the F94L mutation, about 8.5% were heterozygous, and 1.5% did not have the mutation.

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from the US purebred population, which would be an expected result of the purebred grading up process practiced there. Earlier USMARC studies are reported to have evaluated high content pure French Limousins.

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The USA, Canadian, Australian and New Zealand breed associations do not define a breed standard in their regulations, and application of any standard is voluntary. The only requirement for registration as a

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DNA studies have identified close genetic relationships between Limousin cattle and other south-west European breeds. One study reported a possible common origin or recent gene flow between the Limousin and

1584:), which is likely to be the case when a breed has been developed and selected over several generations, progeny will inherit both gene variants present in the parents. The F1 hybrid progeny will then be 511:

poor genetics, nutrition and breeding practices. In competitions, Limousin cattle were among the worst performers. The breed was considered to be a working breed, but poorly shaped and with poor milk.

936:

application of its breed standard mirrors in most detail the French use, and in the UK, compliance with its version of the Limousin breed standard is required by the UK breed association's bye-laws.

830:, which were presumably the source of the double-muscling genes found in the French Limousin Pureblood population. In 2008, the double muscling gene had been found in 3% of active bulls in France. 1515:

Live weight and daily live weight gain are the simplest and most common of all traits to be measured and reported, which continues to mask Limousin's superior saleable meat production efficiency.

1788:

programmes, which has been facilitated by a large number of companies that specialise in the export and import of semen. Details of semen are published in extensively distributed catalogues.

1686:

have been introduced through crossbreeding. Angus cattle have been the dominant source of black and polled genes now present in graded-up, high-content Limousins found throughout the world.

1576:. These advantages are observed in the breeding of a wide variety of animals and plants, and arise because progeny inherit one of each paired gene from each parent. When both parents are 944:

in both North American herd book registers is that ancestors should have "full French ancestry", or trace directly to the "Herd Book Limousin in France". In Australia and New Zealand the

1225:

normal or wild type variant found most commonly in beef cattle. In the latter case, loss of the F94L variant will arise when grading up to purebred when base animals are not Limousins.

1694:

Since the mid-1990s, Limousin breeders have worked extensively on improving disposition issues in Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. This has been aided by the high

2923: 814:

T.I.) Limousins when they reach 15/16 Limousin content. They are then legally identified as Limousin (i.e. 100% Limousin) – the breed code 34 often substitutes for the word

495:

A large variation in the agricultural systems was operating in the Limousin region, defined by three types of district. These were productive, grain-producing areas, called

1444:

inherited from the heterozygous parent. In this case, the unpredictable variation in rib eye area represents about twice the possible change value for a 0% BIF accuracy.

5062: 659:

English translation of score sheet used by French assessors to determine if an animal is of appropriate quality to be certified Full French and recorded in the Herd Book

2380: 3734: 4153:

Schenkel FS, Miller SP, Wilton JW (2004), "Genetic parameters and breed differences for feed efficiency, growth, and body composition traits of young beef bulls",

4687: 3146: 4614: 3014:"Limousine – Marc Gambarotto, chef de projet à l'Upra Limousine: " Pouvoir proposer aux éleveurs des taureaux sans cornes inscriptibles au herd-book français "" 1698:

of temperament and by the development of genetic measures of docility (among many other traits) predicted from field measurements and subsequent analysis using

5354: 919:

Any pigmentation or black spots on muzzle, black or white hairs anywhere on the coat, particularly in the ears, at the end of the tail and around the muzzle.

5084:

considered in France to be wholly or partly of French origin. Inclusion here does not necessarily imply that a breed is predominantly or exclusively French.

529:

such as clover and ryegrass, which not only improved the productivity of existing fields, but also transformed the moorland pasture. Vineyards affected by

1009:, when the morphology of calves and the known qualities of their parents are used to make an initial selection of animals that receive the qualification 961:

In the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, breed development and selection is influenced principally by performance recording and genetic selection.

843: 652:

in French). The Full French Pure Bred Herd Book class, as with all European Union (EU) member countries' herd books, is controlled by EU legislation.

3629: 850:

Also, Full French cattle benefit under a branded meat marketing label known as Blason Prestige Label Rouge, which has around 800 outlets in France.

891:

The French Limousin breed standard is described in Article 1 of Title I of the Rules of Procedure of the French Limousin herd-book, 1 August 1991:

4225: 4975: 436:, to performance recording and to exports. In the twenty-first century the Limousin is the second-most numerous beef breed in France after the 3807: 514:

To improve the breed, some Limousin breeders tried to cross their animals with Agenais, Norman or Charolais cattle, which were better shaped.

5055: 4070: 3652: 3065: 2408: 2105: 2057: 1835:

This might be a result of limited DNA sampling detecting Charolais genetics introduced from base females incorrectly identified as Limousins.

4463:"Breed effects and retained Heterosis for Growth, Carcass, and Meat Traits in Advanced Generations of Composite Populations of Beef Cattle" 4428: 1627:

According to research into the effects of the F94L mutation, live weights of progeny are unaffected by random inheritance of the mutation.

87: 83: 521:

Finally, the marginalisation of English animals in competitions from the late 1860s reinforced the case to improve the breed by itself. A

593:

breed with which Limousin cattle have a close genetic relationship is also reported to have arrived in the south-west of France with the

5001: 4183:"Phenotypic and genetic parameters for different measures of feed efficiency in different breeds of Irish performance-tested beef bulls" 3685: 4099:"Preliminary Results From Cycle VII of the Cattle Germplasm Evaluation Program at the Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center" 1803:

The Agenais breed no longer exists. It was merged into the Garonne breed, which was subsequently combined into the Blonde d'Aquitaine.

1934:. Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Accessed January 2020. 492:

market for Limousin cattle declined slightly in the early 19th century, but livestock still remained a major activity in the region.

4720: 2006: 1961: 1914: 1017:, abbreviated to Espoir). Annually in excess of about 700 bull calves are then selected to enter the national evaluation station at 188: 170: 59: 4283:"Breed effects, retained heterosis, and estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters for carcass and meat traits of beef cattle" 2285: 5048: 839: 712:

The herd-book was destroyed in the Second World War. When the French Government decided to merge the Limousin breed into the new

45: 3434:"Molecular definition of an allelic series of mutations disrupting the myostatin function and causing double-muscling in cattle" 105: 94: 4773: 4024:"Breed effects, dietary energy density effects, and retained heterosis on different measures of gain efficiency in beef cattle" 1699: 1424: 1904: 5313: 3870: 2194: 1099:

estimated from on-farm progeny testing. The qualifications are aligned with French market specifications for Limousin beef:

769:) class. The Purebred class was added to enable the recording of polled animals, those that carried a double-muscling gene ( 1976: 3740: 2228: 4512: 2456: 641:, in Australia and New Zealand as French Pure, and in European countries such as Britain as purebred or simply Limousin. 152: 141: 5071: 4892: 3288: 741:

is normally the name given to English thoroughbred horses, although in the context of Limousins the English translation

420: 4696: 2851: 2808: 1427:(BLUP) techniques used to estimate the genetic merit of stud cattle (for example, estimated breeding values (EBVs) and 5344: 2507: 1759:

An essential step in the global spread of the Limousin breed was made in 1968 with the importation of the first bull,

1436: 1428: 2585: 4843: 2635:

McDonald, Alex (December 2010). "Understanding the French Limousin Herd Book". Australian Limousin Breeders Society.

2181:

L'agriculture, les prairies et les irrigations de la Haute-Vienne, rapport adressé à M. le ministre de l'Agriculture

880: 1599:

Loss of hybrid vigour occurs and phenotype varies greatly in subsequent generations if F1 hybrids are interbred or

2765: 20: 2534: 2286:"CONTRIBUTION OF INDIVIDUAL MARKERS TO THE ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG BREEDS BY CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS" 440:. It is a world breed, raised in about eighty countries round the world, many of which have breed associations. 4351: 3433: 2411:. Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover. Archived 14 October 2007. 806:

in French) of the certified purebred class because they do not comply with the French HBL requirement of being

457: 3708: 3335:

McPherron A.C.; Lee S-J. (November 1997), "Double muscling in cattle due to mutations in the myostatin gene",

2229:"Genetic diversity and assignment tests among seven French cattle breeds based on microsatellite DNA analysis" 429: 480:, used for agricultural work. As elsewhere, oxen at the end of their working lives were fattened and sent to 5349: 1826:

in competitions and in breeding and selling breeding animals, since recording represents a significant cost.

1785: 1063: 1002:, abbreviated to RRE) awarded to the top 1%. The qualifications aid the identification of superior animals. 863:

introduction of the Purebred class, but so far no polled Limousin have yet been accepted and registered as

565:

cattle breeds. whereas other studies indicated that a closer genetic relationship exists between Limousin,

5339: 4231: 3228: 210: 5283: 5201: 5149: 4893:"Genetic structure of the European Charolais and Limousin cattle metapopulations using pedigree analyses" 4637: 4127: 5266: 5143: 5128: 3247: 3029: 2939: 2867: 2824: 2781: 2735: 2687: 2640: 2601: 2553: 2374: 1168: 655: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5138: 5118: 2214: 838:

animals that do not meet the Full French standard, restrictions to such entries remain forbidden under

713: 590: 582: 425: 3204: 3160: 1588:

for each gene variant, which in turn increases the likelihood that the genes will code for an optimal

1207:

Although the Australian/New Zealand study found that the F94L mutation was partially to significantly

1147:

gene found in Limousins which has a significant influence on them. The myostatin gene is found in all

1119:

M – awarded to AI sires recognised or recommended for both general beef and breeding stock production.

5171: 4098: 3344: 2334: 1871:

Translated from the breed standard appearing in the French language Limousin Knowledge (XXG) article.

1208: 1195:

for the mutation had approximately 6% heavier carcases than animals without the mutation, 15% larger

1176: 983: 148: 51: 5288: 5164: 4979: 3849:, Beef Improvement Federation Conference, US, Asheville, North Carolina: Beef Improvement Federation 1844:

See score sheet appearing on page 2 of the associated reference translated from French into English.

1431:(EPDs)) will be incorrect because they assume that no dominant genes contribute to modelled traits. 1018: 5308: 4255: 3816: 3535: 1540:

programmes that aim to achieve a balance between the different and conflicting production demands.

678:

Cattle excluded from Full French certification include those imported into France, cattle that are

629:

The purest form of Limousins have ancestors that can all be traced to "Full French" entries in the

600:

The Limousin belongs to the blond group of European cattle, in a sub-group which also includes the

4076: 3661: 1204:

identified similar changes to meat and fat quantities in cattle homozygous for the F94L mutation.

5093: 4920: 3784: 3761: 3464: 3140: 770: 437: 5206: 4437: 1122:

P – awarded to females recognised or recommended for the production of early developing progeny.

4869: 3903: 2671: 2323:"Insights into the Genetic History of French Cattle from Dense SNP Data on 47 Worldwide Breeds" 2048:

Philippe Grandcoing; Raymond Julien (2004). "Les bovins en Limousin au début du 19ème siècle".

1340:

Distribution of F94L variants in tested Australian and New Zealand Limousins (7 December 2012)

1125:

T – awarded to females recognised or recommended for the production of late developing progeny.

953:

without a requirement to comply with a minimum French Limousin content. Grading up using these

5303: 5251: 5159: 5098: 4950: 4912: 4485: 4305: 4230:, United States Department of Agriculture – Food Safety and Inspection Service, archived from 4205: 4046: 3965: 3612: 3562: 3517: 3456: 3412: 3372: 3061: 2362: 2251: 2101: 2095: 2053: 2002: 1957: 1951: 1931: 1910: 1813: 1469: 1200: 1160: 609: 601: 453: 433: 404: 5216: 1035:

After completing evaluation at Lanaud, half of the young bulls are awarded the qualification

5176: 4904: 4477: 4403: 4297: 4197: 4162: 4038: 3955: 3945: 3930: 3604: 3554: 3507: 3497: 3448: 3402: 3362: 3352: 2352: 2342: 2243: 1716:

Following the creation of the French Limousin Herd-Book in 1886, Limousins were exported to

1640: 1497: 1489: 1485: 1477: 827: 679: 663:

Full French is a term used by the French Limousin breeders' association (known in France as

562: 4799: 3841: 900: 5293: 5272: 5236: 5108: 3260: 3042: 2952: 2880: 2837: 2794: 2748: 2700: 2653: 2614: 2566: 1677:

maximum allowance of another breed or unknown breed composition of 12.5 percent (1/8th)".

1648: 1023: 734: 390: 5246: 4726: 4591: 3103: 2895: 637:). These Limousins are known by different names. In the US, and Canada they are known as 3931:"The nature, scope and impact of genomic prediction in beef cattle in the United States" 3348: 2338: 2129: 675:

Independently inspected and certified to be Full French according to the Breed Standard.

507:. Cattle, in particular cows, were used extensively for all types of agricultural work. 5154: 5023: 4747: 3960: 3512: 3081: 2990: 2357: 2322: 2296: 1156: 1047: 540: 481: 473: 408: 1784:

International Limousin genetics are now widely available in many countries for use in

925:

An eliminating count of less than five for any of the different breed standard points.

725:

Book continued until June 2008. The Limousins recorded in the herd-book were known as

5333: 5231: 5133: 3558: 3367: 3314: 2586:"Limousine / À l'assemblée du Herd-Book: Aller vers plus de développement musculaire" 2535:"Evaluation de Jeunes Taureaux sur Performances Individuelles a la Station de Gevial" 2424: 1721: 1196: 1184: 605: 570: 566: 4924: 4777: 3468: 2672:"Vincent et Emmanuel, éleveurs limousins – Des Limousines génétiquement sans cornes" 1995:

Valerie Porter, Lawrence Alderson, Stephen J.G. Hall, D. Phillip Sponenberg (2016).

5081: 3182: 1812:

The century was dominated by the fall of the aristocratic elite, starting with the

1695: 1600: 1532: 1187: 1172: 969: 885: 3879: 757:

During the period July 2007 to June 2008, the herd-book comprised a main section (

4462: 4388: 4282: 4023: 3989: 3809:

The comprehensive IGENITY profile analyses nine myostatin markers. And much more.

3589: 3013: 2347: 1996: 1116:

QM – awarded to AI sires recognised or recommended for breeding stock production.

1046:

In parallel with the Lanaud evaluation station there are three local stations at

5298: 5278: 5261: 5196: 5103: 4182: 1745: 793:

The restructured French Herd Book is described as having a third section called

777:

in French), and those that did not comply fully with the French Breed standard.

613: 400: 3502: 3337:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2259: 1113:

JB – awarded to AI sires recognised or recommended for general beef production.

448: 5241: 4545: 4521: 2321:

M. Gautier, D. Laloë, K. Moazami-Goudarzi (2010). Brandstaetter, Anita (ed.).

1729: 1568:, F1 crosses or first crosses. F1 hybrids generally have an extremely uniform 1075: 905: 823: 530: 4928: 4407: 3357: 2161: 2050:

LA BELLE LIMOUSINE. La vache limousine, un patrimoine historique et génétique

1901:

List of breeds documented in the Global Databank for Animal Genetic Resources

1005:

For males, selection of the best breeders is more complex. The first step is

5318: 5226: 5113: 3950: 2162:"Entre durham et limousine, les grands éleveurs en Haute-Vienne (1850–1880)" 1733: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1549: 1537: 1473: 1164: 1144: 1051: 687: 630: 594: 522: 416: 4916: 4664: 4209: 3969: 3616: 3566: 3521: 2366: 2255: 2018: 1155:

Limousin muscling is intermediate to that of British cattle breeds such as

1134: 5040: 4908: 4489: 4481: 4309: 4301: 4201: 4050: 4042: 3608: 3460: 3452: 3416: 3376: 3133:

Le programme français d'amélioration génétique de la race bovine limousine

1906:

The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

5256: 5211: 4847: 3997:, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service 2247: 1737: 1665: 1636: 1585: 1577: 1481: 1465: 1212: 1192: 1110:

VB – awarded to AI sires recognised or recommended for vealer production.

1055: 909: 574: 485: 465: 2426:

North American Limousin Foundation Members Manual Section 2 Registration

3407: 1773: 1749: 1725: 1589: 1493: 1029: 1006: 469: 915:

Characteristics considered unacceptable in the French breed standard:

644:

In France, two Full French Herd Book classes exist, namely Pureblood (

5123: 4227:

Inspection and Grading of Meat and Poultry: What are the differences?

2215:

Infos rapides Bovins : Hausse du cheptel bovin français en 2014.

1979:(in French). Bureau des Ressources Génétiques. Archived 9 March 2012. 1717: 1593: 1581: 1148: 1104: 578: 544:

Bull at the Salon International du Machinisme Agricole in Paris, 2007

366: 233: 4357: 4167: 2396:

Le Livre d'or de la race limousine, Les dossiers de Limousin élevage

2897:

LE SYSTEME D'IDENTIFICATION ET D'ENREGISTREMENT DES BOVINS FRANCAIS

2078:

Statistiques générales de la France. Département de la Haute-Vienne

1256:

Distribution of F94L variants in tested US Limousins (29 May 2010)

4643: 3484:

Dunner S; et al. (January 2003), "Haplotype diversity of the

1741: 1464:

A USMARC long-term multi-breed study of Limousins, three British (

1133: 1067: 968: 899: 879: 654: 539: 447: 4329: 3660:, North American Limousin Foundation, 29 May 2010, archived from 1909:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 553:

fiercely opposed the merger and the Limousin breed was retained.

4568: 3631:

98.5% of Limousin Sale Bulls tested carry the F94l 'Profit' Gene

2969: 2398:. Égletons, Nouvelle société de presse et d’édition du Limousin. 928:

A difficult or vicious disposition (tranquilising is forbidden).

412: 5044: 3393:(GDF8) in Double-Muscled Belgian Blue and Piedmontese Cattle", 2487:

Regulations of the Australian Limousin Breeders Society Limited

2021:(in French). Lanaud: Le Pôle de Lanaud. Accessed November 2021. 407:

and Marche regions of France. It was formerly used mainly as a

4514:

Questions and Answers Regarding Lim-Flex Crossbreeding Program

3058:

Australian and New Zealand Limousin A.I. Sire Reference Manual

2293:

7th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production

227: 124: 66: 25: 4776:. International Limousin Council. August 2002. Archived from 3843:

Breed Comparisons in the Germplasm Evaluation Program at MARC

3389:

Kambadur R, Sharma M, Smith T, Bass J (1997), "Mutations in

1777:

bring together all of the herd books of European Limousins.

1756:

cattle were imported to Australia from New Zealand in 1975.

499:, undeveloped, marginal, predominantly forested land called 3690:, Agricultural Business Research Institute, 7 December 2012 3590:"Effects of the myostatin F94L substitution on beef traits" 2097:" Comment naît une race? ", Histoire & Sociétés Rurales 1998:

Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding

667:, abbreviated to HBL) to describe cattle that comply with: 477: 275: 2768:. The Commission of the European Communities. 19 July 1984 1647:

The first Brahmousin cattle were produced from a multiple

1220:

Distribution of F94L myostatin variants in Limousin cattle

994:, abbreviated to RR), which is awarded to the top 10%, or 958:

requiring that they "contain 90% or more Limousin blood".

2811:. The Commission of the European Communities. 29 May 2007 2166:

Ruralia. Sciences Sociales et Mondes Ruraux Contemporains

1548:

Crossbreeding increases production efficiency because of

1415:

Implications for cattle heterozygous for the F94L variant

859:

bulls of phenotype closest to the French breed standard.

3786:

Using Expected Progeny Differences in a Breeding Program

648:

in French, also translated to Fullblood) and Pure Bred (

4821: 2760: 2758: 1881:

twice the rate of loss of Full French Limousin content.

1644:

bred in the US, Indonesia, El Salvador, and Australia.

1472:, Aberdeen Angus) and five other continental European ( 101: 4725:, Australian Limousin Breeders Society, archived from 4616:

Lim-Flex Certification Mark – Registration Certificate

1564:

Progeny of two parents of different breeds are termed

818:

in French discussions and reports on cattle breeding.

4389:"Crossbreeding in Beef Cattle: Evaluation of Systems" 4126:

North American Limousin Foundation (September 2000),

4075:, Australian Limousin Muscle Alliance, archived from 2854:. The Council of the European Union. 30 November 2009 1953:

Races bovines de France: origine, standard, sélection

1950:

Marie Dervillé, Stéphane Patin, Laurent Avon (2009).

151:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 4642:, North American Limousin Foundation, archived from 4520:, North American Limousin Foundation, archived from 4436:, North American Limousin Foundation, archived from 3878:, North American Limousin Foundation, archived from 1103:

VS – awarded to sires recognised or recommended for

2458:

Canadian Limousin Association Rules and Regulations

2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 1138:

Limousin bull and herd near Bourg d'Hem in Limousin

965:

French performance recording and genetic prediction

353: 345: 320: 295: 290: 267: 259: 251: 243: 220: 3789:, Manitoba Agriculture, Food and Rural Initiatives 3634:, British Limousin Cattle Society, 2 February 2010 3540:and its implications on animal breeding: a review" 2284:D. Laloë; K. Moazami-Goudarzi; D. Chessel (2002). 4722:Genetic Trends for Docility in the Limousin Breed 4507: 4505: 1050:in the Creuse department of the Limousin region, 4846:. International Limousin Council. Archived from 4752:, British Limousin Cattle Society, 21 March 2011 3865: 3863: 2509:British Limousin Cattle Society Limited Bye Laws 785:EU legislation allowed a supplementary section ( 761:in French) divided into the original Pureblood ( 4695:, Canadian Limousin Association, archived from 4220: 4218: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 1899:Barbara Rischkowsky, D. Pilling (eds.) (2007). 4749:Limousin Society to Introduce Docility Scoring 4250: 4248: 3911:, Animal Genetics and Breeding Unit, Australia 3716:, Animal Genetics and Breeding Unit, Australia 3588:Esmailizadeh AK; et al. (February 2008), 2100:. Vol. 20. Cairn.Info. pp. 121–146. 2089: 2087: 2052:. Limoges: Culture et patrimoine en Limousin. 1956:(in French). Paris: Éditions France Agricole. 1664:Unlike the Brahmousin, Lim-Flex does not have 5056: 4802:. International Limousin Council. August 2002 2714: 2712: 2710: 1932:Breed data sheet: Limousine / France (Cattle) 1862:Indicated by the 3/4 appearing in the figure. 1853:A base animal does not need to be a Limousin. 1447:Standard errors of prediction, also known as 1130:Genetic basis for muscling in Limousin cattle 1054:in Corrèze, also in the Limousin region, and 986:. The best females receive the qualification 973:Breeding scheme applied to the Limousin breed 8: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4129:Characterizing the Limousin Breed in the USA 3766:, National Beef Cattle Evaluation Consortium 2481: 2479: 2379:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 419:was established in France in 1886. With the 203: 4768: 4766: 4619:, United States Patent and Trademark Office 4148: 4146: 3534:Bellinge RHS; et al. (February 2005), 2926:. REUSSIR TERRA – terragricoles de Bretagne 2903:. Ministère de l’Agriculture et de la Pêche 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2227:C. Maudet; G. Luikart; P. Tableret (2002). 1977:Étude de la race bovine: Blonde d'Aquitaine 694:) inherited from non-Limousin base animals. 60:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5063: 5049: 5041: 4596:, Agricultural Business Research Institute 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 3145:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2722:. Le Creuse Agricole et rurale. 2 May 2008 2665: 2663: 1580:for different variants of genes (known as 1199:(also known as rib eye) area, 13% heavier 209: 202: 4166: 3959: 3949: 3511: 3501: 3479: 3477: 3427: 3425: 3406: 3366: 3356: 3161:"Lanaud Station, keystone of the program" 2964: 2962: 2419: 2417: 2356: 2346: 2128:Louis Moll; Eugène Nicolas Gayot (1860). 1531:Limousins generally have lower levels of 189:Learn how and when to remove this message 171:Learn how and when to remove this message 4387:Gregory KE, Cundiff LV (November 1980), 4097:Cundiff VL; et al. (January 2004), 1338: 1254: 432:was formed; new importance was given to 147:Relevant discussion may be found on the 5004:. Australian Limousin Breeders' Society 4669:, Australian Limousin Breeders' Society 4593:BREEDPLAN List of Available Breed Codes 4573:, The Australian Brahmousin Society Inc 3131:UPRA France Limousin Sélection (1986). 3126: 3124: 3122: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1892: 1816:in the last decade of the 18th century. 1796: 982:technicians who assign grades based on 4181:Crowley JJ; et al. (March 2010), 3256: 3245: 3138: 3038: 3027: 2948: 2937: 2876: 2865: 2833: 2822: 2790: 2779: 2744: 2733: 2696: 2685: 2649: 2638: 2610: 2599: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2562: 2551: 2372: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 842:and subsequent interpretations by the 765:) class and a newly created Purebred ( 2924:"Herd Book Limousin Section Bretagne" 2894:M. Sylvain Posière (17 August 2006). 2071: 2069: 1972: 1970: 1927: 1925: 1923: 533:were also being returned to pasture. 7: 4824:. North American Limousin Foundation 4822:"North American Limousin Foundation" 4461:Gregory KE; et al. (May 1994), 4281:Gregory KE; et al. (May 1994), 4106:Germplasm Evaluation Program Reports 4022:Gregory KE; et al. (May 1994), 3060:. LM Publishing Services, Gunnedah. 2147:Élevage et engraissement en Limousin 2001:(sixth edition). Wallingford: CABI. 411:, but in modern times is reared for 5355:Cattle breeds originating in France 3815:, Igenity, May 2009, archived from 3315:"Limousin Cattle Muscles and Genes" 3012:Bénédicte Normand (24 March 2005). 2922:Emmanuelle Le Corre (24 May 2008). 2670:Bénédicte Normand (24 March 2005). 2195:"Bovins:la race Blonde d'Aquitaine" 1611:The two major Limousin hybrids are 729:(literal translation of the French 484:, at times in major cities such as 5002:"Limousin Online Semen Catalogues" 4155:Canadian Journal of Animal Science 3710:Breedplan – A General Introduction 931:Any obvious physical malformation. 597:also around the fifth century AD. 14: 4872:. British Limousin Cattle Society 3277:, Herd Book Limousin France, 2010 3234:. Herd Book Limousin France. 2011 2540:. Herd Book Limousin France. 2011 1456:predictions with genotypic data. 688:undesirable double muscling genes 41:This article has multiple issues. 4844:"International Limousin Council" 4132:, International Limousin Council 3840:Cundiff LV; et al. (1993), 3559:10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01229.x 3488:gene among beef cattle breeds", 3229:"France Limousin Testage – 2011" 2766:"Commission Decision 84/419/EEC" 2131:La connaissance générale du bœuf 1074:Male progeny go to a station in 129: 71: 30: 4978:. Limousin Live. Archived from 4891:A Bouguet; et al. (2011). 4689:LIM-FLEX, Limousin Angus Hybrid 3872:Fall 2011 Statistics and Trends 3290:Qualities of the Limousin Breed 3135:(Le Carrousel ed.). Paris. 2134:. F. Didot frères, fils et cie. 2019:Petite histoire de la Limousine 1635:Brahmousin cattle are a hybrid 1616: 1612: 1560:Genetic basis for crossbreeding 1425:best linear unbiased prediction 1211:in most traits, meaning cattle 904:Cow at an agricultural show in 464:The Limousin originates in the 49:or discuss these issues on the 4976:"2010 Limi-Gene Semen Catalog" 3991:Beef Research Progress Reports 3432:Grobet L; et al. (1998), 2809:"Commission Decision 2007/371" 2588:. Paysan Breton. 2–8 June 2007 1: 4639:Commercial Programs – LimFlex 4550:, American Brahmousin Council 2409:Blond Cattle - Limousin group 2179:Jean-Augustin Barral (1884). 1656:a cattle breed in Australia. 1533:intra-muscular fat (marbling) 1460:Comparisons with other breeds 503:, and developing land called 476:. It was originally a robust 424:Garonnaise – to form the new 263:about 80 countries world-wide 3938:Genetics Selection Evolution 3739:, Signet, UK, archived from 3490:Genetics Selection Evolution 2852:"Council Directive 2009/157" 2348:10.1371/journal.pone.0013038 2094:Philippe Grandcoing (2003). 1544:Crossbreeding with Limousins 1429:expected progeny differences 472:on the western flank of the 421:mechanisation of agriculture 4257:Beef Carcase Grading System 3654:F94L Myostatin Test Results 3296:, Herd Book Limousin France 3185:. Herd Book Limousin France 3163:. Herd Book Limousin France 1707:Distribution outside France 1496:) to the market end point ( 5371: 4263:, Meat Standards Australia 3503:10.1186/1297-9686-35-1-103 3108:, Dansk Limousine Forening 3084:. Herd Book Limousin Belge 3082:"Garanties – Performances" 2076:L. Texier-Olivier (1808). 18: 5089: 5078: 5024:"Breeders & Genetics" 4897:Journal of Animal Science 4870:"Introduction to EUROLIM" 4470:Journal of Animal Science 4396:Journal of Animal Science 4290:Journal of Animal Science 4190:Journal of Animal Science 4031:Journal of Animal Science 3736:Estimated Breeding Values 3597:Journal of Animal Science 2970:"Blason Prestige Boucher" 2236:Journal of Animal Science 1917:. Accessed November 2016. 1395: 1378: 1361: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1331:Australia and New Zealand 1311: 1294: 1277: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1000:Reproductrice Recommandée 844:European Court of Justice 802:recorded in sub-class 2 ( 394: 361: 208: 21:Limousin (disambiguation) 4408:10.2527/jas1980.5151224x 3358:10.1073/pnas.94.23.12457 3056:Margaret Alcorn (1991). 2160:Stéphane Frioux (2002). 1521:F94L myostatin mutations 1520: 1362:Fullblood (French Pure) 996:Reproductive Recommended 721:, abbreviated to T.I.). 686:), and cattle that have 458:Charles Olivier de Penne 374:Bos (primigenius) taurus 5072:Cattle breeds of France 4430:Strategic Crossbreeding 3951:10.1186/1297-9686-43-17 3687:Limousin Animal Enquiry 2394:Raymond Dubois (1992). 2295:. 26–06. Archived from 2183:. Imprimerie Nationale. 2149:. Almanach Ducourtieux. 1786:artificial insemination 1772:latitudes ranging from 1071:are in turn evaluated. 1064:artificial insemination 988:Reproductive Recognised 876:Limousin breed standard 468:, the area surrounding 399:, is a French breed of 3255:Cite journal requires 3037:Cite journal requires 2947:Cite journal requires 2875:Cite journal requires 2832:Cite journal requires 2789:Cite journal requires 2743:Cite journal requires 2695:Cite journal requires 2648:Cite journal requires 2609:Cite journal requires 2561:Cite journal requires 1234:and Charolais cattle. 1171:found in the European 1139: 1095:, abbreviated to QM). 992:Reproductrice Reconnue 974: 912: 898: 888: 773:abbreviated to MH, or 749:July 2007 to June 2008 738: 703:Evolution of Herd Book 660: 545: 461: 16:French breed of cattle 5267:Pie Rouge des Plaines 5026:. Trumpline Stackyard 4909:10.2527/jas.2010-3469 4774:"History of Limousin" 4482:10.2527/1994.7251138x 4302:10.2527/1994.7251174x 4202:10.2527/jas.2009-1852 4043:10.2527/1994.7251138x 3905:Interpreting Accuracy 3609:10.2527/jas.2007-0589 3453:10.1007/s003359900727 2145:Eugène Muret (1870). 1453:possible change value 1137: 1062:The best bulls go to 972: 922:White hairs anywhere. 903: 893: 883: 658: 635:Le livre généalogique 543: 525:was started in 1886. 451: 430:breeders' association 5172:Aure et Saint-Girons 4951:"Limousin 2008–2009" 4443:on 28 September 2011 3885:on 28 September 2011 3667:on 28 September 2011 3275:Qualification Levels 3183:"The local stations" 2720:"Herd Book Limousin" 2248:10.2527/2002.804942x 1093:Qualités Maternelles 1085:Viande Jeunes Bovins 633:(known in France as 434:extensive management 357:horned in both sexes 140:factual accuracy is 102:improve this article 19:For other uses, see 5284:Rouge des Prés Lait 5202:Flamande Originelle 4780:on 18 February 2009 4729:on 18 February 2011 4353:LimousinHealthyBeef 3929:Garrick DJ (2011), 3349:1997PNAS...9412457M 3343:(23): 12457–12461, 2991:"Polled Excellence" 2339:2010PLoSO...513038G 2302:on 2 September 2011 2217:Accessed June 2015. 1341: 1257: 1015:Reproducteur Espoir 236:(2020): not at risk 230:(2007): not at risk 221:Conservation status 205: 106:independent sources 5345:Beef cattle breeds 5277:Rouge des Prés or 5139:Blonde d'Aquitaine 5129:Bleue de Bazougers 3408:10.1101/gr.7.9.910 3105:Breeding Programme 1339: 1255: 1140: 1089:Maternal Qualities 1041:Reproducteur jeune 1037:Reproductive young 975: 913: 889: 799:race pure certifié 795:certified purebred 771:muscle hypertrophy 759:section principale 745:is commonly used. 714:Blonde d'Aquitaine 708:Prior to July 2007 665:Herd Book Limousin 661: 583:Blonde d'Aquitaine 546: 462: 426:Blonde d'Aquitaine 5327: 5326: 5192:Créole Martinique 5187:Créole Guadeloupe 5160:Bretonne Pie Noir 4646:on 1 January 2011 4547:Breed Information 4360:on 15 August 2011 4331:Laura's Lean Beef 4234:on 10 August 2011 3205:"AI Cooperatives" 3067:978-0-646-07661-4 2168:(10/11). Ruralia. 2107:978-2-86847-813-9 2059:978-2-911167-39-3 1814:French Revolution 1767:Current situation 1572:and benefit from 1412: 1411: 1328: 1327: 1081:Young Beef Cattle 1011:Reproductive Hope 454:chromo-lithograph 383: 382: 349:unicolour wheaten 252:Country of origin 199: 198: 191: 181: 180: 173: 123: 122: 93:largely based on 64: 5362: 5271:Raço di Biou or 5065: 5058: 5051: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4982:on 25 April 2012 4972: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4955: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4927:. Archived from 4903:(6): 1719–1730. 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4770: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4702:on 25 March 2012 4701: 4694: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4588: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4527:on 25 March 2012 4526: 4519: 4509: 4500: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4476:(5): 1138–1154, 4467: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4442: 4435: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4402:(5): 1224–1242, 4393: 4384: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4356:, archived from 4348: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4316: 4296:(5): 1174–1183, 4287: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4262: 4252: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4222: 4213: 4212: 4187: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4170: 4150: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4103: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4079:on 25 April 2012 4067: 4061: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4037:(5): 1138–1154, 4028: 4019: 4006: 4005: 4004: 4002: 3996: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3963: 3953: 3935: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3910: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3890: 3884: 3877: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3854: 3848: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3822:on 12 March 2011 3821: 3814: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3743:on 28 March 2012 3731: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3715: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3666: 3659: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3603:(5): 1038–1048, 3594: 3585: 3570: 3569: 3544: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3515: 3505: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3441:Mammalian Genome 3438: 3429: 3420: 3419: 3410: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3370: 3360: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3295: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3271: 3265: 3264: 3258: 3253: 3251: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3233: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3209: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3144: 3136: 3128: 3117: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3078: 3072: 3071: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3009: 3003: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2993:. GAEC SOUVIGNET 2987: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2966: 2957: 2956: 2950: 2945: 2943: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2902: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2878: 2873: 2871: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2835: 2830: 2828: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2805: 2799: 2798: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2762: 2753: 2752: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2716: 2705: 2704: 2698: 2693: 2691: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2667: 2658: 2657: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2619: 2618: 2612: 2607: 2605: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2582: 2571: 2570: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2539: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2514: 2504: 2491: 2490: 2483: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2463: 2453: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2431: 2421: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2378: 2370: 2360: 2350: 2318: 2312: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2301: 2290: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2264: 2258:. Archived from 2233: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2091: 2082: 2081: 2073: 2064: 2063: 2045: 2022: 2016: 2010: 1993: 1980: 1974: 1965: 1948: 1935: 1929: 1918: 1897: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1833: 1827: 1823: 1817: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1761:Prince Pompadour 1342: 1258: 1167:and the extreme 1079:given the award 1027: 398: 375: 369: 213: 206: 194: 187: 176: 169: 165: 162: 156: 153:reliably sourced 133: 132: 125: 118: 115: 109: 95:routine coverage 75: 74: 67: 56: 34: 33: 26: 5370: 5369: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5314:Villard de Lans 5237:Marine Landaise 5207:Froment du Léon 5167:or French Brown 5085: 5074: 5069: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5022: 5021: 5017: 5007: 5005: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4985: 4983: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4956:. SERSIA France 4953: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4934: 4932: 4931:on 22 June 2012 4890: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4853: 4851: 4850:on 23 June 2007 4842: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4825: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4800:"New Caledonia" 4798: 4797: 4793: 4783: 4781: 4772: 4771: 4764: 4755: 4753: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4732: 4730: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4672: 4670: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4649: 4647: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4622: 4620: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4599: 4597: 4590: 4589: 4585: 4576: 4574: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4553: 4551: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4511: 4510: 4503: 4494: 4492: 4465: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4433: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4412: 4410: 4391: 4386: 4385: 4372: 4363: 4361: 4350: 4349: 4345: 4336: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4314: 4312: 4285: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4246: 4237: 4235: 4224: 4223: 4216: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4168:10.4141/A03-085 4152: 4151: 4144: 4135: 4133: 4125: 4124: 4120: 4111: 4109: 4101: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4082: 4080: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4055: 4053: 4026: 4021: 4020: 4009: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3974: 3972: 3933: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3861: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3838: 3834: 3825: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3792: 3790: 3783: 3782: 3778: 3769: 3767: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3746: 3744: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3702: 3693: 3691: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3637: 3635: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3592: 3587: 3586: 3573: 3547:Animal Genetics 3542: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3483: 3482: 3475: 3436: 3431: 3430: 3423: 3395:Genome Research 3388: 3387: 3383: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3272: 3268: 3254: 3244: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3188: 3186: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3166: 3164: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3137: 3130: 3129: 3120: 3111: 3109: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3068: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3036: 3026: 3019: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3006: 2996: 2994: 2989: 2988: 2984: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2960: 2946: 2936: 2929: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2874: 2864: 2857: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2831: 2821: 2814: 2812: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2788: 2778: 2771: 2769: 2764: 2763: 2756: 2742: 2732: 2725: 2723: 2718: 2717: 2708: 2694: 2684: 2677: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2661: 2647: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2622: 2608: 2598: 2591: 2589: 2584: 2583: 2574: 2560: 2550: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2515:. December 2010 2512: 2506: 2505: 2494: 2485: 2484: 2477: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2454: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2371: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2288: 2283: 2282: 2278: 2268: 2266: 2265:on 7 March 2010 2262: 2231: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2213: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2093: 2092: 2085: 2075: 2074: 2067: 2060: 2047: 2046: 2025: 2017: 2013: 1994: 1983: 1975: 1968: 1949: 1938: 1930: 1921: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1824: 1820: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1769: 1714: 1712:Initial exports 1709: 1692: 1683: 1662: 1649:embryo transfer 1633: 1562: 1546: 1519:content and of 1462: 1437:standard errors 1417: 1333: 1249: 1240: 1231: 1222: 1169:double muscling 1132: 1021: 967: 878: 873: 871:Characteristics 856: 783: 781:After June 2008 751: 710: 705: 627: 622: 446: 379: 373: 365: 341: 338: 337: 330: 316: 313: 312: 305: 286: 239: 216: 195: 184: 183: 182: 177: 166: 160: 157: 146: 138:This article's 134: 130: 119: 113: 110: 99: 84:a press release 76: 72: 35: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5368: 5366: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5350:Massif Central 5347: 5342: 5332: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5289:Rouge Flamande 5286: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5080:These are the 5079: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5060: 5053: 5045: 5038: 5037: 5015: 4993: 4967: 4942: 4883: 4861: 4835: 4813: 4791: 4762: 4739: 4712: 4679: 4656: 4629: 4606: 4583: 4560: 4537: 4501: 4453: 4419: 4370: 4343: 4321: 4273: 4244: 4214: 4196:(3): 885–894, 4173: 4161:(2): 177–185, 4142: 4118: 4089: 4062: 4007: 3981: 3921: 3895: 3859: 3832: 3799: 3776: 3753: 3726: 3700: 3677: 3644: 3621: 3571: 3526: 3496:(1): 103–118, 3473: 3447:(3): 210–213, 3421: 3401:(9): 910–916, 3381: 3327: 3306: 3280: 3266: 3257:|journal= 3220: 3196: 3174: 3152: 3118: 3095: 3073: 3066: 3048: 3039:|journal= 3004: 2982: 2958: 2949:|journal= 2914: 2886: 2877:|journal= 2843: 2834:|journal= 2800: 2791:|journal= 2754: 2745:|journal= 2706: 2697:|journal= 2659: 2650:|journal= 2620: 2611:|journal= 2572: 2563:|journal= 2526: 2492: 2475: 2443: 2413: 2401: 2386: 2313: 2276: 2242:(4): 942–950. 2219: 2207: 2186: 2171: 2152: 2137: 2120: 2106: 2083: 2065: 2058: 2023: 2011: 1981: 1966: 1936: 1919: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1883: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1846: 1837: 1828: 1818: 1805: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1768: 1765: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1661: 1658: 1632: 1629: 1561: 1558: 1545: 1542: 1461: 1458: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1221: 1218: 1157:Aberdeen Angus 1131: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1048:La Souterraine 966: 963: 933: 932: 929: 926: 923: 920: 877: 874: 872: 869: 855: 852: 787:section annexe 782: 779: 750: 747: 709: 706: 704: 701: 696: 695: 676: 673: 626: 623: 621: 618: 478:draught animal 474:Massif Central 445: 442: 409:draught animal 381: 380: 378: 377: 370: 362: 359: 358: 355: 351: 350: 347: 343: 342: 340: 339: 335: 333: 331: 328: 324: 322: 318: 317: 315: 314: 310: 308: 306: 303: 299: 297: 293: 292: 288: 287: 285: 284: 281: 278: 271: 269: 265: 264: 261: 257: 256: 253: 249: 248: 245: 241: 240: 238: 237: 231: 224: 222: 218: 217: 214: 197: 196: 179: 178: 137: 135: 128: 121: 120: 88:a news article 79: 77: 70: 65: 39: 38: 36: 29: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5367: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5340:Cattle breeds 5338: 5337: 5335: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5134:Bleue du Nord 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5083: 5082:cattle breeds 5077: 5073: 5066: 5061: 5059: 5054: 5052: 5047: 5046: 5043: 5025: 5019: 5016: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4952: 4946: 4943: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4884: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4823: 4817: 4814: 4801: 4795: 4792: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4751: 4750: 4743: 4740: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4716: 4713: 4698: 4691: 4690: 4683: 4680: 4668: 4667: 4660: 4657: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4633: 4630: 4618: 4617: 4610: 4607: 4595: 4594: 4587: 4584: 4572: 4571: 4564: 4561: 4549: 4548: 4541: 4538: 4523: 4516: 4515: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4454: 4439: 4432: 4431: 4423: 4420: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4371: 4359: 4355: 4354: 4347: 4344: 4333: 4332: 4325: 4322: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4277: 4274: 4259: 4258: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4221: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4177: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4147: 4143: 4131: 4130: 4122: 4119: 4107: 4100: 4093: 4090: 4078: 4074: 4073: 4066: 4063: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4008: 3993: 3992: 3985: 3982: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3922: 3907: 3906: 3899: 3896: 3881: 3874: 3873: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3845: 3844: 3836: 3833: 3818: 3811: 3810: 3803: 3800: 3788: 3787: 3780: 3777: 3765: 3764: 3763:NBCEC History 3757: 3754: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3730: 3727: 3712: 3711: 3704: 3701: 3689: 3688: 3681: 3678: 3663: 3656: 3655: 3648: 3645: 3633: 3632: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3591: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3539: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3328: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3292: 3291: 3284: 3281: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3262: 3249: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3184: 3178: 3175: 3162: 3156: 3153: 3148: 3142: 3134: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3107: 3106: 3099: 3096: 3083: 3077: 3074: 3069: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3049: 3044: 3031: 3015: 3008: 3005: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2971: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2941: 2925: 2918: 2915: 2899: 2898: 2890: 2887: 2882: 2869: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2839: 2826: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2796: 2783: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2737: 2721: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2689: 2673: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2642: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2603: 2587: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2555: 2536: 2530: 2527: 2511: 2510: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2460: 2459: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2428: 2427: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2405: 2402: 2397: 2390: 2387: 2382: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2333:(9): e13038. 2332: 2328: 2324: 2317: 2314: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2280: 2277: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2230: 2223: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2208: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2175: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2156: 2153: 2148: 2141: 2138: 2133: 2132: 2124: 2121: 2109: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2055: 2051: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2007:9781780647944 2004: 2000: 1999: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1962:9782855571515 1959: 1955: 1954: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1915:9789251057629 1912: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1896: 1893: 1887: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1797: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722:New Caledonia 1719: 1711: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1689: 1687: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1574:hybrid vigour 1571: 1567: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1551: 1550:hybrid vigour 1543: 1541: 1539: 1538:crossbreeding 1534: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1423:Furthermore, 1421: 1414: 1407: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1360: 1357:Total tested 1351:Heterozygous 1343: 1337: 1330: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1273:Total tested 1267:Heterozygous 1259: 1253: 1246: 1244: 1237: 1235: 1228: 1226: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1136: 1129: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1044: 1042: 1038: 1033: 1031: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 979: 971: 964: 962: 959: 956: 952: 947: 943: 937: 930: 927: 924: 921: 918: 917: 916: 911: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 875: 870: 868: 866: 860: 853: 851: 847: 845: 841: 835: 831: 829: 825: 819: 817: 811: 809: 805: 804:sous-classe 2 800: 796: 791: 788: 780: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 748: 746: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 722: 720: 719:titre initial 715: 707: 702: 700: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 674: 670: 669: 668: 666: 657: 653: 651: 647: 642: 640: 636: 632: 624: 620:The herd-book 619: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 598: 596: 592: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 558: 554: 550: 542: 538: 534: 532: 526: 524: 519: 515: 512: 508: 506: 502: 498: 493: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 459: 455: 450: 443: 441: 439: 435: 431: 428:. Instead, a 427: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 397: 392: 388: 376: 371: 368: 364: 363: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 332: 326: 325: 323: 319: 307: 301: 300: 298: 294: 289: 283:crossbreeding 282: 279: 277: 273: 272: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 235: 232: 229: 226: 225: 223: 219: 215:Limousine cow 212: 207: 201: 193: 190: 175: 172: 164: 154: 150: 144: 143: 136: 127: 126: 117: 107: 103: 97: 96: 90: 89: 85: 80:This article 78: 69: 68: 63: 61: 54: 53: 48: 47: 42: 37: 28: 27: 22: 5247:Montbéliarde 5221: 5028:. Retrieved 5018: 5006:. Retrieved 4996: 4984:. Retrieved 4980:the original 4970: 4958:. Retrieved 4945: 4933:. Retrieved 4929:the original 4900: 4896: 4886: 4874:. Retrieved 4864: 4852:. Retrieved 4848:the original 4838: 4826:. Retrieved 4816: 4804:. Retrieved 4794: 4782:. Retrieved 4778:the original 4754:, retrieved 4748: 4742: 4731:, retrieved 4727:the original 4721: 4715: 4704:, retrieved 4697:the original 4688: 4682: 4671:, retrieved 4665: 4659: 4648:, retrieved 4644:the original 4638: 4632: 4621:, retrieved 4615: 4609: 4598:, retrieved 4592: 4586: 4575:, retrieved 4569: 4563: 4552:, retrieved 4546: 4540: 4529:, retrieved 4522:the original 4513: 4493:, retrieved 4473: 4469: 4456: 4445:, retrieved 4438:the original 4429: 4422: 4411:, retrieved 4399: 4395: 4362:, retrieved 4358:the original 4352: 4346: 4335:, retrieved 4330: 4324: 4313:, retrieved 4293: 4289: 4276: 4265:, retrieved 4256: 4236:, retrieved 4232:the original 4226: 4193: 4189: 4176: 4158: 4154: 4134:, retrieved 4128: 4121: 4110:, retrieved 4105: 4092: 4081:, retrieved 4077:the original 4071: 4065: 4054:, retrieved 4034: 4030: 3999:, retrieved 3990: 3984: 3973:, retrieved 3944:(17): 1–11, 3941: 3937: 3924: 3913:, retrieved 3904: 3898: 3887:, retrieved 3880:the original 3871: 3851:, retrieved 3842: 3835: 3824:, retrieved 3817:the original 3808: 3802: 3791:, retrieved 3785: 3779: 3768:, retrieved 3762: 3756: 3745:, retrieved 3741:the original 3735: 3729: 3718:, retrieved 3709: 3703: 3692:, retrieved 3686: 3680: 3669:, retrieved 3662:the original 3653: 3647: 3636:, retrieved 3630: 3624: 3600: 3596: 3550: 3546: 3537: 3529: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3444: 3440: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3318:. Retrieved 3309: 3298:, retrieved 3289: 3283: 3274: 3269: 3248:cite journal 3236:. Retrieved 3223: 3211:. Retrieved 3199: 3187:. Retrieved 3177: 3165:. Retrieved 3155: 3132: 3112:17 September 3110:, retrieved 3104: 3098: 3086:. Retrieved 3076: 3057: 3051: 3030:cite journal 3018:. Retrieved 3007: 2995:. Retrieved 2985: 2973:. Retrieved 2940:cite journal 2928:. Retrieved 2917: 2905:. Retrieved 2896: 2889: 2868:cite journal 2856:. Retrieved 2846: 2825:cite journal 2813:. Retrieved 2803: 2782:cite journal 2770:. Retrieved 2736:cite journal 2724:. Retrieved 2688:cite journal 2676:. Retrieved 2641:cite journal 2602:cite journal 2590:. Retrieved 2554:cite journal 2542:. Retrieved 2529: 2517:. Retrieved 2508: 2486: 2466:. Retrieved 2457: 2434:. Retrieved 2425: 2404: 2395: 2389: 2375:cite journal 2330: 2326: 2316: 2304:. Retrieved 2297:the original 2292: 2279: 2267:. Retrieved 2260:the original 2239: 2235: 2222: 2210: 2198:. Retrieved 2189: 2180: 2174: 2165: 2155: 2146: 2140: 2130: 2123: 2113:10 September 2111:. Retrieved 2096: 2077: 2049: 2014: 1997: 1952: 1905: 1895: 1876: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1831: 1821: 1808: 1799: 1783: 1779: 1770: 1760: 1758: 1753: 1744:(1968), the 1736:(1924), and 1715: 1696:heritability 1693: 1684: 1675: 1671: 1663: 1654: 1646: 1634: 1626: 1622: 1610: 1606: 1598: 1586:heterozygous 1563: 1554: 1547: 1530: 1526: 1517: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1463: 1452: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1433: 1422: 1418: 1334: 1250: 1241: 1232: 1223: 1213:heterozygous 1206: 1182: 1173:Belgian Blue 1154: 1141: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1073: 1061: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1014: 1010: 1004: 999: 995: 991: 987: 980: 976: 960: 954: 950: 945: 941: 938: 934: 914: 894: 890: 886:Lower Saxony 864: 861: 857: 848: 836: 832: 820: 815: 812: 807: 803: 798: 794: 792: 786: 784: 774: 766: 762: 758: 756: 752: 742: 730: 726: 723: 718: 711: 697: 691: 683: 664: 662: 649: 645: 643: 638: 634: 628: 625:Significance 599: 587: 559: 555: 551: 547: 535: 527: 520: 516: 513: 509: 504: 500: 496: 494: 490: 463: 395: 386: 384: 372: 304:1000–1300 kg 260:Distribution 200: 185: 167: 161:January 2020 158: 139: 114:January 2020 111: 100:Please help 92: 81: 57: 50: 44: 43:Please help 40: 5299:Salers Lait 5279:Maine-Anjou 5262:Parthenaise 5197:Ferrandaise 5104:Armoricaine 4706:7 September 4673:7 September 4623:7 September 4600:8 September 4577:8 September 4554:8 September 4531:8 September 4427:Horvart M, 4364:14 November 4337:14 November 4083:10 December 3826:7 September 1903:, annex to 1754:Full French 1746:Netherlands 1690:Temperament 1601:backcrossed 1382:657 (88.0%) 1365:260 (96.7%) 1348:Homozygous 1318:106 (55.8%) 1301:256 (30.4%) 1298:524 (62.3%) 1264:Homozygous 1183:A Limousin/ 1177:Piedmontese 1107:production. 1091:(in French 1083:(in French 1039:(in French 1028:, close to 1022: [ 1013:(in French 998:(in French 990:(in French 946:French Pure 865:Full French 808:Full French 775:gene culard 692:gene culard 690:(in French 682:(in French 614:Parthenaise 401:beef cattle 354:Horn status 244:Other names 91:and may be 82:reads like 5334:Categories 5309:Tarentaise 5242:Mirandaise 5232:Maraîchine 5150:Bordelaise 5030:16 October 5008:16 October 4986:16 October 4960:16 October 4935:16 October 4876:15 October 4854:15 October 4828:15 October 4806:16 October 4784:15 October 4570:Brahmousin 4136:30 October 4112:29 October 4072:Meat Yield 3694:7 December 3553:(1): 1–6, 3016:. Web-agri 2997:15 October 2674:. Web-agri 1888:References 1730:Madagascar 1681:Appearance 1631:Brahmousin 1617:Brahmousin 1613:Brahmousin 1578:homozygous 1566:F1 hybrids 1385:84 (11.2%) 1321:74 (38.9%) 1281:67 (94.4%) 1278:Fullblood 1201:silverside 1197:eye muscle 1193:homozygous 984:morphology 906:Lanouaille 824:Parthenais 684:sans corne 639:Fullbloods 606:Maraîchine 531:phylloxera 501:forestiers 488:or Paris. 336:135–145 cm 329:140–155 cm 311:650–850 kg 46:improve it 5319:Vosgienne 5227:Lourdaise 5177:Charolais 5170:Casta or 5146:(extinct) 5144:Bordelais 5119:Béarnaise 5114:Bazadaise 5094:Abondance 4447:15 August 4413:14 August 4315:14 August 3538:Myostatin 3486:myostatin 3391:myostatin 3141:cite book 2519:8 October 1734:Argentina 1639:breed of 1570:phenotype 1498:slaughter 1490:Charolais 1486:Simmental 1478:Pinzgauer 1474:Braunvieh 1402:8 (66.7%) 1399:4 (33.3%) 1396:Lim-Flex 1379:Purebred 1315:10 (5.3%) 1312:Lim-Flex 1304:61 (7.3%) 1295:Purebred 1209:recessive 1188:backcross 1165:Shorthorn 1145:myostatin 1052:Saint-Jal 955:purebreds 951:purebreds 942:Fullblood 908:, in the 828:Charolais 767:race pure 743:Fullblood 727:Pureblood 650:race pure 631:herd-book 595:Visigoths 563:Charolais 523:herd-book 497:d'engrais 482:slaughter 438:Charolais 417:herd-book 403:from the 396:Limousine 274:formerly 247:Limousine 149:talk page 52:talk page 5304:Saônoise 5273:Camargue 5257:Normande 5252:Nantaise 5222:Limousin 5212:Gasconne 5182:Corsican 5099:Alpha 16 4925:25125694 4917:21606443 4756:6 August 4733:6 August 4666:LIM-FLEX 4495:1 August 4267:4 August 4238:4 August 4210:19966161 4108:, GPE 22 4056:1 August 4001:3 August 3975:5 August 3970:21569623 3915:6 August 3889:6 August 3853:8 August 3793:5 August 3770:5 August 3747:5 August 3720:5 August 3617:18245504 3567:15670124 3522:12605853 3469:14270404 2367:20927341 2327:PLOS ONE 2256:12002331 2200:11 March 2080:. Testu. 1748:(1969), 1738:Portugal 1732:(1922), 1728:(1910), 1724:(1902), 1720:(1886), 1666:purebred 1660:Lim-Flex 1637:purebred 1482:Gelbvieh 1470:Hereford 1466:Red Poll 1449:accuracy 1388:6 (0.8%) 1368:9 (3.3%) 1287:2 (2.8%) 1284:2 (2.8%) 1161:Hereford 1056:Naucelle 910:Dordogne 884:Bull in 816:Limousin 763:pur sang 739:pur sang 731:pur sang 646:pur sang 612:and the 610:Nantaise 602:Alpha 16 591:Gasconne 585:cattle. 575:Bazadais 567:Gasconne 505:d'élèves 486:Bordeaux 466:Limousin 405:Limousin 387:Limousin 334:Female: 309:Female: 204:Limousin 142:disputed 104:and add 5217:Inra 95 4650:30 July 4490:8056658 4310:8056661 4051:8056658 3961:3107171 3671:21 July 3638:24 July 3513:2732685 3461:9501304 3417:9314496 3377:9356471 3345:Bibcode 3320:18 July 3300:21 July 3238:21 July 3213:18 June 3189:20 July 3167:19 July 3088:13 July 3020:19 June 2975:19 June 2930:19 June 2907:19 June 2726:19 June 2678:19 June 2592:15 June 2544:15 June 2489:. 2010. 2358:2948016 2335:Bibcode 1774:Finland 1750:Denmark 1726:Uruguay 1641:Brahman 1590:protein 1582:alleles 1494:weaning 1345: 1261: 1238:Britain 1149:mammals 1076:Pépieux 1030:Limoges 1007:weaning 733:). 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