Knowledge (XXG)

Limbum language

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Some linguists consider Limbum to have three dialects: a northern, a middle, and a southern dialect. Speakers of one dialect can generally understand speakers of any other. The three dialects cut across the three clans, and may result from influence of the neighboring languages to the north and
235:, who is largely autonomous, and beneath him sub-chiefs or quarter-heads. The three clans are geographically interspersed, sharing the language. The people live on the Nkambe Plateau, a dramatic grassy highland cut by wooded ravines, about a mile above sea level. Most are farmers, growing 1053: 1002: 943: 474:
to a statement, as in "Ndi a᷅ du a?", meaning "Ndi has gone, is-it-so?" word-for-word - much less confusing than English's subject-verb inversions. Negation is grammatically similar.
1060: 2285: 1092: 1010: 379:, meaning that spoken pitch can distinguish words which otherwise sound the same. For example, the sound "baa" spoken with different tones can mean 951: 899: 2254: 231:. Scattered around the area are other Wimbum villages, each associated with one of the three clans. Each village has a chief, also known as 2278: 2149: 1085: 874: 2815: 2271: 1078: 1034: 2444: 90: 320: 208: 1843: 861: 1187: 775:
Ndi, p. 10 and 65. In the transcriptions of Limbum on this page, I have followed the Ndis' spellings as best I can.
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The Wimbum consist of three clans: War clan headquartered at Mbot, Tang clan at Tallah, and Wiya clan at
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African Witchcraft and Otherness - A Philosophical and Theological Critique of Intersubjective Relations
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A Study of the Phonological, Morphological and Syntactic Processes in the Standardisation of Lumbum
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The pronoun system is quite different. For example, "ye" is a gender-neutral third
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Bki᷅nfɛ̀r - Ta᷅ta, Nyako, Fa᷅ake ba Nfo᷅ - A second Primer in the Limbum Language
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Dialogue and the Interpretation of Illness: Conversations in a Cameroon Village
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Limbum's five prepositions don't align with English prepositions much at all:
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in lower, warmer areas. Some conduct trade, primarily in the towns of
1029:. Explorations in Anthropology. Oxford: Berg Publishers. p. 33. 264: 244: 283:
south. Limbum is closely related to some neighboring languages like
299:. It is quite different from some other neighboring languages like 240: 236: 223:
Traditional dance of Wimbum, around 1990 in dry season Nkambe-town
218: 690:(4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation. 521:: marker of a direction or location at a higher elevation, like " 511:: marker of a direction or location at a lower elevation, like " 334:(word-for-word English translation, retaining Limbum word order) 315:
Limbum's grammar is similar to English in some ways, including:
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But Limbum differs from English in other ways. Here are a few:
483:: marker of direction, accompaniment or instrument, like " 434:. Also, Limbum has compound pronouns, which English lacks. 531:: marker of direction, location or provenance, like " 990:(postgraduate diploma thesis). University of Yaoundé 2768: 2712: 2655: 2607: 2544: 2504: 2463: 2454: 2443: 2423: 2387: 2356: 2310: 2301: 2163: 2142: 1211: 1180: 1129: 1108: 170: 162: 142: 126: 121: 53: 43: 33: 21: 340:(translation with conventional English word order) 1054:"Pronominal and Possessive Referencing in Limbum" 919:Elements for a History of the Western Grassfields 917:Nkwi, Paul Nchoji; Warnier, Jean-Pierre (1982). 987:The Limbum Noun Phrase (A Generative Approach) 869:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 2279: 1086: 432:(you(singular) and we) or (you(plural) and I) 275:. Some work for the government, primarily in 8: 2460: 2451: 2307: 2286: 2272: 2264: 1093: 1079: 1071: 418:in English. In second person, "wɛ᷅" means 287:and more geographically distant ones like 18: 699: 697: 549: 470:are formed simply by appending the word 16:Eastern Grassfields language of Cameroon 657: 2255:General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages 1007:United Councils and Cities of Cameroon 948:United Councils and Cities of Cameroon 159: 984:Nformi, Mpoche Kizitus (April 1993). 972:(PhD thesis). University of Yaoundé I 191:, with a small number of speakers in 7: 934:Ndi, Augustine; Ndi, Robert (1988). 367:?" means "It-is who?" word-for-word. 921:. Yaounde: University of Yaoundé. 203:of the Wimbum people, who live in 14: 2150:Francophone African Sign Language 900:"A Phonology of Limbum (Nsungli)" 441:the noun they modify, and may be 898:Fiore, Lynne E. (January 1977). 460:" means "he-or-she eats kolanut 966:Nforgwei, Samuel Tabah (2004). 353:like "a᷅" in the example above. 211:, at the top of the Ring Road. 1052:Wepngong, Ndi Francis (2011). 688:An Atlas of Nigerian Languages 410:singular, taking the place of 338:Tata's wife has carried corn. 199:by some, but is primarily the 1: 860:Bongmba, Elias Kifon (2001). 497:: marker of location, like " 445:for emphasis. E.g. "e ye bi 332:Wife Tata has carried corn. 326:Ŋgwa Ta᷅ta a᷅ byɛ᷅' kwaa᷅. 2837: 1188:Cameroonian Pidgin English 328:(normal Limbum word order) 2249: 361:interrogative determiners 323:. For example, consider: 26: 905:. Onarest, Cameroon: SIL 449:" means "he-or-she eats 675:(subscription required) 349:tend to be formed with 686:Blench, Roger (2019). 224: 2816:Languages of Cameroon 2295:Grassfields languages 1102:Languages of Cameroon 1025:Pool, Robert (1994). 829:Nforgwei, p. 259-260. 784:Nforgwei, p. 157-158. 424:you(plural) and not I 222: 2155:Maroua Sign Language 1212:Indigenous languages 185:Grassfields language 2164:Immigrant languages 612:ko᷅ŋ - like or love 576:boŋboŋ - very good 437:Adjectives tend to 430:, and "se᷅e" means 428:you(singular) and I 359:may be formed with 321:subject–verb–object 49:130,000 (2005) 1109:Official languages 225: 195:. It is used as a 2803: 2802: 2708: 2707: 2540: 2539: 2439: 2438: 2261: 2260: 820:Nforgwei, p. 255. 766:Nforgwei, p. 252. 673:(18th ed., 2015) 647: 646: 546:Sample vocabulary 515:Tabenken valley." 178: 177: 158: 157: 2828: 2821:Nkambe languages 2461: 2452: 2308: 2288: 2281: 2274: 2265: 1198:Ewondo Populaire 1095: 1088: 1081: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1059:. Archived from 1058: 1048: 1021: 1019: 1018: 1009:. Archived from 998: 996: 995: 980: 978: 977: 962: 960: 959: 950:. Archived from 939: 930: 913: 911: 910: 904: 894: 892: 891: 885: 879:. Archived from 868: 848: 847:Ndi, throughout. 845: 839: 838:Nformi, p. 58-62 836: 830: 827: 821: 818: 812: 811:Nformi, p. 46-47 809: 803: 800: 794: 791: 785: 782: 776: 773: 767: 764: 758: 755: 749: 746: 740: 737: 731: 728: 722: 719: 713: 710: 704: 701: 692: 691: 683: 677: 676: 662: 629:afyoŋ - airplane 550: 491:him" in English. 468:Yes–no questions 456:," and "e ye bi 209:Northwest Region 207:division of the 160: 154: 138: 131: 81:Southern Bantoid 59: 19: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2829: 2827: 2826: 2825: 2806: 2805: 2804: 2799: 2764: 2704: 2651: 2603: 2589:Mendankwe-Nkwen 2536: 2500: 2446: 2435: 2419: 2383: 2352: 2297: 2292: 2262: 2257: 2245: 2159: 2138: 1929:Northwest Gbaya 1207: 1176: 1130:Major languages 1125: 1104: 1099: 1063: 1056: 1051: 1037: 1024: 1016: 1014: 1001: 993: 991: 983: 975: 973: 965: 957: 955: 942: 938:. Yaoundé: SIL. 933: 916: 908: 906: 902: 897: 889: 887: 883: 877: 866: 859: 856: 851: 846: 842: 837: 833: 828: 824: 819: 815: 810: 806: 802:Wepngong, p. 6. 801: 797: 792: 788: 783: 779: 774: 770: 765: 761: 756: 752: 747: 743: 738: 734: 729: 725: 720: 716: 711: 707: 702: 695: 685: 684: 680: 674: 663: 659: 655: 649: 643:ŋwa᷅' - letter 567:njeŋwɛ᷅ - woman 548: 501:the house" or " 422:, "we᷅e" means 351:auxiliary verbs 313: 217: 150: 134: 127: 117: 60: 57:Language family 55: 46: 45:Native speakers 17: 12: 11: 5: 2834: 2832: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2808: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2763: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2746: 2741: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2718: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2661: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2613: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2550: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 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2021-04-27 882: 878: 876:0-7914-4989-0 872: 865: 864: 858: 857: 853: 844: 841: 835: 832: 826: 823: 817: 814: 808: 805: 799: 796: 793:Fiore, p. 78. 790: 787: 781: 778: 772: 769: 763: 760: 757:Nkwi, p. 149. 754: 751: 745: 742: 736: 733: 727: 724: 718: 715: 709: 706: 700: 698: 694: 689: 682: 679: 672: 671: 666: 661: 658: 652: 650: 642: 639: 637:e - he or she 636: 635: 631: 628: 625: 622: 621: 618:taar - three 617: 614: 611: 608: 607: 603: 601:nda᷅p - house 600: 597: 595:ŋkar - friend 594: 593: 589: 586: 583: 580: 579: 575: 572: 569: 566: 565: 561: 558: 555: 553:ŋwɛ᷅ - person 552: 551: 545: 538: 534: 530: 527: 524: 520: 517: 514: 510: 507: 504: 500: 496: 493: 490: 486: 482: 479: 478: 476: 473: 469: 466: 463: 459: 455: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 433: 429: 425: 421: 420:you(singular) 417: 413: 409: 405: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 377:tone language 374: 373: 372: 366: 362: 358: 355: 352: 348: 345: 341: 337: 335: 331: 329: 325: 324: 322: 318: 317: 316: 310: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 251:, vegetable, 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 221: 214: 212: 210: 206: 205:Donga-Mantung 202: 201:mother tongue 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 173: 169: 165: 161: 153: 149: 147: 146: 141: 137: 133: 130: 125: 120: 102: 99: 98: 97: 94: 93: 92: 89: 88: 87: 84: 83: 82: 79: 78: 77: 74: 73: 72: 69: 68: 66: 62: 58: 52: 48: 42: 39: 36: 32: 29: 25: 20: 2626: 2369:Kenswei Nsei 2251: 2129:Zulgo-Gemzek 2019:South Giziga 1919:North Giziga 1653: 1249:Bafaw-Balong 1193:Camfranglais 1061:the original 1026: 1015:. Retrieved 1011:the original 1006: 992:. Retrieved 986: 974:. Retrieved 968: 956:. Retrieved 952:the original 947: 935: 918: 907:. Retrieved 888:. Retrieved 881:the original 862: 843: 834: 825: 816: 807: 798: 789: 780: 771: 762: 753: 748:Fiore, p. 2. 744: 735: 726: 721:Pool, p. 32. 717: 708: 703:Pool, p. 33. 687: 681: 668: 660: 648: 590:bɛbɛp - bad 587:kwaa᷅ - corn 536: 535:school" or " 532: 528: 522: 518: 512: 508: 502: 498: 494: 488: 484: 480: 471: 461: 457: 453: 446: 438: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 400: 397:part in hair 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 375:Limbum is a 370: 364: 339: 333: 327: 314: 281: 226: 180: 179: 143: 100: 27: 2447:Grassfields 2124:Zizilivakan 2064:Vemgo-Mabas 1384:Chamba Leko 640:saŋ - write 623:ta - father 609:ma - mother 598:fa᷅' - work 581:muu - child 573:nyaa - meat 562:boŋ - good 559:ŋgʉp - fowl 505:the chair." 347:Verb tenses 259:, and also 86:Grassfields 76:Benue–Congo 65:Niger–Congo 2810:Categories 2584:Mbili-Mbui 2564:Bamukumbit 2221:Portuguese 1924:North Mofu 1789:Mofu-Gudur 1036:1859730167 1017:2023-12-15 994:2023-12-15 976:2023-12-15 958:2023-12-15 909:2023-12-15 890:2023-12-15 854:References 670:Ethnologue 632:tâ - five 604:baa - two 584:laa᷅ - say 363:; e.g. "A 2724:(Moghamo) 2680:Bambalang 2476:Ngiemboon 2252:See also: 1944:Nzakambay 1869:Ngiemboon 1689:Manenguba 1274:Bambalang 615:tap - hut 556:fa - give 487:him" or " 462:very-good 261:plantains 145:Glottolog 129:ISO 639-3 2796:(Befang) 2740:(Mengum) 2728:Ngamambo 2695:Bangolan 2685:Bamenyam 2617:Dzodinka 2527:Nda’nda’ 2517:Ghomálá’ 2481:Ngombale 2456:Bamileke 2357:Southern 2226:Japanese 1879:Ngombale 1844:Nda’nda’ 1809:Mpumpong 1719:Mazagway 1474:Ghomala' 1469:Gbanzili 1284:Bangolan 1157:Fulfulde 1045:28111846 1003:"Nkambe" 927:11208325 626:yɛ - see 570:ye - eat 539:Douala." 443:repeated 297:Bamileke 253:tomatoes 245:potatoes 215:Speakers 189:Cameroon 171:Language 152:limb1268 38:Cameroon 2794:Menchum 2744:Ngoshie 2733:Mundani 2700:Mungaka 2670:Bafanji 2637:Ndaktup 2532:Medumba 2505:Eastern 2464:Western 2445:Eastern 2405:Laimbue 2388:Western 2364:Bamunka 2318:Babanki 2311:Central 2231:Russian 2216:Chinese 2196:Italian 2186:Spanish 2181:Punjabi 2171:English 1904:Nkongho 1889:Nimbari 1864:Ngambay 1824:Mungaka 1819:Mundang 1764:Mengisa 1694:Mangbai 1549:Kaalong 1349:Bonkeng 1344:Bomwali 1264:Baldemu 1244:Babanki 1181:Pidgins 1172:Medumba 1121:English 739:Nkambe. 513:down-to 451:kolanut 401:madness 311:Grammar 257:bananas 193:Nigeria 91:Eastern 2788:Ambele 2782:Ndemli 2769:Others 2675:Bamali 2642:Mfumte 2627:Limbum 2609:Nkambe 2599:Pinyin 2594:Mundum 2579:Mankon 2546:Ngemba 2512:Fe’fe’ 2486:Ngomba 2471:Megaka 2236:Danish 2211:Arabic 2206:Hebrew 2191:German 2176:French 2134:Zumaya 2109:Yedina 2089:Wuzlam 2054:Tupuri 2049:Tsuvan 2014:Sharwa 2004:Psikyɛ 1989:Pinyin 1984:Parkwa 1949:Nzanyi 1934:Nyokon 1899:Njerep 1874:Ngomba 1859:Nga'ka 1839:Nagumi 1834:Muyang 1794:Moloko 1784:Mfumte 1779:Mesaka 1769:Menyam 1759:Məgaka 1754:Mefele 1734:Mbudum 1704:Maslam 1684:Malgbe 1674:Majera 1654:Limbum 1644:Lagwan 1634:Kwasio 1629:Kwakum 1579:Kasabe 1569:Kanuri 1484:Glavda 1449:Fe'fe' 1419:Esimbi 1404:Ɗugwor 1399:Dowayo 1339:Bitare 1334:Bishuo 1314:Bebele 1289:Bankon 1269:Bamali 1203:Arabic 1167:Lamnso 1152:Ewondo 1116:French 1043:  1033:  925:  873:  665:Limbum 458:boŋboŋ 439:follow 408:person 381:father 293:Ngemba 277:Nkambe 269:Nkambé 265:coffee 181:Limbum 174:Limbum 166:Wimbum 163:People 101:Limbum 96:Nkambe 34:Region 28:Limbum 22:Limbum 2760:Amasi 2722:Metaʼ 2690:Bamun 2647:Yamba 2622:Kwaja 2574:Kpati 2559:Bafut 2554:Awing 2496:Yemba 2424:Other 2395:Aghem 2379:Wushi 2374:Vengo 2241:Dutch 2201:Hindi 2114:Yemba 2099:Yambe 2094:Yamba 2069:Vengo 2039:Tikar 2034:Tibea 2009:Rombi 1999:Pongo 1979:Papia 1969:Otank 1964:Oroko 1954:Nzime 1939:Nyong 1829:Musgu 1804:Mpade 1774:Merey 1744:Mbule 1739:Mbuko 1714:Matal 1709:Massa 1699:Manza 1679:Makaa 1649:Limba 1639:La'bi 1619:Kutin 1554:Kabba 1534:Iyive 1529:Ipulo 1514:Hijuk 1504:Hausa 1499:Gvoko 1479:Gidar 1464:Gbanu 1459:Gawar 1444:Fanji 1429:Evant 1389:Cuvok 1364:Buwal 1329:Bikya 1319:Bebil 1294:Basaa 1254:Bafia 1234:Aghem 1229:Afade 1147:Duala 1137:Bamum 1064:(PDF) 1057:(PDF) 944:"Ndu" 903:(PDF) 884:(PDF) 867:(PDF) 653:Notes 525:Ndu." 523:up-to 399:, or 289:Bamum 285:Yamba 241:beans 237:maize 183:is a 2776:Viti 2755:Njen 2749:Ngwo 2738:Ngie 2714:Momo 2665:Baba 2632:Mbə’ 2569:Beba 2522:Kwa’ 2491:Ngwe 2415:Zhoa 2343:Mmen 2338:Kung 2303:Ring 2119:Yeni 2104:Yasa 2079:Voko 2074:Vere 2059:Vame 2024:Suwu 1959:Oblo 1914:Noni 1909:Noho 1894:Njem 1884:Ngwe 1849:Ndai 1814:Mser 1799:Mono 1749:Mbum 1729:Mboa 1724:Mbə’ 1669:Mafa 1664:Maɗa 1624:Kwa’ 1609:Kpwe 1604:Koma 1594:Kogo 1584:Kera 1574:Kare 1564:Kali 1559:Kako 1544:Jina 1539:Jimi 1519:Hina 1494:Gunu 1489:Gude 1439:Fang 1424:Eton 1414:Eman 1409:Duli 1394:Daba 1379:Ceve 1374:Caka 1369:Byep 1359:Bung 1354:Bube 1324:Beti 1309:Batu 1304:Bati 1299:Bata 1279:Bana 1259:Baka 1239:Ambo 1224:Abon 1142:Bulu 1041:OCLC 1031:ISBN 923:OCLC 871:ISBN 730:Ndu. 537:from 489:with 454:good 414:and 385:fufu 305:Noni 303:and 301:Bebe 295:and 271:and 263:and 249:yams 2657:Nun 2431:Nso 2410:Weh 2400:Isu 2348:Oku 2333:Kuk 2328:Kom 2323:Bum 2084:Wom 2029:Swo 1994:Pol 1974:Pam 1854:Nen 1659:Luo 1614:Kuo 1599:Kol 1524:Hya 1509:Hdi 1454:Fut 1434:Fa’ 1162:Kom 667:at 529:nje 509:mba 495:mbe 447:boŋ 416:she 393:bag 389:two 387:, 365:nda 273:Ndu 233:fon 229:Ndu 187:of 136:lmp 2812:: 2792:? 2786:? 2780:? 2044:To 1589:Ki 1039:. 1005:. 946:. 696:^ 533:at 519:ko 503:on 499:in 485:to 481:ni 464:". 412:he 395:, 391:, 383:, 307:. 291:, 279:. 255:, 247:, 243:, 239:, 67:? 2287:e 2280:t 2273:v 1094:e 1087:t 1080:v 1047:. 1020:. 997:. 979:. 961:. 929:. 912:. 893:. 472:a 403:.

Index

Cameroon
Language family
Niger–Congo
Atlantic–Congo
Benue–Congo
Southern Bantoid
Grassfields
Eastern
Nkambe
ISO 639-3
lmp
Glottolog
limb1268
Grassfields language
Cameroon
Nigeria
trade language
mother tongue
Donga-Mantung
Northwest Region

Ndu
fon
maize
beans
potatoes
yams
tomatoes
bananas
plantains

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