1346:, "Generally written Limburgish") was developed and proposed, but found too little support. Today the so-called "Veldeke-spelling" which was first applied in the 1940s is most of the time used to write in a specific Limburgish dialect. In 2000 the parliament of the province of Dutch Limburg enacted a measure establishing the Limburgish Language Council (Raod veur 't Limburgs), a committee which advises the Parliament of Dutch Limburg on measures in relation to Limburgish. In 2003 the Limburgish Language Council adopted a standard orthography for Limburgish. On the basis of this standard orthography the Limburgish Academy Foundation (
4241:
1737:. As usual inside dialect continua, neighboring languages have a maximum of similarities, and speakers being used to the rather small individual lingual differences in their immediate neighborhood perceive them as close, and familiar, while more distant ones become gradually harder to understand with distance. That ends, in the Dutch–German continuum at least, most often with incomprehensible dialects. Isoglosses are so dense in this area that practically every village or town has its own distinct dialect of Limburgish. Large cities such as
4256:
8107:
5036:
2247:
591:
73:
134:
1366:. It is especially in the Dutch province of Limburg that Limburgish is used not only in everyday speech, but also often in more formal situations and on the local and regional radio. According to a study by Geert Driessen, in 2011 Limburgish was spoken by 54 percent of the adults and 31 percent of the children. Limburgish has no real written tradition, except for its early beginnings.
1400:
32:
1386:
50% to 90% of the population speak a local or regional form of
Limburgish, which seems to be a clear overestimation. Moreover, research into some specific variants seems to indicate a gradual process of development towards the national standardised Dutch, especially amongst younger generations. In Belgium, the Limburgish dialects are more endangered than in the Netherlands.
4741:
4749:
1111:
4757:
874:
1290:, part of High German. This difference is caused by a difference in definition: the latter stance defines a High German variety as one that has taken part in any of the first three phases of the High German consonant shift. It is nevertheless most common in linguistics to consider Limburgish as Low Franconian.
4791:
with a push tone is the plural form, "days" (in addition, can also be articulated in a neutral tone as a third possibility. In this case, it means "bye-bye" ). In the preceding example, the difference is grammatical, but not lexical. An example of a lexical difference caused only by tone is the word
1385:
To what degree
Limburgish actually is spoken in Germany today remains a matter of debate. Not depending on the city in these parts of Germany, less than 50% of the population speak a local or regional form of Limburgish. Depending on the city in these parts of Belgium, according to A, Schuck (2001)
2331:
Rhine) are unambiguously Low
Franconian. As discussed above, Limburgish straddles the borderline between "Low Franconian" and "Middle Franconian" varieties. These Southern Meuse-Rhenish dialects are more-or-less mutually intelligible with the Ripuarian dialects, but have not been influenced by the
2330:
The Meuse-Rhenish dialects can be divided into
Northern and Southern varieties. Hence, Limburgish is Southern Meuse-Rhenish as spoken in Belgium, the Netherlands and the German Lower Rhine. The Northern Meuse-Rhenish dialects as spoken in the Netherlands and in Germany (a little eastward along the
4919:
Other research has indicated that the push tone has a steeper fall in the eastern dialects of
Limburgish (e.g. those of Venlo, Roermond and Maasbracht) than it has in western dialects. In addition, both the phonetic realisation and the syllable-based distribution of the contrasts between push and
1481:
On the other hand, Limburgish is not recognised by the German and
Belgian national governments as an official language. An attempt at recognition, made after Limburgish had been recognised in the Netherlands, failed in the Belgian parliament due to Flemish opposition. Because in Belgium political
1188:
itself is specific to the
Netherlands and Belgium, where it used by linguists and speakers alike and is strongly connected to the cultural and regional identity of the inhabitants of both Belgian and Dutch Limburg. This regional identity is notably absent from the speakers of closely related Low
1477:
language authority which asserted that it had not been asked for advice, opposed the recognition. From the
Limburgish side it has been argued that the arguments put forth against the recognition of Limburgish were not based on linguistic considerations, but rather a concern for maintaining the
1749:
have several local dialect varieties. The named cities have in common, that they are large enough to in part extend outside the area of the dialect group. Thus each has one or more quarters outside, having vernacular languages belonging to adjacent groups, such as
Kleverlandish or Ripuarian.
1251:
From the end of the 20th century on, Limburgish has developed a sense of autonomy from the traditional Dutch-German dipole as
Limburgish linguists and functionaries consider it explicitly distinct from Dutch and German, as affirmed by the Covenant of the Limburgish language which politically
1018:
Since Limburgish is still the mother tongue of many inhabitants in the aforementioned region, Limburgish grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation can have a significant impact on the way locals speak Dutch in public life. Limburgish shares vocabulary and grammatical characteristics with both
1313:
Currently Limburgish – although being essentially a variety of Low Franconian – still has a considerable distance from Standard Dutch with regards to phonology, morphology and lexicon. Standard Dutch, which developed mostly from West Low Franconian dialects such as
2500:
Limburgish has many varieties hence there isn't a standard written form. However the Limburgish Language Council has adopted a standard orthography for Limburgish since 2003 and it is used in its websites as well as dictionaries. This is the form presented below.
2359:) is the term used by dialectologists in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands to describe the dialect group that encompasses the Limburgish varieties of Belgian and Dutch Limburg, and also the closely related dialects in adjacent areas in Belgium (e.g.
1482:
power is divided according to linguistic lines, recognizing Limburgish as an official language would have had considerable constitutional implications and undermine the small majority Flemish speakers hold over Walloon speakers in the Belgian State.
878:
882:
880:
876:
875:
881:
4177:, the vowel inventory of the dialect of Weert is perhaps the richest in the world. It has 28 vowels, among which there are 12 long monophthongs (three of which surface as centering diphthongs), 10 short monophthongs and 6 diphthongs.
1006:
and some grammatical and pronunciation tendencies derived from Limburgish. This "Limburgish Dutch" is confusingly also often referred to simply as "Limburgish", although in Belgium such intermediate languages tend to be called
879:
1293:
The traditional terminology can be confusing as the differences between the historical groupings Old West Franconian and Old East Franconian (which mainly concern certain vowel variations and the presence of
1075:. In the area around the old Duchy of Limburg the main language today is French, but there is also a particular cluster of Limburgish (or Limburgish-like, depending on definitions) dialects. The use of
1370:
wrote in a Middle Limburgish dialect. Especially in the Netherlands, the cultural meaning of the language is also important. Many song texts are written in a Limburgish dialect, for example during
2098:
is used by Jo Daan for the entire province north of the Uerdingen line, whereas other linguists use it only for the part that has tonality, the language north of this region then being considered
8447:
4854:
Historically, pitch accent in Limburgish and Central Franconian developed independently from accent systems in other Indo-European languages. While contrastive accent can be reconstructed for
4764:
The pitch accent means having two different accents used in stressed syllables. The difference between these two accents is used for differentiating both various grammatical forms of a single
2144:) also have many Limburgish characteristics. An important difference between these dialects and the adjacent ones in the Dutch province of Limburg is, however, that the second-person pronoun
5305:
Plural and diminutive nouns based on Umlaut start to prevail east towards Germany. However, towards the west, the phonemic distinction between dragging and pushing tone will stop just before
5349:
in their masculine and feminine singular forms and always in plural, but no ending in their neuter singular form. When combined with a masculine noun in singular adjectives may also end on
1225:
The classification of Limburgish is contended by different national traditions. Within the context of historical linguistics, Limburgish is regarded as one of the five main dialects of
1326:) for the Limburgish varieties spoken in the Netherlands and Belgium. The speakers of Limburgish or South Low Franconian dialects in Germany use Standard German as their Dachsprache.
8298:
860:
6690:
Niederländische Philologie, FU Berlin: Structuur en geschiedenis van het Nederlands: Een inleiding tot de taalkunde van het Nederlands; Diversiteit van het Middelnederlands, 2022
6747:"talig-erfgoedbeleid | Rob Belemans Van Hilepani tot Hasselt → Charters, conventies, taalpolitiek en immaterieel erfgoed, Faro. Tijdschrift over Cultureel Erfgoed. Jaargang 2"
7109:
1459:
1139:
6561:
1138:
refers to the varieties spoken in Dutch and Belgian Limburg. It is likewise legally defined through the Dutch recognition of Limburgish as a regional language under the
6796:
5111:
De noordewind en de zon hadde en drökke discussie euver de vraog wee vaan hunen twieje de sterkste waor, toen zjuus iemand veurbij kaom dee nen dikke, werme jas aonhad.
1302:
in Low Franconian, which did not occur until the advent of the Middle Dutch period. The period of High German influence lasted until the 13th century, after which the
4878:
of a following consonant, and became phonemic with sound changes that must have occurred after 1100 CE such as lengthening of short vowels in open syllables, loss of
877:
10759:
8440:
8095:
5092:
De naorderwèndj en de zon weuren an disketaere ever wieë von hin twae het sterrekste weur, toên koem ter dzjuus eejmand verbae diê nen dikke, werme jas àànhaa.
8784:
1229:, although this is not considered to be a homogeneous language, but a retrofit definition based on the region where Dutch is currently an official language.
601:
1426:
1410:
8433:
8291:
1102:(Dutch: "countryside") and can in effect sometimes mean simply "slang" in the sense of any very informal, rustic or locally unique words or expressions.
853:
1283:
being absorbed by these varieties. It is the adoption of these phonological traits that resulted in Limburgish being classified as East Low Franconian.
10774:
7600:
Boersma, Paul (2017). "The history of the Franconian tone contrast". In Wolfgang Kehrein; Björn Köhnlein; Paul Boersma; Marc van Oostendorp (eds.).
1298:) is different from the modern modern dialectal dichotomy between Western and Eastern Low Franconian, which is based on the presence or absence of
6944:
6908:
De Taalpolitiek van koning Willem i in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden, 1814-1830, de genesis der taalbesluiten en hun toepassing, door A. de Jonghe ...
8052:
6696:
6691:
10739:
8284:
7782:
7649:
7622:
7462:
7168:
6889:
6611:
5456:(Maastrichtian: "That man is crazy"). Except for neuter adjectives which sometimes get -t: "'t Eint of 't angert", though this is dying out.
4356:
846:
1240:, especially among German dialectologists. Belgian/Dutch linguistics considers it in the context of Limburgian-Ripuarian, together with the
9321:
8073:
7761:
6168:, a medieval writer from the region, is referred to as both one of the earlier writers in German and one of the earliest writers in Dutch.
2327:
language domination. At the dialectal level however, mutual understanding is still possible far beyond both sides of the national borders.
1098:", which are derived from dialects spoken in the more mountainous southerly regions. The word "plat" is therefore associated both with the
6981:
4011:
7074:
8065:
with dictionaries Limburgish-Dutch, Limburgish-English, Dutch-Limburgish and English-Limburgish and a history of the Limburgish language
7802:
Syntaktische Besonderheiten im Aachener Dreilãndereck. Eine Übersicht begleitet von einer Analyse aus politisch-gesellschaftlicher Sicht
7429:
4046:
3917:
5020:
In some parts of Limburg, the tonal plural is being replaced with the Dutch forms among the younger generation, so that the plural for
2315:. The northwestern part of this triangle came under the influence of the Dutch standard language, especially since the founding of the
8088:
7105:
4903:, the dragging tone itself is bitonal, while it has also been proved that this is not the case in the adjacent Limburgish dialects of
4377:
4055:
2276:
river. Modern linguists, both in the Netherlands and in Germany, now often combine these distinct varieties with the Cleves dialects (
1414:
1060:
82:
10754:
7232:
6361:
6336:
6304:
6249:
4232:, "street"). This is not the case, however, in the dialects of for example Venlo, Weert, Maastricht, Echt, Montfort and Posterholt.
2316:
235:
217:
115:
59:
6652:
Cor Hoppenbrouwers: De indeling van de Nederlandse streektalen dialecten van 156 steden en dorpen geklasseerd volgens de FFM, 2001.
5345:
According to their declension, Limburgish adjectives can be grouped into two classes. Adjectives of the first class get the ending
6570:
4847:
or many languages of Africa and Central America, although such "classical" tone languages make much more use of tone distinctions
8777:
4187:
3965:
3924:
3818:
2234:
starts a little south of the area between the villages of 's-Gravenvoeren and Sint-Martens-Voeren in the Belgian municipality of
2117:
isogloss, also known as the "mich-kwartier". This makes this Limburgish isogloss the northernmost of all. Venlo lies between the
7870:
6930:
6148:
Historically, the vocabulary of the varieties of Limburgish spoken within current Belgian territory has been more influenced by
9706:
7053:
4588:
4518:
4419:
4363:
3910:
3646:
3536:
3432:
3349:
3245:
3103:
2979:
2743:
614:
10769:
7252:
6803:
4548:
2129:. All dialects in the Dutch province of Limburg spoken north of the tonality border are Kleverlandish in linguistic respect.
2092:
dialects and are closer to Standard Dutch than the more southern language varieties (see e.g. Hoppenbrouwers 2001). The term
155:
6604:
Handbook of Literacy in Diglossia and in Dialectal Contexts: Psycholinguistic, Neurolinguistic, and Educational Perspectives
6517:
10744:
10734:
10600:
8081:
4525:
3972:
3871:
2178:
area, and stretches further Northeast. Belgian linguists use a more refined classification. Dutch linguists use the term
7532:
2260:
Limburgish is spoken in a considerable part of the German Lower Rhine area. This area extends from the border regions of
198:
10729:
10630:
9800:
9762:
9747:
9074:
8746:
8718:
8307:
8229:
4555:
4534:
4398:
4219:
3958:
1323:
834:
658:
4173:
Overall, Limburgish dialects tend to have more consonants than Dutch. They also tend to have more vowels. According to
170:
10610:
10470:
9820:
9779:
9769:
8770:
8239:
8216:
6592:
Frans Debrabandere: Limburgs etymologisch woordenboek: de herkomst van woorden uit beide Limburgen, Davidsfonds, 2011.
5014:("a yellow pear", with push tone). This tonal shift also occurs when the adjective gets an inflectional ending, as in
4569:
4488:
4405:
4326:
4118:
3942:
2332:
1299:
1280:
1275:, the dialects which would result in Limburgish were influenced by the High German dialects spoken around the city of
488:
151:
45:
1094:
refers simply to the fact that the language is spoken in the low plains country, as opposed to the use of "High" in "
994:
spoken in the Belgian and Dutch provinces of Limburg. Within the modern communities of these provinces, intermediate
990:
Although frequently misunderstood as such, Limburgish as a linguistic term does not refer to the regional variety of
10784:
10779:
8986:
8533:
8327:
5353:, under the same phonological conditions which apply to articles. To this class belong most adjectives ending on a
5072:
4602:
4022:
3804:
1064:
4240:
1418:
177:
144:
10749:
10327:
7897:
Gussenhoven, C.; van der Vliet, P. (1999). "The phonology of tone and intonation in the Dutch dialect of Venlo".
4848:
4609:
4495:
4430:
4391:
4333:
4088:
3933:
3825:
1306:
extended its power, which resulted in a marked Brabantian influence, first among the western (i.e. spoken up to
1260:
408:
86:
10764:
10605:
10559:
10554:
10478:
10088:
10072:
9951:
9810:
4504:
4342:
4255:
4143:
3811:
942:
624:
575:
20:
10386:
6012:
is added under the same phonological conditions which apply to articles and adjectives. Deletion of the final
1172:
In more recent linguistic publications, some linguists further narrow this traditional definition by defining
581:
7601:
7101:
6628:
4960:
means the same here. This difference has been examined in particular by Ben Hermans and Marc van Oostendorp.
512:
482:– Statutory provincial language in Limburg Province (1996, Ratification Act, ECRML, No. 136), effective 1997.
10544:
10488:
10483:
10403:
10076:
10026:
9784:
9326:
9144:
8828:
8816:
8751:
7283:
7222:
R. Belemans; J. Kruijsen; J. Van Keymeulen. DBNL (Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren) (ed.).
4808:
3988:
3857:
3832:
1465:
However, some linguists have argued that this recognition was highly politically motivated and done more on
1146:
1122:
can refer to all varieties spoken within either the Belgian or Dutch province of Limburg, the South-East of
530:
403:
393:
184:
6177:
4744:
Extent (orange) of the region where a pitch accent was historically used in The Benelux, France and Germany
10549:
10031:
9997:
9615:
9431:
9291:
9131:
9026:
8481:
7231:
R. Belemans; J. Kruijsen; J. Van Keymeulen. ReWo (Permanent Overlegorgaan Regionale Woordenboeken) (ed.).
4723:
4716:
4712:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4673:
4669:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4634:
4628:
4162:
4155:
4151:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4112:
4071:
3981:
3878:
3716:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2751:
1350:) is creating Limburgish-Dutch, Limburgish-English, Dutch-Limburgish and English-Limburgish dictionaries.
984:
767:
331:
4800:, which is articulated with a dragging tone and means "at". This contrastive pitch accent also occurs in
2282:). This superordinating group of Low Franconian varieties (between the rivers Meuse and Rhine) is called
10707:
10671:
9939:
9932:
9884:
9654:
9625:
9594:
9557:
9482:
9331:
9239:
9152:
9013:
8975:
8728:
8697:
8656:
8580:
8332:
8224:
7223:
6746:
3998:
3864:
3758:
3751:
2223:
2077:
1902:
1335:
1193:. In German linguistic discourse too, the term is uncommon with German linguists instead tending to use
1177:
1095:
1072:
976:
723:
343:
302:
10172:
9047:
6952:
1818:
166:
6141:
due to a heavy influence from the two. However, some of the basic vocabulary is rooted in neighboring
1982:
1950:
1934:
1858:
1850:
1804:
1780:
10676:
10656:
10625:
10498:
10358:
10332:
10233:
10104:
9922:
9514:
9341:
9303:
9298:
9172:
9119:
8877:
8741:
8713:
8628:
8383:
8257:
8247:
8111:
6182:
4217:
4185:
4116:
4100:
4098:
4086:
3885:
3767:
2003:
1834:
1756:
1470:
1264:
1245:
1015:("in-between language"), no matter the exact dialect/language with which standard Dutch is combined.
698:
7331:
6921:
H.K.J. Cowan: Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde. Jaargang 71, Leiden, 1953, pp. 181.
6152:
than that of the Limburgish dialects spoken on Dutch and German soil, as appears form words such as
1966:
1918:
10615:
10162:
10007:
9851:
9805:
9739:
9492:
9254:
9139:
9052:
8850:
8723:
8642:
8551:
8525:
8414:
8373:
8363:
8191:
8163:
6165:
5447:
4855:
4816:
3897:
3791:
1367:
1287:
897:
829:
806:
708:
703:
319:
10789:
10661:
10513:
10503:
10458:
10220:
10147:
10044:
9889:
9864:
9859:
9752:
9580:
9465:
9286:
9064:
9059:
9038:
8999:
8803:
8793:
8612:
8593:
8474:
8388:
8153:
8145:
8004:
7988:
7972:
7914:
7858:
7502:
7184:
4921:
4863:
4840:
4828:
4801:
4735:
3774:
3711:
2320:
2089:
1866:
1295:
1241:
799:
794:
789:
686:
398:
10585:
6853:
2219:
1738:
1130:
as well as in combination with the adjacent Rhineland region in a Limburgian-Ripuarian context.
9504:
6989:
10635:
10434:
10350:
10343:
10298:
10242:
10002:
9992:
9975:
9970:
9874:
9636:
9436:
9397:
9377:
9215:
9107:
9089:
8941:
8488:
8368:
8183:
8028:
7793:
7778:
7757:
7645:
7639:
7618:
7458:
7164:
7085:
6885:
6607:
6028:
no longer occurs in the dialect of Venlo and is also disappearing in the dialect of Roermond.
4875:
4796:
which is articulated with a push tone and means "bee", which forms a tonal minimal pair with
4370:
4037:
4004:
3951:
3850:
3738:
3723:
2364:
2110:
1888:
1880:
1734:
1580:
1447:
1339:
1189:
Franconian dialects in adjacent parts of Germany, who do not refer to their local dialects as
1127:
1068:
1027:, but has some unique features as well. Many dialects of Limburgish (and of Ripuarian) have a
980:
972:
772:
442:
346:
314:
7436:
6827:
10590:
10381:
10315:
10271:
10266:
10215:
10207:
10012:
9980:
9927:
9916:
9829:
9701:
9696:
9538:
9477:
9267:
9249:
9084:
8845:
8837:
8649:
8619:
8572:
8558:
8398:
8206:
7939:
7906:
7850:
7610:
7494:
7307:
6499:
6344:
6316:
6272:
6214:
4941:
4844:
4832:
4824:
4820:
4166:
3733:
3706:
1466:
1315:
1303:
1272:
1212:
1052:
1003:
782:
718:
691:
7075:"Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011"
6697:"Structuur en geschiedenis van het Nederlands :: Niederländische Philologie FU Berlin"
6678:
Marijke van der Wal en Cor van Bree, Geschiedenis van het Nederlands, Houten, 2008, p. 109.
10620:
10413:
10320:
10303:
10288:
10283:
10276:
9985:
9894:
9879:
9834:
9686:
9649:
9641:
9620:
9607:
9587:
9573:
9336:
9313:
9244:
9234:
9226:
9006:
8663:
8586:
8565:
8538:
8393:
8378:
8201:
8196:
8135:
7121:
6149:
6138:
5214:
4512:
4467:
4350:
4305:
4174:
3745:
3728:
2513:
2368:
1123:
1020:
955:
947:
934:
728:
385:
51:
10580:
8047:
7794:
Ontwikkelingen in het gebruik van Fries, streektalen en dialecten in de periode 1995-2011
7236:
4074:
may not show up in the Hasselt dialect, but is common in other Limburgish dialects, e.g.
2215:
6720:
191:
10701:
10595:
10575:
10527:
10419:
10293:
9963:
9730:
9669:
9448:
9405:
9362:
9279:
9274:
9163:
9113:
8964:
8915:
8870:
8863:
8677:
8670:
8544:
8468:
8353:
8321:
8130:
8125:
7835:
6142:
6134:
4924:-bound in the eastern dialects only. This has been examined especially by Jörg Peters.
4859:
4836:
4542:
4385:
3786:
3693:
The sound inventory below is based on the variety of West-Limburgs spoken in Montfort.
2308:
2296:
2167:
2073:
1999:
1379:
1216:
1158:
1154:
1024:
999:
991:
929:
921:
752:
713:
663:
649:
452:
413:
360:
7003:
6466:
6465:
Hammarström, Harald; Forke, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2020).
5035:
4815:
to distinguish the meaning of words that are otherwise phonetically identical include
2121:
isogloss and the Uerdingen line, so the Venlo dialect is the only one with both forms
563:
10723:
10666:
10651:
10493:
10249:
10200:
10017:
9956:
9869:
9815:
9774:
9712:
9659:
9543:
9470:
8900:
8687:
8504:
8020:
7877:
7862:
7506:
6441:
4474:
4454:
4312:
4292:
3903:
3797:
2372:
2283:
2255:
2133:
2099:
2083:
1910:
1746:
1359:
1237:
777:
8425:
7918:
7559:
7059:
5002:
The difference between push tone and dragging tone may also purely mark grammatical
10520:
9944:
9908:
9841:
9664:
9487:
9460:
9443:
9387:
9346:
8928:
8907:
8511:
8497:
8265:
8168:
8158:
6667:
Sprache und Raum: Ein internationales Handbuch der Sprachvariation. Band 4: Deutsch
6663:
Historisches Westdeutsch/Rheinisch (Moselfränkisch, Ripuarisch, Südniederfränkisch)
4883:
4871:
4867:
4812:
4787:
with a dragging tone means "day" in Limburgish, while in many Limburgish dialects
4769:
4663:
3841:
1226:
1162:
1028:
757:
748:
459:
356:
97:
10167:
7260:
6772:
4932:
Moreover, in some dialects such as that of Sittard and Maastricht, especially the
4775:
With specific regards to Limburgish, these two accents are traditionally known as
2246:
7772:
6906:
6879:
6525:
10427:
10337:
10310:
10182:
10128:
10036:
9718:
9679:
9262:
8957:
8921:
8856:
8635:
7355:
5159:
is used before all masculine words. In most dialects, the indefinite article is
4899:
It has been proven by speech analysis that in the Belgian Limburgish dialect of
4614:
4593:
4574:
4560:
4482:
4449:
4320:
4287:
4244:
2324:
1942:
1455:
1268:
1233:
1220:
1056:
590:
479:
297:
133:
8276:
7672:
5183:
for neuter nouns. Without stress, these forms are most of the time realized as
1165:. His definition for Southern Low Franconian is basically by the unit word for
10177:
10157:
9192:
8893:
8692:
8606:
8337:
7944:
7927:
7910:
7854:
7614:
7541:
7534:
Book Reviews: Prosody: Theory and Experiment. Studies presented to Gosta Bruce
7498:
6542:
6398:
6393:
5131:
Limburgish has three grammatical genders. In some of the Limburgish dialects,
5006:
without there being any difference in meaning, as in the dialect of Borgloon:
5003:
4951:
4937:
4582:
4459:
4413:
4297:
2654:
2311:
dialects, including areas in Belgium, the Netherlands and the German Northern
2191:
2163:
1375:
1087:
1010:
8032:
6773:"In de schaduw van de keizer: Hendrik van Veldeke en zijn tijd (1130-1230) /"
4688:
as . In many dialects such as that of Maastricht and Sittard, the long vowel
2076:, i.e. from just south of Venlo upward to the North in the Dutch province of
1263:, a language which had been spoken in the Low Countries on both sides of the
10363:
10226:
10111:
9757:
9674:
9455:
9410:
9382:
9208:
8518:
6471:
4933:
4740:
4259:
4181:
2312:
2269:
2141:
1990:
1772:
1319:
1256:
995:
762:
668:
556:
540:
522:
504:
10187:
8025:'r-atics: Sociolinguistic, phonetic and phonological characteristics of /r/
7479:
2132:
The dialects spoken in the most southeastern part of the Dutch province of
256:
Limburgan, Limburgian, Limburgic, East Low Franconian, South Low Franconian
6933:, Niederländische Philologie FU Berlin. neon.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de.
6164:("shrimp"). The language has similarities with both German and Dutch, and
1334:
Limburgish is far from being homogeneous. In other words, it has numerous
1043:(and variants of it) derives only indirectly from the now Belgian town of
547:
10152:
9500:
6415:
5210:
4904:
4900:
2211:
2171:
1974:
1958:
1926:
1826:
1796:
1660:
1371:
1044:
916:
905:
887:
632:
620:
286:
280:
6852:
Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en (2019-11-27).
6627:
Koninkrijksrelaties, Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en (2020-07-14).
2105:
The north border of the Limburgish tonality zone lies a little north of
10193:
9789:
9691:
8457:
8173:
8106:
5329:
after a dental consonant. For some nouns an umlaut is also used and in
4908:
4693:
2319:
in 1815. At the same time, the southeastern portion became part of the
2265:
2207:
2203:
1842:
1788:
1764:
1742:
1363:
1286:
In the past, all Limburgish varieties were therefore sometimes seen as
1276:
1176:
as the dialects between the Uerdingen and Benrath isoglosses marked by
628:
364:
325:
308:
7404:
6503:
4748:
9496:
8762:
8358:
8021:"The phonology of postvocalic /r/ in Brabant Dutch and Limburg Dutch"
5306:
4765:
4677:
4130:, especially in coda position. It is rare in the Montfortian dialect.
2395:; Uerdingen, Düsseldorf, Solingen, Remscheid, Mönchengladbach, Eupen)
2261:
2235:
2187:
2175:
1648:
1512:
1252:
decouples Limburgish from Dutch in the eyes of the Dutch government.
811:
598:
6487:
6133:
Most of the modern Limburgish vocabulary is very similar to that of
4719:
in most native words. They are retained in French loanwords such as
1110:
7849:(2). University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166.
5301:(my home - your home - his home / her home - our home - their home)
4882:
in final syllables, devoicing of consonants in final position, and
4756:
1248:
is claimed by the tradition of both Dutch and German dialectology.
16:
South/Eastern branch of Low Franconian spoken in and around Limburg
9414:
8057:
7405:"Toetsebord- Limburgse taal & Limburgs dialect | Limburgs.org"
6563:
The representation of the 'tonal' accents of Limburg and Ripuarian
4879:
4755:
4747:
4739:
4711:
In about 50 Belgian Limburgish dialects, the rounded front vowels
4254:
4239:
2376:
2360:
2304:
2300:
2273:
2245:
2206:
in the area east of the Uerdingen line, for example in and around
2137:
2106:
1458:. As such, it receives moderate protection under chapter 2 of the
1109:
872:
7641:
Tones and Tunes: Typological studies in word and sentence prosody
6854:"Convenant inzake de Nederlandse erkenning van de Limburgse taal"
2006:
properties, such as tonal accents, the pronoun "I" translates as
5397:. The other declension class includes most adjectives ending on
2072:) is the Dutch term for a group of dialects spoken north of the
1358:
Limburgish is spoken by approximately 1.6 million people in the
1310:) Limburgish dialects and then also among the eastern variants.
1307:
1232:
German and French dialectology considers Limburgish part of the
10456:
10070:
8814:
8766:
8429:
8280:
8077:
8068:
6686:
6684:
6629:"Erkende talen in Nederland - Erkende talen - Rijksoverheid.nl"
1059:. More directly it is derived from the more modern name of the
7379:
6602:
Saiegh-Haddad, Elinor; Laks, Lior; McBride, Catherine (2022).
6296:
5030:
4180:
In most of the Limburgish dialects spoken to the southeast of
1733:
The Limburgish group belongs to the Continental West Germanic
1446:
In March 1997 the Dutch government recognised Limburgish as a
1393:
127:
93:
66:
25:
8063:
Limburgish Academy Foundation (Stiechting Limbörgse Academie)
7955:
Dieksjneèèr van 't (H)essels. Nederlands-Hasselts Woordenboek
6884:(in Dutch). Vereniging voor Limburgse Dialect- en Naamkunde.
5256:
For some nouns, there exists a separate conjugation as well:
4700:("after", "to, towards"). The Standard Dutch equivalents are
1342:. Between 1995 and 1999, a uniform standard form called AGL (
1051:
in Limburgish, IPA: /ˈlæːbuʁ/), which was the capital of the
6290:
6232:
4192:
appears at the beginning of words in the consonant clusters
2186:) for the form of Limburgish spoken in an area from Belgian
1495:
Subdialects of Limburgish in Dutch and Belgian Limburg are:
6325:
6322:
2030:, all like Ripuarian. Contrasting, "time" is translated as
8062:
7028:
6797:"Wij spreken Limburgs maar de Taalunie wil dat niet weten"
6241:
6036:
The most common demonstrative pronouns in Limburgish are:
5437:
preceded by a vowel; these adjectives only get the ending
5379:
preceded by another consonant or with one of the suffixes
4085:
Other Limburgish dialects also have the following sounds:
631:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
6350:
6347:
6319:
6293:
6278:
6238:
6235:
6223:
4944:
when they have a push tone. So in the dialect of Sittard
4141:, occurring in a front-vowel environment. This is termed
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2382:
Goossens (1965) distinguished the following subdialects:
7589:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 84–88.
7233:"Gebiedsindeling van de zuidelijk-Nederlandse dialecten"
7224:"Gebiedsindeling van de zuidelijk-Nederlandse dialecten"
7294:, Ludwig Röhrscheid Verlag, Bonn, 1965, p. 79-94, esp.
7161:
Demographic and Socioeconomic Basis of Ethnolinguistics
5098:
Phonetic transcription (Maastricht, Central Limburgish)
5071:
The sample texts are readings of the first sentence of
5047:
4154:. In some dialects, it may be the usual realization of
2367:) and Germany (stretching from the Dutch border to the
2174:, the eastern half of Belgian Limburg, and the Belgian
7292:
Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter. Jahrgang 30 1965
7212:
Gebiedsindeling van de zuidelijk-Nederlandse dialecten
2429:
West Limburgish - Central Limburgish transitional area
7055:
MAATSCHAPPELIJKE PRESENTIE EN STATUS VAN HET LIMBURGS
6362:
6353:
6337:
6328:
6305:
6250:
5105:
Orthographic version (Maastricht, Central Limburgish)
8027:. Brussels: Etudes & Travaux. pp. 113–122.
8010:, in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.),
7994:, in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.),
7978:, in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.),
7673:"Synchrone beperkingen op de Sittardse diftongering"
6947:[The rainbow colors of Limburgish language]
6287:
6275:
6229:
6220:
4184:—for example those of Roermond, Sittard and Heerlen—
2471:
South Brabantian - West Limburgish transitional area
2424:
westlimburgisch-zentrallimburgisches Übergangsgebiet
1079:
is first attested at the close of the 19th century.
10644:
10568:
10537:
10469:
10401:
10259:
10140:
10096:
10087:
9907:
9850:
9738:
9729:
9634:
9606:
9565:
9556:
9531:
9513:
9424:
9396:
9370:
9361:
9312:
9225:
9200:
9191:
9130:
9025:
8974:
8949:
8940:
8836:
8827:
8706:
8407:
8346:
8314:
8256:
8238:
8215:
8182:
8144:
8118:
8023:. In van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.).
6284:
6281:
6226:
6217:
5246:(shoe – shoes): note this can also be 'sjoon' with
2194:in the Netherlands to the German border. For them,
2080:. These dialects share many features with both the
1460:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
1140:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
574:
554:
538:
520:
502:
497:
487:
470:
465:
449:
435:
382:
370:
352:
339:
293:
275:
250:
158:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
7453:Ladefoged, Peter; Ferrari Disner, Sandra (2012) .
1184:Regardless of the exact definition used, the term
376:1.3 million in Netherlands and Belgium (2001)
7932:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
7843:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
7487:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
6492:Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde
5079:Phonetic transcription (Hasselt, West Limburgish)
7722:
7141:
5451:
5438:
5392:
5386:
5380:
5354:
5296:
5290:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5266:
5260:
5247:
5241:
5235:
5227:
5221:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5178:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5154:
5132:
5109:
5090:
4955:
4945:
4804:dialects spoken to the southeast of Limburgish.
4263:
4248:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2024:
2016:
2008:
1244:varieties. The early medieval Limburgish writer
1082:People from Limburg usually call their language
910:
267:
261:
8719:Langue des signes Francophone de Belgique, LSFB
8058:Limburgish Wiktionary – De Limburgse Wiktionair
5086:Orthographic version (Hasselt, West Limburgish)
19:"Limburgs" redirects here. For other uses, see
7734:
7698:
7518:
7457:(3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 178.
6968:
5137:is used before masculine words beginning with
2466:südbrabantisch-westlimburgisches Übergangsbiet
597:Limburgish is classified as Vulnerable by the
8778:
8441:
8292:
8089:
7478:Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998),
5450:, Limburgish adjectives never get an ending:
5010:("yellow", with dragging tone) as opposed to
2393:East Limburgish - Ripuarian transitional area
1469:than purely linguistic grounds. In 1999, the
998:are also very common, which combine standard
854:
8:
7560:"Taalvariatie in Nederland: Limburgse tonen"
7210:R. Belemans, J. Kruijsen, J. Van Keymeulen,
7163:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 313.
6931:Structuur en geschiedenis van het Nederlands
4672:is realized as before alveolar consonants.
4637:are realised as before alveolar consonants.
2484:
2476:
2464:
2452:
2442:
2434:
2422:
2410:
2398:
2386:
2345:
2287:
2277:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1894:
1886:
1878:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1810:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1198:
7829:(in Dutch). Leuven: de Vlaamsche Drukkerij.
7430:"Spelling 2003 voor de Limburgse dialecten"
7308:"veelgestelde vragen - Limburgse Dialecten"
5153:or with a vowel and in many other dialects
4676:can be realized as or . In the dialect of
2388:ostlimburgisch-ribuarisches Übergangsgebiet
2353:
2214:. It includes areas in Dutch Limburg (like
2093:
2081:
2066:
2058:
1720:
1714:
1706:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1654:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1595:
1586:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1548:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1506:
1499:
1236:. Sometimes it is also called a variety of
1008:
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
10466:
10453:
10093:
10084:
10067:
9735:
9562:
9367:
9197:
8946:
8833:
8824:
8811:
8785:
8771:
8763:
8448:
8434:
8426:
8299:
8285:
8277:
8096:
8082:
8074:
6488:"Limburgismen in het handschrift-Borgloon"
6442:"Atlas of the world's languages in danger"
6440:Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexandre.
4950:means "to choose" while in the dialect of
861:
847:
640:
589:
247:
96:. Please do not remove this message until
7943:
7834:Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999).
7638:Riad, Tomas; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2007).
4886:of vowels that had been distinct before.
2335:except in isolated words (R. Hahn 2001).
2202:) is the variety of Limburgish spoken in
1203:) to refer to the same dialect grouping.
236:Learn how and when to remove this message
218:Learn how and when to remove this message
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
8069:Veldeke Genk (in Genk dialect and Dutch)
7218:, jaargang 50, nummer 1, 1998, p. 25ff.
6038:
5736:
5468:
4696:is most of the time realized as , as in
4440:
4278:
3700:
3601:
3467:
3393:
3301:
3185:
3022:
2937:
2508:
1413:: vague phrasing that often accompanies
1259:, which had evolved itself from earlier
602:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
92:Relevant discussion may be found on the
8053:Map of dialects spoken in Dutch Limburg
7288:Die Gliederung des Südniederfränkischen
7199:Taal in stad en land: Belgisch-Limburgs
6945:"De regenboogkleuren van Limburgs taal"
6379:
6194:
983:, and neighbouring regions of Germany (
819:
738:
676:
648:
625:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
8014:, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 233–249
7998:, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 263–271
7982:, Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 251–262
7816:Volkssprache im Aachener Dreiländereck
7710:
7609:. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 27–97.
6204:
6202:
6200:
6198:
2461:; Veldeke, Hasselt, St.-Truiden, Loon)
2407:; Panningen, Krefeld, Dülken, Sittard)
2152:, as in "purely" Brabantian dialects.
1322:, serves as the standard language (or
493:Veldeke Limburg, Raod veur 't Limburgs
7771:Belemans, Rob; Keulen, Ronny (2004).
7558:Marc van Oostendorp (November 2004),
7154:
7152:
7150:
6828:"Wij spreken Limburgs - Petitie24.nl"
6389:
6387:
6385:
6383:
5016:nen gieëlen appel ("a yellow apple").
4862:. Its reemergence in Limburgish (and
1362:and by many hundreds of thousands in
1114:Limburgish, using several definitions
954:
941:
928:
915:
904:
644:This article is a part of a series on
285:
279:
7:
7356:"Limburgse Spelling - Spelling 2003"
7122:"Lowlands-L Anniversary Celebration"
5317:The diminutive suffix is most often
4954:no diphthongization takes place, so
4662:only occurs in French loanwords and
4631:only occurs in unstressed syllables.
1067:, which has been split today into a
156:adding citations to reliable sources
9347:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
6878:Wijngaard, H. H. A. van de (1996).
6721:"Littérature en langues régionales"
6543:"De Grammatica - Mestreechter Taol"
6520:[Short Limburgish Grammar]
5992:In the masculine singular forms of
4262:of the Maastrichtian dialect, from
4247:of the Maastrichtian dialect, from
2226:) and Dutch Brabant. The border of
10706:Languages between parentheses are
7825:Grootaers, L.; Grauls, J. (1930).
7671:Ben Hermans; Marc van Oostendorp.
5443:in their masculine singular form.
4991:Verbs distinguish mood with tone:
4650:occur, as well as combinations of
2054:, all typical for Low Franconian.
886:A Limburgish speaker, recorded in
14:
7957:(in Dutch). Hasselt: de Langeman.
7827:Klankleer van het Hasselt dialect
6701:neon.niederlandistik.fu-berlin.de
4783:("dragging tone"). For example,
4613:
4608:
4601:
4592:
4587:
4573:
4568:
4559:
4554:
4547:
4533:
4524:
4517:
4503:
4494:
4487:
4429:
4418:
4404:
4397:
4390:
4376:
4369:
4362:
4355:
4341:
4332:
4325:
4054:
4045:
4021:
4010:
3987:
3980:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3941:
3932:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3840:
3831:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3773:
3766:
3757:
3750:
2317:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1478:dominance of the Dutch language.
1390:Linguistic versus societal status
1157:varieties positioned between the
41:This article has multiple issues.
10775:Culture of Limburg (Netherlands)
8105:
6881:Een eeuw Limburgse dialectologie
6606:. Springer Nature. p. 220.
6343:
6315:
6271:
6213:
5806:Third person singular masculine
5567:Third person singular masculine
5209:For some nouns, Limburgish uses
5034:
4866:) was phonetically triggered by
4839:. This feature is comparable to
4811:pitch accent languages that use
4216:. The same sound is realized as
2307:area, building a large group of
1398:
1153:is defined as consisting of the
1149:, Münster, Westphalia, Germany,
132:
71:
30:
8003:van der Wijngaard, Ton (1999),
7777:(in Dutch). Lannoo Uitgeverij.
7756:. Stichting Mofers Waordebook.
7531:Shih, Chilin; Sproat, Richard,
7187:(in Dutch). taalunieversum.org.
6858:zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl
6518:"Beknopte Limburgse Grammatica"
5856:Third person singular feminine
5592:Third person singular feminine
2431:; around and southern of Genk)
2022:, the word "but" most often as
1145:According to Flemish professor
143:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
10710:of the language on their left.
8048:On Limburgish Tones (in Dutch)
7723:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999)
7142:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999)
5831:Third person singular neutral
5623:Third person singular neutral
5562:(especially in Maastrichtian)
4963:Other examples include plural
1382:in Sevenums, a local dialect.
1:
10760:Subject–object–verb languages
10601:Germanic substrate hypothesis
8714:Deutsche Gebärdensprache, DGS
8019:van Oostendorp, Marc (2001).
4752:Tone contour in dragging tone
4264:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999
4249:Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999
1378:writes most of his texts for
1348:Stiechting Limbörgse Academie
1061:Province of Limburg (1815–39)
10740:Languages of the Netherlands
10631:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
9322:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
8747:Languages of the Netherlands
8724:Nederlandse Gebarentaal, NGT
8308:Languages of the Netherlands
8230:French Belgian Sign Language
7812:Karolingisch-Fränkisch. Die
7735:Belemans & Keulen (2004)
7699:Belemans & Keulen (2004)
7603:Segmental Structure and Tone
7519:Belemans & Keulen (2004)
7480:"The Dutch dialect of Weert"
7332:"Home - Limburgse Dialecten"
7197:Rob Belemans, Ronny Keulen,
7185:"Erkenning van het Limburgs"
6802:. 2023-01-07. Archived from
5587:in the dialect of Roermond)
4858:, it was completely lost in
821:East Low Franconian dialects
740:West Low Franconian dialects
659:Languages of the Netherlands
10611:High German consonant shift
7836:"The dialect of Maastricht"
6771:Janssens, Jozef D. (2007).
2333:High German consonant shift
2162:) includes the area around
1753:A few sample dialects are:
98:conditions to do so are met
10806:
9149:Westlauwers–Terschellings
8802:According to contemporary
8456:Languages and dialects of
7235:(in Dutch). Archived from
6988:(in Dutch). Archived from
6969:Belemans & Keulen 2004
6951:(in Dutch). Archived from
6524:(in Dutch). Archived from
6178:Limburgish Knowledge (XXG)
6110:(Venlo, Roermond, Weert),
5073:The North Wind and the Sun
4835:(only some speakers), and
4733:
2741:
2652:
2511:
2253:
1486:Subdivisions of Limburgish
1425:Such statements should be
1344:Algemein Gesjreve Limburgs
1255:Limburgish developed from
1210:
1207:Classification and history
1065:Kingdom of the Netherlands
18:
10693:
10465:
10452:
10374:
10328:Southern Schleswig Danish
10083:
10066:
8823:
8810:
8800:
8737:
8464:
7945:10.1017/S0025100306002428
7911:10.1017/S0022226798007324
7855:10.1017/S0025100300006526
7615:10.1515/9783110341263-003
7499:10.1017/S0025100300006307
7336:www.limburgsedialecten.nl
7312:www.limburgsedialecten.nl
7159:Siegel, Jacob S. (2018).
5723:
5718:
5705:
5687:
5656:
5630:
5625:
5607:
5594:
5579:
5569:
5553:
5540:
5525:
5515:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5333:for 'little brother' and
5110:
5091:
4920:dragging tone seem to be
4890:Particular local features
4843:systems as found e.g. in
4760:Tone contour in push tone
4458:
4453:
4448:
4446:
4368:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4284:
4161:In most modern dialects,
4126:is a common allophone of
3997:
3896:
3785:
3744:
3703:
2419:; Maastricht, Vroenhoven)
611:
588:
378:unknown number in Germany
260:
255:
10755:Low Franconian languages
10606:West Germanic gemination
10560:Ancient Belgian language
10555:Germanic parent language
10499:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
9621:Austrian Standard German
8729:Vlaamse Gebarentaal, VGT
7928:"The dialect of Hasselt"
7818:. Groningen: RUG Repro
7804:. Groningen: RUG Repro
7791:Driessen, Geert (2012):
7360:www.limburgsespelling.nl
2272:, stretching out to the
2148:is here used instead of
1907:of northern and central
1699:Southern East Limburgish
1687:Northern East Limburgish
1682:Noordelijk Oost-Limburgs
8752:Languages of Luxembourg
7971:Bakkes, Pierre (1999),
7752:Bakkes, Pierre (2007).
7585:Harbert, Wayne (2007).
7073:Geert Driessen (2012).
7008:Jean Robert Opgenort.nl
6911:(in Dutch). Steenlandt.
6669:, Berlin, 2019, p. 528.
6547:www.mestreechtertaol.nl
6404:(subscription required)
6156:("cigarette-lighter"),
6016:in the neuter forms of
5781:Second person singular
5538:Second person singular
5321:, as in Brabantian, or
5171:for feminine nouns and
4133:and are allophones of
2299:belong to this greater
1694:Zuidelijk Oost-Limburgs
1279:, resulting in certain
1257:Old East Low Franconian
1195:Southern Low Franconian
906:[ˈlɪm˦bʏʀ(ə)xs]
281:[ˈlɪm˦bʏʀ(ə)xs]
10667:Preterite-present verb
10550:Proto-Germanic grammar
10504:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
9616:German Standard German
9292:East Frisian Low Saxon
8012:Honderd Jaar Stadstaal
7996:Honderd Jaar Stadstaal
7987:Janssens, Guy (1999),
7980:Honderd Jaar Stadstaal
7899:Journal of Linguistics
7587:The Germanic Languages
6905:Jonghe, A. de (1943).
6745:Rob Belemans at DBNL.
6661:Jürgen Erich Schmidt:
6032:Demonstrative pronouns
5756:First person singular
5508:First person singular
5452:
5439:
5393:
5387:
5381:
5355:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5279:
5273:
5267:
5261:
5248:
5242:
5236:
5228:
5222:
5217:) to form the plural:
5197:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5155:
5133:
4956:
4946:
4761:
4753:
4745:
4267:
4252:
4147:in Dutch dialectology.
4123:in Belgian Limburgish.
2929:Limburgish orthography
2485:
2477:
2465:
2453:
2443:
2435:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2369:Bergisches Land Region
2354:
2346:
2343:South Low Franconian (
2288:
2278:
2251:
2094:
2082:
2067:
2059:
2049:
2041:
2038:, "to have" mostly as
2033:
2025:
2017:
2009:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1873:
1865:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1721:
1716:Noord-Gelders Limburgs
1715:
1707:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1655:
1643:
1636:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1596:
1587:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1549:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1507:
1500:
1338:instead of one single
1199:
1115:
1009:
985:North Rhine-Westphalia
951:
938:
930:[ˈlɪmbʏr(ə)xs]
925:
911:
901:
890:
613:This article contains
332:North Rhine-Westphalia
268:
262:
10770:Verb-second languages
10672:Grammatischer Wechsel
9655:Namibian Black German
9626:Swiss Standard German
9595:Early New High German
9153:Mainland West Frisian
9014:Harlingerland Frisian
8225:Flemish Sign Language
7953:Staelens, X. (1989).
7926:Peters, Jörg (2006).
7644:. Walter de Gruyter.
7455:Vowels and Consonants
5921:Second person plural
5669:Second person plural
5165:for masculine nouns,
4987:"hole next to a road"
4759:
4751:
4743:
4734:Further information:
4717:/i,iː,ɪ,eː,ɛ~æ,ɛː,ɛi/
4258:
4243:
2323:, and was subject to
2249:
2002:properties with some
1708:Zuid-Gelders Limburgs
1211:Further information:
1147:linguist Jan Goossens
1113:
971:, is a West Germanic
885:
344:Limburg (Netherlands)
10745:Languages of Germany
10735:Languages of Belgium
10677:Indo-European ablaut
10657:Germanic strong verb
10626:Germanic spirant law
9763:Southeast Limburgish
9259:Gelders-Overijssels
8888:Irish Middle English
8878:Early Modern English
8742:Languages of Belgium
8587:Standard High German
8248:German Sign Language
8112:Languages of Belgium
7810:Frins, Jean (2006):
7800:Frins, Jean (2005):
7100:. Alternative URLs:
7029:"Limbörgse Academie"
6633:www.rijksoverheid.nl
6183:Southeast Limburgish
5946:Third person plural
5881:First person plural
5703:Third person plural
5638:First person plural
5232:(brother – brothers)
4772:one from the other.
4684:is realized as and
2339:South Low Franconian
2295:Both Limburgish and
2136:(i.e. in and around
1471:Dutch Language Union
1427:clarified or removed
1300:High German features
1281:High German features
1261:Weser–Rhine Germanic
1246:Heinrich von Veldeke
1134:In everyday speech,
1126:, the North-East of
943:[ˈlɪmbʊʁɡɪʃ]
835:Southeast Limburgish
409:Weser–Rhine Germanic
152:improve this article
10730:Limburgish language
10645:Synchronic features
10616:Germanic a-mutation
10569:Diachronic features
9919:in the broad sense
9852:East Central German
9806:Lorraine Franconian
9780:Transylvanian Saxon
9740:West Central German
9515:East Low Franconian
9425:West Low Franconian
8415:Dutch Sign Language
7201:, 2004, p. 9 and 29
6166:Hendrik van Veldeke
5733:Possessive pronouns
5337:for 'little shoe'.
4856:Proto Indo-European
4713:/y,yː,ø,øː,œ,œː,œy/
4443:
4281:
4150:is an allophone of
2113:and just above the
1998:The group combines
1368:Hendrik van Veldeke
1296:Ingvaeonic features
1288:West Central German
1267:since at least the
956:[lɛ̃buʁʒwa]
472:Recognised minority
85:of this article is
10662:Germanic weak verb
10471:Language subgroups
9821:Pennsylvania Dutch
9770:Moselle Franconian
9748:Central Franconian
9581:Middle High German
9332:Central Pomeranian
9287:Northern Low Saxon
9000:Wangerooge Frisian
8794:Germanic languages
8613:Northern Low Saxon
8119:Official languages
7409:Limbörgse Academie
7386:(in Luxembourgish)
6446:unesdoc.unesco.org
6042:Singular masculine
5742:Singular masculine
5046:. You can help by
4864:Central Franconian
4802:Central Franconian
4779:("push tone") and
4770:minimal tone pairs
4762:
4754:
4746:
4736:Tone (linguistics)
4441:
4279:
4268:
4253:
3019:Monophthong vowels
2417:Central Limburgish
2412:Zentrallimburgisch
2355:Zuidnederfrankisch
2347:Südniederfränkisch
2321:Kingdom of Prussia
2252:
2160:Central Limburgish
1903:Düsseldorver Platt
1630:Centraal-Maaslands
1602:Central Limburgish
1491:Principal dialects
1354:Contemporary usage
1200:Südniederfränkisch
1116:
1090:speakers do. This
891:
687:Northern Low Saxon
678:Low Saxon dialects
10780:Limburg (Belgium)
10717:
10716:
10702:extinct languages
10689:
10688:
10685:
10684:
10636:Great Vowel Shift
10448:
10447:
10444:
10443:
10397:
10396:
10243:Greenlandic Norse
10062:
10061:
10058:
10057:
10054:
10053:
9993:Southern Bavarian
9976:Northern Bavarian
9952:Highest Alemannic
9903:
9902:
9637:standard variants
9552:
9551:
9398:Standard variants
9357:
9356:
9216:Middle Low German
9187:
9186:
9183:
9182:
8987:Saterland Frisian
8760:
8759:
8423:
8422:
8274:
8273:
7784:978-90-209-5855-3
7774:Belgisch-Limburgs
7754:Mofers Waordebook
7651:978-3-11-019057-1
7624:978-3-11-034126-3
7464:978-1-4443-3429-6
7442:on March 8, 2023.
7380:"Veldeke Limburg"
7170:978-3-319-61776-3
7062:on April 30, 2007
6891:978-2-87021-057-4
6613:978-3-030-80071-0
6498:: 298–332. 2007.
6402:(18th ed., 2015)
6126:
6125:
6045:Singular feminine
5990:
5989:
5745:Singular feminine
5730:
5729:
5465:Personal pronouns
5064:
5063:
4998:"May we conquer!"
4715:are unrounded to
4648:/iəøeɪæɪuɪɔɪaɪou/
4625:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4477:
4470:
4437:
4436:
4315:
4308:
4068:
4067:
4040:
4007:
3954:
3906:
3853:
3800:
3686:
3685:
3600:
3599:
3466:
3465:
3392:
3391:
3300:
3299:
3182:Diphthongs vowels
3179:
3178:
3016:
3015:
2926:
2925:
2289:Rheinmaasländisch
2156:Centraal-Limburgs
2111:Horst aan de Maas
1995:, and many more.
1819:Jriefrother Platt
1735:dialect continuum
1597:Centraal-Limburgs
1520:Brabants-Limburgs
1448:regional language
1444:
1443:
973:regional language
883:
871:
870:
639:
638:
621:rendering support
617:phonetic symbols.
570:
489:Regulated by
347:Limburg (Belgium)
246:
245:
238:
228:
227:
220:
202:
126:
125:
118:
64:
10797:
10750:Limburg (region)
10494:Elbe (Irminonic)
10467:
10454:
10382:Mainland Gutnish
10272:Swedish dialects
10234:Middle Icelandic
10208:Middle Norwegian
10097:Historical forms
10094:
10085:
10068:
10027:South Franconian
10013:Hutterite German
9981:Central Bavarian
9801:Rhine Franconian
9736:
9566:Historical forms
9563:
9478:Surinamese Dutch
9371:Historical forms
9368:
9201:Historical forms
9198:
8950:Historical forms
8947:
8834:
8825:
8812:
8787:
8780:
8773:
8764:
8680:
8673:
8666:
8659:
8652:
8645:
8638:
8631:
8622:
8615:
8596:
8589:
8575:
8568:
8561:
8554:
8547:
8528:
8521:
8514:
8507:
8500:
8491:
8484:
8477:
8450:
8443:
8436:
8427:
8301:
8294:
8287:
8278:
8110:
8109:
8098:
8091:
8084:
8075:
8036:
8015:
8009:
7999:
7993:
7983:
7977:
7958:
7949:
7947:
7922:
7891:
7889:
7888:
7882:
7876:. Archived from
7875:
7871:"Alternate text"
7866:
7840:
7830:
7821:
7807:
7797:. Nijmegen: ITS.
7788:
7767:
7763:978-90-9022294-3
7738:
7732:
7726:
7720:
7714:
7708:
7702:
7696:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7686:
7680:Vanoostendorp.nl
7677:
7668:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7658:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7608:
7597:
7591:
7590:
7582:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7573:
7567:Vanoostendorp.nl
7564:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7546:
7540:, archived from
7539:
7528:
7522:
7516:
7510:
7509:
7484:
7475:
7469:
7468:
7450:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7435:. Archived from
7434:
7426:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7416:
7401:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7391:
7376:
7370:
7369:
7367:
7366:
7352:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7342:
7328:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7318:
7304:
7298:
7281:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7271:
7265:
7259:. Archived from
7249:
7243:
7240:
7227:
7208:
7202:
7195:
7189:
7188:
7181:
7175:
7174:
7156:
7145:
7139:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7129:
7124:. Lowlands-l.net
7118:
7112:
7110:researchgate.net
7102:geertdriessen.nl
7099:
7097:
7096:
7090:
7084:. Archived from
7079:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7058:, archived from
7050:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7040:
7025:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7015:
7004:"Limburgse taal"
7000:
6994:
6993:
6978:
6972:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6950:
6940:
6934:
6928:
6922:
6919:
6913:
6912:
6902:
6896:
6895:
6875:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6849:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6832:www.petitie24.nl
6824:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6814:
6808:
6801:
6793:
6787:
6786:
6784:
6783:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6732:
6717:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6707:
6688:
6679:
6676:
6670:
6659:
6653:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6599:
6593:
6590:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6575:
6569:, archived from
6568:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6523:
6514:
6508:
6507:
6484:
6478:
6477:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6437:
6431:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6391:
6367:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6335:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6327:
6324:
6321:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6253:
6248:
6247:
6244:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6206:
6095:(Maastrichtian:
6039:
5912:(Maastrichtian:
5902:(Maastrichtian:
5892:(Maastrichtian:
5737:
5469:
5455:
5442:
5396:
5390:
5384:
5358:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5264:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5231:
5225:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5158:
5136:
5113:
5112:
5094:
5093:
5059:
5056:
5038:
5031:
4959:
4949:
4928:Diphthongization
4725:
4718:
4714:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4675:
4671:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4636:
4630:
4617:
4612:
4605:
4596:
4591:
4577:
4572:
4563:
4558:
4551:
4537:
4528:
4521:
4507:
4498:
4491:
4473:
4466:
4444:
4433:
4422:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4380:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4345:
4336:
4329:
4311:
4304:
4282:
4275:
4274:
4224:elsewhere (e.g.
4223:
4191:
4164:
4157:
4153:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4114:
4104:
4092:
4073:
4058:
4049:
4036:
4025:
4014:
4003:
3991:
3984:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3950:
3945:
3936:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3902:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3849:
3844:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3796:
3777:
3770:
3761:
3754:
3701:
3602:
3468:
3394:
3302:
3186:
3023:
2938:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2509:
2488:
2486:Westgeteländisch
2480:
2468:
2456:
2446:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2357:
2349:
2291:
2281:
2097:
2087:
2070:
2062:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
1994:
1986:
1983:Remscheder Platt
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1951:Metmannsch Platt
1946:
1938:
1935:Wülfrother Platt
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1862:
1854:
1851:Föschelner Platt
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1808:
1805:Jlabbacher Platt
1800:
1792:
1784:
1781:Breyellsch Platt
1776:
1768:
1760:
1724:
1718:
1710:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1658:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1599:
1590:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1552:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1510:
1503:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1304:Duchy of Brabant
1273:High Middle Ages
1213:History of Dutch
1202:
1053:Duchy of Limburg
1014:
958:
945:
932:
919:
917:[ˈlɛm˦-]
914:
908:
884:
863:
856:
849:
783:Surinamese Dutch
641:
605:
593:
584:
568:
566:
550:
543:
534:
533:
525:
516:
515:
507:
474:language in
455:
388:
289:
287:[ˈlɛm˦-]
283:
271:
265:
248:
241:
234:
223:
216:
212:
209:
203:
201:
160:
136:
128:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
75:
74:
67:
56:
34:
33:
26:
10805:
10804:
10800:
10799:
10798:
10796:
10795:
10794:
10765:Tonal languages
10720:
10719:
10718:
10713:
10681:
10640:
10621:Germanic umlaut
10586:Holtzmann's law
10564:
10533:
10461:
10440:
10393:
10370:
10304:South Jutlandic
10289:Danish dialects
10255:
10136:
10079:
10050:
10032:East Franconian
9986:Viennese German
9899:
9880:Silesian German
9846:
9835:Central Hessian
9725:
9650:Namibian German
9639:
9630:
9608:Standard German
9602:
9588:New High German
9574:Old High German
9548:
9527:
9509:
9420:
9392:
9353:
9337:East Pomeranian
9327:Brandenburgisch
9314:East Low German
9308:
9235:Dutch Low Saxon
9227:West Low German
9221:
9179:
9145:Schiermonnikoog
9126:
9021:
9007:Wursten Frisian
8970:
8936:
8819:
8806:
8796:
8791:
8761:
8756:
8733:
8702:
8676:
8669:
8662:
8655:
8648:
8641:
8634:
8627:
8618:
8611:
8592:
8585:
8571:
8564:
8557:
8550:
8543:
8524:
8517:
8510:
8503:
8496:
8487:
8480:
8473:
8460:
8454:
8424:
8419:
8403:
8342:
8310:
8305:
8275:
8270:
8252:
8234:
8211:
8178:
8140:
8114:
8104:
8102:
8044:
8039:
8018:
8007:
8002:
7991:
7986:
7975:
7970:
7966:
7964:Further reading
7961:
7952:
7925:
7896:
7886:
7884:
7880:
7873:
7869:
7838:
7833:
7824:
7819:
7805:
7785:
7770:
7764:
7751:
7747:
7742:
7741:
7733:
7729:
7721:
7717:
7709:
7705:
7697:
7693:
7684:
7682:
7675:
7670:
7669:
7665:
7656:
7654:
7652:
7637:
7636:
7632:
7625:
7606:
7599:
7598:
7594:
7584:
7583:
7579:
7571:
7569:
7562:
7557:
7556:
7552:
7544:
7537:
7530:
7529:
7525:
7517:
7513:
7482:
7477:
7476:
7472:
7465:
7452:
7451:
7447:
7439:
7432:
7428:
7427:
7423:
7414:
7412:
7411:(in Limburgish)
7403:
7402:
7398:
7389:
7387:
7384:Veldeke Limburg
7378:
7377:
7373:
7364:
7362:
7354:
7353:
7349:
7340:
7338:
7330:
7329:
7325:
7316:
7314:
7306:
7305:
7301:
7282:
7278:
7269:
7267:
7263:
7251:
7250:
7246:
7230:
7221:
7216:Taal en Tongval
7209:
7205:
7196:
7192:
7183:
7182:
7178:
7171:
7158:
7157:
7148:
7140:
7136:
7127:
7125:
7120:
7119:
7115:
7094:
7092:
7088:
7082:its-nijmegen.nl
7077:
7072:
7071:
7067:
7052:
7051:
7047:
7038:
7036:
7027:
7026:
7022:
7013:
7011:
7002:
7001:
6997:
6980:
6979:
6975:
6967:
6963:
6955:
6948:
6942:
6941:
6937:
6929:
6925:
6920:
6916:
6904:
6903:
6899:
6892:
6877:
6876:
6872:
6863:
6861:
6851:
6850:
6846:
6837:
6835:
6826:
6825:
6821:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6799:
6795:
6794:
6790:
6781:
6779:
6770:
6769:
6765:
6756:
6754:
6744:
6743:
6739:
6730:
6728:
6725:Objectif plumes
6719:
6718:
6714:
6705:
6703:
6695:
6694:
6689:
6682:
6677:
6673:
6660:
6656:
6651:
6647:
6638:
6636:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6614:
6601:
6600:
6596:
6591:
6587:
6579:
6577:
6573:
6566:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6541:
6540:
6536:
6528:
6521:
6516:
6515:
6511:
6486:
6485:
6481:
6464:
6463:
6459:
6450:
6448:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6424:
6422:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6403:
6392:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6370:
6366:, respectively.
6346:
6342:
6338:-ghee-ən
6318:
6314:
6307:
6274:
6270:
6251:
6216:
6212:
6207:
6196:
6191:
6174:
6139:Standard German
6131:
6048:Singular neuter
6034:
5748:Singular neuter
5735:
5467:
5462:
5453:Dee mins is gek
5446:When used as a
5343:
5315:
5252:(pushing tone).
5207:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5107:
5100:
5088:
5081:
5069:
5060:
5054:
5051:
5044:needs expansion
4940:vowels tend to
4930:
4917:
4897:
4892:
4851:to Limburgish.
4738:
4732:
4646:The diphthongs
4644:
4273:
4238:
4175:Peter Ladefoged
4115:is realized as
3790:
3718:
3699:
3691:
3184:
3021:
2936:
2931:
2655:Minuscule forms
2514:Majuscule forms
2507:
2498:
2478:Ostgeteländisch
2459:West Limburgish
2454:Westlimburgisch
2405:East Limburgish
2341:
2258:
2244:
2200:West Limburgish
2184:East Limburgish
1835:Viersener Platt
1812:Mönchengladbach
1757:Dremmener Platt
1739:Mönchengladbach
1731:
1675:East Limburgish
1555:West Limburgish
1493:
1488:
1467:sociolinguistic
1440:
1434:
1431:
1424:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1356:
1332:
1223:
1209:
1124:Flemish Brabant
1108:
1069:Belgian Limburg
1037:
981:Belgian Limburg
959:), also called
873:
867:
619:Without proper
607:
606:
596:
580:
562:
546:
539:
529:
528:
521:
511:
510:
503:
483:
475:
473:
466:Official status
456:
451:
445:
438:
431:
389:
386:Language family
384:
377:
373:
372:Native speakers
363:
359:
242:
231:
230:
229:
224:
213:
207:
204:
161:
159:
149:
137:
122:
111:
105:
102:
91:
76:
72:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10803:
10801:
10793:
10792:
10787:
10785:Liège Province
10782:
10777:
10772:
10767:
10762:
10757:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10737:
10732:
10722:
10721:
10715:
10714:
10712:
10711:
10704:
10694:
10691:
10690:
10687:
10686:
10683:
10682:
10680:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10654:
10648:
10646:
10642:
10641:
10639:
10638:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10603:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10578:
10572:
10570:
10566:
10565:
10563:
10562:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10545:Proto-Germanic
10541:
10539:
10535:
10534:
10532:
10531:
10524:
10517:
10509:
10508:
10507:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10486:
10481:
10475:
10473:
10463:
10462:
10457:
10450:
10449:
10446:
10445:
10442:
10441:
10439:
10438:
10431:
10424:
10420:Crimean Gothic
10409:
10407:
10399:
10398:
10395:
10394:
10392:
10391:
10390:
10389:
10384:
10375:
10372:
10371:
10369:
10368:
10367:
10366:
10356:
10355:
10354:
10347:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10325:
10324:
10323:
10318:
10308:
10307:
10306:
10296:
10294:Insular Danish
10291:
10281:
10280:
10279:
10277:Rinkebysvenska
10274:
10263:
10261:
10257:
10256:
10254:
10253:
10246:
10239:
10238:
10237:
10230:
10218:
10213:
10212:
10211:
10204:
10197:
10191:
10185:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10144:
10142:
10138:
10137:
10135:
10134:
10133:
10132:
10125:
10123:Old East Norse
10120:
10118:Old West Norse
10108:
10100:
10098:
10091:
10081:
10080:
10071:
10064:
10063:
10060:
10059:
10056:
10055:
10052:
10051:
10049:
10048:
10041:
10040:
10039:
10029:
10024:
10023:
10022:
10021:
10020:
10015:
10010:
10005:
10000:
9998:South Tyrolean
9990:
9989:
9988:
9978:
9968:
9967:
9966:
9961:
9960:
9959:
9949:
9948:
9947:
9940:High Alemannic
9937:
9936:
9935:
9930:
9913:
9911:
9905:
9904:
9901:
9900:
9898:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9856:
9854:
9848:
9847:
9845:
9844:
9839:
9838:
9837:
9827:
9826:
9825:
9824:
9823:
9818:
9808:
9798:
9797:
9796:
9795:
9794:
9793:
9792:
9782:
9777:
9767:
9766:
9765:
9760:
9744:
9742:
9733:
9731:Central German
9727:
9726:
9724:
9723:
9722:
9721:
9716:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9689:
9684:
9683:
9682:
9672:
9670:Barossa German
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9646:
9644:
9632:
9631:
9629:
9628:
9623:
9618:
9612:
9610:
9604:
9603:
9601:
9600:
9599:
9598:
9584:
9577:
9569:
9567:
9560:
9554:
9553:
9550:
9549:
9547:
9546:
9541:
9535:
9533:
9529:
9528:
9526:
9525:
9519:
9517:
9511:
9510:
9508:
9507:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9474:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9458:
9453:
9452:
9451:
9449:French Flemish
9441:
9440:
9439:
9428:
9426:
9422:
9421:
9419:
9418:
9408:
9402:
9400:
9394:
9393:
9391:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9374:
9372:
9365:
9363:Low Franconian
9359:
9358:
9355:
9354:
9352:
9351:
9350:
9349:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9318:
9316:
9310:
9309:
9307:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9295:
9294:
9284:
9283:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9271:
9270:
9265:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9231:
9229:
9223:
9222:
9220:
9219:
9212:
9204:
9202:
9195:
9189:
9188:
9185:
9184:
9181:
9180:
9178:
9177:
9176:
9175:
9170:
9169:
9168:
9167:
9166:
9164:Westereendersk
9158:
9147:
9142:
9136:
9134:
9128:
9127:
9125:
9124:
9123:
9122:
9117:
9110:
9105:
9104:
9103:
9098:
9095:
9087:
9082:
9081:
9080:
9069:
9068:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9056:
9055:
9050:
9042:
9031:
9029:
9023:
9022:
9020:
9019:
9018:
9017:
9010:
9003:
8991:
8990:
8989:
8980:
8978:
8972:
8971:
8969:
8968:
8965:Middle Frisian
8961:
8953:
8951:
8944:
8938:
8937:
8935:
8934:
8933:
8932:
8925:
8913:
8912:
8911:
8904:
8897:
8885:
8884:
8883:
8882:
8881:
8871:Modern English
8867:
8864:Middle English
8860:
8853:
8842:
8840:
8831:
8821:
8820:
8815:
8808:
8807:
8801:
8798:
8797:
8792:
8790:
8789:
8782:
8775:
8767:
8758:
8757:
8755:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8738:
8735:
8734:
8732:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8710:
8708:
8707:Sign languages
8704:
8703:
8701:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8684:
8683:
8682:
8681:
8674:
8667:
8660:
8653:
8646:
8639:
8625:
8624:
8623:
8604:
8599:
8598:
8597:
8590:
8578:
8577:
8576:
8569:
8562:
8555:
8548:
8545:Belgian French
8536:
8531:
8530:
8529:
8522:
8515:
8508:
8501:
8494:
8493:
8492:
8478:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8455:
8453:
8452:
8445:
8438:
8430:
8421:
8420:
8418:
8417:
8411:
8409:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8350:
8348:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8318:
8316:
8312:
8311:
8306:
8304:
8303:
8296:
8289:
8281:
8272:
8271:
8269:
8268:
8262:
8260:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8250:
8244:
8242:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8232:
8227:
8221:
8219:
8213:
8212:
8210:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8188:
8186:
8180:
8179:
8177:
8176:
8171:
8166:
8161:
8156:
8150:
8148:
8142:
8141:
8139:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8122:
8120:
8116:
8115:
8103:
8101:
8100:
8093:
8086:
8078:
8072:
8071:
8066:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8043:
8042:External links
8040:
8038:
8037:
8016:
8000:
7984:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7959:
7950:
7938:(1): 117–124.
7923:
7894:
7893:
7892:
7831:
7822:
7808:
7798:
7789:
7783:
7768:
7762:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7740:
7739:
7727:
7725:, p. 165.
7715:
7713:, p. 123.
7703:
7691:
7663:
7650:
7630:
7623:
7592:
7577:
7550:
7523:
7511:
7470:
7463:
7445:
7421:
7396:
7371:
7347:
7323:
7299:
7276:
7244:
7242:
7241:
7239:on 2019-02-13.
7228:
7203:
7190:
7176:
7169:
7146:
7134:
7113:
7065:
7045:
7020:
6995:
6992:on 2004-11-21.
6973:
6961:
6958:on 2006-12-31.
6943:Maes, Ulrich.
6935:
6923:
6914:
6897:
6890:
6870:
6844:
6819:
6788:
6763:
6737:
6712:
6680:
6671:
6654:
6645:
6619:
6612:
6594:
6585:
6560:Hermans, Ben,
6552:
6534:
6531:on 2021-02-24.
6509:
6479:
6457:
6432:
6420:Ethnologue.com
6407:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6211:is pronounced
6193:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6180:
6173:
6170:
6160:("truck") and
6143:Central German
6137:or to that of
6135:Standard Dutch
6130:
6127:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6115:
6105:
6100:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6066:
6056:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6043:
6033:
6030:
5988:
5987:
5977:
5967:
5957:
5947:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5918:
5917:
5907:
5897:
5887:
5882:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5734:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5709:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5691:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5619:
5614:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5598:
5593:
5589:
5588:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5544:
5539:
5535:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5342:
5339:
5314:
5311:
5303:
5302:
5254:
5253:
5233:
5206:
5203:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5106:
5103:
5099:
5096:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5041:
5039:
5000:
4999:
4996:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4978:
4977:
4971:
4929:
4926:
4916:
4913:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4860:Proto-Germanic
4837:Serbo-Croatian
4731:
4728:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4632:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4606:
4599:
4597:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4566:
4564:
4552:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4531:
4529:
4522:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4501:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4463:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4353:
4347:
4346:
4339:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4309:
4301:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4272:
4269:
4237:
4234:
4171:
4170:
4159:
4148:
4131:
4124:
4110:
4083:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4052:
4050:
4043:
4041:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3937:
3930:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3099:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2909:
2904:
2895:
2890:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2809:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2777:
2772:
2763:
2758:
2748:
2747:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2658:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2506:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2482:
2462:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2447:(Genk, Bilzen)
2444:Bilzerländisch
2440:
2436:Tongerländisch
2420:
2408:
2400:Ostlimburgisch
2396:
2365:Liège Province
2340:
2337:
2309:Low Franconian
2279:Kleverländisch
2254:Main article:
2243:
2240:
2095:Noord-Limburgs
2074:Uerdingen line
2060:Noord-Limburgs
2000:Low Franconian
1967:Solinger Platt
1919:Rotinger Platt
1730:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1712:
1711:(around Venlo)
1704:
1703:
1702:
1690:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1652:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1572:
1565:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1527:Noorderkempens
1516:
1504:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1442:
1441:
1406:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1355:
1352:
1331:
1328:
1217:Low Franconian
1208:
1205:
1182:
1181:
1170:
1155:Low Franconian
1143:
1107:
1104:
1036:
1033:
869:
868:
866:
865:
858:
851:
843:
840:
839:
838:
837:
832:
824:
823:
817:
816:
815:
814:
809:
804:
803:
802:
797:
787:
786:
785:
780:
775:
765:
760:
755:
753:French Flemish
743:
742:
736:
735:
734:
733:
732:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
696:
695:
694:
681:
680:
674:
673:
672:
671:
666:
664:Dutch dialects
661:
653:
652:
646:
645:
637:
636:
623:, you may see
609:
608:
595:
594:
586:
585:
578:
572:
571:
560:
552:
551:
544:
536:
535:
526:
518:
517:
508:
500:
499:
498:Language codes
495:
494:
491:
485:
484:
478:
476:
471:
468:
467:
463:
462:
457:
453:Writing system
450:
447:
446:
441:
439:
436:
433:
432:
430:
429:
428:
427:
426:
425:
424:
423:
422:
421:
414:Low Franconian
392:
390:
383:
380:
379:
374:
371:
368:
367:
354:
350:
349:
341:
337:
336:
335:
334:
323:
322:
317:
306:
305:
295:
294:Native to
291:
290:
277:
273:
272:
258:
257:
253:
252:
244:
243:
226:
225:
140:
138:
131:
124:
123:
79:
77:
70:
65:
39:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10802:
10791:
10788:
10786:
10783:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10748:
10746:
10743:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10731:
10728:
10727:
10725:
10709:
10705:
10703:
10699:
10696:
10695:
10692:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10658:
10655:
10653:
10652:Germanic verb
10650:
10649:
10647:
10643:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10591:Sievers's law
10589:
10587:
10584:
10582:
10579:
10577:
10574:
10573:
10571:
10567:
10561:
10558:
10556:
10553:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10542:
10540:
10538:Reconstructed
10536:
10530:
10529:
10525:
10523:
10522:
10518:
10516:
10515:
10511:
10510:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10491:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10476:
10474:
10472:
10468:
10464:
10460:
10455:
10451:
10437:
10436:
10432:
10430:
10429:
10425:
10422:
10421:
10416:
10415:
10411:
10410:
10408:
10406:
10405:
10400:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10379:
10377:
10376:
10373:
10365:
10362:
10361:
10360:
10357:
10353:
10352:
10351:Middle Danish
10348:
10346:
10345:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10322:
10319:
10317:
10314:
10313:
10312:
10309:
10305:
10302:
10301:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10286:
10285:
10282:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10269:
10268:
10265:
10264:
10262:
10258:
10252:
10251:
10247:
10245:
10244:
10240:
10236:
10235:
10231:
10229:
10228:
10227:Old Icelandic
10224:
10223:
10222:
10219:
10217:
10214:
10210:
10209:
10205:
10203:
10202:
10201:Old Norwegian
10198:
10195:
10192:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10150:
10149:
10146:
10145:
10143:
10139:
10131:
10130:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10119:
10116:
10115:
10114:
10113:
10109:
10107:
10106:
10102:
10101:
10099:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10086:
10082:
10078:
10074:
10069:
10065:
10047:
10046:
10042:
10038:
10035:
10034:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10019:
10018:Gottscheerish
10016:
10014:
10011:
10009:
10006:
10004:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9995:
9994:
9991:
9987:
9984:
9983:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9973:
9972:
9969:
9965:
9962:
9958:
9957:Walser German
9955:
9954:
9953:
9950:
9946:
9943:
9942:
9941:
9938:
9934:
9931:
9929:
9926:
9925:
9924:
9923:Low Alemannic
9921:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9914:
9912:
9910:
9906:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9885:High Prussian
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9870:Erzgebirgisch
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9857:
9855:
9853:
9849:
9843:
9840:
9836:
9833:
9832:
9831:
9828:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9813:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9803:
9802:
9799:
9791:
9788:
9787:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9775:Luxembourgish
9773:
9772:
9771:
9768:
9764:
9761:
9759:
9756:
9755:
9754:
9751:
9750:
9749:
9746:
9745:
9743:
9741:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9728:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9714:
9713:Klezmer-loshn
9710:
9708:
9707:Scots Yiddish
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9694:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9681:
9678:
9677:
9676:
9673:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9647:
9645:
9643:
9638:
9633:
9627:
9624:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9613:
9611:
9609:
9605:
9597:
9596:
9592:
9591:
9590:
9589:
9585:
9583:
9582:
9578:
9576:
9575:
9571:
9570:
9568:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9555:
9545:
9544:Meuse-Rhenish
9542:
9540:
9537:
9536:
9534:
9530:
9524:
9521:
9520:
9518:
9516:
9512:
9506:
9502:
9498:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9475:
9472:
9471:Kleverlandish
9469:
9467:
9464:
9462:
9459:
9457:
9454:
9450:
9447:
9446:
9445:
9442:
9438:
9435:
9434:
9433:
9432:Central Dutch
9430:
9429:
9427:
9423:
9416:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9403:
9401:
9399:
9395:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9375:
9373:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9360:
9348:
9345:
9344:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9319:
9317:
9315:
9311:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9293:
9290:
9289:
9288:
9285:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9260:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9240:Stellingwarfs
9238:
9237:
9236:
9233:
9232:
9230:
9228:
9224:
9218:
9217:
9213:
9211:
9210:
9206:
9205:
9203:
9199:
9196:
9194:
9190:
9174:
9171:
9165:
9162:
9161:
9160:Wood Frisian
9159:
9156:
9155:
9154:
9151:
9150:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9137:
9135:
9133:
9129:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9115:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9102:
9099:
9096:
9093:
9092:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9078:
9077:
9076:
9073:
9072:
9070:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9054:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9045:
9043:
9041:
9040:
9036:
9035:
9033:
9032:
9030:
9028:
9027:North Frisian
9024:
9016:
9015:
9011:
9009:
9008:
9004:
9002:
9001:
8997:
8996:
8995:
8992:
8988:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8981:
8979:
8977:
8973:
8967:
8966:
8962:
8960:
8959:
8955:
8954:
8952:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8939:
8931:
8930:
8926:
8924:
8923:
8919:
8918:
8917:
8914:
8910:
8909:
8905:
8903:
8902:
8898:
8896:
8895:
8891:
8890:
8889:
8886:
8880:
8879:
8875:
8874:
8873:
8872:
8868:
8866:
8865:
8861:
8859:
8858:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8848:
8847:
8844:
8843:
8841:
8839:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8829:Anglo-Frisian
8826:
8822:
8818:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8799:
8795:
8788:
8783:
8781:
8776:
8774:
8769:
8768:
8765:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8739:
8736:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8711:
8709:
8705:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8688:Luxembourgish
8686:
8679:
8675:
8672:
8668:
8665:
8661:
8658:
8657:Stellingwarfs
8654:
8651:
8647:
8644:
8640:
8637:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8626:
8621:
8617:
8616:
8614:
8610:
8609:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8595:
8591:
8588:
8584:
8583:
8582:
8579:
8574:
8570:
8567:
8563:
8560:
8556:
8553:
8549:
8546:
8542:
8541:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8527:
8523:
8520:
8516:
8513:
8509:
8506:
8505:Kleverlandish
8502:
8499:
8495:
8490:
8486:
8485:
8483:
8482:Central Dutch
8479:
8476:
8472:
8471:
8470:
8467:
8466:
8463:
8459:
8451:
8446:
8444:
8439:
8437:
8432:
8431:
8428:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8408:Sign language
8406:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8351:
8349:
8345:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8323:
8320:
8319:
8317:
8313:
8309:
8302:
8297:
8295:
8290:
8288:
8283:
8282:
8279:
8267:
8264:
8263:
8261:
8259:
8255:
8249:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8241:
8237:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8222:
8220:
8218:
8214:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8185:
8181:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8162:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8151:
8149:
8147:
8143:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8108:
8099:
8094:
8092:
8087:
8085:
8080:
8079:
8076:
8070:
8067:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8041:
8034:
8030:
8026:
8022:
8017:
8013:
8006:
8001:
7997:
7990:
7985:
7981:
7974:
7969:
7968:
7963:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7904:
7900:
7895:
7883:on 2011-06-12
7879:
7872:
7868:
7867:
7864:
7860:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7837:
7832:
7828:
7823:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7803:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7790:
7786:
7780:
7776:
7775:
7769:
7765:
7759:
7755:
7750:
7749:
7744:
7737:, p. 33.
7736:
7731:
7728:
7724:
7719:
7716:
7712:
7711:Peters (2006)
7707:
7704:
7701:, p. 51.
7700:
7695:
7692:
7681:
7674:
7667:
7664:
7653:
7647:
7643:
7642:
7634:
7631:
7626:
7620:
7616:
7612:
7605:
7604:
7596:
7593:
7588:
7581:
7578:
7568:
7561:
7554:
7551:
7547:on 2004-07-31
7543:
7536:
7535:
7527:
7524:
7521:, p. 34.
7520:
7515:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7488:
7481:
7474:
7471:
7466:
7460:
7456:
7449:
7446:
7438:
7431:
7425:
7422:
7410:
7406:
7400:
7397:
7385:
7381:
7375:
7372:
7361:
7357:
7351:
7348:
7337:
7333:
7327:
7324:
7313:
7309:
7303:
7300:
7297:
7293:
7289:
7285:
7280:
7277:
7266:on 2017-08-24
7262:
7258:
7254:
7248:
7245:
7238:
7234:
7229:
7225:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7213:
7207:
7204:
7200:
7194:
7191:
7186:
7180:
7177:
7172:
7166:
7162:
7155:
7153:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7138:
7135:
7123:
7117:
7114:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7091:on 2012-10-28
7087:
7083:
7076:
7069:
7066:
7061:
7057:
7056:
7049:
7046:
7034:
7030:
7024:
7021:
7009:
7005:
6999:
6996:
6991:
6987:
6986:D66limburg.nl
6983:
6977:
6974:
6971:, p. 21.
6970:
6965:
6962:
6954:
6946:
6939:
6936:
6932:
6927:
6924:
6918:
6915:
6910:
6909:
6901:
6898:
6893:
6887:
6883:
6882:
6874:
6871:
6859:
6855:
6848:
6845:
6833:
6829:
6823:
6820:
6809:on 2023-01-07
6805:
6798:
6792:
6789:
6778:
6774:
6767:
6764:
6752:
6748:
6741:
6738:
6726:
6722:
6716:
6713:
6702:
6698:
6693:
6687:
6685:
6681:
6675:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6658:
6655:
6649:
6646:
6634:
6630:
6623:
6620:
6615:
6609:
6605:
6598:
6595:
6589:
6586:
6576:on 2012-03-02
6572:
6565:
6564:
6556:
6553:
6548:
6544:
6538:
6535:
6527:
6519:
6513:
6510:
6505:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6483:
6480:
6475:
6473:
6468:
6461:
6458:
6447:
6443:
6436:
6433:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6408:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6380:
6373:
6365:
6364:
6358:
6340:
6339:
6333:
6312:
6311:
6301:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6255:
6246:
6210:
6205:
6203:
6201:
6199:
6195:
6188:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6128:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6113:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6037:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5985:
5982:(easterly) /
5981:
5978:
5975:
5972:(easterly) /
5971:
5968:
5965:
5962:(easterly) /
5961:
5958:
5955:
5952:(easterly) /
5951:
5948:
5945:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5732:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5628:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5582:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5551:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5480:
5470:
5464:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5441:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5348:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5250:
5244:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5212:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5193:
5187:
5181:
5175:
5169:
5163:
5157:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5114:
5104:
5102:
5097:
5095:
5085:
5083:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5066:
5058:
5049:
5045:
5042:This section
5040:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5012:en gieël peer
5009:
5005:
4997:
4995:"We conquer!"
4994:
4993:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4894:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4850:
4849:when compared
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4813:tone contours
4810:
4809:Indo-European
4805:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4771:
4767:
4758:
4750:
4742:
4737:
4729:
4727:
4722:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4679:
4667:
4665:
4664:interjections
4641:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4616:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4590:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4557:
4553:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4365:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4280:Short vowels
4277:
4276:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4183:
4178:
4176:
4168:
4160:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4132:
4125:
4120:
4111:
4108:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3883:
3880:
3876:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3181:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3117:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3018:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2933:
2928:
2919:
2910:
2905:
2896:
2891:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2810:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2778:
2773:
2764:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2284:Meuse-Rhenish
2280:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2256:Meuse-Rhenish
2250:Meuse-Rhenish
2248:
2242:Meuse-Rhenish
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:Oost-Limburgs
2229:
2228:West-Limburgs
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:West-Limburgs
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2180:Oost-Limburgs
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2134:North Brabant
2130:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2100:Kleverlandish
2096:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2084:Kleverlandish
2079:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2064:(also called
2063:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2046:, "today" as
2045:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2011:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1960:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1844:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1821:
1820:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1798:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1782:
1775:
1774:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1670:Oost-Limburgs
1667:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1637:Trichterlands
1634:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1576:Beringerlands
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1551:
1550:West-Limburgs
1547:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1534:Zuiderkempens
1531:
1528:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1438:
1428:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:This article
1405:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:Low Countries
1353:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:standard form
1337:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:. During the
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:Meuse-Rhenish
1235:
1230:
1228:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1112:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1086:, similar as
1085:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1073:Dutch Limburg
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
986:
982:
978:
977:Dutch Limburg
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
953:
949:
944:
940:
936:
931:
927:
923:
918:
913:
907:
903:
899:
895:
889:
864:
859:
857:
852:
850:
845:
844:
842:
841:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
826:
825:
822:
818:
813:
810:
808:
805:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
791:
788:
784:
781:
779:
778:Kleverlandish
776:
774:
771:
770:
769:
768:Central Dutch
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
750:
747:
746:
745:
744:
741:
737:
730:
727:
725:
724:Stellingwarfs
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
701:
700:
697:
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
684:
683:
682:
679:
675:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
655:
654:
651:
647:
643:
642:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
616:
610:
603:
600:
592:
587:
583:
579:
577:
573:
565:
561:
559:
558:
553:
549:
545:
542:
537:
532:
527:
524:
519:
514:
509:
506:
501:
496:
492:
490:
486:
481:
477:
469:
464:
461:
458:
454:
448:
444:
440:
434:
420:
417:
416:
415:
412:
411:
410:
407:
406:
405:
404:West Germanic
402:
401:
400:
397:
396:
395:
394:Indo-European
391:
387:
381:
375:
369:
366:
362:
358:
355:
351:
348:
345:
342:
338:
333:
330:
329:
328:
327:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
311:
310:
304:
301:
300:
299:
296:
292:
288:
282:
278:
276:Pronunciation
274:
270:
264:
259:
254:
249:
240:
237:
222:
219:
211:
200:
197:
193:
190:
186:
183:
179:
176:
172:
169: –
168:
164:
163:Find sources:
157:
153:
147:
146:
141:This article
139:
135:
130:
129:
120:
117:
109:
99:
95:
89:
88:
84:
78:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
10697:
10581:Verner's law
10526:
10521:Gotho-Nordic
10519:
10512:
10433:
10426:
10418:
10412:
10402:
10387:Fårö Gutnish
10349:
10342:
10248:
10241:
10232:
10225:
10206:
10199:
10127:
10122:
10117:
10110:
10103:
10043:
9945:Swiss German
9909:Upper German
9842:Amana German
9816:Volga German
9785:Hunsrückisch
9711:
9665:Unserdeutsch
9660:Berlinerisch
9593:
9586:
9579:
9572:
9532:Cover groups
9522:
9488:Mohawk Dutch
9483:Jersey Dutch
9461:East Flemish
9444:West Flemish
9388:Middle Dutch
9342:Low Prussian
9214:
9207:
9173:Terschelling
9157:Clay Frisian
9132:West Frisian
9120:Wiedingharde
9112:
9100:
9060:Heligolandic
9037:
9012:
9005:
8998:
8993:
8976:East Frisian
8963:
8956:
8929:Middle Scots
8927:
8920:
8906:
8899:
8892:
8887:
8876:
8869:
8862:
8855:
8698:West Frisian
8601:
8512:West Flemish
8498:East Flemish
8347:Non-official
8333:West Frisian
8266:Sinte Romani
8169:West Flemish
8159:East Flemish
8024:
8011:
8005:"Maastricht"
7995:
7979:
7954:
7935:
7931:
7902:
7898:
7885:. Retrieved
7878:the original
7846:
7842:
7826:
7815:
7814:plattdůtsche
7811:
7801:
7792:
7773:
7753:
7730:
7718:
7706:
7694:
7683:. Retrieved
7679:
7666:
7655:. Retrieved
7640:
7633:
7602:
7595:
7586:
7580:
7570:, retrieved
7566:
7553:
7542:the original
7533:
7526:
7514:
7493:(1–2): 109,
7490:
7486:
7473:
7454:
7448:
7437:the original
7424:
7413:. Retrieved
7408:
7399:
7388:. Retrieved
7383:
7374:
7363:. Retrieved
7359:
7350:
7339:. Retrieved
7335:
7326:
7315:. Retrieved
7311:
7302:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7284:Jan Goossens
7279:
7268:. Retrieved
7261:the original
7256:
7247:
7237:the original
7215:
7211:
7206:
7198:
7193:
7179:
7160:
7137:
7126:. Retrieved
7116:
7093:. Retrieved
7086:the original
7081:
7068:
7060:the original
7054:
7048:
7037:. Retrieved
7033:limburgs.org
7032:
7023:
7012:. Retrieved
7010:. 2003-12-01
7007:
6998:
6990:the original
6985:
6982:"Streektaal"
6976:
6964:
6953:the original
6938:
6926:
6917:
6907:
6900:
6880:
6873:
6862:. Retrieved
6857:
6847:
6836:. Retrieved
6831:
6822:
6811:. Retrieved
6804:the original
6791:
6780:. Retrieved
6777:lib.ugent.be
6776:
6766:
6755:. Retrieved
6750:
6740:
6729:. Retrieved
6724:
6715:
6704:. Retrieved
6700:
6674:
6666:
6662:
6657:
6648:
6637:. Retrieved
6632:
6622:
6603:
6597:
6588:
6578:, retrieved
6571:the original
6562:
6555:
6546:
6537:
6526:the original
6512:
6495:
6491:
6482:
6470:
6460:
6449:. Retrieved
6445:
6435:
6423:. Retrieved
6419:
6416:"Limburgish"
6410:
6397:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6208:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6147:
6132:
6117:
6114:(Maastricht)
6111:
6107:
6102:
6096:
6092:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6068:
6063:
6059:
6054:Translation
6035:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5991:
5983:
5979:
5973:
5969:
5963:
5959:
5953:
5949:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5899:
5893:
5889:
5884:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5706:
5696:
5688:
5677:
5672:
5662:
5657:
5646:
5641:
5631:
5626:
5616:
5608:
5603:
5595:
5584:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5541:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5445:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5350:
5346:
5344:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5316:
5304:
5255:
5208:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5130:
5108:
5101:
5089:
5082:
5070:
5052:
5048:adding to it
5043:
5025:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5001:
4990:
4980:and lexical
4979:
4973:
4967:
4962:
4942:diphthongize
4931:
4918:
4915:Steeper fall
4898:
4872:vowel length
4868:vowel height
4853:
4806:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4774:
4763:
4720:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4668:
4645:
4442:Long vowels
4271:Monophthongs
4245:Monophthongs
4229:
4225:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4179:
4172:
4142:
4106:
4094:
4079:
4075:
3692:
3645:
3605:
3535:
3471:
3431:
3397:
3348:
3305:
3244:
3189:
3130:/æ ~ ə ~ eː/
3102:
3026:
2978:
2941:
2742:
2653:
2512:
2499:
2470:
2458:
2428:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2381:
2375:east of the
2352:
2344:
2342:
2329:
2294:
2259:
2231:
2227:
2199:
2195:
2183:
2179:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2065:
2057:
2056:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1997:
1863:in Krefeld,
1752:
1732:
1698:
1686:
1674:
1601:
1569:Demerkempens
1554:
1494:
1480:
1474:
1464:
1451:
1445:
1432:
1419:unverifiable
1411:weasel words
1408:
1384:
1357:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1312:
1292:
1285:
1254:
1250:
1231:
1227:Middle Dutch
1224:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1178:pitch accent
1173:
1166:
1163:Benrath line
1150:
1135:
1119:
1117:
1099:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1029:pitch accent
1017:
989:
968:
964:
960:
952:Limbourgeois
893:
892:
820:
758:East Flemish
749:West Flemish
739:
677:
612:
576:Linguasphere
555:
418:
324:
307:
232:
214:
205:
195:
188:
181:
174:
167:"Limburgish"
162:
150:Please help
145:verification
142:
112:
103:
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
10596:Kluge's law
10576:Grimm's law
10359:Dalecarlian
10338:Perkerdansk
10311:East Danish
10129:Old Gutnish
10105:Proto-Norse
10045:Langobardic
10037:Vogtlandian
9865:Upper Saxon
9719:Lachoudisch
9680:Lotegorisch
9558:High German
9304:Westphalian
9299:Eastphalian
9263:Achterhooks
9140:Hindeloopen
9075:Bökingharde
9044:Föhr–Amrum
8958:Old Frisian
8922:Early Scots
8857:Old English
8636:Achterhoeks
8629:Westphalian
8581:High German
8384:Minangkabau
8240:Germanosign
7820:(in German)
7806:(in German)
7257:Arielis.com
7226:(in Dutch).
7144:, p. .
6727:(in French)
6549:(in Dutch).
6467:"Limburgan"
6363:-gik
6122:that/those
6087:this/these
5986:(westerly)
5503:Maastricht
5313:Diminutives
4831:, Standard
4082:) "to say".
3999:Approximant
2496:Orthography
2325:High German
2297:Low Rhenish
2068:ik-Limburgs
1871:of central
1867:Krieewelsch
1809:of central
1722:Kleverlands
1656:Tongerlands
1644:Bilzerlands
1623:Maaskempens
1562:Dommellands
1501:Truierlands
1456:Netherlands
1421:information
1380:Rowwen Hèze
1324:Dachsprache
1269:4th century
1265:Roman limes
1234:Rhenish Fan
1221:Rhenish fan
1106:Terminology
1096:High German
1057:Middle Ages
1055:during the
939:Limburgisch
704:Achterhooks
699:Westphalian
627:instead of
480:Netherlands
298:Netherlands
10724:Categories
10428:Burgundian
10344:Old Danish
10333:Gøtudanskt
10316:Bornholmsk
10178:Vestlandsk
10158:Kebabnorsk
9895:Halcnovian
9860:Thuringian
9523:Limburgish
9493:Stadsfries
9466:Brabantian
9193:Low German
9039:Eiderstedt
8894:Fingallian
8693:Papiamento
8607:Low German
8602:Limburgish
8552:Champenois
8526:Stadsfries
8475:Brabantian
8374:Limburgish
8364:Indonesian
8338:Papiamento
8324:(national)
8258:Indo-Aryan
8217:Francosign
8192:Champenois
8164:Limburgish
8154:Brabantian
7989:"Tongeren"
7973:"Roermond"
7905:: 99–135.
7887:2009-07-12
7685:2017-08-23
7657:2012-06-25
7572:2017-08-23
7415:2021-11-28
7390:2021-11-28
7365:2021-11-28
7341:2021-11-28
7317:2021-11-28
7270:2017-08-23
7128:2012-06-25
7095:2013-08-26
7039:2013-08-26
7035:(in Dutch)
7014:2012-06-25
6864:2023-06-11
6860:(in Dutch)
6838:2023-06-11
6834:(in Dutch)
6813:2023-06-11
6782:2023-06-11
6757:2023-06-11
6753:(in Dutch)
6731:2023-06-11
6706:2023-06-11
6639:2023-06-11
6635:(in Dutch)
6580:2010-07-05
6504:1887/14150
6451:2022-07-11
6399:Ethnologue
6394:Limburgish
6374:References
6263:Limburgian
6257:, whereas
6254:-bur-ghish
6209:Limburgish
6145:dialects.
6129:Vocabulary
5976:(westerly)
5966:(westerly)
5956:(westerly)
5609:häör, häöm
5491:Maastricht
5341:Adjectives
5249:sjtoettoen
5211:simulfixes
5004:declension
4952:Maasbracht
4895:Bitonality
4817:Lithuanian
4781:sjleiptoen
4777:sjtoettoen
4642:Diphthongs
4260:Diphthongs
3697:Consonants
2481:(Beringen)
2439:(Tongeren)
2373:Düsseldorf
2220:Maria Hoop
2192:Maastricht
2164:Maastricht
2090:Brabantian
1911:Düsseldorf
1747:Düsseldorf
1609:Weertlands
1588:Lonerlands
1452:streektaal
1376:Jack Poels
1191:Limburgish
1186:Limburgish
1174:Limburgish
1151:Limburgish
1136:Limburgish
1120:Limburgish
1100:platteland
1088:Low German
1077:Limburgish
1041:Limburgish
1011:tussentaal
975:spoken in
965:Limburgian
898:Limburgish
894:Limburgish
830:Limburgish
807:Stadsfries
800:Brusselian
795:Antwerpian
790:Brabantian
437:Early form
419:Limburgish
251:Limburgish
178:newspapers
83:neutrality
46:improve it
10790:Rhineland
10708:varieties
10700:indicate
10514:Northwest
10459:Philology
10364:Elfdalian
10299:Jutlandic
10221:Icelandic
10196:(written)
10190:(written)
10168:Trøndersk
10148:Norwegian
10112:Old Norse
9933:Coloniero
9917:Alemannic
9890:Wymysorys
9758:Colognian
9753:Ripuarian
9675:Rotwelsch
9505:Midslands
9456:Zeelandic
9437:Hollandic
9411:Afrikaans
9383:Old Dutch
9209:Old Saxon
9108:Karrharde
9090:Goesharde
9071:Mainland
8804:philology
8594:Ripuarian
8519:Zeelandic
8489:Hollandic
8389:Ripuarian
8379:Low Saxon
8033:0777-3692
7863:145782045
7507:145635698
6472:Glottolog
6425:23 August
6267:Limburgic
6259:Limburgan
5497:Roermond
5485:Roermond
5448:predicate
5298:tehunnest
5280:tehurrest
5274:tezennest
4829:Norwegian
4692:in Dutch
4513:Close-mid
4468:Unrounded
4351:Close-mid
4306:Unrounded
4182:Panningen
4109:, teeth).
3904:voiceless
3898:Fricative
3798:voiceless
3792:Affricate
3689:Phonology
3382:/æw ~ ɛw/
3284:/ɒːw~ɔːw/
3281:/ɒːj~ɔːj/
3124:/ɒː ~ ɔː/
2313:Rhineland
2270:Heinsberg
2190:south of
2142:Maarheeze
2127:mich/dich
2119:meej/mich
2115:meej/mich
2004:Ripuarian
1991:Remscheid
1889:Uerdingen
1773:Heinsberg
1541:Getelands
1454:) in the
1435:June 2023
1409:contains
1336:varieties
1320:Brabantic
1242:Ripuarian
1197:(German:
1159:Uerdingen
1118:The term
1039:The name
1035:Etymology
1002:with the
996:idiolects
969:Limburgic
961:Limburgan
773:Hollandic
763:Zeelandic
719:Sallaands
669:Afrikaans
582:52-ACB-al
569:Limburgan
557:Glottolog
541:ISO 639-3
523:ISO 639-2
505:ISO 639-1
353:Ethnicity
208:June 2023
106:June 2023
94:talk page
52:talk page
10435:Vandalic
10378:Gutnish
10183:Vikværsk
10163:Sognamål
10153:Bergensk
10003:Cimbrian
9971:Bavarian
9928:Alsatian
9875:Lusatian
9811:Palatine
9501:Amelands
9378:Frankish
9268:Sallaans
9250:Gronings
9101:Southern
9094:Northern
9085:Halligen
9034:Insular
8851:dialects
8650:Sallands
8620:Gronings
8369:Javanese
8354:Ambonese
8315:Official
8146:Germanic
7919:18527758
6172:See also
6162:crevette
6064:dizze(n)
6008:, final
5954:hunne(n)
5950:häöre(n)
5860:häöre(n)
5835:ziene(n)
5810:ziene(n)
5785:diene(n)
5760:miene(n)
5604:zie, zij
5596:zie, het
5460:Pronouns
5292:toerrest
5055:May 2008
5024:becomes
4976:"stones"
4905:Tongeren
4901:Borgloon
4694:cognates
4652:/uːɔːɑː/
4635:/øːœːuː/
4543:Open-mid
4386:Open-mid
4078:(Dutch:
3719:alveolar
3712:Alveolar
3361:/æə~eːə/
3109:/ɑ ~ aː/
3058:àè/èè/ei
2934:Digraphs
2505:Alphabet
2489:(Tienen)
2224:Montfort
2212:Tongeren
2172:Roermond
1975:Solingen
1959:Mettmann
1943:Wülfrath
1927:Ratingen
1881:Ödingsch
1859:Fischeln
1827:Grefrath
1797:Nettetal
1729:Expanded
1661:Tongeren
1581:Beringen
1511:(around
1475:de facto
1450:(Dutch:
1372:Carnival
1045:Limbourg
926:Limburgs
912:Lèmburgs
902:Limburgs
888:Slovakia
692:Gronings
633:Help:IPA
564:limb1263
443:Frankish
399:Germanic
361:Belgians
269:Lèmburgs
263:Limburgs
87:disputed
10698:Italics
10321:Scanian
10267:Swedish
10216:Faroese
10194:Nynorsk
10173:Valdris
10008:Mòcheno
9964:Swabian
9830:Hessian
9790:Hunsrik
9702:Western
9697:Eastern
9692:Yiddish
9642:creoles
9539:Bergish
9255:Drèents
9245:Tweants
9097:Central
9079:Mooring
8942:Frisian
8901:Kildare
8846:English
8664:Tweants
8643:Drèents
8573:Walloon
8559:Lorrain
8534:English
8458:Benelux
8399:Yiddish
8328:English
8207:Walloon
8197:Lorrain
8184:Romance
8174:Yiddish
7745:Sources
7296:Karte 2
6154:briquet
6060:deze(n)
5925:eure(n)
5885:ooze(n)
5751:Plural
5477:Object
5474:Subject
5335:sjeunke
5331:breurke
5286:tozzest
5268:turrest
5162:eine(n)
5117:Grammar
5067:Samples
4984:"grave"
4970:"stone"
4909:Hasselt
4876:voicing
4845:Chinese
4833:Slovene
4825:Swedish
4821:Latvian
4475:Rounded
4455:Central
4313:Rounded
4293:Central
4226:sjtraot
4038:lateral
4005:central
3787:Plosive
3739:Glottal
3724:Palatal
3575:/ɔu~au/
3175:/y~yː/
2942:Letters
2266:Viersen
2208:Hasselt
2204:Belgium
2168:Sittard
2078:Limburg
1896:Krefeld
1874:Krefeld
1843:Viersen
1789:Breyell
1765:Dremmen
1743:Krefeld
1508:Lommels
1364:Germany
1316:Flemish
1277:Cologne
1063:in the
1049:Laeboer
729:Tweants
709:Drèents
629:Unicode
567:
365:Germans
326:Germany
315:Limburg
309:Belgium
303:Limburg
192:scholar
21:Limburg
10414:Gothic
10284:Danish
10188:Bokmål
9687:Yenish
9497:Bildts
9280:Veluws
9275:Urkers
9114:Strand
8838:Anglic
8678:Veluws
8671:Urkers
8566:Picard
8539:French
8394:Romani
8359:Arabic
8202:Picard
8136:German
8131:French
8031:
7917:
7861:
7781:
7760:
7648:
7621:
7505:
7461:
7290:, in:
7214:, in:
7167:
6888:
6692:(link)
6665:. In:
6610:
6158:camion
6150:French
6093:dae(n)
6051:Plural
5583:(also
5500:Weert
5488:Weert
5307:Riemst
5215:umlaut
5213:(i.e.
5205:Plural
5127:Gender
4884:merger
4874:, and
4807:Other
4766:lexeme
4724:/dʒys/
4721:dzjuus
4678:Geleen
4236:Vowels
4230:straot
4167:uvular
4144:Soft G
4080:zeggen
3952:voiced
3851:voiced
3734:Uvular
3707:Labial
3606:Letter
3472:Letter
3398:Letter
3388:/ɛːw/
3306:Letter
3190:Letter
3172:/ʏ~yː/
3157:/u~uː/
3154:/ɔ~oː/
3148:/i~iː/
3145:/ɪ~iː/
3027:Letter
3009:/tʃ~c/
2988:/dʒ~ɟ/
2262:Cleves
2236:Voeren
2188:Voeren
2176:Voeren
2050:vandag
1745:, and
1649:Bilzen
1513:Lommel
1473:, the
1415:biased
1219:, and
1071:and a
1021:German
1004:accent
948:French
935:German
812:Bildts
714:Veluws
599:UNESCO
340:Region
194:
187:
180:
173:
165:
10528:South
10479:North
10089:North
10073:North
9415:Kaaps
9406:Dutch
9053:Amrum
8994:Weser
8916:Scots
8469:Dutch
8322:Dutch
8126:Dutch
8008:(PDF)
7992:(PDF)
7976:(PDF)
7915:S2CID
7881:(PDF)
7874:(PDF)
7859:S2CID
7839:(PDF)
7676:(PDF)
7607:(PDF)
7563:(PDF)
7545:(PDF)
7538:(PDF)
7503:S2CID
7483:(PDF)
7440:(PDF)
7433:(PDF)
7264:(PNG)
7253:"Map"
7089:(PDF)
7078:(PDF)
6956:(PDF)
6949:(PDF)
6807:(PDF)
6800:(PDF)
6574:(PDF)
6567:(PDF)
6529:(PDF)
6522:(PDF)
6189:Notes
5560:diech
5550:diech
5532:miech
5494:Venlo
5482:Venlo
5440:-e(n)
5394:-isch
5262:thoos
5243:sjeun
5237:sjoon
5229:breur
5223:broor
5186:ne(n)
5122:Nouns
5008:gieël
4974:steìn
4968:steĩn
4947:keize
4880:schwa
4483:Close
4450:Front
4321:Close
4288:Front
4266::159)
4251::159)
4222:]
4218:[
4190:]
4186:[
4121:]
4117:[
4103:]
4099:[
4091:]
4087:[
4076:zègke
3746:Nasal
3729:Velar
3717:Post-
3682:/wɛ/
3676:/yːw/
3673:/yːj/
3670:/yːə/
3667:/yːɛ/
3652:/yːə/
3596:/œw/
3572:/oːw/
3569:/oːj/
3566:/oːə/
3560:/uːw/
3557:/uːj/
3554:/uːə/
3551:/uːɛ/
3548:/uːɑ/
3462:/jɛ/
3447:/iːw/
3444:/iːj/
3441:/iːə/
3438:/iːɛ/
3385:/ɛːə/
3379:/øːw/
3376:/øːj/
3373:/øːə/
3358:/eːw/
3355:/eːj/
3319:ei/ij
3296:/ɑw/
3290:/œːw/
3287:/œːi/
3278:/ɒːə/
3269:/ɛːe/
3266:/ɛːə/
3263:/æːw/
3260:/æːj/
3257:/aːw/
3254:/aːj/
3251:/aːə/
2377:Rhine
2371:near
2361:Eupen
2305:Rhine
2301:Meuse
2274:Rhine
2138:Budel
2107:Arcen
2042:hebbe
2026:awwer
1769:near
1659:(cp.
1647:(cp.
1616:Horns
1579:(cp.
1128:Liège
1025:Dutch
1000:Dutch
992:Dutch
967:, or
922:Dutch
650:Dutch
460:Latin
357:Dutch
320:Liège
199:JSTOR
185:books
10489:West
10484:East
10404:East
10260:East
10250:Norn
10141:West
10077:East
10075:and
9640:and
9635:Non-
9065:Sylt
9048:Föhr
8983:Ems
8908:Yola
8817:West
8029:ISSN
7779:ISBN
7758:ISBN
7646:ISBN
7619:ISBN
7459:ISBN
7165:ISBN
6886:ISBN
6751:DBNL
6608:ISBN
6427:2017
6341:and
6310:-gən
6306:lim-
6269:are
6265:and
6083:dees
6069:dees
6026:zien
6022:dien
6018:mien
6004:and
6002:zien
5998:dien
5994:mien
5980:häör
5970:häör
5960:häör
5875:häör
5870:häör
5865:häör
5850:zien
5840:zien
5825:zien
5815:zien
5800:dien
5790:dien
5775:mien
5765:mien
5720:häör
5711:zeuj
5697:uuch
5685:geer
5682:gae
5678:geer
5673:geej
5654:veer
5651:vae
5647:veer
5642:weej
5617:häör
5613:heur
5600:zeuj
5581:häöm
5576:heer
5555:dich
5546:dich
5527:mich
5522:iech
5391:and
5327:-sje
5195:and
5028:().
5026:dage
5022:daag
4957:keze
4938:high
4936:and
4922:mora
4907:and
4841:tone
4789:daàg
4785:daãg
4768:and
4730:Tone
4706:naar
4704:and
4690:/aː/
4686:/oː/
4682:/eː/
4674:/eɪ/
4670:/ou/
4660:/aɪ/
4583:Open
4460:Back
4414:Open
4298:Back
4212:and
4165:is
4137:and
4093:(lan
3679:/wɑ/
3664:/œw/
3661:/œj/
3658:/œy/
3655:/yɛ/
3640:wjè
3593:/œə/
3590:/œɑ/
3587:/ow/
3584:/oj/
3581:/oə/
3578:/oɑ/
3563:/ɔj/
3545:/ɔə/
3542:/ɔɑ/
3459:/ɪw/
3456:/ɪj/
3453:/ɪə/
3450:/iɛ/
3370:/øː/
3367:/æj/
3364:/ɛi/
3293:/ɑu/
3275:/aj/
3272:/aə/
3163:/oː/
3160:/uː/
3151:/iː/
3139:/øː/
3136:/ɛː/
3133:/eː/
3127:/œː/
3121:/æː/
3118:/aː/
3115:/aː/
3012:/ʒ/
3003:/kʷ/
2916:/iː/
2907:/ks/
2888:/yː/
2860:/kʷ/
2850:/oː/
2788:/eː/
2752:/aː/
2268:and
2230:and
2222:and
2210:and
2140:and
2125:and
2109:and
2088:and
2034:tied
2018:iech
1330:Form
1318:and
1308:Genk
1167:I/me
1161:and
1092:plat
1084:plat
1023:and
171:news
80:The
7940:doi
7907:doi
7851:doi
7611:doi
7495:doi
7106:PDF
6500:hdl
6496:123
6474:4.3
6396:at
6308:BUR
6291:ɜːr
6252:LIM
6233:ɜːr
6118:die
6112:dat
6108:det
6103:die
6097:dee
6078:dit
6073:dis
6006:oos
5984:hun
5974:hun
5964:hun
5940:eur
5935:eur
5930:eur
5914:eus
5910:oos
5894:eus
5890:oos
5845:zie
5820:zie
5795:die
5770:mie
5725:hun
5715:die
5707:zie
5693:uch
5689:óch
5632:het
5627:het
5585:dem
5571:hae
5542:doe
5517:ich
5433:or
5423:-ng
5388:-ig
5382:-eg
5375:or
5356:-ch
5351:-en
5323:-je
5319:-ke
5177:or
5168:ein
5156:der
5134:den
5050:.
4934:mid
4798:biẽ
4794:biè
4698:nao
4656:/j/
4629:/ə/
4615:ɑ̃ː
4594:æ̃ː
4575:ɔ̃ː
4561:œ̃ː
4163:/r/
4156:/h/
4152:/h/
4139:/ɣ/
4135:/x/
4128:/l/
4113:/w/
4105:(te
4097:);
4072:/ɡ/
3872:d͡ʒ
3819:t͡ʃ
3647:IPA
3634:uuw
3631:uuj
3628:uuë
3625:uuè
3537:IPA
3530:öw
3506:oow
3503:ooj
3500:ooë
3494:oew
3491:oej
3488:oeë
3485:oeè
3482:oea
3433:IPA
3426:jè
3420:i-j
3411:iew
3408:iej
3405:ieë
3402:ieè
3350:IPA
3343:èw
3334:euw
3331:euj
3328:euë
3313:eew
3310:eej
3246:IPA
3239:aw
3233:äöw
3230:äöj
3227:aow
3224:aoj
3221:aoë
3212:àèw
3209:àèë
3206:aew
3203:aej
3200:aaw
3197:aaj
3194:aaë
3169:/œ/
3166:/o/
3142:/ɛ/
3112:/a/
3104:IPA
3097:uu
3006:/ʃ/
3000:/ɲ/
2997:/ŋ/
2994:/ʎ/
2991:/ɡ/
2985:/ç/
2980:IPA
2973:zj
2921:/z/
2912:/j/
2902:/β/
2898:/w/
2893:/v/
2884:/ʏ/
2879:/t/
2874:/s/
2869:/r/
2865:/ʁ/
2855:/p/
2846:/ɔ/
2841:/n/
2836:/m/
2831:/l/
2826:/k/
2821:/j/
2816:/ɪ/
2812:/i/
2807:/ɦ/
2803:/h/
2798:/ʝ/
2793:/f/
2784:/ə/
2782:,
2780:/æ/
2775:/d/
2770:/s/
2766:/k/
2761:/b/
2756:/ɑ/
2744:IPA
2379:).
2363:in
2292:).
2216:Ool
2150:doe
2146:gij
2014:or
2010:ech
1987:of
1971:of
1955:of
1939:of
1923:of
1893:in
1885:of
1855:of
1839:of
1823:of
1793:in
1785:of
1761:of
1719:or
1417:or
987:).
909:or
615:IPA
548:lim
531:lim
154:by
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7936:36
7934:.
7930:.
7913:.
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7901:.
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7678:.
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7485:,
7407:.
7382:.
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7334:.
7310:.
7286:,
7255:.
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7080:.
7031:.
7006:.
6984:.
6856:.
6830:.
6775:.
6749:.
6723:.
6699:.
6683:^
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6494:.
6490:.
6469:.
6444:.
6418:.
6382:^
6345:/-
6317:/-
6313:,
6297:ən
6261:,
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6024:,
6020:,
6014:-n
6010:-n
6000:,
5996:,
5916:)
5904:us
5900:ós
5663:us
5658:ós
5512:ik
5435:-s
5431:-w
5429:,
5427:-r
5425:,
5421:,
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