1652:
Muskatel, Chirokolistny, Cierny
Zierfandler, Crna Frankovka (Croatia), Crna Moravka, Fernon, Fränkische, Fränkische schwarz, Franconia (Italy), Franconia nera (Itay), Franconia nero, Franconien bleu, Franconien noir, Frankinja, Frankinja modra, Frankovka (Croatia, Serbia, Czech Republic), Modra Frankinja (Slovenia), Frankovka modra (Slovakia), Imbergher, Jubiläumsrebe, Gamay noire, Gamé (Bulgaria), Karmazin, Kék Frankos, Kékfrank, Kékfrankos (Hungary), Lampart, Lemberger (Germany and United States), Limberg, Limberger (Germany), Limberger blauer, Limberger noir, Limburske, Maehrische, Modra Frankija, Modra Frankinja, Modry hyblink, Moravka, Moravske, Muskateller schwarz, Nagy burgundi, Nagyburgundi (Hungary), Neskorak, Neskore, Neskore cierne, Noir de Franconie, Oporto (Slovakia), Orna Frankovka, Portugais lerouse, Portugais rouge, Portugieser rother, Pozdni, Pozdni skalicke cerne, Schwarz Limberger, Schwarze Fraenkische, Schwarzer Burgunder, Schwarzgrobe, Serina, Shirokolistnyi, Sirokolidtnyj, Sirokolstnii, Skalicke cerne, Starovetsky hrozen, Sura Liscina (Serbia), Szeleslevelü, Teltfürtü Kékfrankos, Vaghyburgundi, Velke bugundske and Vojvodin.
618:
942:
1420:
1292:
3157:
2865:
697:
1126:
465:
792:
56:
1518:
1485:
of the Gamay grape of
Beaujolais, due in part to the prevalence of the synonym Gamé used in Bulgaria, and perhaps because it was thought that there was a parent-offspring relationship between the two. However, in the 21st century DNA evidence showed that Blaufränkisch was an offspring of Gouais blanc
1651:
Over the years Blaufränkisch has been known under a variety of synonyms including Blanc doux, Blau Fränkisch, Blau Fränkische, Blauer
Limberger (Germany), Blaufränkische, Blaufranchis, Blaufranchisch, Blue French, Borgonja (Croatia), Burgund Mare (Romania), Cerne Skalicke, Cerne Starosvetske, Cerny
999:, which grow on almost 700 hectares of wine-growing areas. This represents 4.68 percent of all plantations in the country. The variety of Blue Frankish is spread in two wine-growing regions Podravje and Posavje. It's the fourth most common variety of red grapes in Slovenia.
1145:, where a single grower, Hahndorf Hill, has been growing this variety for the past 20 years to make a full-bodied version of this wine. Other producers in Australia have recently planted Blaufränkisch and will soon be presenting their own versions. In
562:(Weisser Heunisch) and an unknown grape variety are the parent varieties of Blaufränkisch. Despite its French name, it has been speculated that Gouais blanc has Eastern European origins, with the term "Heunisch" thought to derive from the
1462:. However, Clarke notes that wines from Blaufränkisch can take on too much oak flavoring and come across as excessively oaky. When blended with other varieties, Blaufränkisch often contributes acidity and structure to the blend.
731:, with 1,194 hectares (2,950 acres) planted in 2008, an area sometimes given the nickname "Blaufränkischland". The Mittelburgenland is considered ideal for the grape due to the dry warm winds from the east across the
190:
746:
region in the hill country bordering the lake. The wines produced in this region, influenced by the warm moderating climate of the lake, tend to be, as described by wine expert and
2071:
1303:
The grape has a long history in
Washington State, where it known mostly as Lemberger. Here the grape has been used to produce a variety of styles from light bodied
852:
permitted to round out the remaining portion. In this cooler climate wine region the Blaufränkisch tends to be, as described by
Robinson, "nervy and elegant".
1049:, represent around 2.7% of all Croatian vineyard plantings. This number is expected to rise, as many plantings previously thought to be a different variety,
656:
at 100 hectolitres per hectare (4,300 US quarts per acre). However over-cropping the vine has a tendency to produce thin wines with many green, weedy notes.
519:. During the Middle Ages, the wine from this region was highly praised, and grapes that were thought to be capable of producing superior wines were called
1722:
3091:
723:, with 3,340 planted hectares (8,300 acres), representing 6% of all Austrian plantings in 2008. The vast majority of these plantings are in the
1805:
704:
It is possible that Blaufränkisch or a similar forerunner of the grape was already cultivated in regions of present
Austria (Lower Austria and
1703:
2088:
1958:
1909:
161:
2002:
2913:
2051:
1097:
1486:
and an unknown parent, making it a half-sibling to Gamay as well as other varieties of grapes which have Gouais blanc as a parent such as
401:). Historical sources of grapevine classification have provided very solid evidence that the geographic area of origin of the variety is
1458:
fruit. The grape does have the potential to have high tannins and acidity levels which can be moderated by harvest decisions and some
1779:
1110:
3187:
2175:
2037:
1932:
1755:
1295:
Along with
Champoux Vineyard in the Horse Heaven Hills and Kiona Vineyard on Red Mountain, Red Willow Vineyard in the Yakima Valley
712:, ampelographer Sebastian Helbling accounted the variety as one of the best red grape varieties of Lower Austria, and used the name
2096:
805:
1372:
Despite the grape's history, winemakers have had a difficult time marketing the grape due to consumers' association of the name
2464:
2150:
2631:
135:
602:
479:
While the first officially documented appearance of Blaufränkisch did not occur until 1862 when the grape was included in a
3117:
1806:"The "missing link" 'Blaue Zimmettraube' reveals that 'Blauer Portugieser' and 'Blaufränkisch' originated in Lower Styria"
1553:
research facilities in Vienna. This same Blaufränkisch x Sankt
Laurent pairing was used to produce the Czech/Slovak grape
1011:
3122:
1767:
1277:
961:. There are more than 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) of the variety planted throughout the country, particularly around
1338:
planted a few hectares that would be used in 1980 to make the first commercial
Lemberger wine produced in Washington.
3042:
3009:
2838:
1605:
1085:
884:
581:
first appeared in literature near the end of the 19th century in relation to the grape's believed origins from the
280:
938:
that highlights
Frankovka modrá wines from the region as well as examples of Blaufränkisch from around the globe.
617:
3132:
3022:
1396:"Blue Franc" to avoid using the names Lemberger or Blaufränkisch which have also not fared well among consumers.
1177:
3127:
2906:
2848:
2777:
2669:
2270:
2253:
1015:
875:
in the barrel. The unoaked styles tend to be lighter bodied while the oaked versions tend to be fuller bodied.
409:
Styria). For a long time before the application of DNA analysis, Blaufränkisch was erroneously thought to be a
183:
1010:, where most of the variety's 891 planted hectares (2,200 acres) are located in the southern wine regions of
743:
3212:
3202:
3017:
2390:
2226:
1362:
1237:
1205:
941:
809:(DAC) zones. Producers in the Burgenland tend to delineate light bodied, unoaked Blaufränkisch wines to the
437:
207:
1053:, have now been proven by DNA testing to be Blaufränkisch. Most of the Croatian plantings are found in the
329:
of the East" because of its spread and reputation in Eastern Europe. In America the grape is also known as
3192:
2880:
2803:
2248:
1466:
1358:
1354:
1225:
1162:
1054:
1726:
428:
The German name Lemberger derives from the fact that it was imported to Germany in the 19th century from
2818:
2587:
2231:
1419:
1385:
1249:
1018:. In recent years, plantings of the grape have expanded eastward towards warmer vineyard sites near the
911:
394:
238:
128:
108:
1291:
586:
429:
398:
1982:
3207:
2469:
2221:
1617:
1578:
1423:
Wines made from Blaufränkisch are often characterized by berry fruit flavors and peppery spice notes.
1093:
922:(1,742 hectares or 4,300 acres) is planted to Blaufränkisch, where the grape is more widely known as
669:
634:
508:
418:
219:
1825:
1594:
1331:
3197:
3047:
2999:
2899:
2449:
2143:
1700:
1625:
1554:
1538:
1346:
1342:
1257:
1209:
1201:
1106:
931:
841:
765:
1955:
1943:
527:. It is likely that from sometime during this period up until the 1900s, Blaufränkisch (literally
3037:
2542:
1590:
1558:
1366:
1169:
780:
1381:
1353:(which along with Kiona and Red Willow has some of the oldest Lemberger vines in the state) and
735:, and the sheltering influence of the hill regions to the north, south and west of the region.
2991:
2938:
2522:
2459:
2033:
1928:
1905:
1751:
1676:
1640:
1613:
1350:
1327:
1241:
1233:
1221:
1193:
1173:
512:
402:
344:
89:
3156:
2864:
2782:
2709:
2572:
2474:
1902:
Wine Grapes - A complete guide to 1,368 vine varieties, including their origins and flavours
1817:
1534:
1393:
1335:
1315:
1154:
1150:
1134:
883:
In Germany, there are 1,729 hectares (4,270 acres) of Blaufränkisch, grown primarily in the
837:
728:
673:
653:
638:
582:
308:
144:
566:, and Gouais blanc being confirmed as a parent variety of another old Hungarian wine grape
3137:
2958:
2875:
2661:
2489:
2424:
2367:
2330:
2210:
2100:
1962:
1783:
1707:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1245:
1232:
is home to a few hectares of the grape. Blaufränkisch has recently been making strides in
1213:
1185:
1181:
1138:
1035:
1023:
750:
732:
719:
In present-day Austria Blaufränkisch is the second most important red grape variety after
630:
570:, but ultimately the exact birthplace of both Gouais blanc and Blaufränkisch are unknown.
380:
356:
348:
202:
196:
946:
317:
154:
2093:
738:
Outside the Burgenland, 807 hectares (1,990 acres) of Blaufränkisch were planted in the
3032:
3027:
2976:
2930:
2787:
2759:
2734:
2655:
2644:
2639:
2537:
2504:
2320:
2298:
2265:
2241:
2136:
1632:
1621:
1598:
1550:
1546:
1521:
In Germany Blaufränkisch was crossed with Cabernet Sauvignon to produce Cabernet Mitos
1436:
1269:
1253:
1189:
1142:
1007:
864:
761:
747:
685:
681:
677:
606:
551:
535:
491:, it is likely that the grape is much older and has perhaps been around as long as the
444:
to Germany has been recorded. The almost identical name Limberger refers to Limburg at
288:
272:
70:
55:
696:
538:
believe that the grape likely originated somewhere in a swath of land stretching from
3181:
3057:
2966:
2772:
2767:
2444:
2260:
2236:
1636:
1566:
1503:
1482:
1432:
1428:
1408:
1146:
1089:
1066:
935:
915:
860:
739:
649:
598:
524:
449:
386:
376:
368:
364:
352:
260:
230:
223:
167:
81:
modra frankinja, Lemberger, Blauer Limberger, Frankovka (Franconia), Kékfrankos, Gamé
1125:
918:
subregions due to its late-ripening nature. Almost 9% of the total vineyard area in
464:
2843:
2434:
2372:
2362:
2315:
1451:
1404:
1400:
1341:
As of 2011 there were 30 hectares (74 acres) of the variety planted throughout the
1319:
1229:
1102:
1077:
1062:
978:
872:
856:
791:
665:
642:
559:
480:
469:
390:
264:
118:
104:
2592:
1821:
700:
Blaufränkisch is widely grown throughout the Burgenland region of eastern Austria.
304:
1439:. Young wines are deeply fruity and become more velvety, supple and complex with
3161:
3112:
3075:
2869:
2724:
2714:
2612:
2494:
2377:
2308:
2167:
1499:
1470:
1312:
1283:
In Canada, Lemberger is found in several planting in the Niagara Peninsula DVA.
1240:, becoming a stand out grape for this region. Additional plantings are found in
1217:
1158:
1113:, where a German-descended winemaker is making varietal wines under the synonym
1057:(Continental Croatia) region in the northwestern part of the country and on the
900:
754:
500:
492:
246:
17:
3065:
2981:
2971:
2922:
2828:
2823:
2808:
2744:
2739:
2704:
2602:
2597:
2557:
2484:
2429:
2419:
2414:
2401:
2357:
2345:
2335:
2293:
2119:
1582:
1570:
1562:
1507:
1487:
1455:
1440:
1389:
1197:
1031:
927:
868:
849:
724:
705:
360:
326:
300:
234:
1045:
In Croatia, the nearly 880 hectares (2,200 acres) of Blaufränkisch, known as
995:. At present, there are 2,759,316 reeds of Blue Frankish that are planted in
648:
Blaufränkisch is considered a high productive vine capable of producing high
295:(also lit. blue Frankish) and is grown in a number of wine regions including
2943:
2833:
2813:
2749:
2729:
2719:
2679:
2617:
2499:
2439:
2340:
1574:
1517:
1511:
1459:
1447:
1377:
1308:
1149:, there are some plantings of the variety in Ontario in the Niagara region,
1070:
1019:
888:
833:
772:
516:
496:
495:
under a variety of Fränkisch synonyms. The term Fränkisch itself comes from
372:
970:
550:
originating from these areas as well as DNA evidence showing that the old
452:, where in the late 19th century "ungrafted Limberg Blaufränkisch vines" (
2689:
2684:
2674:
2567:
2547:
2514:
2479:
2409:
2325:
2288:
2200:
2195:
2180:
1530:
1491:
996:
988:
919:
845:
825:
820:
In the Eisnberg DAC of the southern Südburgenland, the grape is grown in
720:
590:
547:
539:
433:
406:
312:
250:
93:
3142:
2948:
2699:
2552:
2527:
2454:
2303:
2190:
2109:
1609:
1495:
974:
795:
In the Leithaberg DAC, Blaufränkisch is often blended with St. Laurent
626:
594:
567:
543:
504:
488:
445:
410:
322:
1069:, most of the plantings of Blaufränkisch are found in the province of
1026:, for many years the Blaufränkisch plantings in the country, known as
3107:
3070:
2694:
2582:
2577:
1586:
1304:
1058:
1039:
962:
633:
variety, and tends to be planted in warmer vineyard sites. Among the
484:
296:
140:
903:
wines with softer tannins than the style typically made in Austria.
652:
fairly easily. In some parts of Europe it is not uncommon to see it
2607:
2562:
2532:
2185:
1516:
1418:
1380:. Some winemakers have taken the approach of California winemaker
1299:
is home to some of the oldest Lemberger vines in Washington State.
1290:
1124:
940:
829:
790:
776:
695:
616:
463:
414:
211:
39:
973:
in central Hungary. In the Eger region, Kékfrankos has displaced
2159:
2115:
1105:, some experimental plantings of Blaufränkisch are found in the
966:
821:
758:
710:
Beschreibung der in der Wiener Gegend gemeinen Weintrauben-Arten
563:
215:
2895:
2132:
2113:
1431:
of dark ripe cherries and dark berries, are spicy, have medium
1403:, Washington Lembergers are characterized by their "blood red"
803:
Within Austria Blaufränkisch is a permitted variety in several
629:
variety that can be susceptible to early spring frost. It is a
621:
Blaufränkisch leaf from Red Willow Vineyard in Washington State
2891:
1042:
until DNA evidence proved that it was in fact Blaufränkisch.
840:, Blaufränkisch must make up at least 85% of the blend, with
910:, is the second most widely grown red grape variety in the
742:
region, and 962 hectares (2,380 acres) were planted in the
468:
DNA analysis has shown that Blaufränkisch is a crossing of
1168:
The grape can be found across the United States, from the
1450:, well made examples of Blaufränkisch will have notes of
727:
region of eastern Austria. It is particularly common in
609:
adopted Blaufränkisch as an officially sanctioned name.
222:
variety, produces red wines which are typically rich in
2128:
1533:, the most widely planted red grape in Austria, from a
775:
area located between Vienna and the Neusiedlersee, the
1084:, with 127 hectares (310 acres) planted mostly in the
1481:
At one time it was believed that Blaufränkisch was a
664:
Today Blaufränkisch is planted across the globe from
2030:"Washington Wines and Wineries: The Essential Guide"
1581:. Also at Weinsberg, Blaufränkisch was crossed with
1326:. He encouraged the grape's planting throughout the
867:. Depending on where it is produced the wine can be
229:
The grape is grown across Central Europe, including
3100:
3084:
3056:
3008:
2990:
2957:
2929:
2796:
2758:
2653:
2630:
2513:
2400:
2388:
2281:
2209:
2166:
2052:
WINE TALK; And Now for Something a Little Different
813:, while labeling more full bodied, oaked styles as
160:
150:
134:
124:
114:
100:
85:
77:
65:
60:
Blaufränkisch grapes growing in Burgenland, Austria
32:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1330:in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1976, John Williams of
1212:, varietal and blended wines are produced in the
1469:, Blaufränkisch/Lemberger are often paired with
787:Districtus Austriae Controllatus and wine styles
546:. They base this belief on the proliferation of
523:to distinguish them from the less highly prized
389:has shown that Blaufränkisch is a cross between
321:(lit. Bull's Blood) having largely replaced the
1956:Wine of Czech Republic: Statistics & Charts
1557:. Dr. Zweigelt also crossed Blaufränkisch with
824:-rich soils and tends to produce a distinctive
783:are also home to some Blaufränkisch plantings.
708:) in the 10th century. In his 1777 publication
2032:pgs 68-69 University of California Press 2007
1896:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1616:. Two years later they crossed the grape with
945:Blaufränkisch/Kékfrankos vines growing in the
417:grape variety, due to certain similarities in
311:(where it is a major ingredient in the famous
226:and may exhibit a pronounced spicy character.
2907:
2144:
1995:
1993:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1477:Offspring and relationship to other varieties
1307:-style blends, higher bodied more alcoholic "
828:style. In the Leithaberg DAC situated in the
768:tend to produce wines with more spice notes.
8:
1983:Washington's Unsung Wine Needs a Name Change
965:near the Austrian border of Burgenland, and
625:The Blaufränkisch vine is known as an early
534:Despite the close association to Franconia,
2003:Wine Pick of the Week: 2001 Kiona Lemberger
1388:, makes a Washington Blaufränkisch that he
863:, peppery spice notes and moderate to high
855:In Austria, Blaufränkisch tends to produce
2914:
2900:
2892:
2397:
2151:
2137:
2129:
2110:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1900:J. Robinson, J. Harding and J. Vouillamoz
1780:"Alpen Cellars - LEMBERGER / BLAUFRANKISH"
891:. Here, where the grape is often known as
54:
29:
1944:Wein-Plus Wein-Glossar: Blaufränkischland
1804:Mauel, E.; Röckel, F; Töpfer, R. (2016).
1766:Blue Frankish – A Great Wine By Any Name
454:wurzelechte Limberger Blaufränkisch-Reben
1919:
1917:
637:that Blaufränkisch is most prone to are
3092:Clarification and stabilization of wine
1660:
1631:In 1986 Blaufränkisch was crossed with
1318:wines. The grape was a favorite of Dr.
1256:at Hazy Mountain's two vineyard sites,
1608:in Hungary crossed Blaufränkisch with
934:, local wine producers hold an annual
603:International Ampelographic Commission
558:was, in fact, Blaufränkisch, and that
2089:Vitis International Variety Catalogue
1904:pgs 116-118, 419-421 Allen Lane 2012
1677:Wein-Plus Wein-Glossar: Blaufränkisch
182:
7:
1987:Seattle Magazine, January 18th, 2013
1129:Lemberger wine from Washington State
1098:Denominazione di origine controllata
1361:, with additional plantings in the
531:) began to be grown in the region.
393:(Weißer Heunisch; male parent) and
1569:using the same pairing to produce
977:in several modern incarnations of
953:In Hungary, the grape is known as
25:
2176:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
1411:and flavors of ripe berry fruit.
397:(female parent; the offspring of
107:(Weißer Heunisch; male parent) ×
3155:
2863:
957:(literally "Blue Frankish") and
806:Districtus Austriae Controllatus
325:grape). It has been called "the
1435:levels and sometimes very good
1378:smelly cheese of a similar name
1002:Blaufränkisch goes by the name
899:, the grape tends to make more
503:region that includes northwest
432:in Lower Styria in present-day
1946:, accessed on January 23, 2013
1679:, accessed on January 23, 2013
1188:, where it often blended with
1137:Blaufränkisch is found in the
779:-based soils near the city of
507:, the northeastern reaches of
1:
3118:Glossary of viticulture terms
1822:10.5073/vitis.2016.55.135-143
1750:Workman Publishing, New York
1529:Blaufränkisch is a parent to
930:, specifically the suburb of
906:Blaufränkisch, known here as
421:and possibly due to its name
218:. Blaufränkisch, which is a
3123:Glossary of winemaking terms
2104:Accessed: January 18th, 2013
2072:Lemberger Comes Into Its Own
1712:Accessed: January 20th, 2013
1278:Southeastern New England AVA
1111:Málaga and Sierras de Málaga
811:Mittleburgenland DAC Classic
597:(today known as Maissau) in
475:and another unknown variety.
1965:, accessed on June 26, 2011
1604:In 1951 researchers at the
1407:, with light peppery spice
1324:"father of Washington wine"
949:region of southwest Hungary
879:Other European wine regions
3229:
3043:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
2007:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
1927:pg 42 Harcourt Books 2001
1635:at a research facility at
1473:dishes and grilled meats.
1349:in the Yakima Valley AVA,
1086:Friuli-Venezia Giulia wine
914:. It is grown only in the
3151:
3133:History of the wine press
3023:Sparkling wine production
2857:
2126:
1446:According to wine expert
1427:Blaufränkisch wines have
1399:According to wine expert
1384:who, in partnership with
1030:, were thought to be the
764:south of the lake in the
456:) were offered for sale.
143:, Villány, Szekszárd and
53:
37:
3188:Red wine grape varieties
3128:Wine tasting descriptors
2849:Wine tasting descriptors
2778:Phenolic content in wine
2670:Alternative wine closure
2254:Great French Wine Blight
1080:, the grape is known as
991:, the grape is known as
515:, and parts of southern
184:[ˈblaʊ̯ˌfʁɛŋkɪʃ]
3018:Malolactic fermentation
1606:Szent István University
1415:Wines and food pairings
1238:Outer Coastal Plain AVA
885:Württemberg wine region
744:Neusiedlersee-Hügelland
438:Austro-Hungarian Empire
1925:Encyclopedia of Grapes
1545:) done in 1922 by Dr.
1526:
1467:food and wine pairings
1424:
1359:Horse Heaven Hills AVA
1355:Destiny Ridge Vineyard
1300:
1236:, specifically in the
1226:Snake River Valley AVA
1130:
1121:New World wine regions
1055:Kontinentalna Hrvatska
950:
859:wines with dark fruit
815:Burgenland DAC Reserve
800:
701:
622:
476:
253:(where it is known as
2819:Wine and food pairing
1520:
1422:
1386:Chateau Ste. Michelle
1294:
1216:(which also includes
1128:
944:
871:, or spend some time
794:
699:
620:
467:
241:where it is known as
180:German pronunciation:
2470:Muscat of Alexandria
2077:The Spokesman-Review
1697:Appellation America
1287:Washington Lemberger
1202:Temecula Valley AVAs
1196:, (particularly the
1061:peninsula along the
635:viticultural hazards
542:through Austria and
440:. An 1877 export of
291:the grape is called
206:) is a dark-skinned
3048:Yeast in winemaking
3000:Carbonic maceration
1620:, (an offspring of
1577:research center in
1367:Columbia Gorge AVAs
1347:Red Willow Vineyard
1343:Columbia Valley AVA
1334:in what is now the
1178:Hudson River Region
1107:Spanish wine region
1034:grape grown in the
887:around the town of
753:, "richer and more
714:Schwarze Fränkische
460:History and origins
3038:Traditional method
2839:Wine personalities
2543:Cabernet Sauvignon
2099:2012-01-21 at the
2079:November 9th, 1993
2057:The New York Times
1961:2011-07-19 at the
1706:2013-05-14 at the
1591:Cabernet Sauvignon
1559:Blauer Portugieser
1527:
1425:
1301:
1222:Lehigh Valley AVAs
1220:and New York) and
1131:
951:
801:
702:
623:
477:
395:Blaue Zimmettraube
129:Blaue Zimmettraube
109:Blaue Zimmettraube
3175:
3174:
3169:
3168:
2939:Late harvest wine
2889:
2888:
2626:
2625:
2523:Alicante Bouschet
2271:Judgment of Paris
1999:Richard Kinssies
1910:978-1-846-14446-2
1723:"Bellview Winery"
1579:Baden-Württemberg
1363:Rattlesnake Hills
1351:Champoux Vineyard
1328:Yakima Valley AVA
1250:Shenandoah Valley
926:. In the city of
836:hills around the
589:(today in modern
513:Heilbronn-Franken
509:Baden-Württemberg
399:Blauer Gänsfüsser
173:
172:
125:Pedigree parent 2
115:Pedigree parent 1
101:Original pedigree
16:(Redirected from
3220:
3160:
3159:
2916:
2909:
2902:
2893:
2868:
2867:
2783:Proteins in wine
2450:Grüner Veltliner
2398:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2130:
2111:
2105:
2086:
2080:
2066:
2060:
2059:April 25th, 2001
2046:
2040:
2026:
2011:
1997:
1988:
1977:
1966:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1921:
1912:
1898:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1824:. Archived from
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1782:. Archived from
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1725:. Archived from
1719:
1713:
1695:
1680:
1674:
1593:to produce both
1394:proprietary name
1336:Red Mountain AVA
1311:-like" wines to
1276:and the greater
1206:Washington State
1182:Long Island AVAs
1155:Vancouver Island
1153:wine regions of
1151:British Columbia
897:Blauer Limberger
893:Blauer Lemberger
838:Leitha Mountains
729:Mittelburgenland
583:Austro-Hungarian
436:and then in the
349:Washington state
337:Blauer Limberger
239:southern Moravia
194:
193:
192:
186:
181:
58:
47:
42:
30:
27:Variety of grape
21:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3162:Wine portal
3154:
3147:
3138:History of wine
3096:
3080:
3052:
3004:
2986:
2967:Deacidification
2953:
2925:
2920:
2890:
2885:
2870:Wine portal
2862:
2853:
2792:
2754:
2659:
2649:
2622:
2509:
2490:Sauvignon blanc
2425:Cayetana blanca
2393:
2391:grape varieties
2384:
2277:
2205:
2162:
2157:
2122:
2108:
2101:Wayback Machine
2087:
2083:
2067:
2063:
2047:
2043:
2027:
2014:
2009:June 17th, 2003
1998:
1991:
1978:
1969:
1963:Wayback Machine
1954:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1922:
1915:
1899:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1789:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1765:
1761:
1745:
1741:
1732:
1730:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1708:Wayback Machine
1696:
1683:
1675:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1618:Muscat Bouschet
1573:in 1929 at the
1541:(also known as
1479:
1417:
1289:
1254:Monticello AVAs
1163:Okanagan Valley
1139:Australian wine
1123:
1094:Friuli Latisana
1088:regions of the
1036:Beaujolais wine
993:Modra Frankinja
924:Frankovka modrá
881:
789:
751:Jancis Robinson
733:Pannonian Plain
694:
662:
615:
601:. In 1875, the
462:
315:blend known as
277:modra frankinja
256:Frankovka modrá
237:(in particular
189:
188:
187:
179:
136:Notable regions
61:
45:
38:
28:
23:
22:
18:Limberg (grape)
15:
12:
11:
5:
3226:
3224:
3216:
3215:
3213:Slovenian wine
3210:
3205:
3203:Hungarian wine
3200:
3195:
3190:
3180:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3028:Sugars in wine
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2977:Chaptalization
2974:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2896:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2804:Classification
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2788:Sugars in wine
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2760:Wine chemistry
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2735:Wine dispenser
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2538:Cabernet Franc
2535:
2530:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2505:Welschriesling
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2460:Müller-Thurgau
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2227:Ancient Greece
2224:
2215:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2114:
2107:
2106:
2081:
2061:
2041:
2012:
1989:
1967:
1948:
1936:
1913:
1838:
1796:
1771:
1759:
1748:The Wine Bible
1739:
1714:
1681:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1624:), to produce
1622:Petit Bouschet
1599:Cabernet Mitos
1595:Cabernet Cubin
1551:Klosterneuburg
1547:Fritz Zweigelt
1478:
1475:
1416:
1413:
1332:Kiona Vineyard
1288:
1285:
1190:Cabernet franc
1143:Adelaide Hills
1141:region of the
1122:
1119:
1082:Franconia Nera
982:(Bull’s Blood)
912:Czech Republic
880:
877:
857:deeply colored
788:
785:
762:vineyard soils
748:Master of Wine
693:
690:
661:
658:
614:
611:
607:Colmar, France
552:Hungarian wine
536:ampelographers
483:exposition in
461:
458:
442:Lembergerreben
343:and grown in
341:Blue Limberger
235:Czech Republic
171:
170:
165:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
138:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
102:
98:
97:
87:
83:
82:
79:
75:
74:
71:Vitis vinifera
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3225:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3193:Austrian wine
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2917:
2912:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Acids in wine
2771:
2769:
2768:Aroma of wine
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2632:Major regions
2629:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2588:Montepulciano
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2135:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2094:Blaufränkisch
2090:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2068:Leslie Kelly
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2038:0-520-24869-4
2035:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2004:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1979:Leslie Kelly
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1933:0-15-100714-4
1930:
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1845:
1843:
1839:
1828:on 2017-02-07
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1786:on 2016-07-04
1785:
1781:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1756:9781563054341
1753:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1729:on 2014-02-23
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1669:
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1661:
1655:
1653:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1637:Geilweilerhof
1634:
1629:
1627:
1626:Magyarfrankos
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1567:August Herold
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:Sankt Laurent
1540:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1504:Grolleau noir
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1457:
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1449:
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1421:
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1397:
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1251:
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1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
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1191:
1187:
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1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
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1136:
1127:
1120:
1118:
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1100:
1099:
1095:
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1090:Friuli Isonzo
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1079:
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1068:
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985:
983:
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976:
972:
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948:
943:
939:
937:
936:wine festival
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
916:Moravian wine
913:
909:
904:
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890:
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839:
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786:
784:
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774:
769:
767:
766:Südburgenland
763:
760:
757:", while the
756:
752:
749:
745:
741:
740:Neusiedlersee
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
707:
698:
691:
689:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:United States
667:
659:
657:
655:
651:
646:
644:
643:downy mildews
640:
636:
632:
631:late ripening
628:
619:
612:
610:
608:
604:
600:
599:Lower Austria
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:The synonyms
571:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
532:
530:
529:Blue Frankish
526:
525:Hunnic grapes
522:
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482:
474:
471:
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459:
457:
455:
451:
450:Lower Austria
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
425:in Bulgaria.
424:
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412:
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388:
387:DNA profiling
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221:
220:late-ripening
217:
214:used for red
213:
209:
205:
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198:
191:
185:
177:
176:Blaufränkisch
169:
166:
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156:
153:
151:Notable wines
149:
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92:(now part of
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68:
64:
57:
52:
48:
41:
36:
33:Blaufränkisch
31:
19:
3153:
3010:Fermentation
2861:
2844:Wine tasting
2465:Muscat blanc
2435:Chenin blanc
2232:Ancient Rome
2092:
2084:
2076:
2069:
2064:
2056:
2049:
2048:Frank Prial
2044:
2029:
2008:
2000:
1980:
1951:
1939:
1924:
1901:
1830:. Retrieved
1826:the original
1813:
1809:
1799:
1788:. Retrieved
1784:the original
1774:
1762:
1747:
1746:MacNeil, K.
1742:
1731:. Retrieved
1727:the original
1717:
1698:
1650:
1630:
1603:
1542:
1528:
1522:
1480:
1464:
1452:red currants
1445:
1426:
1401:Paul Gregutt
1398:
1373:
1371:
1345:, including
1340:
1323:
1320:Walter Clore
1302:
1296:
1282:
1258:Rhode Island
1248:in both the
1210:Pennsylvania
1170:Finger Lakes
1167:
1132:
1114:
1096:
1081:
1075:
1063:Adriatic Sea
1050:
1046:
1044:
1027:
1004:Burgund Mare
1003:
1001:
992:
986:
981:
979:Egri Bikaver
959:Nagyburgundi
958:
954:
952:
947:Mecseknádasd
923:
907:
905:
901:light bodied
896:
892:
882:
854:
819:
814:
810:
804:
802:
796:
770:
737:
718:
713:
709:
703:
663:
660:Wine regions
647:
624:
578:
574:
572:
560:Gouais blanc
555:
533:
528:
520:
481:viticultural
478:
472:
470:Gouais blanc
453:
441:
427:
422:
403:Lower Styria
391:Gouais blanc
385:
345:Pennsylvania
340:
336:
331:
330:
318:Egri Bikavér
316:
292:
284:
276:
268:
255:
254:
242:
228:
200:
175:
174:
155:Egri Bikavér
119:Gouais blanc
105:Gouais blanc
90:Lower Styria
69:
44:
3208:Slovak wine
3113:Wine bottle
3085:Other steps
3076:Wine cellar
3033:Süssreserve
2725:Wine cellar
2715:Wine bottle
2656:accessories
2654:Packaging,
2613:Tempranillo
2242:Noah's wine
2222:Phoenicians
2168:Viticulture
2028:P. Gregutt
1816:: 135–143.
1768:WineCompass
1639:to produce
1612:to produce
1589:, and with
1585:to produce
1561:to produce
1539:St. Laurent
1500:Aramon noir
1174:Cayuga Lake
1159:Nova Scotia
842:St. Laurent
781:Spitzerberg
755:full bodied
613:Viticulture
501:German wine
493:Middle Ages
78:Also called
3198:Czech wine
3182:Categories
2992:Maceration
2982:Wine press
2972:Destemming
2923:Winemaking
2829:Wine fraud
2824:Wine fault
2809:Oenophilia
2745:Wine label
2740:Wine glass
2705:Port tongs
2603:Sangiovese
2598:Pinot noir
2558:Douce noir
2485:Rkatsiteli
2430:Chardonnay
2420:Catarratto
2394:by acreage
2368:Biodynamic
2331:Aromatized
2120:winemaking
1923:Oz Clarke
1832:2016-11-24
1790:2016-06-20
1733:2014-02-05
1656:References
1583:Dornfelder
1571:Heroldrebe
1563:Blauburger
1523:(pictured)
1508:Muscadelle
1488:Chardonnay
1456:blackberry
1392:under the
1382:Jed Steele
1313:port style
1297:(pictured)
1242:New Mexico
1234:New Jersey
1194:California
1161:, and the
1038:region of
1032:Gamay noir
1016:Dealu Mare
1012:Ștefănești
955:Kékfrankos
928:Bratislava
850:Pinot noir
797:(pictured)
725:Burgenland
706:Burgenland
585:cities of
556:Kékfrankos
473:(pictured)
419:morphology
381:California
357:New Jersey
327:Pinot noir
293:Kékfrankos
275:(known as
2944:Noble rot
2834:Winemaker
2814:Sommelier
2750:Wine rack
2730:Wine cork
2720:Wine cave
2710:Screw cap
2680:Corkscrew
2645:New World
2640:Old World
2618:Zinfandel
2593:Mourvèdre
2500:Trebbiano
2440:Colombard
2341:Noble rot
2321:Fortified
2299:Sparkling
2266:New World
1701:Lemberger
1601:in 1970.
1575:Weinsberg
1512:Colombard
1460:oak aging
1448:Oz Clarke
1376:with the
1374:Lemberger
1316:fortified
1309:Zinfandel
1214:Lake Erie
1135:New World
1115:Lemberger
1071:Vojvodina
1047:Frankovka
1020:Black Sea
908:Frankovka
889:Stuttgart
834:limestone
773:Carnuntum
674:Australia
654:harvested
579:Limberger
575:Lemberger
521:Fränkisch
517:Thuringia
497:Franconia
407:Slovenian
332:Lemberger
305:Szekszárd
285:Franconia
269:frankovka
243:Frankovka
2959:Pressing
2881:Glossary
2797:Industry
2690:Jug wine
2685:Decanter
2675:Box wine
2573:Isabella
2568:Grenache
2548:Carignan
2495:Sémillon
2480:Riesling
2475:Palomino
2218:Ancient
2201:Vineyard
2196:Veraison
2181:Oenology
2097:Archived
1959:Archived
1704:Archived
1647:Synonyms
1641:Reberger
1614:Rubintos
1535:crossing
1531:Zweigelt
1492:Riesling
1274:Colorado
1266:Michigan
1262:Maryland
1246:Virginia
1186:New York
1051:Borgonja
1024:Bulgaria
997:Slovenia
989:Slovenia
920:Slovakia
846:Zweigelt
826:varietal
721:Zweigelt
716:for it.
591:Slovenia
548:synonyms
540:Dalmatia
434:Slovenia
377:Virginia
369:Colorado
365:New York
353:Michigan
313:red wine
273:Slovenia
251:Slovakia
203:Frankish
94:Slovenia
3143:Terroir
3101:Related
2949:Vintage
2931:Harvest
2876:Outline
2700:Muselet
2662:storage
2553:Cinsaut
2528:Barbera
2455:Macabeo
2415:Aligoté
2373:Organic
2363:Natural
2316:Dessert
2261:Georgia
2211:History
2191:Terroir
2186:Species
2091:(VIVC)
1610:Kadarka
1565:, with
1549:at the
1496:Elbling
1437:acidity
1357:in the
1270:Montana
1133:In the
1059:Istrian
1008:Romania
975:Kadarka
869:unoaked
865:acidity
771:In the
692:Austria
686:Austria
682:Hungary
678:Germany
639:powdery
627:budding
595:Limberg
587:Lemberg
568:Furmint
544:Hungary
511:around
505:Bavaria
489:Austria
446:Maissau
430:Lemberg
413:of the
405:(today
379:. and
323:Kadarka
301:Villány
289:Hungary
279:), and
261:Croatia
247:Germany
231:Austria
208:variety
66:Species
3108:Winery
3071:Solera
2695:Kvevri
2583:Merlot
2578:Malbec
2378:Kosher
2354:Other
2309:Orange
2282:Styles
2249:France
2036:
1931:
1908:
1754:
1633:Regent
1587:Acolon
1433:tannin
1429:aromas
1409:aromas
1390:labels
1322:, the
1305:claret
1224:. The
1204:) and
1147:Canada
1067:Serbia
1040:France
971:Kunság
963:Sopron
861:aromas
668:, the
650:yields
593:) and
554:grape
499:, the
485:Vienna
307:, and
297:Sopron
287:). In
265:Serbia
224:tannin
197:German
164:number
141:Sopron
86:Origin
3058:Aging
2608:Syrah
2563:Gamay
2533:Bobal
2445:Glera
2410:Airén
2402:White
2358:Table
2346:Straw
2336:Fruit
2294:White
2237:China
2116:Wines
1810:Vitis
1555:André
1537:with
1483:clone
1405:color
1230:Idaho
1208:. In
1192:, to
1103:Spain
1101:. In
1078:Italy
1065:. In
1022:. In
873:aging
830:slate
777:slate
666:Japan
415:Gamay
411:clone
361:Idaho
281:Italy
212:grape
201:blue
46:Vitis
40:Grape
2660:and
2389:Top
2304:Rosé
2160:Wine
2118:and
2034:ISBN
1929:ISBN
1906:ISBN
1752:ISBN
1597:and
1510:and
1471:lamb
1454:and
1365:and
1252:and
1218:Ohio
1200:and
1198:Lodi
1180:and
1092:and
1028:Gamé
1014:and
969:and
967:Eger
932:Rača
832:and
822:iron
759:clay
684:and
672:and
641:and
577:and
564:Huns
423:Gamé
373:Ohio
309:Eger
216:wine
199:for
168:1459
162:VIVC
145:Eger
3066:Oak
2515:Red
2326:Ice
2289:Red
2005:"'
1818:doi
1465:In
1441:age
1228:in
1184:in
1109:of
1076:In
1006:in
987:In
895:or
848:or
676:to
605:in
448:in
339:or
271:),
259:),
245:),
210:of
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