968:-based oils are often used. Here, a cylindrical chamber of fluid filled with a stack of perforated discs rotates with the normal motion of the output shafts. The inside surface of the chamber is coupled to one of the driveshafts, and the outside coupled to the differential carrier. Half of the discs are connected to the inner, the other half to the outer, alternating inner/outer in the stack. Differential motion forces the interleaved discs to move through the fluid against each other. In some viscous couplings when speed is maintained the fluid will accumulate heat due to friction. This heat will cause the fluid to expand, and expand the coupler causing the discs to be pulled together resulting in a non-viscous plate to plate friction and a dramatic drop in speed difference. This is known as the hump phenomenon and it allows the side of the coupler to gently lock. In contrast to the mechanical type, the limiting action is much softer and more proportional to the slip, and so is easier to cope with for the average driver.
1196:, and microcomputers to electronically monitor wheel slip and vehicle motion. When the chassis control system determines a wheel is slipping, the computer applies the brakes to that wheel. A significant difference between the limited-slip differential systems listed above and this brake-based system, is that brake-based systems do not inherently send the greater torque to the slower wheel, plus the added brake friction material wear that results from the use of such a system if the vehicle is driven in an environment where the brake-based system will activate on a regular basis.
703:
714:
788:
342:). With a live axle, when high torque is applied through the differential, the traction on the right rear tire is lower as the axle naturally wants to turn with the torsion of the drive shaft (but is held stationary by being mounted to the vehicle frame). This coined the terms "one wheel peel" or "one tire fire". As such, "Muscle-Cars" with LSD or "posi" (positraction) had a distinct advantage to their wheel-spinning counterparts.
142:
2348:
325:
placed on it, since it is on an icy surface. Since the same amount of torque is always felt at both wheels, regardless of the speed at which they are turning, this means that the wheel with traction cannot receive more than 70 Nâ‹…m (50 lbâ‹…ft) of torque either, which is far less than is required to move the vehicle. Meanwhile, the tire on the slippery surface will simply spin, absorbing all of the actual
849:), who started marketing it in 1982. The original T-1 model is incompatible with c-clip drive axles, which limited its use with many cars and pick-up trucks of the time. However, the original Torsen differential was used in racing by Mario Andretti and Paul Newman with great success. All later worm gear LSD designs were derived from the original Gleasman differential. The T-1 is original equipment in the
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fluid causing the clutch to compress, thereby causing the torque to be transferred to the wheel that is rotating slower. These pump-based systems have lower and upper limits on applied pressure which allows the differential to work like a conventional or open differential until there is a significant speed difference between the right and left wheel, and internal damping to avoid
362:
resisting torque between either the two outputs, or the outputs and the differential housing. There are many mechanisms used to create this resisting torque. Types of limited-slip differential typically are named from the type of the resisting mechanism. Examples include viscous and clutch-based LSDs. The amount of limiting torque provided by these mechanisms varies by design.
988:
behavior. Typically a visco-differential that has covered 60,000 miles (97,000 km) or more will be functioning largely as an open differential. The silicone oil is factory sealed in a separate chamber from the gear oil surrounding the rest of the differential. This is not serviceable; when the differential's behavior deteriorates, the VLSD center must be replaced.
883:-Gleason U.S.A. increased Torsen availability for OEM and aftermarket applications. Variants include the T-2R, which includes a Positraction style clutch pack that gives preload for racing purposes; and the T-3, a dual differential intended for AWD applications. The T-2 is original equipment in many high performance cars and pick-up trucks.
946:
937:, based on the difference in speed between the two output shafts. Thus for small output speed differences the differential’s behavior may be very close to an open differential. As the speed difference increases, the limiting torque increases. This results in different dynamic behavior as compared to a torque sensitive differential.
764:
in both the forward and reverse directions. This means the differential will provide some level of limiting action under engine braking. The early
Packard Twin Traction unit is designed to function in this manner, which was promoted to provide a different benefit: if one rear drive wheel momentarily
737:
One method for creating the clamping force is the use of a cam-ramp assembly such as used in a
Salisbury/ramp style LSD. The spider gears mount on the pinion cross shaft which rests in angled cutouts forming cammed ramps. The cammed ramps are not necessarily symmetrical. If the ramps are symmetrical,
724:
Torque sensing LSDs respond to driveshaft torque, so that the more driveshaft input torque present, the harder the clutches, cones or gears are pressed together, and thus the more closely the drive wheels are coupled to each other. Some include spring loading to provide some small torque so that with
319:
or snow situations where one wheel begins to slip. In such a case with a standard differential, the slipping or non-contacting wheel will receive the majority of the power (in the form of low-torque, high-rpm rotation), while the contacting wheel will remain stationary with respect to the ground. The
889:
differential, sold under the name
Automatic Torque Biasing Differential (ATB Differential®️), covered by European Patent No. 130806A2. The Quaife version is most established in Europe and other markets other than the US, providing extensive aftermarket support for European and Japanese brand cars,
753:
Broadly speaking, there are three input torque states: load, no load, and over run. During load conditions, as previously stated, the coupling is proportional to the input torque. With no load, the coupling is reduced to the static coupling. The behavior on over run (particularly sudden throttle
920:
pick-up trucks. The
Truetrac is most often used in the front axle of 4x4 pick-up trucks intended for off-road use, in combination with locking center and rear differentials. As is the case with all geared LSD designs, the Truetrac does not have any negative impact on steering that most other LSD
744:
As the input torque of the driveshaft tries to turn the differential center, internal pressure rings (adjoining the clutch stack) are forced sideways by the pinion cross shaft trying to climb the ramp, which compresses the clutch stack. The more the clutch stack is compressed, the more coupled the
1070:
to transfer torque to the wheel that is rotating slower. The gerotor pump uses the differential carrier or cage to drive the outer rotor of the pump and one axle shaft to drive the inner rotor. When there is a difference between the left and right wheels' speed, the pump pressurizes the hydraulic
827:
Unlike other friction-based LSD designs that combine a common spider gear "open" differential in combination with friction materials that inhibit differentiation, the torque sensing design is a unique type of differential, with torque bias inherent in its design, not as an add-on. Torque bias is
768:
A 1-way differential will provide its limiting action in only one direction. When torque is applied in the opposite direction it behaves like an open differential. In the case of a FWD car it is argued to be safer than a 2-way differential. The argument is if there is no additional coupling on
733:
The clutch type has a stack of thin clutch-discs, half of which are coupled to one of the drive shafts, the other half of which are coupled to the spider gear carrier. The clutch stacks may be present on both drive shafts, or on only one. If on only one, the remaining drive shaft is linked to the
329:
output (which is a function of torque provided over the course of revolutions), even though both wheels are provided the same (very low) amount of torque. In this situation, a limited-slip differential prevents excessive power from being allocated to one wheel, and so keeps both wheels in powered
324:
transmitted by an open differential will always be equal at both wheels; if one tire is on a slippery surface, the supplied torque will easily overcome the available traction at a very low number. For example, the right tire might begin to spin as soon as 70 Nâ‹…m (50 lbâ‹…ft) of torque is
987:
Viscous LSDs are less efficient than mechanical types, that is, they "lose" some power. In particular, any sustained load which overheats the silicone results in sudden permanent loss of the differential effect. They do have the virtue of failing gracefully, reverting to semi-open differential
361:
Automotive limited-slip differentials have some type of mechanism that applies a torque (internal to the differential) that resists the relative motion of the output shafts. In simple terms, this means they have some mechanism which resists a speed difference between the outputs, by creating a
816:
to distribute and differentiate input power between two drive wheels or front and back axles. This is a completely separate design from the most common beveled spider gear designs seen in most automotive applications. As torque is applied to the gears, they are pushed against the walls of the
1083:
An electronic limited-slip differential will typically have a planetary or bevel gear set similar to that of an open differential and a clutch pack similar to that in a torque sensitive or gerotor pump based differential. In the electronic unit the clamping force on the clutch is controlled
691:
These limited-slip differentials use helical gears, clutches or cones (an alternative type of clutch) where the engagement force of the gears or clutch is a function of the input torque applied to the differential (as the engine applies more torque the gears or clutches grip harder and
725:
little or no input torque (trailing throttle/gearbox in neutral/main clutch depressed) the drive wheels are minimally coupled. The amount of preload (hence static coupling) on the clutches or cones is affected by the general condition (wear) and by how tightly they are loaded.
769:
over run, i.e. a 1-way LSD as soon as the driver lifts the throttle, the LSD unlocks and behaves somewhat like a conventional open differential. This is also the best for FWD cars, as it allows the car to turn in on throttle release, instead of ploughing forward.
454:
In the case when the vehicle is turning and neither wheel is slipping, the inside wheel will be turning slower than the outside wheel. In this case the inside wheel will receive more torque than the outside wheel, which can result in understeer.
333:
The advantages of LSD in high-power, rear-wheel drive automobiles were demonstrated during the United States "Muscle-Car" era from the mid 1960s through the early 1970s. Cars of this era normally were rear-wheel drive and did not feature
365:
A limited-slip differential has a more complex torque-split and should be considered in the case when the outputs are spinning the same speed and when spinning at different speeds. The torque difference between the two axles is called
394:
comes from the slip-limiting mechanism in the differential and may be a function of input torque (as in the case of a gear differential), or the difference in the output speeds (as in the case of a viscous differential).
828:
only applied when needed, and does not inhibit differentiation. The result is a true differential that does not bind up like LSD and locking types, but still gives increased power delivery under many road conditions.
357:
Both limited-slip differentials and open differentials have a gear train that allows the output shafts to spin at different speeds while holding the sum of their speeds proportional to that of the input shaft.
1565:
1202:'s electronic limited-slip differential used on the F10 5 Series is an example of such a system. Another example began on the first year (1992) production of the re-styled, and new 4.6L V-8 overhead cam
195:
company. The high power of the design caused one of the rear wheels to experience excessive wheel spin at any speed up to 160 km/h (100 mph). In 1935, Porsche commissioned the engineering firm
1623:...being able to run the driven wheels almost fully open under deceleration. In a powerful front-wheel drive scenario where torque steer is a constant enemy, this approach has some definite advantages.
765:
leaves the ground when it hits a bump with the differential under load, the airborne wheel will not spin freely and cause the vehicle to break traction when the spinning wheel touches the ground again.
200:
to design a limited-slip differential to improve performance. The ZF "sliding pins and cams" became available, and one example was the Type B-70 used during the Second World War in the military VWs (
779:, are different but neither is zero as in the case of the 1-way LSD. This type of differential is common in racing cars where a strong limiting torque can aid stability under engine braking.
617:, is a fixed value at all times regardless of torque input to the differential or speed difference between the two outputs. Typically this differential used spring-loaded clutch assemblies.
179:
In an automobile, such limited-slip differentials are sometimes used in place of a standard differential, where they convey certain dynamic advantages, at the expense of greater complexity.
1114:
to control both the longitudinal and transversal torque transfer of the XWD system. The same Haldex system is used on several other GM Epsilon based vehicles such as the
Cadillac SRX etc.
745:
wheels are. The mating of the vertical ramp (80–85° in practice to avoid chipping) surfaces in a one-way LSD on overrun produces no cam effect or corresponding clutch stack compression.
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912:
differential, which has been in production for many years. Its design is similar to the Torsen T-2 (slightly less torque bias), and is an aftermarket part for many popular US-made
1569:
161:
that allows its two output shafts to rotate at different speeds but limits the maximum difference between the two shafts. Limited-slip differentials are often known by the
738:
the LSD is 2 way. If they are saw toothed (i.e. one side of the ramp is vertical), the LSD is 1 way. If both sides are sloped, but are asymmetric, the LSD is 1.5 way.
215:
Limited-slip differentials were widely introduced by U.S. automakers in the late 1950s and were marketed under a wide variety of trademarked names. In early 1956,
303:
era in the 1960s and 1970s. Despite the myriad marketing names used by competing brands, the popularity of
Chevrolet vehicles resulted in Positraction becoming a
741:
An alternative is to use the natural separation force of the gear teeth to load the clutch. An example is the center differential of the 2011 Audi
Quattro RS 5.
734:
clutched drive shaft through the spider gears. In a cone type the clutches are replaced by a pair of cones which are pressed together achieving the same effect.
2372:
1696:
437:
When traveling in a straight line, where one wheel starts to slip (and spin faster than the wheel with traction), torque is reduced to the slipping wheel (
1091:, to be controlled as part of a total chassis management system. An example of this type of differential is Subaru’s DCCD used in the Subaru WRX STi. The
1241:
1149:
1023:
652:
571:
60:
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model with its optional anti-lock brakes. This option was available on the 1992 Crown
Victoria, onward; on those cars equipped with anti-lock brakes.
1465:
1845:
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1188:
These systems are alternatives to a traditional limited-slip differential. The systems harness various chassis sensors such as speed sensors,
1098:
four-wheel-drive system produced beginning in 2005 utilizes this type of differential. Another example is the
Porsche PSD system used on the
1428:
1951:
1814:
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107:
1901:
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1531:
1305:", the lyrics mention the presence of a limited-slip differential: "...My four-speed, dual-quad, Positraction 4-0-9 (4-0-9, 4-0-9)."
79:
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1518:
It might surprise some people to see this listed first, but a proper mechanical limited-slip diff is absolutely essential for drift.
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The main advantage of a limited-slip differential is demonstrated by considering the case of a standard (or "open") differential in
126:
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1949 (US Patent 2,559,916 applied in 1949, granted 1951). The original
Gleasman design was sold to The Gleason Works (later named
817:
differential housing, creating friction. The friction resists the relative movement of the outputs and creates the limiting torque
1370:
2077:
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1984 (US Patent application WO1984003745 A1) that is compatible with c-clip axles. The new design, along with a merger creating
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64:
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name. Within a few years, other American automotive brands introduced similar systems under a variety of names, including
1721:"Patent WO1984003745A1 – Differential assembly having means for locking and positioning axle shafts ... – Google Patents"
2177:
1318:
of murder relies heavily on a photograph of tire marks made by a car which has a limited-slip differential, which (as
75:
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1230:
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1012:
641:
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1802:...the gel used can quite suddenly alter with massive temperature, and lose its ability to generate torque transfer.
2014:
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1944:
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1075:. The newest gerotor pump based system has computer regulated output for more versatility and no oscillation.
499:
201:
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externally by a computer or other controller. This allows the control of the differential’s limiting torque,
2062:
2034:
205:
2052:
2042:
1453:
1338:, which did offer an optional Safe-T-Track (Pontiac's version of Positraction) limited-slip differential.
1111:
1110:
Generation 4) with eLSD, which uses a common (electronically controlled via the vehicle computer network)
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706:
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1937:
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1203:
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208:), although technically this was not a limited-slip differential, but a system composed of two
2112:
1999:
1981:
909:
905:
891:
304:
276:
188:
162:
1583:
2187:
1994:
1897:
1315:
1538:
1330:," the car driven by the defendants. She argues that the evidence proves, rather, that the
458:
When both wheels are spinning at the same speed, the torque distribution to each wheel is:
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1335:
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2008:
2004:
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is generally simpler because it relies on hydrodynamic friction from fluids with high
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2182:
2019:
1989:
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1327:
977:
772:
A 1.5-way differential refers to one where the forward and reverse limiting torques,
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vehicles. Limited-slip differentials became very popular and sought after during the
387:
is the difference in torque delivered to the left and right wheel. The magnitude of
212:, which sent the whole of the engine power to the slower-turning of the two wheels.
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2167:
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850:
345:
Mechanical limited-slip differentials are considered essential to perform a proper
223:
trademark, promoting it as an aid for driving in severe winter weather. In 1957,
27:
Differential gearbox that limits the rotational speed difference of output shafts
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Speed-sensitive differentials limit the torque difference between the outputs,
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1960:
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In this differential the maximum torque difference between the two outputs,
339:
228:
209:
173:
1532:"The development of a differential for the improvement of traction control"
2072:
965:
268:
838:
T-1 is the brand name of the original Gleasman differential invented by
1390:
The Motor Vehicle K.Newton W.Steeds T.K.Garrett Ninth Edition pp549-550
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1868:"Development and Vehicle Integration of XWD Driveline Technology"
1403:(in German), Germany: Zahnradfabrik Friedrichshafen AG, July 1941
1401:
ZF-Axial-Selbstsperrdifferential Typ B70 Beschreibung und Wartung
754:
release) determines whether the LSD is 1 way, 1.5 way, or 2 way.
2250:
1092:
791:
1933:
1924:
1971:
1584:"Center Differential of the New Audi Quattro with Cylkro Face"
1213:
1199:
1121:
995:
917:
624:
543:
36:
1929:
1768:"Ford Focus RS gets a limited-slip diff with new Option Pack"
219:
introduced a clutch-type limited-slip differential under the
902:
RS used the Quaife ATB Differential®️ as original equipment.
522:
Several types of LSD are commonly used in passenger cars.
898:
applications. The Mk1 & Mk2 (optional on later Mk3)
757:
A 2-way differential will have the same limiting torque
1062:
This style limited-slip differential works by using a
307:
in the U.S. for limited-slip differentials generally.
1326:-winning performance) "was not available on the '64
2301:
2216:
2033:
1980:
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1636:"Patent US2559916 – Differential – Google Patents"
1800:. Express Motoring Publications. pp. 45–48.
1621:. Express Motoring Publications. pp. 77–80.
1516:. Express Motoring Publications. pp. 53–56.
498:This means the maximum torque to either wheel is
1815:"DCCD – Driver Controlled Center Differential"
1945:
1691:
1689:
8:
1612:
1610:
1488:"How does a limited slip differential work?"
1412:
1410:
1248:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1156:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1030:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
659:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
578:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1952:
1938:
1930:
1752:. Quaife Engineering. 2012. Archived from
1702:. JTETK Torsen. 2011-12-02. Archived from
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1314:, the proof of innocence of two young men
808:mechanical limited-slip differentials use
1268:Learn how and when to remove this message
1176:Learn how and when to remove this message
1050:Learn how and when to remove this message
679:Learn how and when to remove this message
598:Learn how and when to remove this message
191:designed a Grand Prix racing car for the
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
398:The torque delivered to the outputs is:
1346:
720:LSD – spider pinion shaft ramps visible
338:for the rear tires (but instead used a
227:(GM) introduced a competing system for
1560:
1558:
1896:Markowski, Christopher (2014-04-29).
1838:"Road Test: 2005 Jeep Grand Cherokee"
1697:"Torsen OEM Applications – Worldwide"
1322:'s character famously declares in an
7:
2373:Automotive transmission technologies
1925:Limited-slip differentials explained
1796:Donnon, Martin; et al. (2003).
1617:Donnon, Martin; et al. (2004).
1246:adding citations to reliable sources
1154:adding citations to reliable sources
1028:adding citations to reliable sources
972:Gear used a viscous coupling of the
657:adding citations to reliable sources
576:adding citations to reliable sources
444:) and provided to the slower wheel (
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1665:"Gleason's Impossible Differential"
2068:Continuously variable transmission
1589:. Gear Technology. November 2010.
921:and "locker" designs are prone to.
709:LSD – clutch stack visible on left
25:
1866:Wolrath, Christian (2020-02-06).
1819:Subaru Drive Performance Magazine
1066:pump to hydraulically compress a
2347:
2346:
2336:
1512:Ellis, Ben; et al. (2004).
1454:"Chrysler 8-3/4 inches rearends"
1361:O'Connor, Michael (2022-05-04).
1218:
1126:
1000:
629:
548:
41:
1904:from the original on 2016-08-10
1878:from the original on 2021-10-20
1848:from the original on 2022-08-05
1836:Harwood, Allyson (2005-02-16).
1778:from the original on 2021-07-15
1731:from the original on 2016-12-22
1675:from the original on 2016-12-27
1646:from the original on 2016-10-20
1596:from the original on 2017-01-13
1494:from the original on 2023-01-24
1468:from the original on 2023-08-20
1434:from the original on 2023-12-27
1373:from the original on 2023-08-20
1118:Electronic systems: brake-based
1102:. An additional example is the
729:Clutch, cone-type, or plate LSD
52:needs additional citations for
30:For other meanings of LSD, see
1425:Studebaker-Packard Corporation
875:T-2 was a new Gleasman design
1:
2103:Automated manual transmission
373:. (In this work it is called
980:including those used in the
353:Basic principle of operation
172:and originally used for its
2178:Semi-automatic transmission
1900:. Watchdog on Wall Street.
1619:High Performance Imports 48
1490:. UK: CAT Driver Training.
1452:O'Clair, Jim (2019-09-23).
908:is the latest owner of the
287:, marketing both under the
231:branded vehicles under the
76:"Limited-slip differential"
2389:
2015:Internal combustion engine
1603:– via Quattro World.
1486:Hoad, Colin (2022-05-12).
1210:Other related final drives
976:style in several of their
29:
2332:
2314:Hybrid vehicle drivetrain
2203:Transmission control unit
2143:Limited-slip differential
2108:Electrorheological clutch
1967:
916:for rear-wheel drive and
621:Torque sensitivity (HLSD)
535:Electronically controlled
151:limited-slip differential
18:Limited Slip Differential
2093:Dual-clutch transmission
1537:. IMechE. Archived from
1530:Chocholek, S E. (1988).
1190:anti-lock braking system
500:statically indeterminate
168:, a brand name owned by
2063:Constant-velocity joint
1363:"What is Positraction?"
502:but is in the range of
159:differential gear train
2043:Automatic transmission
953:
801:
721:
710:
380:for torque friction).
336:independent suspension
259:for Ford vehicles and
146:
948:
790:
749:2-Way, 1-Way, 1.5-Way
716:
705:
433:for the faster output
416:for the slower output
144:
2148:Locking differential
2083:Direct-shift gearbox
1669:Members.rennlist.com
1287:Locking differential
1242:improve this section
1150:improve this section
1112:hydraulic power pack
1024:improve this section
653:improve this section
572:improve this section
61:improve this article
32:LSD (disambiguation)
2173:Preselector gearbox
2153:Manual transmission
1462:Hemmings Motor News
1418:"Service Counselor"
1204:Ford Crown Victoria
859:Toyota Mega Cruiser
847:Gleason Corporation
2319:Electric generator
2224:Wheel hub assembly
1898:"Stuck in the Mud"
1293:In popular culture
954:
831:Examples include:
802:
722:
711:
291:name on Chrysler,
253:Ford Motor Company
176:branded vehicles.
147:
2360:
2359:
2113:Epicyclic gearing
1982:Automotive engine
1423:(Press release).
1369:. CarGurus, Inc.
1308:In the 1992 film
1278:
1277:
1270:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1060:
1059:
1052:
926:Speed sensitivity
906:Eaton Corporation
892:front-wheel drive
689:
688:
681:
608:
607:
600:
305:generic trademark
277:Dana Incorporated
251:brand, while the
189:Ferdinand Porsche
163:generic trademark
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
2380:
2350:
2349:
2340:
2217:Wheels and tires
2188:Torque converter
1954:
1947:
1940:
1931:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1821:. Archived from
1811:
1805:
1804:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1701:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1568:. Archived from
1562:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1422:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1358:
1273:
1266:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1222:
1214:
1181:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1130:
1122:
1055:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1004:
996:
806:torque-sensitive
684:
677:
673:
670:
664:
633:
625:
603:
596:
592:
589:
583:
552:
544:
529:Torque sensitive
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2328:
2297:
2212:
2208:Universal joint
2138:Hotchkiss drive
2029:
1976:
1963:
1958:
1921:
1916:
1907:
1905:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1879:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1766:
1765:
1761:
1750:"Differentials"
1748:
1747:
1743:
1734:
1732:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1687:
1678:
1676:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1647:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1360:
1359:
1348:
1344:
1336:Pontiac Tempest
1316:falsely accused
1311:My Cousin Vinny
1295:
1274:
1263:
1257:
1254:
1239:
1223:
1212:
1192:(ABS) sensors,
1182:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1147:
1131:
1120:
1096:Quadra-Drive II
1089:
1081:
1056:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1021:
1005:
994:
943:
935:
928:
896:all-wheel drive
840:Vernon Gleasman
822:
785:
777:
762:
751:
731:
697:
685:
674:
668:
665:
650:
634:
623:
615:
604:
593:
587:
584:
569:
553:
542:
532:Speed sensitive
520:
511:
507:
492:
488:
484:
474:
470:
466:
449:
442:
431:
427:
423:
414:
410:
406:
392:
385:
378:
371:
355:
313:
311:Characteristics
185:
157:) is a type of
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2386:
2384:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2344:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2309:Electric motor
2305:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2123:Friction drive
2120:
2118:Fluid coupling
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2009:Plug-in hybrid
2002:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1919:External links
1917:
1915:
1914:
1888:
1858:
1842:MotorTrend.com
1828:
1825:on 2013-06-25.
1806:
1788:
1759:
1756:on 2013-11-09.
1741:
1712:
1709:on 2014-02-19.
1685:
1656:
1627:
1606:
1575:
1572:on 2013-02-23.
1566:"ASMEDL Login"
1554:
1522:
1514:Drift Battle 1
1504:
1478:
1444:
1427:. April 1956.
1406:
1392:
1383:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1299:The Beach Boys
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1284:
1276:
1275:
1226:
1224:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1194:accelerometers
1184:
1183:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1087:
1080:
1077:
1058:
1057:
1008:
1006:
999:
993:
990:
978:transfer cases
942:
941:Viscous (VLSD)
939:
933:
927:
924:
923:
922:
903:
884:
870:
855:Subaru Impreza
820:
784:
781:
775:
760:
750:
747:
730:
727:
695:
687:
686:
637:
635:
628:
622:
619:
613:
606:
605:
556:
554:
547:
541:
538:
537:
536:
533:
530:
527:
519:
516:
509:
505:
496:
495:
490:
486:
482:
478:
472:
468:
464:
447:
440:
435:
434:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
408:
404:
390:
383:
376:
369:
354:
351:
312:
309:
281:Spin-Resistant
261:Directed Power
225:General Motors
184:
181:
170:General Motors
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2385:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2353:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:Shift-by-wire
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:Petrol engine
2018:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:Diesel engine
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1889:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1859:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1789:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1705:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1592:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1544:on 2012-02-29
1540:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1479:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1445:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:Buick Skylark
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1261:
1258:December 2016
1251:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1227:This section
1225:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1180:
1177:
1169:
1166:December 2016
1159:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1135:This section
1133:
1129:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1054:
1051:
1043:
1040:December 2016
1033:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1009:This section
1007:
1003:
998:
997:
991:
989:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
951:
947:
940:
938:
936:
925:
919:
915:
911:
907:
904:
901:
897:
893:
888:
885:
882:
878:
874:
871:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
841:
837:
834:
833:
832:
829:
825:
823:
815:
811:
807:
799:
796:
793:
789:
782:
780:
778:
776:d_fwd, d_rev
770:
766:
763:
755:
748:
746:
742:
739:
735:
728:
726:
719:
715:
708:
704:
700:
698:
683:
680:
672:
669:December 2016
662:
658:
654:
648:
647:
643:
638:This section
636:
632:
627:
626:
620:
618:
616:
602:
599:
591:
588:December 2016
581:
577:
573:
567:
566:
562:
557:This section
555:
551:
546:
545:
539:
534:
531:
528:
525:
524:
523:
517:
515:
513:
501:
493:
479:
476:
461:
460:
459:
456:
452:
450:
443:
432:
418:
415:
401:
400:
399:
396:
393:
386:
379:
372:
363:
359:
352:
350:
348:
343:
341:
337:
331:
328:
323:
318:
310:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:Twin Traction
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
190:
183:Early history
182:
180:
177:
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
145:Cone-type LSD
143:
139:
131:
128:
120:
117:December 2016
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2261:Racing slick
2198:Transfer box
2168:Park-by-wire
2163:Parking pawl
2142:
2078:Differential
2053:Direct-drive
2035:Transmission
2025:Steam engine
1970:Part of the
1969:
1906:. Retrieved
1891:
1880:. Retrieved
1871:
1861:
1850:. Retrieved
1841:
1831:
1823:the original
1818:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1780:. Retrieved
1772:Auto Express
1771:
1762:
1754:the original
1744:
1733:. Retrieved
1724:
1715:
1704:the original
1677:. Retrieved
1668:
1659:
1648:. Retrieved
1639:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1598:. Retrieved
1578:
1570:the original
1546:. Retrieved
1539:the original
1525:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1496:. Retrieved
1481:
1470:. Retrieved
1458:hemmings.com
1457:
1447:
1436:. Retrieved
1400:
1395:
1386:
1375:. Retrieved
1366:
1320:Marisa Tomei
1309:
1307:
1296:
1264:
1255:
1240:Please help
1228:
1198:
1187:
1172:
1163:
1148:Please help
1136:
1085:
1082:
1061:
1046:
1037:
1022:Please help
1010:
992:Gerotor pump
986:
958:viscous type
957:
955:
950:Nissan 240SX
931:
929:
876:
851:Audi Quattro
842:
830:
826:
818:
805:
803:
800:Differential
773:
771:
767:
758:
756:
752:
743:
740:
736:
732:
723:
699:increases).
693:
690:
675:
666:
651:Please help
639:
611:
609:
594:
585:
570:Please help
558:
521:
503:
497:
480:
462:
457:
453:
445:
438:
436:
419:
402:
397:
388:
381:
374:
367:
364:
360:
356:
344:
332:
326:
314:
288:
280:
272:
260:
257:Traction-Lok
256:
244:
237:Safe-T-Track
236:
233:Positraction
232:
220:
214:
206:Schwimmwagen
186:
178:
166:Positraction
165:
154:
150:
148:
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
2239:Alloy wheel
2098:Drive wheel
2088:Drive shaft
2048:Chain drive
1334:was a 1963
1332:getaway car
1100:Porsche 928
970:New Process
952:Viscous LSD
914:solid axles
890:especially
540:Fixed value
526:Fixed value
330:rotation.
317:off-roading
285:Borg-Warner
283:units from
275:units from
255:introduced
2324:Alternator
1972:Automobile
1961:Powertrain
1908:2016-06-25
1882:2020-02-18
1874:. Sweden.
1852:2022-08-05
1782:2021-07-15
1735:2017-01-01
1725:Google.com
1679:2017-01-01
1650:2017-01-01
1640:Google.com
1600:2017-01-11
1548:2017-01-01
1498:2023-01-25
1472:2023-08-20
1438:2023-08-20
1377:2023-08-20
1342:References
1079:Electronic
1073:hysteresis
900:Ford Focus
863:AM General
814:spur gears
810:worm gears
783:Geared LSD
301:muscle car
271:purchased
249:Oldsmobile
243:brand and
210:freewheels
202:KĂĽbelwagen
193:Auto Union
87:newspapers
2193:Transaxle
2158:Manumatic
2128:Gearshift
2000:Fuel cell
1229:does not
1137:does not
1011:does not
982:AMC Eagle
962:viscosity
857:WRX STI,
640:does not
559:does not
465:(1 or 2)
340:live axle
289:Sure-Grip
273:Power-Lok
245:Anti Spin
239:for GM's
229:Chevrolet
187:In 1932,
174:Chevrolet
2367:Category
2352:Category
2291:Tubeless
2276:Run-flat
2256:Off-road
2073:Coupling
1995:Electric
1902:Archived
1876:Archived
1872:Chalmers
1846:Archived
1776:Archived
1729:Archived
1673:Archived
1644:Archived
1591:Archived
1492:Archived
1466:Archived
1429:Archived
1371:Archived
1367:Autolist
1301:' song "
974:Ferguson
966:Silicone
910:Truetrac
804:Geared,
508:±( ½ Trq
297:Plymouth
269:Chrysler
263:for its
247:for its
1798:Zoom 67
1250:removed
1235:sources
1158:removed
1143:sources
1064:gerotor
1032:removed
1017:sources
865:HMMWV "
795:Quattro
661:removed
646:sources
580:removed
565:sources
471:±(½ Trq
467:= ½ Trq
428:– ½ Trq
424:= ½ Trq
411:+ ½ Trq
407:= ½ Trq
265:Lincoln
241:Pontiac
217:Packard
101:scholar
2342:Portal
2302:Hybrid
2266:Radial
2244:Hubcap
2058:Clutch
2005:Hybrid
1974:series
1108:Haldex
1068:clutch
887:Quaife
873:Torsen
867:Humvee
836:Torsen
798:Torsen
322:torque
295:, and
267:cars.
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
2286:Spare
2229:Wheel
2133:Giubo
1707:(PDF)
1700:(PDF)
1594:(PDF)
1587:(PDF)
1542:(PDF)
1535:(PDF)
1432:(PDF)
1421:(PDF)
1324:Oscar
1282:Spool
1106:XWD (
881:Zexel
877:circa
843:circa
518:Types
504:½ Trq
477:while
347:drift
327:power
293:Dodge
108:JSTOR
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