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The
Restatement (Second) of Torts defines involuntary public figures as "individuals who have not sought publicity or consented to it, but through their own conduct or otherwise have become a legitimate subject of public interest. They have, in other words, become 'news.'" The only examples given by
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A person can become an involuntary public figure as a result of publicity, even though they did not want or invite the public attention. For example, people accused of high profile crimes, guilty or not, may be considered public figures on the basis of the notoriety associated with their
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laws vary considerably on this matter from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Even within a cultural grouping, the libel laws of the UK are quite different from those in the US, for example.
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is a person who has achieved fame, prominence or notoriety within a society, whether through achievement, luck, action, or in some cases through no purposeful action of their own.
517:
Fliegel, Rod M. (January 1992). "Newton v. National
Broadcasting Co., Inc.: Evidence of Actual Malice, the Editorial Process and the Mafia in Public Figure Defamation Law".
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Corporations are not automatically treated as public figures, and defamation claims made by corporations are evaluated under the same standard as those made by individuals.
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Discussion of a person on the
Internet may at times rise to the level that it causes the subject of discussion to be treated as an involuntary public figure.
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Wise, Richard M. (1 January 1983). "The
Athlete as Public Figure in Light of Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., or Torts in Sports: The Role of the Cour".
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A fairly high threshold of public activity is necessary to elevate people to a public figure status. Typically, they must either be:
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in defamation actions is thus higher in the case of a public figure than in the case of an ordinary person.
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Restatement of such figures are "victims of crime" and "those who commit crime or are accused of it."
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by knowing the falsity or by reckless disregard for the truth. The legal
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
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The Knight First
Amendment Institute at Columbia University
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540:. St. Paul, MN: Thomson/ West. pp. 58–60.
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32:This is an accepted version of this page
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299:actions (libel and slander) as well as
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480:. Vol 23:1155-2000. p. 1155–1187.
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562:"Who is considered a public figure?"
133:adding citations to reliable sources
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590:"Defamation: Libel and Slander"
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674:"Are You a 'Public Figure'?"
536:Shiffrin, Steven H. (2006).
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