Linois's expedition to the Indian Ocean

1766:. The practical effects of his raiding were however insignificant: in three years he took just five East Indiamen and a handful of country ships, briefly terrorising the Andhra coast in 1804 but otherwise failing to cause major economic disruption to British trade. The only achievement of his cruise was to force Rainier's squadron to operate in defence of British convoys and ports, preventing any offensive operations during Linois's time in the Indian Ocean. The vast distances between friendly ports, the lack of sufficient food supplies or naval stores and the strength of British naval escorts after the initial months of war all played a part in Linois's failings to fully exploit his opportunity, but the blame for his inadequate achievements has been consistently placed with Linois's own personal leadership failings, both among his contemporaries and by historians. In battle Linois refused to place his ships in danger if it could be avoided, he spent considerable periods of the cruise refitting at French harbours and even when presented with an undefended target was reluctant to press his advantage. 1552:, that the French Navy would be unable to respond in the following winter, and consequently withdrew most of the blockade fleet to Britain until the spring. This strategy miscalculated the strength of the French Brest fleet, which had not been engaged in the Trafalgar campaign and therefore was at full strength. Taking advantage of the absence of the British squadrons off his principal Atlantic port, Napoleon ordered two squadrons to put to sea on 15 December 1805. These forces were ordered to cruise the Atlantic shipping lanes in search of British merchant convoys and avoid confrontations with equivalent British forces. One squadron, under Vice-Admiral 1269:, a more aggressive officer with a reputation of success against the French Navy. Learning of Linois's reappearance off Ceylon, Pellew immediately despatched a squadron in search of him. Linois discovered the impending arrival of Pellew's ships from captured prisoners and departed westwards, successfully avoiding an encounter with the British force. After again cruising off the entrance to the Red Sea without success, Linois sailed southwards to intersect the trade routes between the Cape of Good Hope and Madras. During the journey, his squadron were caught in a heavy storm and 338:

ships patrolling the French and allied coasts. The losses the French Navy suffered as a result of this strategy were high, and the blockade was so effective that even movement between ports along the French coasts was restricted. In the Indian Ocean however the huge distances between the French bases on Réunion and Isle de France and the British bases in India meant that close blockade was an ineffective strategy: the scale of the forces required to maintain an effective constant blockade of both islands, as well as the Dutch ports at the Cape of Good Hope and in the

1730:. British losses in the engagement had totalled 14 dead and 27 wounded, to French casualties of 69 dead and 106 wounded. Warren was highly praised for his victory and both French ships were taken into British service under their French names. The battle marked the end of Linois's cruise, three years and seven days after he had left Brest for the Indian Ocean. In contrast to the criticism attracted by his earlier engagements, Linois's final battle with Warren won praise for his resilience in the face of larger and more powerful opposition: British naval historian 737:, an important Portuguese trading post. The rest of the squadron, except the troopships, was to sail with Linois to Réunion (soon to be renamed Île Bonaparte), where the garrison was reinforced. It then sailed eastwards to the Dutch East Indies, diverting to raid British shipping lanes, where many merchant ships were still unaware of the outbreak of war. Linois's first combat cruise was successful, and he captured a number of undefended prizes from the country ships encountered en route to the East Indies. In early December, shortly before he reached 1785:, Linois declared for the Emperor, the only French colonial governor to do so. Within days a small British expeditionary force had ousted him and on 8 July Napoleon himself surrendered. Linois's career was over, and he died in 1848 without performing any further military service. The Indian Ocean remained an active theatre of warfare for the next four years, the campaign against British merchant shipping in the region conducted by frigate squadrons operating from the Isle de France. These were initially led by Motard in 171:). The large distances between naval bases in the Indian Ocean and the limited resources available to the British commanders in the region made it difficult to concentrate sufficient forces to combat a squadron of this size, and Linois was subsequently able to sustain his campaign for three years. From Isle de France, Linois and his frigates began a series of attacks on British commerce across the Eastern Indian Ocean, specifically targeting the large convoys of 780: 1402:, which could attack the convoy while the ships of the line were engaged. He expressed confidence, however, that he would have been successful in any engagement and wrote "I trust I shall yet have the good fortune to fall in with him when unencumber'd with convoy". Linois's withdrawal was prudent: his mainmast had been struck during the brief cannonade and was at risk of collapse if the engagement continued. Losses among the crew were light, 994: 1597: 825:, was notified that sails were sighted approaching from the south-west. Suspicious, Dance sent a number of the East Indiamen to investigate, and rapidly discovered that the strange ships were the French squadron under Linois. Dance knew that his convoy would be unable to resist the French in combat and instead decided to bluff the French by pretending that a number of his large East Indiamen were disguised ships of the line. 31: 271: 1113:, which was overhauled and beached to have her bottom and rudder replaced. The repairs lasted until May 1805, and the expense of feeding and accommodating the hundreds of sailors from the squadron placed a significant strain on Decaen's resources, despite the captured food supplies sent in by Linois during 1804. To alleviate the pressure, Linois ordered Captain Gaudin-Beauchène in 1321:. Closing to investigate the convoy, which was shrouded in fog, Linois was again cautious, unwilling to engage until he was certain that no Royal Navy ships lay among the East Indiamen. At 4 nautical miles (7.4 km) distance it became clear that one of the ships was certainly a large warship, flying a pennant indicating the presence of an admiral on board. This ship was 1481:. There he learned on 29 January 1806 from an American merchant ship that a British squadron had captured Cape Town. With the last safe harbour within reach in enemy hands and in desperate need of repair and resupply, Linois decided to return to Europe and slowly passed north, following the trade routes in search of British merchant shipping. On 17 February, 845:

at long range. Unnerved by the sudden British manoeuvere, Linois turned and retreated, convinced that the convoy was defended by an overwhelming force. Continuing the illusion that he was supported by warships, Dance ordered his ships to pursue Linois over the next two hours, eventually reforming and

812:

and usually under the protection of an escort formed from Royal Navy ships of the line. However, the 1804 fleet had no escort: the outbreak of war had delayed the despatch of the vessels from Rainier's squadron. Thus as the convoy approached the Straits of Malacca it consisted of 16 East Indiamen, 11

1380:

held position so that the convoy passed ahead and the French ships rapidly came up with her. Opening a heavy fire with the main deck guns, Troubridge was able to drive the French ships off, even though his lower deck guns were out of service due to the heavy seas that threatened to flood through the

719:

By the time Rainier learned of the outbreak of war, Linois was already at Isle de France, where his ships had arrived without incident on 16 August. Decaen was installed as governor and some of the troops disembarked to reinforce the garrison, although Linois retained the rest on board his squadron.

644:

that threatened conflict and orders from Napoleon to immediately sail for Isle de France in anticipation of the declaration of war. Linois was instructed to deliver Decaen to the island, and prepare his ships on the Indian Ocean island for a lengthy raiding operation against British commerce in the

865:

All the enterprises at sea which have been undertaken since I became the head of the Government have missed fire because my admirals see double and have discovered, I know not how or where, that war can be made without running risks . . . Tell Linois that he has shown want of courage of mind, that

507:

arrived in India first, on 16 June. Napoleon believed, and had assured Linois, that war with Britain was not likely until September, but relations broke down faster than expected and Britain began mobilising on 16 May, issuing a formal declaration of war two days later. As news could only travel at

1273:

lost her mizzenmast. Linois was able to replace it, but the incident left him without any spare masts should either of his ships lose another. Without a full sailing rig, his ships were vulnerable to capture by faster and more agile British vessels, and Linois decided that protecting his masts was

1246:

She sails uncommonly fast: but her ship's company, though strong in number, there being 800 men now on board, does not possess 100 effective seamen . . . There does not appear to be the least order or discipline amongst their people; all are equal, and each man seems equally conscious of their own

337:

Another feature of the French Revolutionary Wars was the effect of British blockade on French movements. The Royal Navy maintained an active close blockade of all major French ports during the conflict, which resulted in every French ship that left port facing attack from squadrons and individual

1617:

spotted sails in the distance to the southeast. Ignoring arguments from Bruilhac that the sails could be a British battle squadron, Linois insisted that they were a merchant convoy and ordered his ships to advance. The night was dark and visibility was consequently extremely limited; Linois was

1388:

At midnight, the French ships crossed the bows of the convoy and by morning were 4 nautical miles (7.4 km) to windward, to the south. Troubridge maintained his line throughout the night and at 07:00 on 7 August 1805 he prepared to receive the French again as Linois bore down on the convoy.

1093:

damaged and Rainier actively hunting for his squadron, Linois withdrew from the Bay of Bengal and returned to Isle de France. Rainier knew that his chances of discovering Linois in the open Indian Ocean were insignificant, and instead decided to keep watch for him off his principal base at Port

849:

The engagement was an embarrassment for Linois, who insisted that the convoy was defended by up to eight ships of the line and maintained that his actions had saved his squadron from certain destruction. His version of events was widely ridiculed by both his own officers and the authorities in

1085:

badly damaged and the prize secure, Linois decided to withdraw, easily outdistancing the limping British pursuit. Linois subsequently came under criticism for his failure to annihilate the British warship, Napoleon later commenting that "France cared for honour, not for a few pieces of wood."

836:

and the others red, giving the impression of a heavy escort by implying that the ships with blue ensigns were warships. This ruse provoked a cautious response from Linois, who ordered his squadron to shadow the convoy without closing with them. During the night, Dance held position and Linois

753:

believed the squadron to be British and brought them into the harbour, anchoring them just outside the range of the port's defensive battery but within range of the small merchant ships clustered in the bay. These merchant ships recognised the French warships and fled, pursued closely by

223:, almost exactly three years after leaving France. Linois's activities in the Indian Ocean had caused panic and disruption across the region, but the actual damage inflicted on British shipping was negligible and his cruise known more for its failures than its successes. In France, 766:

2 miles (3.2 km) to the south and two more burnt by French landing parties after grounding. The French also destroyed three large warehouses containing cargoes of spices, rice and opium and captured three ships, losing two men killed when a cannon shot from the shore struck

889:

Arriving at Batavia in the aftermath of the engagement, Linois was the subject of criticism from the Dutch governors for his failure to defeat the China convoy. They also refused his requests to make use of the Dutch squadron stationed in port for future operations. Rejoined by

1583:

in February 1806. With one of the French squadrons eliminated, Strachan and Warren remained in the mid-Atlantic anticipating Willaumez's return from his operations to the south. Warren's squadron was ordered to cruise in the Eastern Atlantic, in the region of the island of

1045:, was ashore and command rested with Lieutenant James Robert Phillips, who was suspicious of the new arrivals and fired on them as they came within range. Raising French flags, Linois's frigates closed on the anchored ships, coming under fire from a gun battery on shore. 1761:

108 years later: like von Müller, Linois's raids caused significant concern among British merchant houses and the British authorities in the Indian Ocean, in Linois's case principally due to the threat he posed to the East Indiaman convoys such as that encountered off

837:

remained at a distance, unsure of the strength of the British convoy. At 09:00, Dance reformed his force into sailing formation to put distance between the two forces and Linois took the opportunity to attack, threatening to cut off the rearmost British ships. Dance

302:

against British trade routes. Although protected by Royal Navy and the fleet of the HEIC, there were a number of losses among individually sailing ships, particularly the "country ships": smaller and weaker local vessels less able to defend themselves than the large

902:, which Decaen had renamed Port Napoleon. On his arrival, Linois was questioned by Decaen about the engagement with the China Fleet and when Decaen found his answers unsatisfactory the governor wrote a scathing letter to Napoleon, which he despatched to France on 342:

were too large to be worth their deployment to such a distant part of the world. As a result, the French raiders operating from the Indian Ocean bases were able to travel with more freedom and less risk of interception than those in the Atlantic or Mediterranean.

715:

the following day once the transport's course was ensured. Rainier immediately ordered his ships to take on military supplies in preparation for military operations, although news of the declaration of war, made on 18 May, did not reach him until 13 September.

1163:

before being driven off by a Spanish fort overlooking the strait. The damage was so severe that Motard abandoned the plans to sail for Mexico, returning to the Indian Ocean and continuing to operate from Isle de France against British trade routes until 1808.

1359:

even if the French managed to defeat her, an uncertain outcome given the presence of the heavily armed merchant ships. Instead, Linois swung in behind the convoy, hoping to cut off a straggler. These manoeuveres were too complex for the poorly manned

720:

On the journey to India, Linois and Decaen had fallen out, and the effects of their distaste for one another would be a repeated feature of the following campaign. Britain's declaration of war reached Isle de France at the end of August aboard the

263:, sailing north until eventually reaching European waters. Docking at one of the principal British ports, the ships unloaded their goods and took on cargo for the return journey. This often consisted of military reinforcements for the Army of the 65: 519:, who had sailed on the frigate, called on the British officials then operating the factories in Pondicherry to turn them over to the French as stipulated in the Treaty of Amiens, but was refused. The factory owners were under orders from 321:

in 1800 and retired on the profits. However, these losses formed only a tiny percentage of the British merchant ships crossing the Indian Ocean: the trade convoys continued uninterrupted throughout the conflict. In 1801 the short-lived

1393:

dissuaded Linois from the pressing the attack and he veered off at 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) distance, holding position for the rest of the day before turning southwards at 21:00 and disappearing. Troubridge wanted to pursue in

3073: 187:

on 15 February 1804. Linois attacked the undefended British China Fleet, consisting of 16 valuable East Indiamen and 14 other vessels, but failed to press his military superiority and withdrew without capturing a single ship.

1694:'s rigging. By 10:25 it was clear that the French position was hopeless, with nearly 200 men killed or wounded, the latter including Linois and Vrignaud, both ships badly damaged and unmanoeuverable and the ships of the line 1468:

Leaving Simon's Bay on 10 November, Linois slowly sailed up the West African coast, investigating bays and estuaries for British shipping, but only succeeding in capturing two small merchant vessels. He passed Cape Negro and

1579:, all three British forces cruising the mid-Atlantic in search of the French. Following a brief encounter with Willaumez, Duckworth sailed to the Caribbean and there discovered and destroyed Leissegues' squadron at the 655:

Linois had escaped so swiftly that his anchors and boats had been left in the bay, where he had abandoned them rather than draw attention to his movements by drawing them in. He had also just missed the transport

58: 1452:

dragged her anchors, Captain Gaudin-Beauchène powerless to prevent his frigate driving ashore and rapidly becoming a total wreck. The crew were able to escape to shore in small boats and were then divided among

357:

to prepare a force for extended service in the Indian Ocean, a force that would be capable of inflicting significant losses on the British trade from the region. The flagship of the squadron was to be the fast

1789:, who proved to be a more successful commerce raider than his former commander, until his ship was retired from service in 1808, too old and battered to remain in commission. Command later passed to Commodore 1444:, which was stripped down and unfit for service at sea. Repairing the damage suffered in the August engagement and replenishing food and naval stores over the next two months, Linois was joined in October by 51: 3068: 1793:, whose squadron caused more damage in one year than Linois managed in three: capturing seven East Indiamen during 1809–1810. Eventually British forces were marshalled to capture the island in the 850:

Britain and France, who criticised his timidity and his failure to press the attack when such a valuable prize was within his reach. Dance by contrast was lauded for his defence and rewarded with a

1636:, had sighted Linois's sails at a distance and sailed to investigate, hanging signals with blue lights that notified the rest of Warren's squadron, which was strung out ahead of the slow sailing 371:. Linois was a highly experienced officer who had been engaged with the British on a number of occasions during the French Revolutionary Wars: in May 1794, he was captured when his frigate 1438:

on 13 September. He was hoping there to join up with the Dutch squadron maintained at the Cape, but discovered that the only significant Dutch warship in the port was the ship of the line

898:

arriving on 2 April. During the return journey, Linois had detached his frigates and they captured a number of valuable merchant ships sailing independently before joining the admiral at

1544:

on 5 November 1805, the British had relaxed their blockade of the French Atlantic ports. French and Spanish losses had been so severe in the campaign that it was believed by the British

1418:

by a roundshot. No British ships suffered anything more than superficial damage in the combat, and the convoy continued its journey uninterrupted, arriving at Madras on 23 August.

1284: 471:. The convoy carried 1,350 soldiers and a significant quantity of supplies for both the four-month journey to India and the anticipated extended operations that were to follow it. 979:

in search of valuable convoys. Prisoners from one of the ships taken off Masulipatam on 14 September informed him that a valuable British convoy was anchored in the harbour at

1773:

them for British prisoners. His anger at Linois's failure would have precluded any further appointments even if he had returned to France, but in 1814 he was made Governor of

707:

was returned to Pondicherry and, since there was no news of war from Europe, released on 24 July on condition that she only sail to Isle de France and no other destination.

1102:'s deeper keel scraped on the coral. The ship's hull was badly damaged and her rudder torn off, requiring extensive repairs. Linois was later joined by Captain Bruilhac in 530:, to deny the French access to Pondicherry's commercial assets. The French position was further weakened when a large British squadron, consisting of the ships of the line 800:, Linois sought to intercept the HEIC China Fleet, a large convoy of East Indiamen carrying trade goods worth £8 million (the equivalent of £889,000,000 as of 2024) from 1061:

refused to participate in the engagement at all, remaining at anchor without making use of her 30 cannon. The French ships temporarily withdrew for repairs at 10:45, but

211:

and in the central Indian Ocean, where Linois was again driven away from a large British convoy by inferior British forces, he attempted to return to Europe via the

1896:. Detached from Linois's squadron on 6 March 1805 for service in the Pacific, but returned to the Indian Ocean later in the year. Sold from French service in 1808. 3098: 1648: 598: 503:

were also detached in the high winds, and made their way separately to the destination. The bad weather delayed the arrival of Linois's main squadron, and thus

605:, that war was imminent although not yet declared, and had moved his ships to an anchorage within sight of Pondicherry in anticipation of the outbreak of war. 243:

was a vital conduit of British trade, connecting Britain with its colonies and trading posts in the Far East. Convoys of merchant ships, including the large

1065:

was even more severely damaged, drifting beyond the support of the shore batteries as the French returned to the attack at 11:15. With the harbour exposed,

1012:

Arriving off Vizagapatam early on 15 September 1804, Linois discovered that Rainier, concerned by French depredations off the Indian coast, had substituted

854:

and large financial gifts, including £50,000 divided among the officers and men of the convoy. The engagement prompted a furious Napoleon to write to the

1053:, unwilling to risk grounding his flagship in the shallow waters. Phillips issued urgent orders for the Indiamen to provide assistance, but was ignored: 1340:, a prominent officer who had been sent to the Indian Ocean to assume command of half of Pellew's responsibilities after a political compromise at the 608:

Linois arrived at Pondicherry on 11 July to find Rainier's ships anchored nearby and most of the city's financial institutions still in British hands.

729:, which Linois added to his squadron. By 8 October his preparations were complete, and the French admiral issued his orders for his squadron to sail. 523: 105: 672:

just off the coast. Linois had detached the frigate to investigate the anchorage at Madras, but she had been intercepted and followed by the frigate

1831: 362: 146: 626:

and his own nephew on board Rainier's flagship with an invitation to breakfast the following morning, which was accepted. At 10:00, the transport

527: 1842: 967:, remaining 60 nautical miles (110 km) off the coast to avoid an unequal encounter with Rainier's squadron. He investigated the harbours at 368: 138: 622:

were anchored in Pondicherry roads, although on Linois's arrival they sailed to join Rainier's squadron. The following day, Linois sent Captain

1666:

opened up a fierce fire. Linois responded in kind and a battle commenced in which both ships suffered serve damage to their masts and rigging.

416:

after a third prisoner exchange. His most important battle was in July 1801, when he commanded the French squadron during their victory at the

1563:

Discovering on 24 December that the French squadrons had broken out of Brest, Barham despatched two squadrons in pursuit, led by Rear-Admiral

1957:

Joined squadron at Batavia in December 1803, participated at Pulo Aura before returning to the Dutch port in February 1804. Destroyed in the

1094:

Napoleon. A squadron was detached to the port, but Linois's scouts discovered the blockade before he arrived and he was able to safely reach

1492: 1129:. He was then ordered to sail on across the Pacific to Mexico, to liaise with the Spanish officials there before returning to Europe around 699:

overtook the transport and fired several shots across her bow, forcing her captain to surrender. Bruilhac had used the distraction to sail

1794: 251:

in Australia, as well as Portuguese colonies in the Pacific Ocean. Entering the Indian Ocean, they joined the large convoys of ships from

179:

and to the British economy. Although he had a number of successes against individual merchant ships and the small British trading post of

1876: 1549: 442: 1337: 1032: 3047: 3025: 3006: 2984: 2965: 2943: 2921: 2899: 2876: 2857: 2838: 2816: 1854: 1557: 855: 771:. On 10 December the squadron arrived at Batavia for the winter, disembarking the remaining soldiers to augment the Dutch garrison. 1715:

all coming into range with three others close behind: recognising that defeat was inevitable, the most senior remaining officer on

463:. Ostensibly this squadron was despatched to the Indian Ocean to take possession of Pondicherry and install a new governor in the 641: 640:

had been sent out from Brest on 16 March carrying, among other papers, copies of a speech made before the British Parliament by

2953: 2931: 2909: 1731: 1042: 1006: 668:. Detaching most of his squadron to Madras, Rainier waited off Pondicherry for further French movements and on 15 July spotted 399: 326:

brought an end to the wars, allowing France to reinforce their colonies in the Indian Ocean, including the Indian port-city of

796:

On 28 December 1803, carrying provisions for six months cruising, Linois's squadron left Batavia. Sailing northwards into the

1923: 1901: 960:, which were carrying rice and wheat, and which he sent to Isle de France to provide a ready store of food for the squadron. 724: 436: 1172:

Departing Isle de France for the third and final time on 22 May 1805, Linois initially sailed northwest to the mouth of the

1939:

Joined squadron at Isle de France in August 1803, participated at Pulo Aura and was ordered back to France in April 1804.

264: 1381:

lower gunports. Linois, concerned for the safety of his masts, pressed on all sail and by 18:00 had gone beyond range of

846:

reaching the Straits of Malacca safely. There they were met several days later by two ships of the line sent from India.

448: 1185: 1281:, when he discovered a convoy of eleven large ships sailing eastwards along the trade route from the Cape to Madras at 1545: 1351:, the Indiamen formed line in preparation for Linois's attack, and once again Linois refused to engage them directly: 227:

was furious and refused to exchange Linois for captured British officers for eight years, leaving him and his crew as

1344:. Troubridge's flagship was the convoy's only escort, leading ten East Indiamen through the Indian Ocean to Madras. 1148: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3078: 1798: 1553: 941: 738: 680: 428: 406: 295: 215:. On the return journey, Linois's ships sailed into the cruising ground of a British squadron participating in the 164: 1002: 691:

exchange signals during the morning, and at 11:00 the transport suddenly raised sails and departed the anchorage,

1887: 1529: 1122: 520: 417: 411: 283: 216: 1722:

Warren returned to Britain with his prizes, the squadron weathering a serious storm on 23 April which dismasted

1944: 1690:

continuing unabated. At 08:30, Parker reached Bruilhac's frigate and opened fire, inflicting serious damage to

1202:, under Captain M'Intosh. With the French advancing rapidly on the heavily laden merchant ships, Grant ordered 955: 1364:, and she fell out of the French formation and was soon left behind, disappearing over the horizon. At 17:30, 711:

was detached to ensure that the transport followed these conditions and Rainier returned to Madras, joined by

1608: 646: 576: 278:, a principal conduit of British trade from India, which was frequently patrolled by French commerce raiders 220: 110: 1849:

Departed Brest on 3 March 1803, participated in all significant actions and was captured on 13 March 1806.

623: 17: 1958: 1541: 1251:

that I may with safety affirm, she floats upon the sea as a hulk of insubordination, filthiness and folly.

673: 562: 431:

four days later, but the action enhanced his reputation within the French Navy as a successful commander.

894:, Linois sold two captured country ships and resupplied his squadron, before sailing for Isle de France, 1778: 1695: 1580: 1576: 1564: 1152: 984: 949: 940:, seeking to prey on British trade rounding the Cape of Good Hope. Bad weather forced him to shelter in 931: 631: 100: 1117:

to cruise independently off the trade routes that passed the Cape of Good Hope and on 6 March detached

616: 372: 1242:

and observed the French ship at close quarters, developing a negative opinion of Linois and his crew:

630:

arrived in Pondicherry, having been separated in the storm, and she was followed at 18:00 by the brig

346:

During 1802, tensions rose again between Britain and France, the latter country now under the rule of

2826: 1709: 1156: 1017: 872: 555: 545: 389: 378: 1333: 259:

of trade goods to Britain every year. Together these ships crossed the Indian Ocean and rounded the

1633: 1568: 1533: 1322: 1176:. Finding few targets, he turned eastwards and by July was again raiding shipping off the coast of 791: 652:

for his breakfast appointment, only to discover that Linois's ships had slipped away in the night.

569: 421: 184: 95: 1528:

Unknown to Linois, his squadron was sailing directly into the path of a major naval campaign, the

906:. Linois remained at Isle de France for the next two and a half months, eventually departing with 43: 2789: 2228: 1914:

Departed Brest on 3 March 1803, participated at Vizagapatam and was wrecked in September 1805 in

1702: 1537: 1141: 1134: 805: 538: 350: 267:(HEIC), whose holdings in India were constantly expanding at the expense of neighbouring states. 1769:

Linois and his men remained prisoners in Britain until the end of the war, Napoleon refusing to

1751: 1133:. Motard's mission to the Americas was brought to an end on 2 August 1805, when he encountered 972: 3043: 3021: 3002: 2980: 2961: 2939: 2917: 2895: 2872: 2853: 2834: 2812: 1770: 1641: 1622: 1341: 1197: 1049:

remained beyond the sandbanks that marked the harbour entrance but still within long range of

838: 779: 763: 385: 339: 260: 212: 660:

with its 326 soldiers, which arrived on the evening of 13 July and was swiftly surrounded by

1755: 359: 317: 228: 126: 2784: 1106:, who had captured a valuable merchant ship on his individual cruise in the Bay of Bengal. 963:

Linois's force gradually moved northwards into the Bay of Bengal and in late August passed

3035: 2994: 2977:

Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present

1934: 1790: 1439: 1368:

pulled within range of the rearmost East Indiaman and opened a long-range fire, joined by

993: 851: 822: 797: 746: 395: 323: 180: 152: 134: 38: 30: 1915: 1431: 858: 151:

in March 1803 accompanied by a squadron of three frigates, shortly before the end of the

1686:

and from her opponent, but found his flagship too badly damaged to manoeuvre, fire from

1596: 203:

suffered on the return to Isle de France was so severe that she had to be overhauled at

2888: 2239: 976: 829: 750: 583: 531: 468: 312: 256: 199:

and captured one ship, but was again driven off by inferior British forces. The damage

176: 1196:, under the command of Captain James Ludovic Grant, and the 935-ton (bm) country ship 593:, 20 miles (32 km) to the south of Pondicherry. This squadron had been sent from 3062: 1893: 1266: 980: 968: 508:

the same speed as a fast ship, it had not arrived in the Indian Ocean by the time of

480: 331: 304: 275: 252: 244: 196: 192: 172: 1782: 1478: 1414:

named Mr. Cook was killed by langrage shot and a sailor was killed on the Indiaman

1109:

With his flagship severely damaged, Linois began an extensive series of repairs to

833: 734: 464: 347: 240: 163:

with the frigates, but escaped a British squadron sent to intercept it and reached

142: 27:

Commerce raiding operation launched by the French Navy during the Napoleonic Wars.

2234: 1674:

the French admiral gave orders for Bruilhac to escape. Turning to the northeast,

601:

to watch French movements. On 5 July, Rainier had received word from Bombay, via

1619: 1474: 1329: 1126: 1024: 552: 516: 484: 354: 327: 270: 160: 130: 2235:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 1750:

Linois's operations in the Indian Ocean have been compared to those of Captain

1376:, a veteran of the Battle of Pulo Aura, was unintimidated and returned fire as 944:

for much of the next month, taking on fresh provisions before departing to the

813:

country ships and two other vessels guarded by only one small HEIC armed brig,

1774: 1470: 1461:, with 160 men left to augment the garrison at Cape Town. Linois's prize, the 1095: 937: 899: 492: 299: 248: 204: 1742:

had met independently, Linois might well have been the victor in the battle.

1507: 1494: 1300: 1286: 1098:

instead on 31 October. Entering over the reefs that protected the anchorage,

1868: 1763: 1435: 1348: 1177: 1130: 1057:

drifted ashore and was wrecked when her captain cut her anchor cables while

945: 818: 801: 590: 308: 291: 168: 1871:

and the actions with Troubridge and Warren. Was captured on 13 March 1806.

1385:'s guns and overtaken the convoy, remaining within sight until nightfall. 1801:

in December 1810 and the final defeat of the French in the Indian Ocean.

1601:

The London Man of War capturing the Marengo Admiral Linois, 13 March 1806

1238:

rapidly surrendering to the larger French vessel. Grant was taken aboard

804:

to Britain. The annual convoy sailed through the South China Sea and the

721: 353:. Aware that a return to war was almost inevitable, Napoleon ordered the 224: 1206:

to separate and attempt to shelter on the Ceylon coast. Linois detached

1585: 1486: 1277:

On 6 August 1805, Linois encountered his first significant prize since

1262: 1173: 964: 645:

region. When dawn rose on 13 July, Rainier embarked on the 16-gun brig

602: 287: 208: 1682:

gaining rapidly. At 06:00, Linois tried to open some distance between

1389:

Retaining their formation, the combined batteries of the Indiamen and

1556:, was ordered to the Caribbean while the other, under Contre-Admiral 1184:. There on 11 July he discovered his richest prize yet, the 1200-ton 1159:. In a sharp engagement the British ships inflicted severe damage to 594: 1662:

away from the large British ship, but his flagship was too slow and

975:, making a number of small captures and subsequently cruising along 247:, sailed from ports in China, South East Asia and the new colony of 155:. When war between Britain and France broke out in September 1803, 2831:

The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume V

1595: 1572: 1027:. Also anchored in the harbour roads were the small East Indiamen 992: 778: 427:

was captured. He was also in partial command at the defeat in the

398:, and the following year he was captured again in his new frigate 269: 29: 3074:

Naval battles of the Napoleonic Wars involving the United Kingdom

1640:, of his intentions. Neale's ship was accompanied by the frigate 866:

kind of courage which I consider the highest quality in a leader.

948:

coast. There he captured a number of valuable prizes, including

742: 613: 1618:

therefore unaware of the nature of his quarry until the 98-gun

1410:

none. British casualties were slightly heavier, a passenger on

1332:

but recently cut down to 74 guns. She was commanded by Captain

1218:

onto the beach to avoid capture, the crew scrambling ashore as

841:

and his lead vessels came to the support of the rear, engaging

784:

The Gallant Commodore Dance beating off Admiral Linois Squadron

47: 1892:

Departed Brest on 3 March 1803, participated at Pulo Aura and

191:

In September 1804, Linois attacked a small British convoy at

1247:

superiority; and such is the sad state and condition of the

487:

was interrupted by a fierce storm on 28 April, which caused

515:

s arrival, although it was expected at any moment. Colonel

35:

Defeat of Adml. Linois by Commodore Dance, Feby. 15th. 1804

1355:

was a powerful ship capable of inflicting fatal damage on

877:

The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to 1900

183:, the first military test of Linois squadron came at the 2958:

The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 5, 1808–1811

2936:

The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 4, 1805–1807

2914:

The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 3, 1800–1805

1966:

Source: James, Vol. 3, p. 176, Clowes, p. 58

1261:

In early 1805, Rainier had been replaced in command at

175:

that were vital to the maintenance of trade within the

1719:

surrendered, Bruilhac following suit soon afterwards.

1651:, whose lookouts could not see the enemy but followed 745:, Linois stopped at the minor British trading town of 3069:

Naval battles of the Napoleonic Wars involving France

1081:

continued to engage the British ship. By 13:15, with

1001:

in Vizagapatam Road, 15 September 1804, engraving by

2887: 1536:on 21 October 1805, and the subsequent end of the 294:operated from the French Indian Ocean colonies of 1575:without orders, under its commander Rear-Admiral 1571:. A third squadron detached from the blockade of 1911:Captain Camille-Charles-Alexis Gaudin-Beauchène 1867:Departed Brest on 3 March 1803, participated at 404:and subsequently participated in the disastrous 1328:, a ship of the line built in 1761 as a 90-gun 1244: 863: 679:, whose insistent shadowing had forced Captain 219:and was captured by overwhelming forces at the 1155:, after resupplying for the Pacific voyage at 367:, a 74-gun vessel commanded by Contre-Admiral 871:Emperor Napoleon I, quoted in translation in 733:was detached to raid shipping in the area of 491:to separate from the squadron and shelter in 59: 8: 3018:Who's Who in Nelson's Navy; 200 Naval Heroes 1588:, directly across Linois's line of advance. 1121:from the squadron entirely, sending Captain 1628:loomed out of the night immediately ahead. 832:and ordered three or four of them to raise 483:on 6 March 1803. The four-month journey to 394:was captured after a fierce defence at the 18:Linois' expedition to the Indian Ocean 2578: 2576: 2574: 2564: 2562: 2510: 2508: 2397: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2352: 2350: 2214: 2212: 2185: 2183: 2181: 2144: 2142: 808:, gathering ships from other destinations 66: 52: 44: 2590: 2588: 2552: 2550: 2531: 2529: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2231:inflation figures are based on data from 1448:. On 5 November a gale swept the bay and 1430:, Linois sailed westwards and arrived in 817:. On 14 February, close to the island of 307:. Many of these losses were inflicted by 2674: 2672: 2373: 2371: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 1808: 239:During the early nineteenth century the 2602: 2600: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2034: 2032: 1977: 1781:. On the return of Napoleon during the 1670:assisted Linois, but on the arrival of 1658:Linois made determined efforts to turn 1613:At 03:00 on 13 March 1806, lookouts on 1398:, but was dissuaded by the presence of 123:Linois's expedition to the Indian Ocean 1864:Captain Alain-Adélaïde-Marie Bruilhac 922:was detached to cruise independently. 762:. Six were scuttled by their crews at 207:, and after subsequent cruises in the 1560:, was ordered to the South Atlantic. 7: 3099:Military history of the Indian Ocean 1843:Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois 1603:, Contemporary engraving by "W. C I" 1465:, too was wrecked near Simon's Bay. 1230:, and although Grant opened fire on 695:pursuing closely. Early on 16 July, 377:was run down in the mid-Atlantic by 369:Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois 1655:'s wake in anticipation of action. 1477:, before cruising in the region of 703:to Isle de France without pursuit. 1336:and flew the flag of Rear-Admiral 25: 2807:Adkins, Roy & Lesley (2006). 1426:Retiring from the encounter with 495:for several days. The transports 315:, who captured the East Indiaman 1489:and on 13 March was in position 1406:suffering eight men wounded and 449:French frigate Belle Poule 435:was accompanied by the frigates 2867:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) . 2848:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) . 1795:Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811 821:, the commodore of the convoy, 139:Charles-Alexandre Durand Linois 2886:Henderson CBE, James (1994) . 1846:Captain Joseph-Marie Vrignaud 885:Operations in the Indian Ocean 828:Dance formed his ships into a 1: 1274:his most important priority. 1256:Captain James Ludovic Grant, 681:Alain-Adélaïde-Marie Bruilhac 311:, in particular the ships of 265:Honourable East India Company 1473:and obtained fresh water at 1222:broke up in the heavy surf. 983:, consisting of the frigate 936:Linois initially sailed for 526:, in turn under orders from 465:French Indian Ocean colonies 2793:. 4 July 1807. p. 894. 1546:First Lord of the Admiralty 1016:for the larger and heavier 479:Linois's squadron departed 3115: 2809:The War for All the Oceans 1964: 1956: 1953: 1943: 1942: 1938: 1932: 1922: 1921: 1913: 1910: 1900: 1899: 1891: 1885: 1875: 1874: 1866: 1863: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1840: 1830: 1829: 1815: 1812:Admiral Linois's squadron 1811: 1810: 1799:Invasion of Isle de France 1606: 1554:Corentin-Urbain Leissegues 1532:. In the aftermath of the 1234:the engagement was brief, 929: 789: 683:to return to Pondicherry. 429:Second Battle of Algeciras 129:operation launched by the 2960:. Conway Maritime Press. 2938:. Conway Maritime Press. 2916:. Conway Maritime Press. 2850:The Campaign of Trafalgar 2736:The Campaign of Trafalgar 2457:The Campaign of Trafalgar 2438:The Campaign of Trafalgar 2342:The Campaign of Trafalgar 2204:The Campaign of Trafalgar 2089:The Campaign of Trafalgar 1965: 1577:Sir John Thomas Duckworth 1530:Atlantic campaign of 1806 1524:Atlantic campaign of 1806 1312:"Action of 6 August 1805" 418:First Battle of Algeciras 284:French Revolutionary Wars 255:that carried millions of 217:Atlantic campaign of 1806 91: 3042:. Constable Publishers. 3016:Tracy, Nicholas (1998). 2999:The Command of the Ocean 410:in the ship of the line 2869:The Victory of Seapower 2706:The Victory of Seapower 2646:The Victory of Seapower 2607:The Victory of Seapower 2233:Clark, Gregory (2017). 2077:The Victory of Seapower 2051:The Victory of Seapower 2039:Nelson Against Napoleon 2015:The Victory of Seapower 1994:The Victory of Seapower 1634:Sir Harry Burrard Neale 1609:Action of 13 March 1806 1569:Sir John Borlase Warren 1558:Jean-Baptiste Willaumez 1434:at the Dutch colony of 990:and two East Indiamen. 926:Second cruise of Linois 221:action of 13 March 1806 3020:. Chatham Publishing. 2975:Marley, David (1998). 2833:. Chatham Publishing. 2356:James, Vol. 3, p. 277. 1888:Léonard-Bernard Motard 1604: 1542:Battle of Cape Ortegal 1422:Return to the Atlantic 1259: 1168:Third cruise of Linois 1123:Léonard-Bernard Motard 1009: 882: 787: 279: 77:Linois's expedition to 41: 2827:Clowes, William Laird 2774:James, Vol. 5, p. 326 2756:James, Vol. 5, p. 261 2726:James, Vol. 4, p. 224 2696:James, Vol. 4, p. 223 2636:James, Vol. 4, p. 201 2627:James, Vol. 4, p. 186 2618:James, Vol. 4, p. 185 2582:James, Vol. 4, p. 222 2568:James, Vol. 4, p. 152 2514:James, Vol. 4, p. 151 2477:James, Vol. 4, p. 153 2468:James, Vol. 4, p. 150 2419:James, Vol. 3, p. 279 2401:James, Vol. 3, p. 278 2389:James, Vol. 3, p. 276 2314:James, Vol. 3, p. 250 2287:James, Vol. 3, p. 249 2260:James, Vol. 3, p. 248 2218:James, Vol. 3, p. 213 2189:James, Vol. 3, p. 212 2148:James, Vol. 3, p. 211 2136:James, Vol. 3, p. 176 1797:, culminating in the 1607:Further information: 1599: 1581:Battle of San Domingo 1338:Sir Thomas Troubridge 1153:San Bernardino Strait 996: 932:Battle of Vizagapatam 930:Further information: 790:Further information: 782: 624:Joseph-Marie Vrignaud 273: 33: 1565:Sir Richard Strachan 1192:. Linois discovered 1125:on a mission to the 918:in late June, while 873:William Laird Clowes 407:Expédition d'Irlande 286:(1793–1801), French 274:A modern map of the 2871:. Caxton Editions. 2852:. Caxton Editions. 1534:Battle of Trafalgar 1504: / 1296: / 792:Battle of Pulo Aura 597:under Rear-Admiral 455:and the transports 185:Battle of Pulo Aura 141:was ordered to the 106:Troubridge's Action 2790:The London Gazette 2229:Retail Price Index 2041:, Gardiner, p. 185 1996:, Gardiner, p. 102 1961:in November 1806. 1954:Lieutenant Harang 1605: 1538:Trafalgar Campaign 1067:Princess Charlotte 1059:Princess Charlotte 1034:Princess Charlotte 1010: 1005:after a sketch by 879:, Volume 5, 1900, 856:Minister of Marine 806:Straits of Malacca 788: 351:Napoleon Bonaparte 280: 42: 3094:Conflicts in 1806 3089:Conflicts in 1805 3084:Conflicts in 1804 3079:Conflicts in 1803 2738:, Gardiner, p. 19 2708:, Gardiner, p. 29 2648:, Gardiner, p. 28 2609:, Gardiner, p. 17 2459:, Gardiner, p. 29 2440:, Gardiner, p. 28 2344:, Gardiner, p. 27 2206:, Gardiner, p. 26 2091:, Gardiner, p. 24 2079:, Gardiner, p. 92 2053:, Gardiner, p. 19 2017:, Gardiner, p. 88 1970: 1969: 1678:pulled away with 1592:Capture of Linois 1567:and Rear-Admiral 1508:26.267°N 29.417°W 1301:19.150°S 81.367°E 1267:Sir Edward Pellew 1180:, accompanied by 1003:Thomas Sutherland 561:and the frigates 475:Movements in 1803 340:Dutch East Indies 261:Cape of Good Hope 213:Cape of Good Hope 137:. Contre-Admiral 119: 118: 16:(Redirected from 3106: 3053: 3040:The Sea Warriors 3036:Woodman, Richard 3031: 3012: 2990: 2971: 2949: 2927: 2905: 2893: 2882: 2863: 2844: 2822: 2795: 2794: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2667: 2664: 2658: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2595: 2592: 2583: 2580: 2569: 2566: 2557: 2554: 2545: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2524: 2521: 2515: 2512: 2503: 2500: 2487: 2484: 2478: 2475: 2469: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2420: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2399: 2390: 2387: 2378: 2375: 2366: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2270: 2267: 2261: 2258: 2252: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2225: 2219: 2216: 2207: 2201: 2190: 2187: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2149: 2146: 2137: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2118:Henderson, p. 19 2116: 2110: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2092: 2086: 2080: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2027: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2003: 1997: 1991: 1985: 1984:Henderson, p. 47 1982: 1809: 1779:King Louis XVIII 1734:claimed that if 1519: 1518: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1372:. The rear ship 1320: 1319: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1313: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1265:by Rear-Admiral 1257: 1226:was slower than 880: 786:, unknown artist 521:Governor-General 514: 388:, his next ship 360:ship of the line 229:prisoners of war 145:in his flagship 127:commerce raiding 86: 84: 83:the Indian Ocean 78: 68: 61: 54: 45: 21: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3059: 3058: 3050: 3034: 3028: 3015: 3009: 2993: 2987: 2974: 2968: 2952: 2946: 2930: 2924: 2908: 2902: 2885: 2879: 2866: 2860: 2847: 2841: 2825: 2819: 2806: 2803: 2798: 2783: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2765:Woodman, p. 283 2764: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2678:Woodman, p. 216 2677: 2670: 2666:Woodman, p. 215 2665: 2661: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2605: 2598: 2593: 2586: 2581: 2572: 2567: 2560: 2555: 2548: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2506: 2501: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2463: 2455: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2393: 2388: 2381: 2376: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2309: 2305:Woodman, p. 195 2304: 2300: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2269:Woodman, p. 194 2268: 2264: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2243: 2232: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2210: 2202: 2193: 2188: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2152: 2147: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2127:Woodman, p. 160 2126: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2100:Woodman, p. 172 2099: 2095: 2087: 2083: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2057: 2049: 2045: 2037: 2030: 2026:Woodman, p. 150 2025: 2021: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1959:Raid on Batavia 1935:Emmanuel Halgan 1845: 1841:Contre-Admiral 1807: 1805:Order of battle 1791:Jacques Hamelin 1752:Karl von Müller 1748: 1611: 1594: 1526: 1513:26.267; -29.417 1512: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1490: 1424: 1311: 1309: 1306:-19.150; 81.367 1305: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1295: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1258: 1255: 1214:. M'Intosh ran 1170: 1069:surrendered to 997:Defence of the 934: 928: 887: 881: 870: 823:Nathaniel Dance 798:South China Sea 794: 777: 642:King George III 528:Lord Hawkesbury 512: 501:Marie Françoise 477: 461:Marie Françoise 396:Battle of Groix 324:Peace of Amiens 237: 153:Peace of Amiens 135:Napoleonic Wars 120: 115: 111:Warren's Action 87: 82: 80: 76: 74: 72: 39:William Daniell 37:, Engraving by 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3112: 3110: 3102: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3054: 3048: 3032: 3026: 3013: 3007: 3001:. Allen Lane. 2995:Rodger, N.A.M. 2991: 2985: 2972: 2966: 2954:James, William 2950: 2944: 2932:James, William 2928: 2922: 2910:James, William 2906: 2900: 2894:. Leo Cooper. 2883: 2877: 2864: 2858: 2845: 2839: 2823: 2817: 2802: 2799: 2797: 2796: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2749: 2747:Marley, p. 376 2740: 2728: 2719: 2717:Clowes, p. 374 2710: 2698: 2689: 2687:Adkins, p. 191 2680: 2668: 2659: 2657:Clowes, p. 373 2650: 2638: 2629: 2620: 2611: 2596: 2594:Adkins, p. 190 2584: 2570: 2558: 2556:Adkins, p. 185 2546: 2537: 2535:Adkins, p. 184 2525: 2516: 2504: 2502:Clowes, p. 367 2488: 2486:Clowes, p. 413 2479: 2470: 2461: 2442: 2430: 2428:Clowes, p. 350 2421: 2412: 2410:Clowes, p. 349 2403: 2391: 2379: 2377:Rodger, p. 547 2367: 2365:Clowes, p. 348 2358: 2346: 2334: 2332:Clowes, p. 339 2325: 2316: 2307: 2298: 2296:Clowes, p. 338 2289: 2280: 2278:Clowes, p. 337 2271: 2262: 2253: 2240:MeasuringWorth 2220: 2208: 2191: 2177: 2168: 2150: 2138: 2129: 2120: 2111: 2109:Woodman, p. 42 2102: 2093: 2081: 2069: 2067:Rodger, p. 546 2055: 2043: 2028: 2019: 2007: 2005:Adkins, p. 342 1998: 1986: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1928: 1920: 1919: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1898: 1897: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1851: 1850: 1847: 1839: 1836: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1806: 1803: 1747: 1744: 1649:William Parker 1647:under Captain 1593: 1590: 1525: 1522: 1423: 1420: 1334:Austen Bissell 1253: 1188:East Indiaman 1169: 1166: 1147:under Captain 1007:Sir James Lind 977:Coastal Andhra 942:Saint Augustin 927: 924: 886: 883: 868: 830:line of battle 776: 773: 751:maritime pilot 628:Marie François 524:Lord Wellesley 476: 473: 469:Charles Decaen 313:Robert Surcouf 296:Isle de France 236: 233: 177:British Empire 165:Isle de France 117: 116: 114: 113: 108: 103: 98: 92: 89: 88: 73: 71: 70: 63: 56: 48: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3111: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3057: 3051: 3049:1-84119-183-3 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3027:1-86176-244-5 3023: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3008:0-7139-9411-8 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2986:0-87436-837-5 2982: 2978: 2973: 2969: 2967:0-85177-909-3 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2945:0-85177-908-5 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2923:0-85177-907-7 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2901:0-85052-432-6 2897: 2892: 2891: 2884: 2880: 2878:1-84067-359-1 2874: 2870: 2865: 2861: 2859:1-84067-358-3 2855: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2840:1-86176-014-0 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2818:0-349-11916-3 2814: 2810: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2780: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2753: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2699: 2693: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2591: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2544:Tracy, p. 290 2541: 2538: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2523:Tracy, p. 287 2520: 2517: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2431: 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289: 285: 277: 276:Bay of Bengal 272: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 253:British India 250: 246: 245:East Indiamen 242: 234: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 197:Bay of Bengal 194: 189: 186: 182: 178: 174: 173:East Indiamen 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 93: 90: 85: 79: 69: 64: 62: 57: 55: 50: 49: 46: 40: 36: 32: 19: 3056: 3039: 3017: 2998: 2979:. ABC-CLIO. 2976: 2957: 2935: 2913: 2890:The Frigates 2889: 2868: 2849: 2830: 2808: 2788: 2779: 2770: 2761: 2752: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2692: 2683: 2662: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2632: 2623: 2614: 2606: 2540: 2519: 2482: 2473: 2464: 2456: 2437: 2433: 2424: 2415: 2406: 2361: 2341: 2337: 2328: 2319: 2310: 2301: 2292: 2283: 2274: 2265: 2256: 2244:. Retrieved 2238: 2223: 2203: 2171: 2132: 2123: 2114: 2105: 2096: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2050: 2046: 2038: 2022: 2014: 2010: 2001: 1993: 1989: 1980: 1945: 1924: 1902: 1877: 1855: 1832: 1786: 1783:Hundred Days 1768: 1757: 1749: 1739: 1735: 1727: 1723: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1704: 1697: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1657: 1652: 1643: 1637: 1632:'s captain, 1629: 1624: 1614: 1612: 1600: 1562: 1527: 1485:crossed the 1482: 1479:Saint Helena 1467: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1427: 1425: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1346: 1324: 1278: 1276: 1270: 1260: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1181: 1171: 1160: 1143: 1136: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1103: 1099: 1090: 1088: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041:'s captain, 1038: 1033: 1028: 1019: 1013: 1011: 998: 986: 962: 957:Upton Castle 956: 950: 935: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 895: 891: 888: 876: 864: 859:Denis Decrès 848: 842: 834:blue ensigns 827: 814: 809: 795: 783: 768: 759: 755: 749:. The local 730: 725: 718: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 675: 669: 665: 661: 657: 654: 648: 637: 632: 627: 618: 609: 607: 589:anchored at 585: 578: 571: 564: 557: 547: 540: 533: 509: 504: 500: 496: 488: 478: 460: 456: 450: 443: 437: 432: 423: 412: 405: 400: 390: 380: 373: 363: 348:First Consul 345: 336: 316: 281: 241:Indian Ocean 238: 231:until 1814. 200: 190: 156: 147: 143:Indian Ocean 122: 121: 81: 75: 34: 2785:"No. 16044" 1916:Simon's Bay 1894:Vizagapatam 1856:Belle Poule 1692:Belle Poule 1676:Belle Poule 1668:Belle Poule 1620:second rate 1550:Lord Barham 1511: / 1459:Belle Poule 1432:Simon's Bay 1408:Belle Poule 1400:Belle Poule 1370:Belle Poule 1330:second rate 1304: / 1271:Belle Poule 1208:Belle Poule 1182:Belle Poule 1157:San Jacinto 1127:Philippines 1104:Belle Poule 1025:fourth rate 1023:, a 50-gun 981:Vizagapatam 969:Masulipatam 920:Belle Poule 713:Dedaigneuse 709:Dedaigneuse 701:Belle Poule 697:Terpsichore 693:Terpsichore 685:Belle Poule 676:Terpsichore 670:Belle Poule 649:Rattlesnake 579:Dedaigneuse 553:fourth-rate 517:Louis Binot 510:Belle Poule 505:Belle Poule 489:Belle Poule 485:Pondicherry 355:French Navy 328:Pondicherry 282:During the 193:Vizagapatam 161:Pondicherry 133:during the 131:French Navy 101:Vizagapatam 3063:Categories 2811:. Abacus. 2801:References 1946:Aventurier 1878:Sémillante 1823:Commander 1787:Sémillante 1775:Guadeloupe 1698:Foudroyant 1471:Cape Lopez 1374:Cumberland 1310: ( 1161:Sémillante 1119:Sémillante 1096:Grand Port 1071:Sémillante 1043:James Lind 1014:Wilhelmina 987:Wilhelmina 938:Madagascar 916:Sémillante 900:Port Louis 852:knighthood 769:Sémillante 760:Sémillante 534:Tremendous 493:Madagascar 467:, General 444:Sémillante 391:Formidable 384:. Rapidly 309:privateers 292:privateers 249:Botany Bay 235:Background 205:Grand Port 2956:(2002) . 2934:(2002) . 2912:(2002) . 2829:(1997) . 1869:Pulo Aura 1764:Pulo Aura 1746:Aftermath 1728:Ramillies 1712:Ramillies 1710:HMS 1703:HMS 1696:HMS 1642:HMS 1623:HMS 1463:Brunswick 1436:Cape Town 1362:Brunswick 1349:Pulo Aura 1342:Admiralty 1323:HMS 1279:Brunswick 1236:Brunswick 1224:Brunswick 1210:to chase 1194:Brunswick 1190:Brunswick 1149:John Wood 1142:HMS 1135:HMS 1131:Cape Horn 1083:Centurion 1063:Centurion 1051:Centurion 1039:Centurion 1020:Centurion 1018:HMS 999:Centurion 985:HMS 973:Cosanguay 951:Charlotte 819:Pulo Aura 775:Pulo Aura 747:Bencoolen 705:Côte d'Or 689:Côte d'Or 674:HMS 662:Centurion 658:Côte d'Or 647:HMS 617:HMS 591:Cuddalore 584:HMS 577:HMS 570:HMS 565:Sheerness 563:HMS 558:Centurion 556:HMS 548:Lancaster 546:HMS 539:HMS 497:Côte d'Or 457:Côte d'Or 453: (2) 422:HMS 386:exchanged 381:Swiftsure 379:HMS 181:Bencoolen 169:Mauritius 96:Pulo Aura 3038:(2001). 2997:(2004). 1933:Captain 1903:Atalante 1886:Captain 1771:exchange 1475:Príncipe 1450:Atalante 1446:Atalante 1428:Blenheim 1412:Blenheim 1396:Blenheim 1391:Blenheim 1383:Blenheim 1378:Blenheim 1353:Blenheim 1325:Blenheim 1254:— 1115:Atalante 1075:Atalante 912:Atalante 892:Atalante 869:— 810:en route 764:Sellebar 731:Atalante 722:corvette 666:Concorde 612:and the 572:Concorde 438:Atalante 424:Hannibal 420:, where 374:Atalante 288:frigates 225:Napoleon 1925:Berceau 1833:Marengo 1736:Marengo 1724:Marengo 1717:Marengo 1705:Repulse 1684:Marengo 1660:Marengo 1615:Marengo 1586:Madeira 1540:at the 1499:29°25′W 1496:26°16′N 1487:equator 1483:Marengo 1455:Marengo 1404:Marengo 1366:Marengo 1357:Marengo 1291:81°22′E 1288:19°09′S 1249:Marengo 1240:Marengo 1232:Marengo 1174:Red Sea 1151:in the 1144:Harrier 1137:Phaeton 1111:Marengo 1100:Marengo 1091:Marengo 1079:Marengo 1055:Barnaby 1047:Marengo 1029:Barnaby 908:Marengo 904:Berceau 896:Marengo 843:Marengo 756:Berceau 739:Batavia 726:Berceau 610:Trident 541:Trident 433:Marengo 364:Marengo 330:on the 300:Réunion 209:Red Sea 201:Marengo 195:in the 159:was at 157:Marengo 148:Marengo 3046: 3024: 3005: 2983: 2964: 2942: 2920: 2898: 2875: 2856: 2837: 2815: 2246:May 7, 1826:Notes 1740:London 1688:London 1680:Amazon 1672:Amazon 1664:London 1653:London 1644:Amazon 1638:London 1630:London 1625:London 1416:Ganges 1347:As at 1263:Madras 1178:Ceylon 965:Madras 946:Ceylon 839:tacked 815:Ganges 802:Canton 735:Muscat 638:Bélier 633:Bélier 619:Victor 603:Madras 595:Bombay 551:, the 413:Nestor 257:pounds 125:was a 1973:Notes 1820:Guns 1817:Ship 1758:Emden 1573:Cadiz 1228:Sarah 1220:Sarah 1216:Sarah 1212:Sarah 1204:Sarah 1199:Sarah 1089:With 513:' 481:Brest 401:Unité 167:(now 3044:ISBN 3022:ISBN 3003:ISBN 2981:ISBN 2962:ISBN 2940:ISBN 2918:ISBN 2896:ISBN 2873:ISBN 2854:ISBN 2835:ISBN 2813:ISBN 2248:2024 1756:SMS 1738:and 1726:and 1708:and 1457:and 1441:Bato 1186:(bm) 1140:and 1077:and 1031:and 971:and 954:and 914:and 758:and 743:Java 687:and 664:and 614:brig 582:and 544:and 532:HMS 499:and 459:and 451:1802 447:and 318:Kent 298:and 290:and 2227:UK 1951:16 1930:20 1908:40 1883:36 1861:40 1838:74 1777:by 1754:in 1073:as 741:on 586:Fox 3065:: 2787:. 2671:^ 2599:^ 2587:^ 2573:^ 2561:^ 2549:^ 2528:^ 2507:^ 2491:^ 2445:^ 2394:^ 2382:^ 2370:^ 2349:^ 2237:. 2211:^ 2194:^ 2180:^ 2153:^ 2141:^ 2058:^ 2031:^ 1918:. 1701:, 1548:, 1520:. 1037:. 910:, 875:' 861:: 636:. 575:, 568:, 537:, 441:, 334:. 3052:. 3030:. 3011:. 2989:. 2970:. 2948:. 2926:. 2904:. 2881:. 2862:. 2843:. 2821:. 2250:. 1314:) 67:e 60:t 53:v 20:)

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