Linois's expedition to the Indian Ocean

1755:. The practical effects of his raiding were however insignificant: in three years he took just five East Indiamen and a handful of country ships, briefly terrorising the Andhra coast in 1804 but otherwise failing to cause major economic disruption to British trade. The only achievement of his cruise was to force Rainier's squadron to operate in defence of British convoys and ports, preventing any offensive operations during Linois's time in the Indian Ocean. The vast distances between friendly ports, the lack of sufficient food supplies or naval stores and the strength of British naval escorts after the initial months of war all played a part in Linois's failings to fully exploit his opportunity, but the blame for his inadequate achievements has been consistently placed with Linois's own personal leadership failings, both among his contemporaries and by historians. In battle Linois refused to place his ships in danger if it could be avoided, he spent considerable periods of the cruise refitting at French harbours and even when presented with an undefended target was reluctant to press his advantage. 1541:, that the French Navy would be unable to respond in the following winter, and consequently withdrew most of the blockade fleet to Britain until the spring. This strategy miscalculated the strength of the French Brest fleet, which had not been engaged in the Trafalgar campaign and therefore was at full strength. Taking advantage of the absence of the British squadrons off his principal Atlantic port, Napoleon ordered two squadrons to put to sea on 15 December 1805. These forces were ordered to cruise the Atlantic shipping lanes in search of British merchant convoys and avoid confrontations with equivalent British forces. One squadron, under Vice-Admiral 1258:, a more aggressive officer with a reputation of success against the French Navy. Learning of Linois's reappearance off Ceylon, Pellew immediately despatched a squadron in search of him. Linois discovered the impending arrival of Pellew's ships from captured prisoners and departed westwards, successfully avoiding an encounter with the British force. After again cruising off the entrance to the Red Sea without success, Linois sailed southwards to intersect the trade routes between the Cape of Good Hope and Madras. During the journey, his squadron were caught in a heavy storm and 327:

ships patrolling the French and allied coasts. The losses the French Navy suffered as a result of this strategy were high, and the blockade was so effective that even movement between ports along the French coasts was restricted. In the Indian Ocean however the huge distances between the French bases on Réunion and Isle de France and the British bases in India meant that close blockade was an ineffective strategy: the scale of the forces required to maintain an effective constant blockade of both islands, as well as the Dutch ports at the Cape of Good Hope and in the

1719:. British losses in the engagement had totalled 14 dead and 27 wounded, to French casualties of 69 dead and 106 wounded. Warren was highly praised for his victory and both French ships were taken into British service under their French names. The battle marked the end of Linois's cruise, three years and seven days after he had left Brest for the Indian Ocean. In contrast to the criticism attracted by his earlier engagements, Linois's final battle with Warren won praise for his resilience in the face of larger and more powerful opposition: British naval historian 726:, an important Portuguese trading post. The rest of the squadron, except the troopships, was to sail with Linois to Réunion (soon to be renamed Île Bonaparte), where the garrison was reinforced. It then sailed eastwards to the Dutch East Indies, diverting to raid British shipping lanes, where many merchant ships were still unaware of the outbreak of war. Linois's first combat cruise was successful, and he captured a number of undefended prizes from the country ships encountered en route to the East Indies. In early December, shortly before he reached 1774:, Linois declared for the Emperor, the only French colonial governor to do so. Within days a small British expeditionary force had ousted him and on 8 July Napoleon himself surrendered. Linois's career was over, and he died in 1848 without performing any further military service. The Indian Ocean remained an active theatre of warfare for the next four years, the campaign against British merchant shipping in the region conducted by frigate squadrons operating from the Isle de France. These were initially led by Motard in 160:). The large distances between naval bases in the Indian Ocean and the limited resources available to the British commanders in the region made it difficult to concentrate sufficient forces to combat a squadron of this size, and Linois was subsequently able to sustain his campaign for three years. From Isle de France, Linois and his frigates began a series of attacks on British commerce across the Eastern Indian Ocean, specifically targeting the large convoys of 769: 1391:, which could attack the convoy while the ships of the line were engaged. He expressed confidence, however, that he would have been successful in any engagement and wrote "I trust I shall yet have the good fortune to fall in with him when unencumber'd with convoy". Linois's withdrawal was prudent: his mainmast had been struck during the brief cannonade and was at risk of collapse if the engagement continued. Losses among the crew were light, 983: 1586: 814:, was notified that sails were sighted approaching from the south-west. Suspicious, Dance sent a number of the East Indiamen to investigate, and rapidly discovered that the strange ships were the French squadron under Linois. Dance knew that his convoy would be unable to resist the French in combat and instead decided to bluff the French by pretending that a number of his large East Indiamen were disguised ships of the line. 20: 260: 1102:, which was overhauled and beached to have her bottom and rudder replaced. The repairs lasted until May 1805, and the expense of feeding and accommodating the hundreds of sailors from the squadron placed a significant strain on Decaen's resources, despite the captured food supplies sent in by Linois during 1804. To alleviate the pressure, Linois ordered Captain Gaudin-Beauchène in 1310:. Closing to investigate the convoy, which was shrouded in fog, Linois was again cautious, unwilling to engage until he was certain that no Royal Navy ships lay among the East Indiamen. At 4 nautical miles (7.4 km) distance it became clear that one of the ships was certainly a large warship, flying a pennant indicating the presence of an admiral on board. This ship was 1470:. There he learned on 29 January 1806 from an American merchant ship that a British squadron had captured Cape Town. With the last safe harbour within reach in enemy hands and in desperate need of repair and resupply, Linois decided to return to Europe and slowly passed north, following the trade routes in search of British merchant shipping. On 17 February, 834:

at long range. Unnerved by the sudden British manoeuvere, Linois turned and retreated, convinced that the convoy was defended by an overwhelming force. Continuing the illusion that he was supported by warships, Dance ordered his ships to pursue Linois over the next two hours, eventually reforming and

801:

and usually under the protection of an escort formed from Royal Navy ships of the line. However, the 1804 fleet had no escort: the outbreak of war had delayed the despatch of the vessels from Rainier's squadron. Thus as the convoy approached the Straits of Malacca it consisted of 16 East Indiamen, 11

1369:

held position so that the convoy passed ahead and the French ships rapidly came up with her. Opening a heavy fire with the main deck guns, Troubridge was able to drive the French ships off, even though his lower deck guns were out of service due to the heavy seas that threatened to flood through the

708:

By the time Rainier learned of the outbreak of war, Linois was already at Isle de France, where his ships had arrived without incident on 16 August. Decaen was installed as governor and some of the troops disembarked to reinforce the garrison, although Linois retained the rest on board his squadron.

633:

that threatened conflict and orders from Napoleon to immediately sail for Isle de France in anticipation of the declaration of war. Linois was instructed to deliver Decaen to the island, and prepare his ships on the Indian Ocean island for a lengthy raiding operation against British commerce in the

854:

All the enterprises at sea which have been undertaken since I became the head of the Government have missed fire because my admirals see double and have discovered, I know not how or where, that war can be made without running risks . . . Tell Linois that he has shown want of courage of mind, that

496:

arrived in India first, on 16 June. Napoleon believed, and had assured Linois, that war with Britain was not likely until September, but relations broke down faster than expected and Britain began mobilising on 16 May, issuing a formal declaration of war two days later. As news could only travel at

1262:

lost her mizzenmast. Linois was able to replace it, but the incident left him without any spare masts should either of his ships lose another. Without a full sailing rig, his ships were vulnerable to capture by faster and more agile British vessels, and Linois decided that protecting his masts was

1235:

She sails uncommonly fast: but her ship's company, though strong in number, there being 800 men now on board, does not possess 100 effective seamen . . . There does not appear to be the least order or discipline amongst their people; all are equal, and each man seems equally conscious of their own

326:

Another feature of the French Revolutionary Wars was the effect of British blockade on French movements. The Royal Navy maintained an active close blockade of all major French ports during the conflict, which resulted in every French ship that left port facing attack from squadrons and individual

1606:

spotted sails in the distance to the southeast. Ignoring arguments from Bruilhac that the sails could be a British battle squadron, Linois insisted that they were a merchant convoy and ordered his ships to advance. The night was dark and visibility was consequently extremely limited; Linois was

1377:

At midnight, the French ships crossed the bows of the convoy and by morning were 4 nautical miles (7.4 km) to windward, to the south. Troubridge maintained his line throughout the night and at 07:00 on 7 August 1805 he prepared to receive the French again as Linois bore down on the convoy.

1082:

damaged and Rainier actively hunting for his squadron, Linois withdrew from the Bay of Bengal and returned to Isle de France. Rainier knew that his chances of discovering Linois in the open Indian Ocean were insignificant, and instead decided to keep watch for him off his principal base at Port

838:

The engagement was an embarrassment for Linois, who insisted that the convoy was defended by up to eight ships of the line and maintained that his actions had saved his squadron from certain destruction. His version of events was widely ridiculed by both his own officers and the authorities in

1074:

badly damaged and the prize secure, Linois decided to withdraw, easily outdistancing the limping British pursuit. Linois subsequently came under criticism for his failure to annihilate the British warship, Napoleon later commenting that "France cared for honour, not for a few pieces of wood."

825:

and the others red, giving the impression of a heavy escort by implying that the ships with blue ensigns were warships. This ruse provoked a cautious response from Linois, who ordered his squadron to shadow the convoy without closing with them. During the night, Dance held position and Linois

742:

believed the squadron to be British and brought them into the harbour, anchoring them just outside the range of the port's defensive battery but within range of the small merchant ships clustered in the bay. These merchant ships recognised the French warships and fled, pursued closely by

212:, almost exactly three years after leaving France. Linois's activities in the Indian Ocean had caused panic and disruption across the region, but the actual damage inflicted on British shipping was negligible and his cruise known more for its failures than its successes. In France, 755:

2 miles (3.2 km) to the south and two more burnt by French landing parties after grounding. The French also destroyed three large warehouses containing cargoes of spices, rice and opium and captured three ships, losing two men killed when a cannon shot from the shore struck

878:

Arriving at Batavia in the aftermath of the engagement, Linois was the subject of criticism from the Dutch governors for his failure to defeat the China convoy. They also refused his requests to make use of the Dutch squadron stationed in port for future operations. Rejoined by

1572:

in February 1806. With one of the French squadrons eliminated, Strachan and Warren remained in the mid-Atlantic anticipating Willaumez's return from his operations to the south. Warren's squadron was ordered to cruise in the Eastern Atlantic, in the region of the island of

1034:, was ashore and command rested with Lieutenant James Robert Phillips, who was suspicious of the new arrivals and fired on them as they came within range. Raising French flags, Linois's frigates closed on the anchored ships, coming under fire from a gun battery on shore. 1750:

108 years later: like von Müller, Linois's raids caused significant concern among British merchant houses and the British authorities in the Indian Ocean, in Linois's case principally due to the threat he posed to the East Indiaman convoys such as that encountered off

826:

remained at a distance, unsure of the strength of the British convoy. At 09:00, Dance reformed his force into sailing formation to put distance between the two forces and Linois took the opportunity to attack, threatening to cut off the rearmost British ships. Dance

291:

against British trade routes. Although protected by Royal Navy and the fleet of the HEIC, there were a number of losses among individually sailing ships, particularly the "country ships": smaller and weaker local vessels less able to defend themselves than the large

891:, which Decaen had renamed Port Napoleon. On his arrival, Linois was questioned by Decaen about the engagement with the China Fleet and when Decaen found his answers unsatisfactory the governor wrote a scathing letter to Napoleon, which he despatched to France on 331:

were too large to be worth their deployment to such a distant part of the world. As a result, the French raiders operating from the Indian Ocean bases were able to travel with more freedom and less risk of interception than those in the Atlantic or Mediterranean.

704:

the following day once the transport's course was ensured. Rainier immediately ordered his ships to take on military supplies in preparation for military operations, although news of the declaration of war, made on 18 May, did not reach him until 13 September.

1152:

before being driven off by a Spanish fort overlooking the strait. The damage was so severe that Motard abandoned the plans to sail for Mexico, returning to the Indian Ocean and continuing to operate from Isle de France against British trade routes until 1808.

1348:

even if the French managed to defeat her, an uncertain outcome given the presence of the heavily armed merchant ships. Instead, Linois swung in behind the convoy, hoping to cut off a straggler. These manoeuveres were too complex for the poorly manned

709:

On the journey to India, Linois and Decaen had fallen out, and the effects of their distaste for one another would be a repeated feature of the following campaign. Britain's declaration of war reached Isle de France at the end of August aboard the

252:, sailing north until eventually reaching European waters. Docking at one of the principal British ports, the ships unloaded their goods and took on cargo for the return journey. This often consisted of military reinforcements for the Army of the 54: 508:, who had sailed on the frigate, called on the British officials then operating the factories in Pondicherry to turn them over to the French as stipulated in the Treaty of Amiens, but was refused. The factory owners were under orders from 310:

in 1800 and retired on the profits. However, these losses formed only a tiny percentage of the British merchant ships crossing the Indian Ocean: the trade convoys continued uninterrupted throughout the conflict. In 1801 the short-lived

1382:

dissuaded Linois from the pressing the attack and he veered off at 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) distance, holding position for the rest of the day before turning southwards at 21:00 and disappearing. Troubridge wanted to pursue in

3062: 176:

on 15 February 1804. Linois attacked the undefended British China Fleet, consisting of 16 valuable East Indiamen and 14 other vessels, but failed to press his military superiority and withdrew without capturing a single ship.

1683:'s rigging. By 10:25 it was clear that the French position was hopeless, with nearly 200 men killed or wounded, the latter including Linois and Vrignaud, both ships badly damaged and unmanoeuverable and the ships of the line 1457:

Leaving Simon's Bay on 10 November, Linois slowly sailed up the West African coast, investigating bays and estuaries for British shipping, but only succeeding in capturing two small merchant vessels. He passed Cape Negro and

1568:, all three British forces cruising the mid-Atlantic in search of the French. Following a brief encounter with Willaumez, Duckworth sailed to the Caribbean and there discovered and destroyed Leissegues' squadron at the 644:

Linois had escaped so swiftly that his anchors and boats had been left in the bay, where he had abandoned them rather than draw attention to his movements by drawing them in. He had also just missed the transport

47: 1441:

dragged her anchors, Captain Gaudin-Beauchène powerless to prevent his frigate driving ashore and rapidly becoming a total wreck. The crew were able to escape to shore in small boats and were then divided among

346:

to prepare a force for extended service in the Indian Ocean, a force that would be capable of inflicting significant losses on the British trade from the region. The flagship of the squadron was to be the fast

1778:, who proved to be a more successful commerce raider than his former commander, until his ship was retired from service in 1808, too old and battered to remain in commission. Command later passed to Commodore 1433:, which was stripped down and unfit for service at sea. Repairing the damage suffered in the August engagement and replenishing food and naval stores over the next two months, Linois was joined in October by 40: 3057: 1782:, whose squadron caused more damage in one year than Linois managed in three: capturing seven East Indiamen during 1809–1810. Eventually British forces were marshalled to capture the island in the 839:

Britain and France, who criticised his timidity and his failure to press the attack when such a valuable prize was within his reach. Dance by contrast was lauded for his defence and rewarded with a

1625:, had sighted Linois's sails at a distance and sailed to investigate, hanging signals with blue lights that notified the rest of Warren's squadron, which was strung out ahead of the slow sailing 360:. Linois was a highly experienced officer who had been engaged with the British on a number of occasions during the French Revolutionary Wars: in May 1794, he was captured when his frigate 1427:

on 13 September. He was hoping there to join up with the Dutch squadron maintained at the Cape, but discovered that the only significant Dutch warship in the port was the ship of the line

887:

arriving on 2 April. During the return journey, Linois had detached his frigates and they captured a number of valuable merchant ships sailing independently before joining the admiral at

1533:

on 5 November 1805, the British had relaxed their blockade of the French Atlantic ports. French and Spanish losses had been so severe in the campaign that it was believed by the British

1407:

by a roundshot. No British ships suffered anything more than superficial damage in the combat, and the convoy continued its journey uninterrupted, arriving at Madras on 23 August.

1273: 460:. The convoy carried 1,350 soldiers and a significant quantity of supplies for both the four-month journey to India and the anticipated extended operations that were to follow it. 968:

in search of valuable convoys. Prisoners from one of the ships taken off Masulipatam on 14 September informed him that a valuable British convoy was anchored in the harbour at

1762:

them for British prisoners. His anger at Linois's failure would have precluded any further appointments even if he had returned to France, but in 1814 he was made Governor of

696:

was returned to Pondicherry and, since there was no news of war from Europe, released on 24 July on condition that she only sail to Isle de France and no other destination.

1091:'s deeper keel scraped on the coral. The ship's hull was badly damaged and her rudder torn off, requiring extensive repairs. Linois was later joined by Captain Bruilhac in 519:, to deny the French access to Pondicherry's commercial assets. The French position was further weakened when a large British squadron, consisting of the ships of the line 789:, Linois sought to intercept the HEIC China Fleet, a large convoy of East Indiamen carrying trade goods worth £8 million (the equivalent of £889,000,000 as of 2024) from 1050:

refused to participate in the engagement at all, remaining at anchor without making use of her 30 cannon. The French ships temporarily withdrew for repairs at 10:45, but

200:

and in the central Indian Ocean, where Linois was again driven away from a large British convoy by inferior British forces, he attempted to return to Europe via the

1885:. Detached from Linois's squadron on 6 March 1805 for service in the Pacific, but returned to the Indian Ocean later in the year. Sold from French service in 1808. 3087: 1637: 587: 492:

were also detached in the high winds, and made their way separately to the destination. The bad weather delayed the arrival of Linois's main squadron, and thus

594:, that war was imminent although not yet declared, and had moved his ships to an anchorage within sight of Pondicherry in anticipation of the outbreak of war. 232:

was a vital conduit of British trade, connecting Britain with its colonies and trading posts in the Far East. Convoys of merchant ships, including the large

1054:

was even more severely damaged, drifting beyond the support of the shore batteries as the French returned to the attack at 11:15. With the harbour exposed,

1001:

Arriving off Vizagapatam early on 15 September 1804, Linois discovered that Rainier, concerned by French depredations off the Indian coast, had substituted

843:

and large financial gifts, including £50,000 divided among the officers and men of the convoy. The engagement prompted a furious Napoleon to write to the

1042:, unwilling to risk grounding his flagship in the shallow waters. Phillips issued urgent orders for the Indiamen to provide assistance, but was ignored: 1329:, a prominent officer who had been sent to the Indian Ocean to assume command of half of Pellew's responsibilities after a political compromise at the 597:

Linois arrived at Pondicherry on 11 July to find Rainier's ships anchored nearby and most of the city's financial institutions still in British hands.

718:, which Linois added to his squadron. By 8 October his preparations were complete, and the French admiral issued his orders for his squadron to sail. 512: 94: 661:

just off the coast. Linois had detached the frigate to investigate the anchorage at Madras, but she had been intercepted and followed by the frigate

1820: 351: 135: 615:

and his own nephew on board Rainier's flagship with an invitation to breakfast the following morning, which was accepted. At 10:00, the transport

516: 1831: 956:, remaining 60 nautical miles (110 km) off the coast to avoid an unequal encounter with Rainier's squadron. He investigated the harbours at 357: 127: 611:

were anchored in Pondicherry roads, although on Linois's arrival they sailed to join Rainier's squadron. The following day, Linois sent Captain

1655:

opened up a fierce fire. Linois responded in kind and a battle commenced in which both ships suffered serve damage to their masts and rigging.

405:

after a third prisoner exchange. His most important battle was in July 1801, when he commanded the French squadron during their victory at the

1552:

Discovering on 24 December that the French squadrons had broken out of Brest, Barham despatched two squadrons in pursuit, led by Rear-Admiral

1946:

Joined squadron at Batavia in December 1803, participated at Pulo Aura before returning to the Dutch port in February 1804. Destroyed in the

1083:

Napoleon. A squadron was detached to the port, but Linois's scouts discovered the blockade before he arrived and he was able to safely reach

1481: 1118:. He was then ordered to sail on across the Pacific to Mexico, to liaise with the Spanish officials there before returning to Europe around 688:

overtook the transport and fired several shots across her bow, forcing her captain to surrender. Bruilhac had used the distraction to sail

1783: 240:

in Australia, as well as Portuguese colonies in the Pacific Ocean. Entering the Indian Ocean, they joined the large convoys of ships from

168:

and to the British economy. Although he had a number of successes against individual merchant ships and the small British trading post of

1865: 1538: 431: 1326: 1021: 3036: 3014: 2995: 2973: 2954: 2932: 2910: 2888: 2865: 2846: 2827: 2805: 1843: 1546: 844: 760:. On 10 December the squadron arrived at Batavia for the winter, disembarking the remaining soldiers to augment the Dutch garrison. 1704:

all coming into range with three others close behind: recognising that defeat was inevitable, the most senior remaining officer on

452:. Ostensibly this squadron was despatched to the Indian Ocean to take possession of Pondicherry and install a new governor in the 630: 629:

had been sent out from Brest on 16 March carrying, among other papers, copies of a speech made before the British Parliament by

2942: 2920: 2898: 1720: 1031: 995: 657:. Detaching most of his squadron to Madras, Rainier waited off Pondicherry for further French movements and on 15 July spotted 388: 315:

brought an end to the wars, allowing France to reinforce their colonies in the Indian Ocean, including the Indian port-city of

785:

On 28 December 1803, carrying provisions for six months cruising, Linois's squadron left Batavia. Sailing northwards into the

1912: 1890: 949:, which were carrying rice and wheat, and which he sent to Isle de France to provide a ready store of food for the squadron. 713: 425: 1161:

Departing Isle de France for the third and final time on 22 May 1805, Linois initially sailed northwest to the mouth of the

1928:

Joined squadron at Isle de France in August 1803, participated at Pulo Aura and was ordered back to France in April 1804.

253: 1370:

lower gunports. Linois, concerned for the safety of his masts, pressed on all sail and by 18:00 had gone beyond range of

835:

reaching the Straits of Malacca safely. There they were met several days later by two ships of the line sent from India.

437: 1174: 1270:, when he discovered a convoy of eleven large ships sailing eastwards along the trade route from the Cape to Madras at 1534: 1340:, the Indiamen formed line in preparation for Linois's attack, and once again Linois refused to engage them directly: 216:

was furious and refused to exchange Linois for captured British officers for eight years, leaving him and his crew as

1333:. Troubridge's flagship was the convoy's only escort, leading ten East Indiamen through the Indian Ocean to Madras. 1137: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 1787: 1542: 930: 727: 669: 417: 395: 284: 204:. On the return journey, Linois's ships sailed into the cruising ground of a British squadron participating in the 153: 991: 680:

exchange signals during the morning, and at 11:00 the transport suddenly raised sails and departed the anchorage,

1876: 1518: 1111: 509: 406: 400: 272: 205: 1711:

Warren returned to Britain with his prizes, the squadron weathering a serious storm on 23 April which dismasted

1933: 1679:

continuing unabated. At 08:30, Parker reached Bruilhac's frigate and opened fire, inflicting serious damage to

1191:, under Captain M'Intosh. With the French advancing rapidly on the heavily laden merchant ships, Grant ordered 944: 1353:, and she fell out of the French formation and was soon left behind, disappearing over the horizon. At 17:30, 700:

was detached to ensure that the transport followed these conditions and Rainier returned to Madras, joined by

1597: 635: 565: 267:, a principal conduit of British trade from India, which was frequently patrolled by French commerce raiders 209: 99: 1838:

Departed Brest on 3 March 1803, participated in all significant actions and was captured on 13 March 1806.

612: 1947: 1530: 1240:

that I may with safety affirm, she floats upon the sea as a hulk of insubordination, filthiness and folly.

662: 551: 420:

four days later, but the action enhanced his reputation within the French Navy as a successful commander.

883:, Linois sold two captured country ships and resupplied his squadron, before sailing for Isle de France, 1767: 1684: 1569: 1565: 1553: 1141: 973: 938: 929:, seeking to prey on British trade rounding the Cape of Good Hope. Bad weather forced him to shelter in 920: 620: 89: 1106:

to cruise independently off the trade routes that passed the Cape of Good Hope and on 6 March detached

605: 361: 1231:

and observed the French ship at close quarters, developing a negative opinion of Linois and his crew:

619:

arrived in Pondicherry, having been separated in the storm, and she was followed at 18:00 by the brig

335:

During 1802, tensions rose again between Britain and France, the latter country now under the rule of

2815: 1698: 1145: 1006: 861: 544: 534: 378: 367: 1322: 248:

of trade goods to Britain every year. Together these ships crossed the Indian Ocean and rounded the

1622: 1557: 1522: 1311: 1165:. Finding few targets, he turned eastwards and by July was again raiding shipping off the coast of 780: 641:

for his breakfast appointment, only to discover that Linois's ships had slipped away in the night.

558: 410: 173: 84: 1517:

Unknown to Linois, his squadron was sailing directly into the path of a major naval campaign, the

895:. Linois remained at Isle de France for the next two and a half months, eventually departing with 32: 2778: 2217: 1903:

Departed Brest on 3 March 1803, participated at Vizagapatam and was wrecked in September 1805 in

1691: 1526: 1130: 1123: 794: 527: 339: 256:(HEIC), whose holdings in India were constantly expanding at the expense of neighbouring states. 1758:

Linois and his men remained prisoners in Britain until the end of the war, Napoleon refusing to

1740: 1122:. Motard's mission to the Americas was brought to an end on 2 August 1805, when he encountered 961: 3032: 3010: 2991: 2969: 2950: 2928: 2906: 2884: 2861: 2842: 2823: 2801: 1759: 1630: 1611: 1330: 1186: 1038:

remained beyond the sandbanks that marked the harbour entrance but still within long range of

827: 768: 752: 374: 328: 249: 201: 649:

with its 326 soldiers, which arrived on the evening of 13 July and was swiftly surrounded by

1744: 348: 306: 217: 115: 2773: 1095:, who had captured a valuable merchant ship on his individual cruise in the Bay of Bengal. 952:

Linois's force gradually moved northwards into the Bay of Bengal and in late August passed

3024: 2983: 2966:

Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present

1923: 1779: 1428: 1357:

pulled within range of the rearmost East Indiaman and opened a long-range fire, joined by

982: 840: 811: 786: 735: 384: 312: 169: 141: 123: 27: 19: 1904: 1420: 847: 140:

in March 1803 accompanied by a squadron of three frigates, shortly before the end of the

1675:

and from her opponent, but found his flagship too badly damaged to manoeuvre, fire from

1585: 192:

suffered on the return to Isle de France was so severe that she had to be overhauled at

2877: 2228: 965: 818: 739: 572: 520: 457: 301: 245: 188:

and captured one ship, but was again driven off by inferior British forces. The damage

165: 1185:, under the command of Captain James Ludovic Grant, and the 935-ton (bm) country ship 582:, 20 miles (32 km) to the south of Pondicherry. This squadron had been sent from 3051: 1882: 1255: 969: 957: 497:

the same speed as a fast ship, it had not arrived in the Indian Ocean by the time of

469: 320: 293: 264: 241: 233: 185: 181: 161: 1771: 1467: 1403:

named Mr. Cook was killed by langrage shot and a sailor was killed on the Indiaman

1098:

With his flagship severely damaged, Linois began an extensive series of repairs to

822: 723: 453: 336: 229: 152:

with the frigates, but escaped a British squadron sent to intercept it and reached

131: 16:

Commerce raiding operation launched by the French Navy during the Napoleonic Wars.

2223: 1663:

the French admiral gave orders for Bruilhac to escape. Turning to the northeast,

590:

to watch French movements. On 5 July, Rainier had received word from Bombay, via

1608: 1463: 1318: 1115: 1013: 541: 505: 473: 343: 316: 259: 149: 119: 2224:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 1739:

Linois's operations in the Indian Ocean have been compared to those of Captain

1365:, a veteran of the Battle of Pulo Aura, was unintimidated and returned fire as 933:

for much of the next month, taking on fresh provisions before departing to the

802:

country ships and two other vessels guarded by only one small HEIC armed brig,

1763: 1459: 1450:, with 160 men left to augment the garrison at Cape Town. Linois's prize, the 1084: 926: 888: 481: 288: 237: 193: 1731:

had met independently, Linois might well have been the victor in the battle.

1496: 1483: 1289: 1275: 1087:

instead on 31 October. Entering over the reefs that protected the anchorage,

1857: 1752: 1424: 1337: 1166: 1119: 1046:

drifted ashore and was wrecked when her captain cut her anchor cables while

934: 807: 790: 579: 297: 280: 157: 1860:

and the actions with Troubridge and Warren. Was captured on 13 March 1806.

1374:'s guns and overtaken the convoy, remaining within sight until nightfall. 1790:

in December 1810 and the final defeat of the French in the Indian Ocean.

1590:

The London Man of War capturing the Marengo Admiral Linois, 13 March 1806

1227:

rapidly surrendering to the larger French vessel. Grant was taken aboard

793:

to Britain. The annual convoy sailed through the South China Sea and the

710: 342:. Aware that a return to war was almost inevitable, Napoleon ordered the 213: 1195:

to separate and attempt to shelter on the Ceylon coast. Linois detached

1574: 1475: 1266:

On 6 August 1805, Linois encountered his first significant prize since

1251: 1162: 953: 634:

region. When dawn rose on 13 July, Rainier embarked on the 16-gun brig

591: 276: 197: 1671:

gaining rapidly. At 06:00, Linois tried to open some distance between

1378:

Retaining their formation, the combined batteries of the Indiamen and

1545:, was ordered to the Caribbean while the other, under Contre-Admiral 1173:. There on 11 July he discovered his richest prize yet, the 1200-ton 1148:. In a sharp engagement the British ships inflicted severe damage to 583: 1651:

away from the large British ship, but his flagship was too slow and

964:, making a number of small captures and subsequently cruising along 236:, sailed from ports in China, South East Asia and the new colony of 144:. When war between Britain and France broke out in September 1803, 2820:

The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume V

1584: 1561: 1016:. Also anchored in the harbour roads were the small East Indiamen 981: 767: 416:

was captured. He was also in partial command at the defeat in the

387:, and the following year he was captured again in his new frigate 258: 18: 3063:

Naval battles of the Napoleonic Wars involving the United Kingdom

1629:, of his intentions. Neale's ship was accompanied by the frigate 855:

kind of courage which I consider the highest quality in a leader.

937:

coast. There he captured a number of valuable prizes, including

731: 602: 1607:

therefore unaware of the nature of his quarry until the 98-gun

1399:

none. British casualties were slightly heavier, a passenger on

1321:

but recently cut down to 74 guns. She was commanded by Captain

1207:

onto the beach to avoid capture, the crew scrambling ashore as

830:

and his lead vessels came to the support of the rear, engaging

773:

The Gallant Commodore Dance beating off Admiral Linois Squadron

36: 1881:

Departed Brest on 3 March 1803, participated at Pulo Aura and

180:

In September 1804, Linois attacked a small British convoy at

1236:

superiority; and such is the sad state and condition of the

476:

was interrupted by a fierce storm on 28 April, which caused

504:

s arrival, although it was expected at any moment. Colonel

24:

Defeat of Adml. Linois by Commodore Dance, Feby. 15th. 1804

1344:

was a powerful ship capable of inflicting fatal damage on

866:

The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to 1900

172:, the first military test of Linois squadron came at the 2947:

The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 5, 1808–1811

2925:

The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 4, 1805–1807

2903:

The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 3, 1800–1805

1955:

Source: James, Vol. 3, p. 176, Clowes, p. 58

1250:

In early 1805, Rainier had been replaced in command at

164:

that were vital to the maintenance of trade within the

1708:

surrendered, Bruilhac following suit soon afterwards.

1640:, whose lookouts could not see the enemy but followed 734:, Linois stopped at the minor British trading town of 3058:

Naval battles of the Napoleonic Wars involving France

1070:

continued to engage the British ship. By 13:15, with

990:

in Vizagapatam Road, 15 September 1804, engraving by

2876: 1525:on 21 October 1805, and the subsequent end of the 283:operated from the French Indian Ocean colonies of 1564:without orders, under its commander Rear-Admiral 1560:. A third squadron detached from the blockade of 1900:Captain Camille-Charles-Alexis Gaudin-Beauchène 1856:Departed Brest on 3 March 1803, participated at 393:and subsequently participated in the disastrous 1317:, a ship of the line built in 1761 as a 90-gun 1233: 852: 668:, whose insistent shadowing had forced Captain 208:and was captured by overwhelming forces at the 1144:, after resupplying for the Pacific voyage at 356:, a 74-gun vessel commanded by Contre-Admiral 860:Emperor Napoleon I, quoted in translation in 722:was detached to raid shipping in the area of 480:to separate from the squadron and shelter in 48: 8: 3007:Who's Who in Nelson's Navy; 200 Naval Heroes 1577:, directly across Linois's line of advance. 1110:from the squadron entirely, sending Captain 1617:loomed out of the night immediately ahead. 821:and ordered three or four of them to raise 472:on 6 March 1803. The four-month journey to 383:was captured after a fierce defence at the 2567: 2565: 2563: 2553: 2551: 2499: 2497: 2386: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2341: 2339: 2203: 2201: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2133: 2131: 797:, gathering ships from other destinations 55: 41: 33: 2579: 2577: 2541: 2539: 2520: 2518: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2220:inflation figures are based on data from 1437:. On 5 November a gale swept the bay and 1419:, Linois sailed westwards and arrived in 806:. On 14 February, close to the island of 296:. Many of these losses were inflicted by 2663: 2661: 2362: 2360: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2143: 1797: 228:During the early nineteenth century the 2591: 2589: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2052: 2050: 2048: 2023: 2021: 1966: 1770:. On the return of Napoleon during the 1659:assisted Linois, but on the arrival of 1647:Linois made determined efforts to turn 1602:At 03:00 on 13 March 1806, lookouts on 1387:, but was dissuaded by the presence of 112:Linois's expedition to the Indian Ocean 1853:Captain Alain-Adélaïde-Marie Bruilhac 911:was detached to cruise independently. 751:. Six were scuttled by their crews at 196:, and after subsequent cruises in the 1549:, was ordered to the South Atlantic. 7: 3088:Military history of the Indian Ocean 1832:Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois 1592:, Contemporary engraving by "W. C I" 1454:, too was wrecked near Simon's Bay. 1219:, and although Grant opened fire on 684:pursuing closely. Early on 16 July, 366:was run down in the mid-Atlantic by 358:Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois 1644:'s wake in anticipation of action. 1466:, before cruising in the region of 692:to Isle de France without pursuit. 1325:and flew the flag of Rear-Admiral 14: 2796:Adkins, Roy & Lesley (2006). 1415:Retiring from the encounter with 484:for several days. The transports 304:, who captured the East Indiaman 1478:and on 13 March was in position 1395:suffering eight men wounded and 438:French frigate Belle Poule 424:was accompanied by the frigates 2856:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) . 2837:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) . 1784:Mauritius campaign of 1809–1811 810:, the commodore of the convoy, 128:Charles-Alexandre Durand Linois 2875:Henderson CBE, James (1994) . 1835:Captain Joseph-Marie Vrignaud 874:Operations in the Indian Ocean 817:Dance formed his ships into a 1: 1263:his most important priority. 1245:Captain James Ludovic Grant, 670:Alain-Adélaïde-Marie Bruilhac 300:, in particular the ships of 254:Honourable East India Company 1462:and obtained fresh water at 1211:broke up in the heavy surf. 972:, consisting of the frigate 925:Linois initially sailed for 515:, in turn under orders from 454:French Indian Ocean colonies 2782:. 4 July 1807. p. 894. 1535:First Lord of the Admiralty 1005:for the larger and heavier 468:Linois's squadron departed 3104: 2798:The War for All the Oceans 1953: 1945: 1942: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1911: 1910: 1902: 1899: 1889: 1888: 1880: 1874: 1864: 1863: 1855: 1852: 1842: 1841: 1837: 1829: 1819: 1818: 1804: 1801:Admiral Linois's squadron 1800: 1799: 1788:Invasion of Isle de France 1595: 1543:Corentin-Urbain Leissegues 1521:. In the aftermath of the 1223:the engagement was brief, 918: 778: 672:to return to Pondicherry. 418:Second Battle of Algeciras 118:operation launched by the 2949:. Conway Maritime Press. 2927:. Conway Maritime Press. 2905:. Conway Maritime Press. 2839:The Campaign of Trafalgar 2725:The Campaign of Trafalgar 2446:The Campaign of Trafalgar 2427:The Campaign of Trafalgar 2331:The Campaign of Trafalgar 2193:The Campaign of Trafalgar 2078:The Campaign of Trafalgar 1954: 1566:Sir John Thomas Duckworth 1519:Atlantic campaign of 1806 1513:Atlantic campaign of 1806 1301:"Action of 6 August 1805" 407:First Battle of Algeciras 273:French Revolutionary Wars 244:that carried millions of 206:Atlantic campaign of 1806 80: 3031:. Constable Publishers. 3005:Tracy, Nicholas (1998). 2988:The Command of the Ocean 399:in the ship of the line 2858:The Victory of Seapower 2695:The Victory of Seapower 2635:The Victory of Seapower 2596:The Victory of Seapower 2222:Clark, Gregory (2017). 2066:The Victory of Seapower 2040:The Victory of Seapower 2028:Nelson Against Napoleon 2004:The Victory of Seapower 1983:The Victory of Seapower 1623:Sir Harry Burrard Neale 1598:Action of 13 March 1806 1558:Sir John Borlase Warren 1547:Jean-Baptiste Willaumez 1423:at the Dutch colony of 979:and two East Indiamen. 915:Second cruise of Linois 210:action of 13 March 1806 3009:. Chatham Publishing. 2964:Marley, David (1998). 2822:. Chatham Publishing. 2345:James, Vol. 3, p. 277. 1877:Léonard-Bernard Motard 1593: 1531:Battle of Cape Ortegal 1411:Return to the Atlantic 1248: 1157:Third cruise of Linois 1112:Léonard-Bernard Motard 998: 871: 776: 268: 66:Linois's expedition to 30: 2816:Clowes, William Laird 2763:James, Vol. 5, p. 326 2745:James, Vol. 5, p. 261 2715:James, Vol. 4, p. 224 2685:James, Vol. 4, p. 223 2625:James, Vol. 4, p. 201 2616:James, Vol. 4, p. 186 2607:James, Vol. 4, p. 185 2571:James, Vol. 4, p. 222 2557:James, Vol. 4, p. 152 2503:James, Vol. 4, p. 151 2466:James, Vol. 4, p. 153 2457:James, Vol. 4, p. 150 2408:James, Vol. 3, p. 279 2390:James, Vol. 3, p. 278 2378:James, Vol. 3, p. 276 2303:James, Vol. 3, p. 250 2276:James, Vol. 3, p. 249 2249:James, Vol. 3, p. 248 2207:James, Vol. 3, p. 213 2178:James, Vol. 3, p. 212 2137:James, Vol. 3, p. 211 2125:James, Vol. 3, p. 176 1786:, culminating in the 1596:Further information: 1588: 1570:Battle of San Domingo 1327:Sir Thomas Troubridge 1142:San Bernardino Strait 985: 921:Battle of Vizagapatam 919:Further information: 779:Further information: 771: 613:Joseph-Marie Vrignaud 262: 22: 1554:Sir Richard Strachan 1181:. Linois discovered 1114:on a mission to the 907:in late June, while 862:William Laird Clowes 396:Expédition d'Irlande 275:(1793–1801), French 263:A modern map of the 2860:. Caxton Editions. 2841:. Caxton Editions. 1523:Battle of Trafalgar 1493: / 1285: / 781:Battle of Pulo Aura 586:under Rear-Admiral 444:and the transports 174:Battle of Pulo Aura 130:was ordered to the 95:Troubridge's Action 2779:The London Gazette 2218:Retail Price Index 2030:, Gardiner, p. 185 1985:, Gardiner, p. 102 1950:in November 1806. 1943:Lieutenant Harang 1594: 1527:Trafalgar Campaign 1056:Princess Charlotte 1048:Princess Charlotte 1023:Princess Charlotte 999: 994:after a sketch by 868:, Volume 5, 1900, 845:Minister of Marine 795:Straits of Malacca 777: 340:Napoleon Bonaparte 269: 31: 3083:Conflicts in 1806 3078:Conflicts in 1805 3073:Conflicts in 1804 3068:Conflicts in 1803 2727:, Gardiner, p. 19 2697:, Gardiner, p. 29 2637:, Gardiner, p. 28 2598:, Gardiner, p. 17 2448:, Gardiner, p. 29 2429:, Gardiner, p. 28 2333:, Gardiner, p. 27 2195:, Gardiner, p. 26 2080:, Gardiner, p. 24 2068:, Gardiner, p. 92 2042:, Gardiner, p. 19 2006:, Gardiner, p. 88 1959: 1958: 1667:pulled away with 1581:Capture of Linois 1556:and Rear-Admiral 1497:26.267°N 29.417°W 1290:19.150°S 81.367°E 1256:Sir Edward Pellew 1169:, accompanied by 992:Thomas Sutherland 550:and the frigates 464:Movements in 1803 329:Dutch East Indies 250:Cape of Good Hope 202:Cape of Good Hope 126:. Contre-Admiral 108: 107: 3095: 3042: 3029:The Sea Warriors 3025:Woodman, Richard 3020: 3001: 2979: 2960: 2938: 2916: 2894: 2882: 2871: 2852: 2833: 2811: 2784: 2783: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2755: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2668: 2665: 2656: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2623: 2617: 2614: 2608: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2584: 2581: 2572: 2569: 2558: 2555: 2546: 2543: 2534: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2513: 2510: 2504: 2501: 2492: 2489: 2476: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2379: 2376: 2367: 2364: 2355: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2295: 2292: 2286: 2283: 2277: 2274: 2268: 2265: 2259: 2256: 2250: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2214: 2208: 2205: 2196: 2190: 2179: 2176: 2165: 2162: 2156: 2153: 2138: 2135: 2126: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2108: 2107:Henderson, p. 19 2105: 2099: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2016: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1974: 1973:Henderson, p. 47 1971: 1798: 1768:King Louis XVIII 1723:claimed that if 1508: 1507: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1361:. The rear ship 1309: 1308: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1302: 1297: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1254:by Rear-Admiral 1246: 1215:was slower than 869: 775:, unknown artist 510:Governor-General 503: 377:, his next ship 349:ship of the line 218:prisoners of war 134:in his flagship 116:commerce raiding 75: 73: 72:the Indian Ocean 67: 57: 50: 43: 34: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3048: 3047: 3039: 3023: 3017: 3004: 2998: 2982: 2976: 2963: 2957: 2941: 2935: 2919: 2913: 2897: 2891: 2874: 2868: 2855: 2849: 2836: 2830: 2814: 2808: 2795: 2792: 2787: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2758: 2754:Woodman, p. 283 2753: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2667:Woodman, p. 216 2666: 2659: 2655:Woodman, p. 215 2654: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2587: 2582: 2575: 2570: 2561: 2556: 2549: 2544: 2537: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2495: 2490: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2452: 2444: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2382: 2377: 2370: 2365: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2294:Woodman, p. 195 2293: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2258:Woodman, p. 194 2257: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2234: 2232: 2221: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2199: 2191: 2182: 2177: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2141: 2136: 2129: 2124: 2120: 2116:Woodman, p. 160 2115: 2111: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2089:Woodman, p. 172 2088: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2046: 2038: 2034: 2026: 2019: 2015:Woodman, p. 150 2014: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1948:Raid on Batavia 1924:Emmanuel Halgan 1834: 1830:Contre-Admiral 1796: 1794:Order of battle 1780:Jacques Hamelin 1741:Karl von Müller 1737: 1600: 1583: 1515: 1502:26.267; -29.417 1501: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1479: 1413: 1300: 1298: 1295:-19.150; 81.367 1294: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1271: 1247: 1244: 1203:. M'Intosh ran 1159: 1058:surrendered to 986:Defence of the 923: 917: 876: 870: 859: 812:Nathaniel Dance 787:South China Sea 783: 766: 631:King George III 517:Lord Hawkesbury 501: 490:Marie Françoise 466: 450:Marie Françoise 385:Battle of Groix 313:Peace of Amiens 226: 142:Peace of Amiens 124:Napoleonic Wars 109: 104: 100:Warren's Action 76: 71: 69: 65: 63: 61: 28:William Daniell 26:, Engraving by 17: 12: 11: 5: 3101: 3099: 3091: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3050: 3049: 3044: 3043: 3037: 3021: 3015: 3002: 2996: 2990:. Allen Lane. 2984:Rodger, N.A.M. 2980: 2974: 2961: 2955: 2943:James, William 2939: 2933: 2921:James, William 2917: 2911: 2899:James, William 2895: 2889: 2883:. Leo Cooper. 2872: 2866: 2853: 2847: 2834: 2828: 2812: 2806: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2765: 2756: 2747: 2738: 2736:Marley, p. 376 2729: 2717: 2708: 2706:Clowes, p. 374 2699: 2687: 2678: 2676:Adkins, p. 191 2669: 2657: 2648: 2646:Clowes, p. 373 2639: 2627: 2618: 2609: 2600: 2585: 2583:Adkins, p. 190 2573: 2559: 2547: 2545:Adkins, p. 185 2535: 2526: 2524:Adkins, p. 184 2514: 2505: 2493: 2491:Clowes, p. 367 2477: 2475:Clowes, p. 413 2468: 2459: 2450: 2431: 2419: 2417:Clowes, p. 350 2410: 2401: 2399:Clowes, p. 349 2392: 2380: 2368: 2366:Rodger, p. 547 2356: 2354:Clowes, p. 348 2347: 2335: 2323: 2321:Clowes, p. 339 2314: 2305: 2296: 2287: 2285:Clowes, p. 338 2278: 2269: 2267:Clowes, p. 337 2260: 2251: 2242: 2229:MeasuringWorth 2209: 2197: 2180: 2166: 2157: 2139: 2127: 2118: 2109: 2100: 2098:Woodman, p. 42 2091: 2082: 2070: 2058: 2056:Rodger, p. 546 2044: 2032: 2017: 2008: 1996: 1994:Adkins, p. 342 1987: 1975: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1909: 1908: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1887: 1886: 1879: 1873: 1870: 1862: 1861: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1828: 1825: 1817: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1802: 1795: 1792: 1736: 1733: 1638:William Parker 1636:under Captain 1582: 1579: 1514: 1511: 1412: 1409: 1323:Austen Bissell 1242: 1177:East Indiaman 1158: 1155: 1136:under Captain 996:Sir James Lind 966:Coastal Andhra 931:Saint Augustin 916: 913: 875: 872: 857: 819:line of battle 765: 762: 740:maritime pilot 617:Marie François 513:Lord Wellesley 465: 462: 458:Charles Decaen 302:Robert Surcouf 285:Isle de France 225: 222: 166:British Empire 154:Isle de France 106: 105: 103: 102: 97: 92: 87: 81: 78: 77: 62: 60: 59: 52: 45: 37: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3100: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3046: 3040: 3038:1-84119-183-3 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3016:1-86176-244-5 3012: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2997:0-7139-9411-8 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2975:0-87436-837-5 2971: 2967: 2962: 2958: 2956:0-85177-909-3 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2934:0-85177-908-5 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2912:0-85177-907-7 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2890:0-85052-432-6 2886: 2881: 2880: 2873: 2869: 2867:1-84067-359-1 2863: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2848:1-84067-358-3 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2829:1-86176-014-0 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2807:0-349-11916-3 2803: 2799: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2769: 2766: 2760: 2757: 2751: 2748: 2742: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2664: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2628: 2622: 2619: 2613: 2610: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2533:Tracy, p. 290 2530: 2527: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2512:Tracy, p. 287 2509: 2506: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2420: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2402: 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James 1718: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1599: 1591: 1587: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1315: 1307: 1269: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1241: 1239: 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010: 1004: 997: 993: 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Bengal 261: 257: 255: 251: 247: 243: 242:British India 239: 235: 234:East Indiamen 231: 223: 221: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 186:Bay of Bengal 183: 178: 175: 171: 167: 163: 162:East Indiamen 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 101: 98: 96: 93: 91: 88: 86: 83: 82: 79: 74: 68: 58: 53: 51: 46: 44: 39: 38: 35: 29: 25: 21: 3045: 3028: 3006: 2987: 2968:. ABC-CLIO. 2965: 2946: 2924: 2902: 2879:The Frigates 2878: 2857: 2838: 2819: 2797: 2777: 2768: 2759: 2750: 2741: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2711: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2681: 2672: 2651: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2621: 2612: 2603: 2595: 2529: 2508: 2471: 2462: 2453: 2445: 2426: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2395: 2350: 2330: 2326: 2317: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2281: 2272: 2263: 2254: 2245: 2233:. 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The local 719: 714: 707: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 664: 658: 654: 650: 646: 643: 637: 626: 621: 616: 607: 598: 596: 578:anchored at 574: 567: 560: 553: 546: 536: 529: 522: 498: 493: 489: 485: 477: 467: 449: 445: 439: 432: 426: 421: 412: 401: 394: 389: 379: 369: 362: 352: 337:First Consul 334: 325: 305: 270: 230:Indian Ocean 227: 220:until 1814. 189: 179: 145: 136: 132:Indian Ocean 111: 110: 70: 64: 23: 2774:"No. 16044" 1905:Simon's Bay 1883:Vizagapatam 1845:Belle Poule 1681:Belle Poule 1665:Belle Poule 1657:Belle Poule 1609:second rate 1539:Lord Barham 1500: / 1448:Belle Poule 1421:Simon's Bay 1397:Belle Poule 1389:Belle Poule 1359:Belle Poule 1319:second rate 1293: / 1260:Belle Poule 1197:Belle Poule 1171:Belle Poule 1146:San Jacinto 1116:Philippines 1093:Belle Poule 1014:fourth rate 1012:, a 50-gun 970:Vizagapatam 958:Masulipatam 909:Belle Poule 702:Dedaigneuse 698:Dedaigneuse 690:Belle Poule 686:Terpsichore 682:Terpsichore 674:Belle Poule 665:Terpsichore 659:Belle Poule 638:Rattlesnake 568:Dedaigneuse 542:fourth-rate 506:Louis Binot 499:Belle Poule 494:Belle Poule 478:Belle Poule 474:Pondicherry 344:French Navy 317:Pondicherry 271:During the 182:Vizagapatam 150:Pondicherry 122:during the 120:French Navy 90:Vizagapatam 3052:Categories 2800:. Abacus. 2790:References 1935:Aventurier 1867:Sémillante 1812:Commander 1776:Sémillante 1764:Guadeloupe 1687:Foudroyant 1460:Cape Lopez 1363:Cumberland 1299: ( 1150:Sémillante 1108:Sémillante 1085:Grand Port 1060:Sémillante 1032:James Lind 1003:Wilhelmina 976:Wilhelmina 927:Madagascar 905:Sémillante 889:Port Louis 841:knighthood 758:Sémillante 749:Sémillante 523:Tremendous 482:Madagascar 456:, General 433:Sémillante 380:Formidable 373:. Rapidly 298:privateers 281:privateers 238:Botany Bay 224:Background 194:Grand Port 2945:(2002) . 2923:(2002) . 2901:(2002) . 2818:(1997) . 1858:Pulo Aura 1753:Pulo Aura 1735:Aftermath 1717:Ramillies 1701:Ramillies 1699:HMS 1692:HMS 1685:HMS 1631:HMS 1612:HMS 1452:Brunswick 1425:Cape Town 1351:Brunswick 1338:Pulo Aura 1331:Admiralty 1312:HMS 1268:Brunswick 1225:Brunswick 1213:Brunswick 1199:to chase 1183:Brunswick 1179:Brunswick 1138:John Wood 1131:HMS 1124:HMS 1120:Cape Horn 1072:Centurion 1052:Centurion 1040:Centurion 1028:Centurion 1009:Centurion 1007:HMS 988:Centurion 974:HMS 962:Cosanguay 940:Charlotte 808:Pulo Aura 764:Pulo Aura 736:Bencoolen 694:Côte d'Or 678:Côte d'Or 663:HMS 651:Centurion 647:Côte d'Or 636:HMS 606:HMS 580:Cuddalore 573:HMS 566:HMS 559:HMS 554:Sheerness 552:HMS 547:Centurion 545:HMS 537:Lancaster 535:HMS 528:HMS 486:Côte d'Or 446:Côte d'Or 442: (2) 411:HMS 375:exchanged 370:Swiftsure 368:HMS 170:Bencoolen 158:Mauritius 85:Pulo Aura 3027:(2001). 2986:(2004). 1922:Captain 1892:Atalante 1875:Captain 1760:exchange 1464:Príncipe 1439:Atalante 1435:Atalante 1417:Blenheim 1401:Blenheim 1385:Blenheim 1380:Blenheim 1372:Blenheim 1367:Blenheim 1342:Blenheim 1314:Blenheim 1243:— 1104:Atalante 1064:Atalante 901:Atalante 881:Atalante 858:— 799:en route 753:Sellebar 720:Atalante 711:corvette 655:Concorde 601:and the 561:Concorde 427:Atalante 413:Hannibal 409:, where 363:Atalante 277:frigates 214:Napoleon 1914:Berceau 1822:Marengo 1725:Marengo 1713:Marengo 1706:Marengo 1694:Repulse 1673:Marengo 1649:Marengo 1604:Marengo 1575:Madeira 1529:at the 1488:29°25′W 1485:26°16′N 1476:equator 1472:Marengo 1444:Marengo 1393:Marengo 1355:Marengo 1346:Marengo 1280:81°22′E 1277:19°09′S 1238:Marengo 1229:Marengo 1221:Marengo 1163:Red Sea 1140:in the 1133:Harrier 1126:Phaeton 1100:Marengo 1089:Marengo 1080:Marengo 1068:Marengo 1044:Barnaby 1036:Marengo 1018:Barnaby 897:Marengo 893:Berceau 885:Marengo 832:Marengo 745:Berceau 728:Batavia 715:Berceau 599:Trident 530:Trident 422:Marengo 353:Marengo 319:on the 289:Réunion 198:Red Sea 190:Marengo 184:in the 148:was at 146:Marengo 137:Marengo 3035: 3013: 2994: 2972: 2953: 2931: 2909: 2887: 2864: 2845: 2826: 2804: 2235:May 7, 1815:Notes 1729:London 1677:London 1669:Amazon 1661:Amazon 1653:London 1642:London 1633:Amazon 1627:London 1619:London 1614:London 1405:Ganges 1336:As at 1252:Madras 1167:Ceylon 954:Madras 935:Ceylon 828:tacked 804:Ganges 791:Canton 724:Muscat 627:Bélier 622:Bélier 608:Victor 592:Madras 584:Bombay 540:, the 402:Nestor 246:pounds 114:was a 1962:Notes 1809:Guns 1806:Ship 1747:Emden 1562:Cadiz 1217:Sarah 1209:Sarah 1205:Sarah 1201:Sarah 1193:Sarah 1188:Sarah 1078:With 502:' 470:Brest 390:Unité 156:(now 3033:ISBN 3011:ISBN 2992:ISBN 2970:ISBN 2951:ISBN 2929:ISBN 2907:ISBN 2885:ISBN 2862:ISBN 2843:ISBN 2824:ISBN 2802:ISBN 2237:2024 1745:SMS 1727:and 1715:and 1697:and 1446:and 1430:Bato 1175:(bm) 1129:and 1066:and 1020:and 960:and 943:and 903:and 747:and 732:Java 676:and 653:and 603:brig 571:and 533:and 521:HMS 488:and 448:and 440:1802 436:and 307:Kent 287:and 279:and 2216:UK 1940:16 1919:20 1897:40 1872:36 1850:40 1827:74 1766:by 1743:in 1062:as 730:on 575:Fox 3054:: 2776:. 2660:^ 2588:^ 2576:^ 2562:^ 2550:^ 2538:^ 2517:^ 2496:^ 2480:^ 2434:^ 2383:^ 2371:^ 2359:^ 2338:^ 2226:. 2200:^ 2183:^ 2169:^ 2142:^ 2130:^ 2047:^ 2020:^ 1907:. 1690:, 1537:, 1509:. 1026:. 899:, 864:' 850:: 625:. 564:, 557:, 526:, 430:, 323:. 3041:. 3019:. 3000:. 2978:. 2959:. 2937:. 2915:. 2893:. 2870:. 2851:. 2832:. 2810:. 2239:. 1303:) 56:e 49:t 42:v

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