Knowledge (XXG)

Lindelöf hypothesis

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tends to infinity. The Riemann hypothesis implies that there are no zeros at all in this region and so implies the Lindelöf hypothesis. The number of zeros with imaginary part between
1441: 1209: 1901: 3578:
Conrey, J. B.; Farmer, D. W.; Keating, Jonathan P.; Rubinstein, M. O.; Snaith, N. C. (2008), "Lower order terms in the full moment conjecture for the Riemann zeta function",
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The known zero-free region roughly speaking corresponds to the bottom right corner of the image, and the Riemann hypothesis would push the entire diagram down to the x-axis
1633: 2252: 2363: 1682: 1653: 136: 47: 3356: 574:)), so the Lindelöf hypothesis seems only slightly stronger than what has already been proved, but in spite of this it has resisted all attempts to prove it. 4123: 3478: 952: 4391: 3239: 1121: 2104: 4320: 2478:
Hardy, G. H.; Littlewood, J. E. (1916). "Contributions to the theory of the riemann zeta-function and the theory of the distribution of primes".
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Conrey, J. B.; Farmer, D. W.; Keating, Jonathan P.; Rubinstein, M. O.; Snaith, N. C. (2005), "Integral moments of L-functions",
4396: 312: 2041: 4289: 4274: 3690: 1973: 1912: 4386: 4310: 4095: 4214: 4109: 4090: 3720: 1687: 1446: 526:
Backlund (1918–1919) showed that the Lindelöf hypothesis is equivalent to the following statement about the
4055: 3118: 3093: 29: 1726: 1294: 3580: 3144: 2376: 1387: 1092:. The leading coefficients are conjectured to be the product of an elementary factor, a certain product over 1149: 1853:
then it is known that this bound roughly correspond to asymptotics for primes in short intervals of length
4200: 4175: 3933: 3375: 2395:. In 2010, new methods to obtain sub-convexity estimates for L-functions in the PGL(2) case were given by 4085: 3634:
Conrey, J. B.; Ghosh, A. (1998), "A conjecture for the sixth power moment of the Riemann zeta-function",
2463:
Hardy, G. H.; Littlewood, J. E. (1923). "On Lindelöf's hypothesis concerning the Riemann zeta-function".
4315: 4153: 2944:
Cramér, Harald (1936). "On the order of magnitude of the difference between consecutive prime numbers".
2563:
Phillips, Eric (1933). "The zeta-function of Riemann: further developments of van der Corput's method".
1856: 912:{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{T}|\zeta (1/2+it)|^{2k}\,dt=T\sum _{j=0}^{k^{2}}c_{k,j}\log(T)^{k^{2}-j}+o(T)} 33: 3119:"New Bounds for Large Values of Dirichlet Polynomials, Part 2 - Videos | Institute for Advanced Study" 3094:"New Bounds for Large Values of Dirichlet Polynomials, Part 1 - Videos | Institute for Advanced Study" 4381: 4243: 4158: 3925: 3852: 3653: 1085: 3380: 3938: 3457: 245: 1603: 315:. It has since been lowered to slightly less than 1/6 by several authors using long and technical 4269: 4223: 3967: 3698: 3643: 3623: 3589: 3567: 3533: 3513: 3487: 3412: 3393: 3365: 3329: 3301: 3218: 3025: 2988: 2223: 1283: 527: 316: 37: 129:
can be replaced by a smaller value, the conjecture can be restated as follows: for any positive
2979:
Banks, William; Ford, Kevin; Tao, Terence (2023). "Large prime gaps and probabilistic models".
2528:
Titchmarsh, E. C. (1932). "On van der Corput's method and the zeta-function of Riemann (III)".
2333: 1658: 4335: 4325: 4063: 4036: 4008: 3951: 3895: 3887: 3868: 3808: 3746: 3726: 3702: 3671: 3607: 3551: 3321: 3199: 3160: 3006: 2961: 2788: 2747: 2716: 2681: 2646: 2615: 2580: 2545: 2495: 4253: 4205: 3943: 3860: 3832: 3800: 3738: 3661: 3599: 3543: 3497: 3385: 3311: 3191: 3152: 2998: 2953: 2815: 2780: 2708: 2673: 2638: 2607: 2572: 2537: 2487: 2400: 2396: 2035: 1108: 300: 4077: 4048: 4020: 3963: 3909: 3894:, de Gruyter Expositions in Mathematics, vol. 5, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 3880: 3820: 3781: 3758: 3716: 3683: 3619: 3563: 3509: 3217:
Guth, Larry; Maynard, James (2024). "New large value estimates for Dirichlet polynomials".
1638: 4073: 4044: 4016: 3959: 3905: 3876: 3816: 3777: 3754: 3712: 3679: 3615: 3559: 3505: 308: 265: 3996: 3929: 3856: 3827:
Ingham, A. E. (1928), "Mean-Value Theorems in the Theory of the Riemann Zeta-Function",
3657: 695:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}|\zeta (1/2+it)|^{2k}\,dt=O(T^{\varepsilon })} 4027:
Motohashi, Yõichi (1995), "The Riemann zeta-function and the non-Euclidean Laplacian",
1104: 1070:{\displaystyle {\frac {42}{9!}}\prod _{p}\left((1-p^{-1})^{4}(1+4p^{-1}+p^{-2})\right)} 543: 535: 122: 2677: 4375: 4184: 4139: 3788: 3765: 3517: 3473: 1967: 1906: 1212: 3971: 3627: 3397: 3333: 3069: 4360: 4355: 3571: 1093: 718: 304: 3916:
Keating, Jonathan P.; Snaith, N. C. (2000), "Random matrix theory and ζ(1/2+it)",
3289: 2598:
Rankin, R. A. (1955). "Van der Corput's method and the theory of exponent pairs".
3316: 2220:, therefore the latest work of Guth and Maynard gives the closest known value to 3864: 3156: 2380: 2373: 2369: 1380: 296: 217: 17: 4101: 3836: 3742: 3045: 3002: 2642: 2576: 2541: 2391:
The Riemann zeta function belongs to a more general family of functions called
2213:{\displaystyle \sigma _{I,GM}=7/10<\sigma _{H,GM}=8/10<\sigma _{I,H}=3/4} 1088:
to suggest some conjectures for the values of the coefficients for higher 
4132: 3804: 3773: 3666: 3603: 3547: 3389: 2420: 2392: 2031: 25: 4040: 4012: 3955: 3872: 3812: 3750: 3675: 3611: 3555: 3325: 3240:"The Biggest Problem in Mathematics Is Finally a Step Closer to Being Solved" 3203: 3164: 3010: 2965: 2792: 2751: 2720: 2685: 2650: 2619: 2584: 2549: 2499: 724:
There is a much more precise conjecture about the asymptotic behavior of the
202:{\displaystyle \zeta \!\left({\frac {1}{2}}+it\right)\!=o(t^{\varepsilon }).} 3024:
Trudgian, Timothy S.; Yang, Andrew (2023). "Toward optimal exponent pairs".
2819: 2784: 2611: 1290: 280:(σ) is 0 for σ ≥ 1/2 and 1/2 − σ for σ ≤ 1/2. 110:{\displaystyle \zeta \!\left({\frac {1}{2}}+it\right)\!=O(t^{\varepsilon })} 3997:"A relation between the Riemann zeta-function and the hyperbolic Laplacian" 2771:
Kolesnik, Grigori (1982-01-01). "On the order of ζ (1/2+ it ) and Δ( R )".
2712: 943: = 2 (extending a result of Ingham who found the leading term). 4001:
Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. Classe di Scienze. Serie IV
3947: 3768:(2002), "Integer points, exponential sums and the Riemann zeta function", 2323:{\displaystyle N(\sigma ,T)\leq N^{{\frac {30}{13}}(1-\sigma )+\epsilon }} 3458:"Über die Beziehung zwischen Anwachsen und Nullstellen der Zeta-Funktion" 2957: 2254:
as we would expect from the Riemann hypothesis and improves the bound to
725: 3501: 3290:"Subconvexity bounds for triple L -functions and representation theory" 3195: 2491: 703: 225: 3476:(2017), "Decoupling, exponential sums and the Riemann zeta function", 3648: 3594: 3538: 3411:
Nelson, Paul D. (2021-09-30). "Bounds for standard $ L$ -functions".
3306: 1846:{\displaystyle N(\sigma ,T)\leq N^{A(\sigma )(1-\sigma )+\epsilon }} 3417: 3223: 3030: 2993: 3492: 3370: 2833:
Bombieri, E.; Iwaniec, H. (1986). "On the order of ζ (1/2+ it )".
1379: 2835:
Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa - Classe di Scienze
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of this diagram corresponds to the trivial bound coming from the
272:(1/2) = 0, which together with the above properties of 3729:(1979), "The fourth power moment of the Riemann zeta function", 4105: 3179: 2735: 2699:
Haneke, W. (1963). "Verschärfung der Abschätzung von ξ(½+it)".
3265:"'Sensational' Proof Delivers New Insights Into Prime Numbers" 4062:(2nd ed.), The Clarendon Press Oxford University Press, 3791:(2005), "Exponential sums and the Riemann zeta function. V", 295:(1/2) ≤ 1/4. The upper bound of 1/4 was lowered by 3350:; Venkatesh, Akshay (2010). "The subconvexity problem for GL 582:
The Lindelöf hypothesis is equivalent to the statement that
1593:{\displaystyle N(\sigma ,T)\leq N^{2(1-\sigma )+\epsilon }} 1116: 3980:"Quelques remarques sur la croissance de la fonction ζ(s)" 709:
and all positive real numbers ε. This has been proved for
2513:
Walfisz, Arnold (1924). "Zur Abschätzung von ζ(½ + it)".
1215:
shows that the Lindelöf hypothesis implies that, for any
2806:
Kolesnik, G. (1985). "On the method of exponent pairs".
2094:{\displaystyle A_{GM}(\sigma )={\frac {15}{5\sigma +3}}} 36:
on the critical line. This hypothesis is implied by the
3770:
Number theory for the millennium, II (Urbana, IL, 2000)
3434:"Mathematicians Clear Hurdle in Quest to Decode Primes" 2633:
Titchmarsh, E. C. (1942). "On the order of ζ(½+ it )".
1366:{\displaystyle g_{n}=O\!\left((\log p_{n})^{2}\right).} 2399:
and Andre Reznikov and in the GL(1) and GL(2) case by
2023:{\displaystyle A_{H}(\sigma )={\frac {3}{3\sigma -1}}} 256:(1 − σ) − σ + 1/2. The 3843:
Ingham, A. E. (1940), "On the estimation of N(σ,T)",
2664:
Min, Szu-Hoa (1949). "On the order of 𝜁(1/2+𝑖𝑡)".
2336: 2260: 2226: 2107: 2044: 1976: 1959:{\displaystyle A_{I}(\sigma )={\frac {3}{2-\sigma }}} 1915: 1859: 1781: 1729: 1690: 1661: 1641: 1606: 1537: 1449: 1390: 1303: 1225: 1152: 955: 737: 588: 139: 50: 1772:, and it would follow from the Lindelöf hypothesis. 4334: 4298: 4262: 4236: 4193: 4146: 3070:"Density hypothesis - Encyclopedia of Mathematics" 2383:free regions could also be expected among others. 2357: 2322: 2246: 2212: 2093: 2022: 1958: 1895: 1845: 1764: 1715: 1676: 1647: 1627: 1592: 1515: 1435: 1365: 1270: 1203: 1069: 911: 694: 244:(σ) = 0 for σ > 1, and the 201: 109: 3288:Bernstein, Joseph; Reznikov, Andre (2010-10-05). 2666:Transactions of the American Mathematical Society 1320: 1271:{\displaystyle g_{n}\ll p_{n}^{1/2+\varepsilon }} 717: = 3 seems much harder and is still an 578:Means of powers (or moments) of the zeta function 173: 143: 84: 54: 935: . This has been proved by Littlewood for 2515:Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen, math.-phys. Klasse 291:(0) = 1/2 implies that 0 ≤  3793:Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 3731:Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 3526:Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 3180:"On the Difference between Consecutive Primes" 2736:"On the estimation of some trigonometric sums" 1716:{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {R}}(s)\geq \sigma } 4117: 2932: 2888: 1114:1, 1, 2, 42, 24024, 701149020, ... (sequence 8: 3479:Journal of the American Mathematical Society 1516:{\displaystyle A_{DH}(1-\sigma )=2(1-1/2)=1} 1443:. At the other extreme, the upper boundary 1293:conjecture stronger than Ingham's result is 534: > 0, the number of zeros with 2921: 2899: 4124: 4110: 4102: 3636:International Mathematics Research Notices 1765:{\displaystyle |{\mathfrak {I}}(s)|\leq T} 283:Lindelöf's convexity result together with 3937: 3665: 3647: 3593: 3537: 3491: 3416: 3379: 3369: 3315: 3305: 3222: 3029: 2992: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2287: 2286: 2259: 2236: 2225: 2202: 2184: 2169: 2148: 2133: 2112: 2106: 2101:in 2024 (preprint) and these coincide on 2070: 2049: 2043: 1999: 1981: 1975: 1938: 1920: 1914: 1874: 1864: 1858: 1807: 1780: 1751: 1736: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1692: 1691: 1689: 1660: 1640: 1605: 1563: 1536: 1496: 1454: 1448: 1416: 1395: 1389: 1349: 1339: 1308: 1302: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1230: 1224: 1189: 1170: 1157: 1151: 1050: 1034: 1012: 999: 975: 956: 954: 880: 875: 847: 835: 830: 819: 802: 793: 788: 767: 753: 747: 742: 736: 683: 663: 654: 649: 628: 614: 608: 603: 589: 587: 187: 149: 138: 98: 60: 49: 2877: 2866: 2451: 2440: 1436:{\displaystyle A_{RH}(\sigma >1/2)=0} 713: = 1 or 2, but the case 321: 4060:The theory of the Riemann zeta-function 2432: 2379:for the Legendre conjecture and better 939: = 1 and by Heath-Brown for 3918:Communications in Mathematical Physics 2910: 2855: 2851: 1204:{\displaystyle g_{n}=p_{n+1}-p_{n}.\ } 946:Conrey and Ghosh suggested the value 570: + 1 is known to be O(log( 7: 4306:Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture 3845:The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics 3357:Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS 3149:The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics 2635:The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics 2600:The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics 2565:The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics 2530:The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics 2330:or equivalently the asymptotics to 1737: 1693: 1527:.(Various other estimates do exist) 4392:Unsolved problems in number theory 3263:Cepelewicz, Jordana (2024-07-15). 2421:Z function#The Lindelöf hypothesis 1896:{\displaystyle x^{1-1/A(\sigma )}} 1084:is 6, and Keating and Snaith used 522:Relation to the Riemann hypothesis 248:of the zeta function implies that 14: 4351:Main conjecture of Iwasawa theory 2678:10.1090/S0002-9947-1949-0030996-6 2368:In theory improvements to Baker, 1531:The density hypothesis says that 1080:for the leading coefficient when 268:. The Lindelöf hypothesis states 3145:"ON THE ESTIMATION OF N (σ, T )" 530:of the zeta function: for every 32:about the rate of growth of the 313:approximate functional equation 240:). It is trivial to check that 4285:Ramanujan–Petersson conjecture 4275:Generalized Riemann hypothesis 4171:-functions of Hecke characters 3462:Ofversigt Finska Vetensk. Soc. 3432:Hartnett, Kevin (2022-01-13). 2773:Pacific Journal of Mathematics 2309: 2297: 2276: 2264: 2064: 2058: 1993: 1987: 1932: 1926: 1888: 1882: 1832: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1797: 1785: 1752: 1748: 1742: 1731: 1704: 1698: 1671: 1665: 1622: 1610: 1579: 1567: 1553: 1541: 1504: 1484: 1475: 1463: 1424: 1404: 1346: 1326: 1059: 1018: 1009: 986: 906: 900: 872: 865: 789: 784: 761: 754: 689: 676: 650: 645: 622: 615: 193: 180: 104: 91: 1: 4244:Analytic class number formula 319:, as in the following table: 4249:Riemann–von Mangoldt formula 3317:10.4007/annals.2010.172.1679 1628:{\displaystyle N(\sigma ,T)} 1525:Riemann-von Mangoldt formula 482:Bombieri & Iwaniec 1986 4091:Encyclopedia of Mathematics 2933:Keating & Snaith (2000) 2247:{\displaystyle \sigma =1/2} 1635:denote the number of zeros 4413: 4056:Titchmarsh, Edward Charles 3995:Motohashi, Yõichi (1995), 3890:; Voronin, Sergei (1992), 3456:Backlund, R. (1918–1919), 3003:10.1007/s00222-023-01199-0 232:such that ζ(σ +  3892:The Riemann zeta-function 3865:10.1093/qmath/os-11.1.201 3805:10.1112/S0024611504014959 3667:10.1155/S1073792898000476 3604:10.1016/j.jnt.2007.05.013 3548:10.1112/S0024611504015175 3390:10.1007/s10240-010-0025-8 3157:10.1093/qmath/os-11.1.201 2922:Conrey & Ghosh (1998) 2358:{\displaystyle x^{17/30}} 1677:{\displaystyle \zeta (s)} 554: + 1 is o(log( 538:at least 1/2 +  258:Phragmén–Lindelöf theorem 224:(σ) is defined to be the 28:by Finnish mathematician 3978:Lindelöf, Ernst (1908), 3837:10.1112/plms/s2-27.1.273 3743:10.1112/plms/s3-38.3.385 3581:Journal of Number Theory 3184:Inventiones Mathematicae 2981:Inventiones Mathematicae 2734:Kolesnik, G. A. (1973). 2643:10.1093/qmath/os-13.1.11 2577:10.1093/qmath/os-4.1.209 2542:10.1093/qmath/os-3.1.133 307:'s method of estimating 4201:Dedekind zeta functions 4084:Voronin, S.M. (2001) , 3829:Proc. London Math. Soc. 3695:Riemann's Zeta Function 2820:10.4064/aa-45-2-115-143 2785:10.2140/pjm.1982.98.107 2411:) case by Paul Nelson. 2407:and in 2021 for the GL( 362:Hardy & Littlewood 121:tends to infinity (see 40:. It says that for any 4397:Analytic number theory 3831:, s2-27 (1): 273–300, 3178:Huxley, M. N. (1971). 3151:. os-11 (1): 201–202. 3143:Ingham, A. E. (1940). 3074:encyclopediaofmath.org 2713:10.4064/aa-8-4-357-430 2359: 2324: 2248: 2214: 2095: 2024: 1960: 1897: 1847: 1766: 1717: 1678: 1649: 1629: 1594: 1528: 1517: 1437: 1376:The density hypothesis 1367: 1297:, which asserts that 1272: 1205: 1146:-th prime number, let 1071: 913: 842: 728:: it is believed that 696: 287:(1) = 0 and 203: 111: 30:Ernst Leonard Lindelöf 4321:Bloch–Kato conjecture 4316:Beilinson conjectures 4299:Algebraic conjectures 4154:Riemann zeta function 4086:"Lindelöf hypothesis" 3948:10.1007/s002200000261 3294:Annals of Mathematics 2612:10.1093/qmath/6.1.147 2360: 2325: 2249: 2215: 2096: 2025: 1961: 1898: 1848: 1767: 1718: 1679: 1650: 1648:{\displaystyle \rho } 1630: 1595: 1518: 1438: 1383: 1368: 1273: 1206: 1072: 914: 815: 697: 204: 112: 34:Riemann zeta function 4387:Zeta and L-functions 4326:Langlands conjecture 4311:Deligne's conjecture 4263:Analytic conjectures 3776:, pp. 275–290, 2958:10.4064/aa-2-1-23-46 2889:Backlund (1918–1919) 2637:. os-13 (1): 11–17. 2427:Notes and references 2334: 2258: 2224: 2105: 2042: 1974: 1913: 1857: 1779: 1727: 1688: 1659: 1639: 1604: 1535: 1447: 1388: 1301: 1223: 1150: 1096:, and the number of 1086:random matrix theory 953: 735: 586: 228:of all real numbers 137: 48: 4280:Lindelöf hypothesis 3930:2000CMaPh.214...57K 3857:1940QJMat..11..201I 3658:1998math......7187C 3244:Scientific American 1775:More generally let 1295:Cramér's conjecture 1267: 1219: > 0, 922:for some constants 752: 613: 303:to 1/6 by applying 246:functional equation 22:Lindelöf hypothesis 4270:Riemann hypothesis 4194:Algebraic examples 4029:Sugaku Expositions 3888:Karatsuba, Anatoly 3727:Heath-Brown, D. R. 3699:Dover Publications 3196:10.1007/BF01418933 2900:Heath-Brown (1979) 2492:10.1007/BF02422942 2355: 2320: 2244: 2210: 2091: 2020: 1956: 1893: 1843: 1762: 1713: 1674: 1645: 1625: 1590: 1529: 1513: 1433: 1363: 1284:sufficiently large 1268: 1239: 1201: 1129:Other consequences 1067: 980: 909: 738: 692: 599: 199: 107: 38:Riemann hypothesis 4369: 4368: 4147:Analytic examples 4069:978-0-19-853369-6 3901:978-3-11-013170-3 3847:, Second Series, 3708:978-0-486-41740-0 3238:Bischoff, Manon. 2295: 2089: 2018: 1954: 1200: 971: 969: 702:for all positive 597: 519: 518: 157: 68: 4404: 4290:Artin conjecture 4254:Weil conjectures 4126: 4119: 4112: 4103: 4098: 4080: 4051: 4023: 3991: 3984:Bull. Sci. Math. 3974: 3941: 3912: 3883: 3839: 3823: 3795:, Third Series, 3784: 3761: 3733:, Third Series, 3721:2001 pbk reprint 3719: 3686: 3669: 3651: 3630: 3597: 3588:(6): 1516–1554, 3574: 3541: 3528:, Third Series, 3520: 3502:10.1090/jams/860 3495: 3469: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3383: 3373: 3348:Michel, Philippe 3344: 3338: 3337: 3319: 3309: 3300:(3): 1679–1718. 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3275: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3175: 3169: 3168: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3130: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3090: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3080: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3056: 3042: 3036: 3035: 3033: 3021: 3015: 3014: 2996: 2987:(3): 1471–1518. 2976: 2970: 2969: 2946:Acta Arithmetica 2941: 2935: 2930: 2924: 2919: 2913: 2908: 2902: 2897: 2891: 2886: 2880: 2875: 2869: 2864: 2858: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2808:Acta Arithmetica 2803: 2797: 2796: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2758: 2740:Acta Arithmetica 2731: 2725: 2724: 2701:Acta Arithmetica 2696: 2690: 2689: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2560: 2554: 2553: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2480:Acta Mathematica 2475: 2469: 2468: 2460: 2454: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2401:Akshay Venkatesh 2397:Joseph Bernstein 2364: 2362: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2329: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2318: 2296: 2288: 2253: 2251: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2219: 2217: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2195: 2194: 2173: 2162: 2161: 2137: 2126: 2125: 2100: 2098: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2071: 2057: 2056: 2029: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2000: 1986: 1985: 1965: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1939: 1925: 1924: 1902: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1891: 1878: 1852: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1841: 1771: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1755: 1741: 1740: 1734: 1722: 1720: 1719: 1714: 1697: 1696: 1683: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1654: 1652: 1651: 1646: 1634: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1599: 1597: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1588: 1522: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1500: 1462: 1461: 1442: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1420: 1403: 1402: 1372: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1344: 1343: 1313: 1312: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1266: 1256: 1247: 1235: 1234: 1210: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1193: 1181: 1180: 1162: 1161: 1119: 1076: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1042: 1041: 1017: 1016: 1007: 1006: 979: 970: 968: 957: 918: 916: 915: 910: 893: 892: 885: 884: 858: 857: 841: 840: 839: 829: 801: 800: 792: 771: 757: 751: 746: 701: 699: 698: 693: 688: 687: 662: 661: 653: 632: 618: 612: 607: 598: 590: 416:Titchmarsh 1942 384:Titchmarsh 1932 351:Convexity bound 322: 309:exponential sums 208: 206: 205: 200: 192: 191: 172: 168: 158: 150: 116: 114: 113: 108: 103: 102: 83: 79: 69: 61: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4330: 4294: 4258: 4232: 4189: 4142: 4130: 4083: 4070: 4054: 4026: 3994: 3977: 3915: 3902: 3886: 3842: 3826: 3787: 3764: 3725: 3709: 3689: 3642:(15): 775–780, 3633: 3577: 3523: 3472: 3455: 3452: 3451: 3442: 3440: 3438:Quanta Magazine 3431: 3430: 3426: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3381:10.1.1.750.8950 3353: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3273: 3271: 3269:Quanta Magazine 3262: 3261: 3257: 3248: 3246: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3128: 3126: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3103: 3101: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3078: 3076: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3054: 3052: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3023: 3022: 3018: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2931: 2927: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2883: 2878:Bourgain (2017) 2876: 2872: 2867:Bourgain (2017) 2865: 2861: 2850: 2846: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2756: 2754: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2477: 2476: 2472: 2465:Proc. R. Soc. A 2462: 2461: 2457: 2452:Lindelöf (1908) 2450: 2446: 2441:Lindelöf (1908) 2438: 2434: 2429: 2417: 2405:Philippe Michel 2389: 2337: 2332: 2331: 2282: 2256: 2255: 2222: 2221: 2180: 2144: 2108: 2103: 2102: 2075: 2045: 2040: 2039: 2004: 1977: 1972: 1971: 1943: 1916: 1911: 1910: 1860: 1855: 1854: 1803: 1777: 1776: 1725: 1724: 1686: 1685: 1657: 1656: 1637: 1636: 1602: 1601: 1559: 1533: 1532: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1391: 1386: 1385: 1378: 1345: 1335: 1325: 1321: 1304: 1299: 1298: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1185: 1166: 1153: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1131: 1115: 1100: ×  1046: 1030: 1008: 995: 985: 981: 961: 951: 950: 934: 876: 871: 843: 831: 787: 733: 732: 679: 648: 584: 583: 580: 524: 266:convex function 214: 183: 148: 144: 135: 134: 94: 59: 55: 46: 45: 12: 11: 5: 4410: 4408: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4374: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4347: 4345: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4221: 4212: 4203: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4173: 4165: 4156: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4143: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4121: 4114: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4081: 4068: 4052: 4024: 4007:(2): 299–313, 3992: 3975: 3939:10.1.1.15.8362 3913: 3900: 3884: 3851:(1): 291–292, 3840: 3824: 3785: 3762: 3737:(3): 385–422, 3723: 3707: 3691:Edwards, H. M. 3687: 3631: 3575: 3521: 3486:(1): 205–224, 3474:Bourgain, Jean 3470: 3450: 3449: 3424: 3403: 3364:(1): 171–271. 3351: 3339: 3280: 3255: 3230: 3209: 3190:(2): 164–170. 3170: 3135: 3110: 3085: 3061: 3037: 3016: 2971: 2936: 2925: 2914: 2903: 2892: 2881: 2870: 2859: 2844: 2825: 2814:(2): 115–143. 2798: 2779:(1): 107–122. 2763: 2742:(in Russian). 2726: 2707:(4): 357–430. 2691: 2672:(3): 448–472. 2656: 2625: 2606:(1): 147–153. 2590: 2571:(1): 209–225. 2555: 2536:(1): 133–141. 2520: 2505: 2470: 2455: 2444: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2423: 2416: 2413: 2388: 2385: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2294: 2291: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2165: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2111: 2087: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2030:in 1971, and 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1863: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1739: 1733: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1695: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1644: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1377: 1374: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1348: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1156: 1137: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1105:Young tableaux 1078: 1077: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1005: 1002: 998: 994: 991: 988: 984: 978: 974: 967: 964: 960: 926: 920: 919: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 891: 888: 883: 879: 874: 870: 867: 864: 861: 856: 853: 850: 846: 838: 834: 828: 825: 822: 818: 814: 811: 808: 805: 799: 796: 791: 786: 783: 780: 777: 774: 770: 766: 763: 760: 756: 750: 745: 741: 691: 686: 682: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 660: 657: 652: 647: 644: 641: 638: 635: 631: 627: 624: 621: 617: 611: 606: 602: 596: 593: 579: 576: 544:imaginary part 523: 520: 517: 516: 513: 510: 506: 505: 502: 499: 495: 494: 491: 488: 484: 483: 480: 477: 473: 472: 471:Kolesnik 1985 469: 466: 462: 461: 460:Kolesnik 1982 458: 455: 451: 450: 449:Kolesnik 1973 447: 444: 440: 439: 436: 433: 429: 428: 425: 422: 418: 417: 414: 411: 407: 406: 403: 400: 397: 396: 395:Phillips 1933 393: 390: 386: 385: 382: 379: 375: 374: 371: 368: 364: 363: 360: 357: 353: 352: 349: 346: 343: 339: 338: 335: 329: 213: 212:The μ function 210: 198: 195: 190: 186: 182: 179: 176: 171: 167: 164: 161: 156: 153: 147: 142: 123:big O notation 106: 101: 97: 93: 90: 87: 82: 78: 75: 72: 67: 64: 58: 53: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4409: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4229: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4185:Selberg class 4183: 4181: 4179: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4140:number theory 4137: 4135: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4108: 4107: 4104: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3789:Huxley, M. N. 3786: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3766:Huxley, M. N. 3763: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3532:(1): 33–104, 3531: 3527: 3522: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3453: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3425: 3419: 3414: 3407: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3281: 3270: 3266: 3259: 3256: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3231: 3225: 3220: 3213: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3174: 3171: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3139: 3136: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3086: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2911:Ingham (1928) 2907: 2904: 2901: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2856:Huxley (2005) 2853: 2852:Huxley (2002) 2848: 2845: 2841:(3): 449–472. 2840: 2836: 2829: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2764: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2703:(in German). 2702: 2695: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2521: 2516: 2509: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2471: 2466: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2436: 2433: 2426: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2315: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2261: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2163: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2085: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2061: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2037: 2033: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1990: 1982: 1978: 1969: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1929: 1921: 1917: 1908: 1904: 1885: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1838: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1814: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1782: 1773: 1759: 1756: 1745: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1668: 1662: 1642: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1585: 1582: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1538: 1526: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1481: 1478: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1382: 1375: 1373: 1360: 1356: 1350: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1322: 1317: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1285: 1281: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1218: 1214: 1213:Albert Ingham 1195: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1128: 1123: 1118: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1107:given by the 1106: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1063: 1054: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1013: 1003: 1000: 996: 992: 989: 982: 976: 972: 965: 962: 958: 949: 948: 947: 944: 942: 938: 933: 929: 925: 903: 897: 894: 889: 886: 881: 877: 868: 862: 859: 854: 851: 848: 844: 836: 832: 826: 823: 820: 816: 812: 809: 806: 803: 797: 794: 781: 778: 775: 772: 768: 764: 758: 748: 743: 739: 731: 730: 729: 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 705: 684: 680: 673: 670: 667: 664: 658: 655: 642: 639: 636: 633: 629: 625: 619: 609: 604: 600: 594: 591: 577: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 521: 514: 511: 508: 507: 503: 500: 497: 496: 492: 489: 486: 485: 481: 478: 475: 474: 470: 467: 464: 463: 459: 456: 453: 452: 448: 445: 442: 441: 437: 434: 431: 430: 426: 423: 420: 419: 415: 412: 409: 408: 404: 401: 399: 398: 394: 391: 388: 387: 383: 380: 377: 376: 373:Walfisz 1924 372: 369: 366: 365: 361: 358: 355: 354: 350: 347: 344: 341: 340: 336: 334:(1/2) ≤ 333: 330: 328:(1/2) ≤ 327: 324: 323: 320: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 281: 279: 276:implies that 275: 271: 267: 263: 260:implies that 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 236: ) = O( 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 211: 209: 196: 188: 184: 177: 174: 169: 165: 162: 159: 154: 151: 145: 140: 132: 128: 124: 120: 99: 95: 88: 85: 80: 76: 73: 70: 65: 62: 56: 51: 43: 39: 35: 31: 27: 23: 19: 4361:Euler system 4356:Selmer group 4340: 4336: 4279: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4177: 4176:Automorphic 4168: 4160: 4133: 4089: 4059: 4035:(1): 59–87, 4032: 4028: 4004: 4000: 3987: 3983: 3924:(1): 57–89, 3921: 3917: 3891: 3848: 3844: 3828: 3796: 3792: 3769: 3734: 3730: 3697:, New York: 3694: 3649:math/9807187 3639: 3635: 3595:math/0612843 3585: 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Retrieved 3437: 3427: 3406: 3361: 3355: 3342: 3307:math/0608555 3297: 3293: 3283: 3272:. Retrieved 3268: 3258: 3247:. Retrieved 3243: 3233: 3212: 3187: 3183: 3173: 3148: 3138: 3127:. Retrieved 3125:. 2024-06-04 3122: 3113: 3102:. Retrieved 3100:. 2024-06-04 3097: 3088: 3077:. Retrieved 3073: 3064: 3053:. Retrieved 3049: 3040: 3019: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2952:(1): 23–46. 2949: 2945: 2939: 2928: 2917: 2906: 2895: 2884: 2873: 2862: 2847: 2838: 2834: 2828: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2776: 2772: 2766: 2755:. Retrieved 2743: 2739: 2729: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2669: 2665: 2659: 2634: 2628: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2568: 2564: 2558: 2533: 2529: 2523: 2514: 2508: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2464: 2458: 2447: 2435: 2408: 2390: 2381:Siegel zeros 2367: 1909:showed that 1905: 1774: 1530: 1288: 1279: 1216: 1211:A result by 1143: 1138: 1134: 1133:Denoting by 1132: 1101: 1097: 1089: 1081: 1079: 945: 940: 936: 931: 927: 923: 921: 723: 719:open problem 714: 710: 706: 581: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 539: 531: 525: 438:Haneke 1962 405:Rankin 1955 331: 325: 292: 288: 284: 282: 277: 273: 269: 261: 253: 249: 241: 237: 233: 229: 221: 215: 130: 126: 118: 41: 21: 15: 4382:Conjectures 4215:Hasse–Weil 3799:(1): 1–41, 3123:www.ias.edu 3098:www.ias.edu 2746:(1): 7–30. 2486:: 119–196. 2393:L-functions 2387:L-functions 18:mathematics 4376:Categories 4343:-functions 4228:-functions 4219:-functions 4210:-functions 4180:-functions 4163:-functions 4159:Dirichlet 4136:-functions 3774:A K Peters 3443:2022-02-17 3418:2109.15230 3274:2024-07-16 3249:2024-07-16 3224:2405.20552 3129:2024-07-16 3104:2024-07-16 3079:2024-07-16 3055:2024-07-16 3050:aimath.org 3031:2306.05599 2994:1908.08613 2757:2024-02-05 2517:: 155–158. 2467:: 403–412. 301:Littlewood 26:conjecture 4096:EMS Press 4041:0898-9583 4013:0391-173X 3990:: 341–356 3956:0010-3616 3934:CiteSeerX 3873:0033-5606 3813:0024-6115 3751:0024-6115 3676:1073-7928 3612:0022-314X 3556:0024-6115 3518:118064221 3493:1408.5794 3376:CiteSeerX 3371:0903.3591 3326:0003-486X 3204:0020-9910 3165:0033-5606 3011:0020-9910 2966:0065-1036 2793:0030-8730 2752:0065-1036 2721:0065-1036 2686:0002-9947 2651:0033-5606 2620:0033-5606 2585:0033-5606 2550:0033-5606 2500:0001-5962 2377:estimates 2316:ϵ 2307:σ 2304:− 2280:≤ 2268:σ 2228:σ 2182:σ 2146:σ 2110:σ 2080:σ 2062:σ 2012:− 2009:σ 1991:σ 1966:in 1940, 1951:σ 1948:− 1930:σ 1886:σ 1869:− 1839:ϵ 1830:σ 1827:− 1815:σ 1801:≤ 1789:σ 1757:≤ 1711:σ 1708:≥ 1663:ζ 1643:ρ 1614:σ 1586:ϵ 1577:σ 1574:− 1557:≤ 1545:σ 1491:− 1473:σ 1470:− 1408:σ 1333:⁡ 1291:prime gap 1264:ε 1237:≪ 1183:− 1052:− 1036:− 1001:− 993:− 973:∏ 887:− 863:⁡ 817:∑ 759:ζ 740:∫ 685:ε 620:ζ 601:∫ 536:real part 515:Bourgain 504:Bourgain 443:173/1067 427:Min 1949 402:0.164511 392:0.164512 389:229/1392 348:Lindelöf 189:ε 141:ζ 125:). Since 100:ε 52:ζ 4237:Theorems 4224:Motivic 4058:(1986), 3972:11095649 3693:(1974), 3628:15922788 3398:14155294 3334:14745024 2415:See also 1600:, where 1109:sequence 726:integral 704:integers 546:between 468:0.16201 465:139/858 457:0.16204 446:0.16214 435:0.16217 367:163/988 216:If σ is 44:> 0, 4078:0882550 4049:1335956 4021:1354909 3964:1794265 3926:Bibcode 3910:1183467 3881:0003649 3853:Bibcode 3821:2107036 3782:1956254 3759:0532980 3717:0466039 3684:1639551 3654:Bibcode 3620:2419176 3572:1435033 3564:2149530 3510:3556291 2036:Maynard 1120:in the 1117:A039622 512:0.1548 501:0.1550 498:53/342 493:Huxley 490:0.1561 487:32/205 479:0.1608 454:35/216 424:0.1631 413:0.1638 410:19/116 381:0.1647 378:27/164 370:0.1650 359:0.1667 337:Author 311:to the 226:infimum 220:, then 4339:-adic 4206:Artin 4076:  4066:  4047:  4039:  4019:  4011:  3970:  3962:  3954:  3936:  3908:  3898:  3879:  3871:  3819:  3811:  3780:  3757:  3749:  3715:  3705:  3682:  3674:  3626:  3618:  3610:  3570:  3562:  3554:  3516:  3508:  3396:  3378:  3332:  3324:  3202:  3163:  3009:  2964:  2791:  2750:  2719:  2684:  2649:  2618:  2583:  2548:  2498:  2372:, and 2370:Harman 1968:Huxley 1907:Ingham 1199:  1094:primes 558:)) as 509:13/84 421:15/92 317:proofs 252:(σ) = 20:, the 3968:S2CID 3644:arXiv 3624:S2CID 3590:arXiv 3568:S2CID 3534:arXiv 3514:S2CID 3488:arXiv 3413:arXiv 3394:S2CID 3366:arXiv 3330:S2CID 3302:arXiv 3219:arXiv 3046:"25a" 3026:arXiv 2989:arXiv 2374:Pintz 2038:that 1970:that 1684:with 528:zeros 476:9/56 432:6/37 345:0.25 297:Hardy 264:is a 24:is a 4064:ISBN 4037:ISSN 4009:ISSN 3952:ISSN 3896:ISBN 3869:ISSN 3809:ISSN 3747:ISSN 3703:ISBN 3672:ISSN 3640:1998 3608:ISSN 3552:ISSN 3322:ISSN 3200:ISSN 3161:ISSN 3007:ISSN 2962:ISSN 2789:ISSN 2748:ISSN 2717:ISSN 2682:ISSN 2647:ISSN 2616:ISSN 2581:ISSN 2569:os-4 2546:ISSN 2534:os-3 2496:ISSN 2439:see 2403:and 2178:< 2142:< 2034:and 2032:Guth 1723:and 1411:> 1142:the 1122:OEIS 566:and 550:and 542:and 356:1/6 342:1/4 305:Weyl 299:and 218:real 4138:in 3944:doi 3922:214 3861:doi 3833:doi 3801:doi 3739:doi 3662:doi 3600:doi 3586:128 3544:doi 3498:doi 3468:(9) 3386:doi 3362:111 3354:". 3312:doi 3298:172 3192:doi 3153:doi 2999:doi 2985:233 2954:doi 2816:doi 2781:doi 2709:doi 2674:doi 2639:doi 2608:doi 2573:doi 2538:doi 2488:doi 1655:of 1330:log 1282:is 1278:if 860:log 117:as 16:In 4378:: 4094:, 4088:, 4074:MR 4072:, 4045:MR 4043:, 4031:, 4017:MR 4015:, 4005:22 4003:, 3999:, 3988:32 3986:, 3982:, 3966:, 3960:MR 3958:, 3950:, 3942:, 3932:, 3920:, 3906:MR 3904:, 3877:MR 3875:, 3867:, 3859:, 3849:11 3817:MR 3815:, 3807:, 3797:90 3778:MR 3772:, 3755:MR 3753:, 3745:, 3735:38 3713:MR 3711:, 3701:, 3680:MR 3678:, 3670:, 3660:, 3652:, 3638:, 3622:, 3616:MR 3614:, 3606:, 3598:, 3584:, 3566:, 3560:MR 3558:, 3550:, 3542:, 3530:91 3512:, 3506:MR 3504:, 3496:, 3484:30 3482:, 3466:61 3464:, 3460:, 3436:. 3392:. 3384:. 3374:. 3360:. 3328:. 3320:. 3310:. 3296:. 3292:. 3267:. 3242:. 3198:. 3188:15 3186:. 3182:. 3159:. 3147:. 3121:. 3096:. 3072:. 3048:. 3005:. 2997:. 2983:. 2960:. 2948:. 2854:, 2839:13 2837:. 2812:45 2810:. 2787:. 2777:98 2775:. 2744:25 2738:. 2715:. 2680:. 2670:65 2668:. 2645:. 2614:. 2602:. 2579:. 2567:. 2544:. 2532:. 2494:. 2484:41 2482:. 2365:. 2351:30 2343:17 2293:13 2290:30 2175:10 2139:10 2073:15 1903:. 1289:A 1286:. 1124:). 959:42 721:. 234:iT 133:, 4341:L 4337:p 4226:L 4217:L 4208:L 4178:L 4169:L 4161:L 4134:L 4125:e 4118:t 4111:v 4033:8 3946:: 3928:: 3863:: 3855:: 3835:: 3803:: 3741:: 3664:: 3656:: 3646:: 3602:: 3592:: 3546:: 3536:: 3500:: 3490:: 3446:. 3421:. 3415:: 3400:. 3388:: 3368:: 3352:2 3336:. 3314:: 3304:: 3277:. 3252:. 3227:. 3221:: 3206:. 3194:: 3167:. 3155:: 3132:. 3107:. 3082:. 3058:. 3034:. 3028:: 3013:. 3001:: 2991:: 2968:. 2956:: 2950:2 2822:. 2818:: 2795:. 2783:: 2760:. 2723:. 2711:: 2705:8 2688:. 2676:: 2653:. 2641:: 2622:. 2610:: 2604:6 2587:. 2575:: 2552:. 2540:: 2502:. 2490:: 2409:n 2347:/ 2339:x 2313:+ 2310:) 2301:1 2298:( 2284:N 2277:) 2274:T 2271:, 2265:( 2262:N 2242:2 2238:/ 2234:1 2231:= 2208:4 2204:/ 2200:3 2197:= 2192:H 2189:, 2186:I 2171:/ 2167:8 2164:= 2159:M 2156:G 2153:, 2150:H 2135:/ 2131:7 2128:= 2123:M 2120:G 2117:, 2114:I 2086:3 2083:+ 2077:5 2068:= 2065:) 2059:( 2054:M 2051:G 2047:A 2015:1 2006:3 2002:3 1997:= 1994:) 1988:( 1983:H 1979:A 1945:2 1941:3 1936:= 1933:) 1927:( 1922:I 1918:A 1889:) 1883:( 1880:A 1876:/ 1872:1 1866:1 1862:x 1836:+ 1833:) 1824:1 1821:( 1818:) 1812:( 1809:A 1805:N 1798:) 1795:T 1792:, 1786:( 1783:N 1760:T 1753:| 1749:) 1746:s 1743:( 1738:I 1732:| 1705:) 1702:s 1699:( 1694:R 1672:) 1669:s 1666:( 1623:) 1620:T 1617:, 1611:( 1608:N 1583:+ 1580:) 1571:1 1568:( 1565:2 1561:N 1554:) 1551:T 1548:, 1542:( 1539:N 1511:1 1508:= 1505:) 1502:2 1498:/ 1494:1 1488:1 1485:( 1482:2 1479:= 1476:) 1467:1 1464:( 1459:H 1456:D 1452:A 1431:0 1428:= 1425:) 1422:2 1418:/ 1414:1 1405:( 1400:H 1397:R 1393:A 1361:. 1357:) 1351:2 1347:) 1341:n 1337:p 1327:( 1323:( 1318:O 1315:= 1310:n 1306:g 1280:n 1261:+ 1258:2 1254:/ 1250:1 1245:n 1241:p 1232:n 1228:g 1217:ε 1196:. 1191:n 1187:p 1178:1 1175:+ 1172:n 1168:p 1164:= 1159:n 1155:g 1144:n 1139:n 1135:p 1102:n 1098:n 1090:k 1082:k 1064:) 1060:) 1055:2 1048:p 1044:+ 1039:1 1032:p 1028:4 1025:+ 1022:1 1019:( 1014:4 1010:) 1004:1 997:p 990:1 987:( 983:( 977:p 966:! 963:9 941:k 937:k 932:j 930:, 928:k 924:c 907:) 904:T 901:( 898:o 895:+ 890:j 882:2 878:k 873:) 869:T 866:( 855:j 852:, 849:k 845:c 837:2 833:k 827:0 824:= 821:j 813:T 810:= 807:t 804:d 798:k 795:2 790:| 785:) 782:t 779:i 776:+ 773:2 769:/ 765:1 762:( 755:| 749:T 744:0 715:k 711:k 707:k 690:) 681:T 677:( 674:O 671:= 668:t 665:d 659:k 656:2 651:| 646:) 643:t 640:i 637:+ 634:2 630:/ 626:1 623:( 616:| 610:T 605:0 595:T 592:1 572:T 568:T 564:T 560:T 556:T 552:T 548:T 540:ε 532:ε 332:μ 326:μ 293:μ 289:μ 285:μ 278:μ 274:μ 270:μ 262:μ 254:μ 250:μ 242:μ 238:T 230:a 222:μ 197:. 194:) 185:t 181:( 178:o 175:= 170:) 166:t 163:i 160:+ 155:2 152:1 146:( 131:ε 127:ε 119:t 105:) 96:t 92:( 89:O 86:= 81:) 77:t 74:i 71:+ 66:2 63:1 57:( 42:ε

Index

mathematics
conjecture
Ernst Leonard Lindelöf
Riemann zeta function
Riemann hypothesis
big O notation
real
infimum
functional equation
Phragmén–Lindelöf theorem
convex function
Hardy
Littlewood
Weyl
exponential sums
approximate functional equation
proofs
zeros
real part
imaginary part
integers
open problem
integral
random matrix theory
primes
Young tableaux
sequence
A039622
OEIS
Albert Ingham

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