366:(2/3 June 1653), both fleets began parallel to each other, arranged in three squadrons nose to tail. The English ships were able to fire continuous broadsides, resulting in terrible loss of life and damage to the Dutch fleet. The Dutch were unable to approach the enemy at close quarters, their preferred tactic. This usually prevailed if they could isolate and attack individual ships. The tactic revealed by the Battle of the Gabbard was not new to naval warfare, but was a consequence of the reforms imposed on the English navy. The New Fighting Instructions meant that senior officers could more easily control their ship captains, who could no longer easily evade fighting, or race heroically ahead of the rest of the fleet.
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336:(18–20 February 1653), the English were scattered at the start of the battle, and so were unable to attack the Dutch fleet effectively. It was at Portland that Monck saw how little control admirals had in controlling a fleet and passing commands to his ships. One of the first precise written instructions adopting the line of battle tactic were contained in the English Navy's Fighting Instructions, written by Blake and his colleagues, and published in 1653.
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necessary that the sight of the latter must never be interrupted by a friendly ship. Only one formation allows the ships of the same fleet to satisfy fully these conditions. That formation is the line ahead . This line, therefore, is imposed as the only order of battle, and consequently as the basis of all fleet tactics." The Dutch
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The line-of-battle tactic favoured very large ships that could sail steadily and maintain their place in the line in the face of heavy fire. The change toward the line of battle also depended on an increased disciplining of society and the demands of powerful centralized government to keep permanent
88:
without fear of hitting a friendly ship. This means that in a given period, the fleet can fire more shots. Another advantage is that a relative movement of the line in relation to some part of the enemy fleet allows for a systematic concentration of fire on that part. The other fleet can avoid this
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was marked by a successively stricter organization. Battle formations became standardized, based on calculated ideal models. The increased power of states at the expense of individual landowners led to increasingly larger armies and navies. A ship that was powerful enough to stand in the line of
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cannon, which did not deploy the broadside to its best effect. These new vessels required new tactics, and "since ... almost all the artillery is found upon the sides of a ship of war, hence it is the beam that must necessarily and always be turned toward the enemy. On the other hand, it is
504:
carried out a radical reform of ship design – between 1810 and 1840, every detail was altered, and more advances occurred during this period than had happened since the 1660s. There was, however, no change in the principle of the tactic of a line of battle. These alterations were
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with 12 ships. After Tromp refused to strike sail in salute, a battle took place, but the Dutch, despite their superior numbers, failed to capture any
English ships. The engagement was, according to the historian Ben Wilson, "a good old-fashioned melee lacking any sophisticated tactics".
205:
manned by 460 men, and entered Ormuz Bay, being surrounded by 250 warships and a 20,000 men army on land. Albuquerque made his small fleet (but powerful in its artillery) circle like a carrousel, but in a line end-to-end, and destroyed most of the ships that surrounded his
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After 1652, battles would be determined by the ability of a line of battle to not be broken down. The line was difficult to maintain when ships performed differently from each other and were affected by the sea conditions and the "chaos of conflict". At the
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in which a fleet of ships forms a line end to end. The first example of its use as a tactic is disputed—it has been variously claimed for dates ranging from 1502 to 1652. Line-of-battle tactics were in widespread use by 1675.
233:, which meant faster, more stable vessels. These newer warships could mount more cannons along the sides of their decks, concentrating their firepower along their broadside, while presenting a lower target to their enemy.
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The main problem with the line of battle was that when the fleets were of similar size, naval actions using it were generally indecisive. The French in particular were adept at gunnery and would generally take the
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at long range to bring down masts. Eventually so many vessels in a line would be damaged that they would be forced to retire for repairs while the French took few casualties and very little damage.
304:(28 September 1652) revealed the weakness of the Dutch fleet, largely consisting of smaller ships, against the English. The Dutch consequently began a large shipbuilding programme. The
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Compared with prior naval tactics, in which two opposing ships closed on one another for individual combat, the line of battle has the advantage that each ship in the line can fire its
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Fleet commanders sometimes met with greater success by altering or abandoning the line of battle outright by breaking the enemy line and moving through it, as occurred during the
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129:, recognized that at sea, the Portuguese "fight at a distance, as if from walls and fortresses...". He recommended the single line ahead as the ideal combat formation.
466:. Ships broke through the enemy line and then, acting simultaneously with other vessels that remained on the original side, would engage the enemy fleet.
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If the opposing fleets were of similar size, a portion of the line might be overwhelmed by focused gunfire of the entire enemy line by a tactic known as
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fleets led by a corps of professional officers. These officers were better able to manage and communicate between the ships they commanded than the
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530:, meant that by the 1870s, sail power had been abandoned. Battleships of the line were still in use in the early 20th century, using steam-driven
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and/or had long range, meant that gun engagements were no longer decisive, so that there was no longer any need for a line-of-battle formation.
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by manoeuvring in a line itself, with a result typical for sea battles since 1675: two fleets sail alongside one another (or on the opposite
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308:(30 November 1652) was a victory for the Dutch, and led to the revitalisation of the Commonwealth Navy. One innovation introduced by
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suggests that the tactic was in place before this date. Portuguese fleets overseas deployed in line ahead, firing one
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showed that sailing ships needed to be converted if they were to be of any military use. The introduction of the
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and then putting about in order to return and discharge the other, resolving battles by gunnery alone. In a
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340:, issued on 29 March 1653, was the first clear evidence of the line of battle becoming official policy.
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superseded by changes brought about by the advance of steam power and industrially-produced armaments.
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This article is about the line formation in fleet. For the line of battle in infantry and cavalry, see
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When ramming fell out of fashion, the logic of the line of battle tactic returned. It was used in the
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that often comprised large parts of a navy's force. The new type of warfare that developed during the
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844:(subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries that are in the UK)
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320:, which introduced the concept of Red, White, and Blue squadrons, each with an admiral, a
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as the decisive factor in combat. At the same time, the natural tendency in the design of
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against a Muslim fleet. One of the earliest recorded deliberate uses is documented in the
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Navies and
Nations: Warships, Navies and State Building in Europe and America, 1500–1680
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The first recorded mention of the use of a line of battle tactic is to be found in the
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The
Ironclads: an illustrated history of battleships from 1860 to the First World War
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166:
77:
1392:. Vol. 1: The Development of the Battlefleet 1650–1850. Conway Maritime Press.
1167:. Vol. 1: The Development of the Battlefleet 1650–1850. Conway Maritime Press.
404:
328:, The Articles of War established the line of battle as a tactic for naval warfare.
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109:, to the commander of a fleet dispatched to the Indian Ocean. The precision in the
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The
Military Revolution: military innovation and the rise of the West, 1500–1800
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312:(the first English professional soldier to become a senior naval officer) and
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appear to have experimented with the technique in 1652, possibly including
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converted to steam in 1846, becoming the first steam ship of the line. The
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position to enable their fleet to retire downwind while continuing to fire
17:
1067:
Tudor and Stuart
Seafarers: The Emergence of a Maritime Nation, 1485–1707
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118:
1268:
Schittering en
Schandaal: Dubbelbiografie van Maerten en Cornelis Tromp
553:(1916), and – for the last time – in the
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gradually became the most important weapon in naval warfare, replacing
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27:
Naval warfare tactic in which a fleet of ships forms a line end to end
1241:
The
Cambridge Illustrated History of Warfare: The Triumph of the West
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245:, the tactics of a fleet were often to "charge" the enemy, firing
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49:
38:
1096:. Vol. 1. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.
1370:. Conway's History of the Ship. London: Conway Maritime Press.
1502:
The
Command of the Ocean, a Naval History of Britain 1649–1815
1294:
The
Command of the Ocean, a Naval History of Britain 1649–1815
538:, ramming again became a method of attack, as occurred at the
338:
Instructions for the better ordering of the Fleet in
Fighting
237:
Development during the Anglo-Dutch battles of the early 1650s
542:, the first ever fleet engagement involving ironclad ships.
634:
While the Japanese succeeded in crippling the battle line…
1338:
Empire of the Deep: the Rise and Fall of the British Navy
125:, Portuguese theorist on naval warfare and shipbuilding,
1453:"Image and Reality in Eighteenth-Century Naval Tactics"
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292:(19 May 1652). Tromp faced Blake as he approached from
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The Battle of Leyte Gulf : The Last Fleet Action
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The Metal Fighting Ship in the Royal Navy, 1860–1970
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511:replaced wind power during the 19th century, with
1413:"The Development of Broadside Gunnery, 1450–1650"
1367:The Line of Battle: The Sailing Warship 1650–1840
1188:The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660–1783
534:and armed with turrets. With the introduction of
929:"Clash at Surigao Strait: The Last Battle Line"
1272:(in Dutch). Amsterdam; Antwerp: Arbeidspers.
8:
413:
257:first used the line of battle tactic in the
157:Line-of-battle tactics had been used by the
1051:. Vol. 29. The Navy Records Society.
43:Two fleets in their line of battle during
1319:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
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1541:Naval warfare of the Early Modern period
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201:. Albuquerque commanded a fleet of six
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352:The Battle of the Gabbard, 2 June 1653
59:The Battle of Copenhagen, 2 April 1801
1342:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1191:. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.
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732:
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492:In the years following the defeat of
261:, although some have disputed this.
7:
890:
484:, the first steam ship of the line (
526:, which made it impossible to have
470:Age of Steam and later developments
400:Problems associated with the tactic
390:. In time this became shortened to
25:
1264:Prud’homme van Reine, R. (2001).
584:Naval tactics in the Age of Steam
1048:Fighting Instructions, 1530–1816
225:was for longer ships with lower
565:, particularly those that were
274:British Battles on Land and Sea
213:From the mid-16th century, the
1472:10.1080/00253359.2003.10659294
1432:10.1080/00253359.1996.10656604
1364:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2004).
280:Captains on both sides of the
159:Fourth Portuguese India Armada
138:Fourth Portuguese India Armada
1:
955:"Battle Group – Introduction"
561:as well as a wide variety of
486:Maritime Institute of Ireland
179:Third Portuguese India Armada
557:(1944). The development of
379:battle came to be called a
302:Battle of the Kentish Knock
272:(19 May 1652), depicted in
1562:
1247:Cambridge University Press
1217:Cambridge University Press
1025:Cambridge University Press
1002:. New York: Arco Pub. Co.
994:Archibald, E.H.H. (1971).
210:. He then captured Ormuz.
143:Livro de Lisuarte de Abreu
107:Manuel I, king of Portugal
29:
935:. Warfare History Network
682:Prud’homme van Reine 2001
617:: 3. 2017. Archived from
419:(1854), showing a French
175:First Battle of Cannanore
1043:Corbett, Julian Stafford
555:Battle of Surigao Strait
423:forming a line of battle
185:and the naval forces of
163:Battle of Calicut (1503)
927:Lippman, David (2013).
831:Oxford University Press
411:, an illustration from
356:Royal Museums Greenwich
193:at the entrance to the
78:tactic in naval warfare
63:Royal Museums Greenwich
45:the Battle of Cuddalore
1506:. London: Allen Lane.
1448:Rodger, Nicholas A. M.
1408:Rodger, Nicholas A. M.
1298:. London: Allen Lane.
1141:The Price of Admiralty
1119:. London: Southwater.
540:Battle of Lissa (1866)
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105:, provided in 1500 by
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1531:Naval warfare tactics
1496:Rodger, Nicholas A.M.
1288:Rodger, Nicholas A.M.
1072:Bloomsbury Publishing
1064:Davey, James (2018).
1020:The Battle of Jutland
1017:Brooks, John (2016).
528:ships with a full rig
500:in 1815, the British
477:
457:Battle of the Saintes
445:Battle of Schooneveld
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364:Battle of the Gabbard
346:
282:First Anglo-Dutch War
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191:Afonso de Albuquerque
135:
123:The Art of War at Sea
53:
42:
1459:The Mariner's Mirror
1419:The Mariner's Mirror
1390:The Ship of the Line
1334:Wilson, Ben (2014).
1165:The Ship of the Line
1145:. New York: Viking.
1111:Hore, Peter (2006).
579:Sailing ship tactics
509:Marine steam engines
259:Fight in the Channel
1536:Tactical formations
881:, pp. 155–156.
723:, pp. 200–201.
672:, pp. 115–116.
449:Battle of Trafalgar
409:Antoine Morel-Fatio
388:line of battle ship
376:early modern period
306:Battle of Dungeness
823:"'battleship, n.'"
776:, pp. 99–104.
608:"Battle of Midway"
563:anti-ship missiles
547:Battle of Tsushima
498:Battle of Waterloo
490:
425:
360:
334:Battle of Portland
278:
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140:of 1502, from the
127:Fernão de Oliveira
66:
48:
1513:978-0-7139-9411-7
1399:978-0-85177-252-3
1377:978-08517-7-954-6
1349:978-07538-2-920-2
1326:978-02530-0-351-5
1313:Willmott (2005).
1305:978-0-7139-9411-7
1279:978-90-295-3572-4
1256:978-05217-3-806-4
1226:978-0-521-47426-9
1174:978-0-85177-252-3
1152:978-0-670-81416-9
1126:978-18447-6-299-6
1103:978-91-22-01565-9
1081:978-14729-5-678-1
1034:978-11071-5-014-0
1009:978-06680-2-509-6
624:on 16 August 2023
615:Combat Narratives
559:aircraft carriers
551:Battle of Jutland
536:ironclad warships
199:conquest of Ormuz
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241:Until the mid-
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933:WWII History
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231:aftercastles
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195:Persian Gulf
183:João da Nova
177:between the
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1546:Age of Sail
1183:Mahan, A.T.
964:10 December
915:Brooks 2016
879:Lavery 2003
867:Lavery 2003
855:Keegan 1989
837:25 November
798:Wilson 2014
786:Wilson 2014
762:Wilson 2014
750:Rodger 2004
721:Wilson 2014
709:Wilson 2014
658:Parker 1996
646:Parker 2008
520:Crimean War
362:During the
227:forecastles
146: [
74:battle line
61:(undated),
18:Line astern
1525:Categories
1197:1084844208
1090:Glete, Jan
1070:. London:
1057:1045333716
939:8 December
827:OED Online
810:Glete 1993
733:Davey 2018
670:Mahan 1890
532:propellers
524:gun turret
447:, and the
434:chain-shot
393:battleship
247:bow chaser
97:Background
1488:109717660
1480:0025-3359
1440:0025-3359
891:Hore 2006
628:16 August
502:Admiralty
415:La Marine
384:of battle
121:of 1555,
115:broadside
86:broadside
1498:(2004).
1450:(2003).
1410:(1996).
1388:(2003).
1290:(2004).
1237:(2008).
1207:(1996).
1185:(1890).
1163:(2003).
1137:(1989).
1092:(1993).
573:See also
494:Napoleon
464:doubling
455:and the
421:squadron
324:, and a
316:was the
223:galleons
208:squadron
203:carracks
165:, under
119:treatise
988:Sources
496:at the
430:leeward
288:at the
252:admiral
187:Calicut
171:Malabar
169:, near
161:at the
72:or the
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215:cannon
181:under
1484:S2CID
622:(PDF)
611:(PDF)
595:Notes
386:, or
314:Deane
150:]
76:is a
1508:ISBN
1476:ISSN
1436:ISSN
1394:ISBN
1372:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1321:ISBN
1300:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1221:ISBN
1193:OCLC
1169:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1098:ISBN
1076:ISBN
1053:OCLC
1029:ISBN
1004:ISBN
966:2022
941:2022
839:2022
630:2024
515:Ajax
513:HMS
481:Ajax
479:HMS
300:The
268:The
229:and
136:The
91:tack
68:The
1468:doi
1428:doi
459:).
294:Rye
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