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proposed that Sun Quan attempt to win the hearts of the
Shanyue and assimilate them instead of purely using military force to hamper them. He reasoned that if they could impress the Shanyue with the dignity of Sun Quan's administration and potential rewards, the Shanyue would succumb to them without bloodshed. After he was granted the staff of authority to request materiel from counties when required, he led a unit with flamboyant weapons and armour to begin his grand tactics. When the Shanyue discovered Sun Quan's forces after the latter had already ventured deep into their territories, they were indeed stunned by Ling Tong's unit; then Ling came out and told them if they would join Sun Quan's army, handsome rewards would be offered. Ling Tong's plan was a great success – tens of thousands of Shanyue men came out from their homes and joined him. He then selected 10,000 able-bodied men to form a unit and returned. Because of Ling Tong's success, his strategy would be adopted and modified by
664:. When Zhang Liao saw that, he immediately led his troops out of Hefei to launch a counterattack and completely took Sun Quan by surprise. Sun Quan wanted to recall the divisions which had retreated first but realised they could not return in time. Ling Tong led 300 men to break into the enemy encirclement to rescue his lord. After Sun Quan managed to escape by making his horse jump across the broken bridge and reach the other side of the ford, Ling Tong returned to the battlefield and continued to fight on and slay dozens of enemies. He sustained several wounds all over his body and all his men were killed. He only retreated when he assessed the situation and concluded that Sun Quan was safe.
557:'s plan to leave Ling Tong behind to defend their position while Zhou Yu and the other generals would lead reinforcements to help Gan. Ling Tong was left alone to engage the enemy in battle for about ten days under numerical disadvantage, but he managed to triumph against the odds by holding his ground firmly while his comrades were away. The battle dragged on until Cao Ren was eventually ordered to abandon Nan Commandery, resulting in the capture of the commandery by Sun Quan's forces. Ling Tong was promoted to Colonel (校尉) for his achievements in the battle
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sons reached the age of seven or eight, Sun Quan ordered Ge Guang (葛光) to teach them to read and write, and train them in horse-riding every ten days. When Ling Lie became older, in recognition of his father's meritorious service, Sun Quan granted him the title of a village marquis (亭侯) and placed him in charge of the unit which used to be commanded by his father. Ling Lie lost his marquis title later and was discharged from service because he committed an offence; the title and military post were passed on to Ling Feng.
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cleansed!" He charged ahead of his troops during the battle in the face of enemy arrows and boulders. The side of the garrison which Ling Tong's army attacked fell immediately. The other commanders were roused by his victory and together they inflicted a crushing defeat on the enemy. After returning from the battle, Ling Tong bound himself and surrendered to the disciplinary officer. Sun Quan was impressed with Ling Tong's strong determination and pardoned him for insubordination in consideration of his contributions.
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sorrow. Sun Quan wiped Ling Tong's tears and said: "Gongji, let the dead go. As long as you live, why worry that you will have no men under you?" As Ling Tong's injuries were very severe, Sun Quan kept him on board the ship and let him have a change of clothing. With the aid of quality medicine, Ling Tong managed to survive. He was promoted to
Lieutenant-General (偏將軍) later and given twice the number of troops he originally commanded.
432:) again. Ling Tong was assigned as the leader of the vanguard force. He sailed in his boat far ahead of the main army with only tens of his closest men with him, and emerged victorious in the first engagement by slaying Huang Zu's subordinate, Zhang Shuo (張碩), and capturing all of Zhang Shuo's mariners with his much smaller force. He reported back to Sun Quan and led another attack on the enemy again, advancing on both land and water.
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Tong then fought recklessly in the battle against the bandits after exclaiming that only through death could he cleanse his deep guilt. Thus, his attack turned out to be a huge success, yet he bound himself and surrendered to the discipline officer after the victorious battle to await his punishment. However, Sun Quan pardoned him on account of his achievements and promoted him to a higher military rank.
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attended a banquet together. Chen Qin was in charge of ceremonial duties during the banquet, but he abused his powers and went against the rules. Ling Tong was upset by Chen Qin's insolence so he confronted him. In anger, Chen Qin hurled abuse at Ling Tong and even insulted Ling Tong's deceased father. Ling Tong was in tears but he refrained himself and did not respond to the acrimony.
449:, along with 100 "commandos", donned two layers of armour each and charged towards the enemy despite the rain of rocks and arrows from the cliff and the fusillade from the vessels. They succeeded in breaking the connections between the two vessels after tough fighting, thus allowing Sun Quan's forces to break through and enter Miankou. Furthermore, the destruction of the
445:, and sent his crossbowmen to station themselves there to fire at any approaching enemy forces. In addition, Huang Zu had strong men and archers ambushed on top of the cliff next to the river to throw down rocks and flaming debris. Sun Quan's forces firstly suffered great casualties and were unable to advance any further. Ling Tong and
734:. They admired him even though he was a military serviceman. Being receptive, he had a reputation for being accommodating towards men of talent. Even when he was busy with work, he always took time to receive visitors. He viewed righteousness and loyalty as important values and saw wealth as inferior. He was thus praised by
688:. Since the southern part of China was not directly administered by the Han government even though it was Han territory in name, the Shanyue people performed regular raids against Han citizens to gather living essentials. The Shanyue had been a nuisance for the Sun family and their forces since they first set foot in
746:'s subjects recommended a famous talent, Sheng Xian, to him. Ling Tong was asleep when he heard that Sheng Xian had arrived to meet his lord. He immediately got out of bed to receive Sheng Xian and held Sheng's hand while leading him to meet Sun Quan. Note: This Sheng Xian (盛暹) is not the same person as
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in 215. If he was involved in the Battle of
Xiaoting, which was one of the major battles in that era, his participation would most certainly be mentioned in his biography. Besides, Ling Tong's biography also stated that his sons were still very young when their father died. Lu (1982) and Liang (2000)
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s. When Lü Meng realises that they are about to get into a fight, he draws his sword, carries a shield and stands in the middle to separate them. When Sun Quan hears about the incident, he comes to the banquet hall, orders them to lay down their weapons, and chides them for fighting among themselves.
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Ling Tong was 15 (by East Asian reckoning) when his father died. Sun Quan appointed Ling Tong as a Major of
Separate Command (別部司馬) in consideration of the fact that Ling Cao died in service of the Sun family. As many spoke well of Ling Tong's ability, the teenage Ling Tong was allowed to inherit his
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tribes – impressing them with a show of military might and offering them potential rewards – which led to the Wu government successfully recruiting over 10,000 Shanyue soldiers into their army and maintaining relative stability in the region. Known for his integrity and loyalty, Ling Tong, along with
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Ling Tong's two sons – Ling Lie (凌烈) and Ling Feng (凌封) – were both very young when their father died. Sun Quan brought them to his palace and treated them as though they were his sons. When guests came to visit him, he pointed at Ling Tong's sons and said: "They are my tiger boys." When Ling Tong's
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As the bridge had already been destroyed, Ling Tong had to wade through the water with his armour on. By then, Sun Quan had already boarded a ship and he was surprised and delighted to see Ling Tong still alive. Ling Tong was very saddened as all his close aides had died and he could not contain his
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for his gracious demeanour, bonhomie and generosity. Even though he had achieved fame and glory when he visited his hometown later in his life, he still treated commoners with utmost respect and humanity. Behind the frontline, Ling Tong conceived a strategy for dealing with and pacifying the
Shanyue
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fires an arrow which hits Ling Tong's horse and causes Ling Tong to fall off the horse's back. Just as Yue Jin moves in for the kill, he suddenly gets hit by an arrow in the face. Both sides immediately rush forth to rescue their respective generals and withdraw their forces after that. Later, Ling
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Ling Tong was also brave in admitting his mistakes and displayed fervent determination in his actions. In his earlier years, he struck down a superior officer called Chen Qin, who earlier insulted him and his late father. The incident caused Chen Qin to die of severe wounds several days later. Ling
649:. Ling Tong served as a Commandant of the Right Section (右部督) during this campaign. Sun Quan's forces suffered heavy losses in the early skirmishes against Zhang Liao and were unable to conquer Hefei. When a plague broke out among his troops, Sun Quan decided to give up on the campaign and retreat.
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During his journey to the
Shanyue territories, Ling Tong passed by his hometown and stopped there for a visit. He treated the townsfolk with the utmost respect and humility even though he had achieved fame and glory. He died of illness on the return journey at the age of 28. When Sun Quan heard of
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Ling Tong participated in a campaign against bandits in the hilly regions of Wu. Sun Quan's main force captured a bandit stronghold and left behind 10,000 men under the command of Ling Tong and Zhang Yi (張異) to lay siege to another stronghold. The day before the battle, Ling Tong and Chen Qin (陳勤)
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spoke up, saying that they should help Gan Ning. He proposed to Zhou Yu that Ling Tong stay behind to keep Cao Ren in check while the rest of the generals go to reinforce Gan Ning. Lü Meng boldly asserted that he had confidence that Ling Tong could hold on for ten days. Ling Tong then took up his
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Sun Quan had launched countless campaigns against them, but to no avail because the
Shanyue had been living in the hills for a long time, were familiar with the area, and would go into hiding once they lost a battle. However, Ling Tong attempted a different approach to deal with the Shanyue. He
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s." Lü Meng told Gan Ning: "You may be good in performing, but you aren't as good as me." He then drew his sword and carried a shield and stood between Ling Tong and Gan Ning to separate them. When Sun Quan heard about the incident, he reassigned Gan Ning to another garrison at
Banzhou (半州).
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After the banquet, Chen Qin, who was drunk, insulted Ling Tong again on the road. Unable to tolerate further swearword, Ling Tong injured Chen Qin with his sword. Chen Qin died a few days later. The next day, before the battle, Ling Tong exclaimed: "Only through death can my transgression be
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At the time, the
Shanyue people would capitalise on their geographical advantage and hid in caves and deep hills, and would use crafty tactics to counter the Han government or Sun Quan's armies, so most officials considered pacifying them an impossible task. Quote from
612:. Gan Ning was always on the defensive against Ling Tong and he tried to avoid meeting Ling whenever possible. Sun Quan also ordered Ling Tong to not seek vengeance on Gan Ning. Despite so, the two of them nearly exchanged blows in an incident during a banquet held in
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sent an army to attack Gan Ning and had him surrounded. Gan Ning hurriedly requested for reinforcements, but the generals did not have enough men to spare to save him and believed it was not sagacious to send reinforcements because that would dilute the main army.
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Tong is surprised to learn that it was Gan Ning who saved him. He kneels down, thanks Gan Ning for saving his life, and begs for forgiveness. Gan Ning forgives him. Since then, Ling Tong forgets his past feud with Gan Ning and they become close friends.
394:, Ling Cao sailed alone a distance ahead on a small boat to infiltrate the enemy formation. Huang Zu abandoned his position and fled. Ling Cao was killed in the midst of battle by a stray arrow fired by Huang Zu's subordinate,
592:, who was advancing south in an attempt to retake the lost commanderies. The territorial dispute was eventually resolved when both Sun Quan and Liu Bei agreed to divide Jing Province between their respective domains along the
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praising Gan Ning so he offers to perform a sword dance and wants to use the opportunity to kill Gan Ning and avenge his father. Gan Ning senses Ling Tong's intention so he also offers to perform with his pair of
568:). They succeeded in conquering it. He was promoted to General of the Household Who Defeats Bandits (蕩寇中郎將) and was appointed as the Chancellor of Pei (沛相). In 215, Ling Tong joined Lü Meng in capturing
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of China. He started his service under Sun Quan when he was still a teenager and, throughout his entire life, had been contributing to the foundation and solidification of the state of
1335:(建安二十年，從攻合肥，會疫疾，軍旅皆已引出，唯車下虎士千餘人，并呂蒙、蔣欽、凌統及寧，從權逍遙津北。張遼覘望知之，即將步騎奄至。 ... 時權徹軍，前部已發，魏將張遼等奄至津北。權使追還前兵，兵去已遠，勢不相及，統率親近三百人陷圍，扶扞權出。敵已毀橋，橋之屬者兩版，權策馬驅馳，統復還戰，左右盡死，身亦被創，所殺數十人，度權已免，乃還。)
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At
Xiaoyao Ford (逍遙津), Sun Quan's other divisions retreated first while Sun Quan himself remained behind with about only 1,000 men and a few officers, including
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in 222 later. This statement did not quite match what was written in Ling Tong's biography because his biography did not say much about what he did after the
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1006:(國士) could loosely translated as "gentleman of the state". It referred to persons who had made very outstanding contributions to their countries.
912:). However, Lu (1982) and Liang (2000) pointed out that there was an error with the number '49' and that it should be '29' instead. According to
616:'s house. When Ling Tong was performing a sword dance to entertain the guests, Gan Ning stood up and said: "I can also perform with my pair of
553:, Hubei), but Cao Ren ordered his subordinates to attack Yiling later. Gan Ning was under siege so he requested aid from Zhou Yu, who followed
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Ling Tong's death, he was filled with grief for several days. In recognition of Ling Tong's contributions to his regime, Sun Quan ordered
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believed that it was more likely that Ling Tong died at the age of 29 (by East Asian age reckoning) in 217 than at the age of 49 in 237.
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In Chapter 67, during a banquet to celebrate their victory over Cao Cao's forces at Wan County, Ling Tong feels jealous when he sees
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Knowing that Zhang Shuo had been slain and that the first line of defence had been broken, Huang Zu scuttled two of his largest
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defeated Huang Zu's navy while Ling Tong conquered Jiangxia. Sun Quan appointed Ling Tong as a Commandant of Vehemence (承烈都尉).
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duties with responsibility. He countered Cao Ren's attacks alone, and bought time for the other generals to rescue Gan Ning.
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father's post, as acting Colonel Who Defeats Bandits, and assume command of the troops which used to be led by his father.
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As Ling Tong kneels down and weeps, Sun Quan tries to calm him down and repeatedly urges him to stop provoking Gan Ning.
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Ling Tong later moved east and followed Lü Meng and Gan Ning to attack Cao Cao's garrison at Wan County (皖縣; present-day
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511:, in which the combined armies of Sun Quan and Liu Bei dealt Cao Cao's massive fleet a crushing defeat at Wulin (烏林).
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period. Although his role in the novel is generally similar to that of his historical counterpart, his conflict with
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1292:(吳書曰：凌統怨寧殺其父操，寧常備統，不與相見。權亦命統不得讎之。甞於呂蒙舍會，酒酣，統乃以刀舞。寧起曰：「寧能雙戟舞。」蒙曰：「寧雖能，未若蒙之巧也。」因操刀持楯，以身分之。後權知統意，因令寧將兵，遂徙屯於半州。)
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1153:(後從擊山賊，權破保屯先還，餘麻屯萬人，統與督張異等留攻圍之，克日當攻。先期，統與督陳勤會飲酒，勤剛勇任氣，因督祭酒，陵轢一坐，舉罰不以其道。統疾其侮慢，靣折不為用。勤怒詈統，及其父操，統流涕不荅，衆因罷出。)
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s actuated Sun Quan forces' fighting spirit, and they emerged victorious in the next battle, in which
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launched a campaign aimed at wiping out opposing forces in southern China. He successfully pressured
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Ling Tong was reputed to have a strong sense of righteousness. During the battle at Nan Commandery,
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1169:(勤乘酒凶悖，又於道路辱統。統不忍，引刀斫勤，數日乃死。及當攻屯，統曰：「非死無以謝罪。」乃率厲士卒，身當矢石，所次一靣，應時披壞，諸將乘勝，遂大破之。還，自拘於軍正。權壯其果毅，使得以功贖罪。)
1124:(凌統字公績，吳郡餘杭人也。 ... 父操，輕俠有膽氣，孫策初興，每從征伐，常冠軍履鋒。守永平長，平治山越，姦猾斂手，遷破賊校尉。及權統軍，從討江夏。入夏口，先登，破其前鋒，輕舟獨進，中流矢死。)
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to give up resistance. Sun Quan eventually hardened his decision to go to war with Cao Cao after
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1417:(二子烈、封，年各數歲，權內養於宮，愛待與諸子同，賔客進見，呼示之曰：「此吾虎子也。」及八九歲，令葛光教之讀書，十日一令乘馬，追錄統功，封烈亭侯，還其故兵。後烈有罪免，封復襲爵領兵。)
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tribes, but is best known for his performance in the campaigns against Sun Quan's archrival
1404:(... 過本縣，步入寺門，見長吏懷三版，恭敬盡禮，親舊故人，恩意益隆。事畢當出，會病卒，時年四十九。 ... 權聞之，拊牀起坐，哀不能自止，數日減膳，言及流涕，使張承為作銘誄。)
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Ling Tong was more than just a military serviceman – he received high praise from the
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In 208, Sun Quan attacked Huang Zu at Jiangxia Commandery (江夏郡; around present-day
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1365:(橋敗路絕，統被甲潛行。權旣御船，見之驚喜。統痛親近無反者，悲不自勝。權引袂拭之，謂曰：「公績，亡者已矣，苟使卿在，何患無人？」 ... 拜偏將軍，倍給本兵。)
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vol. 64: (每致兵征伐，尋其窟藏。其戰則蜂至，敗則鳥竄......皆以為難。) For more details, see
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1391:(統以山中人尚多壯悍，可以威恩誘也，權令東占且討之，命勑屬城，凡統所求，皆先給後聞。統素愛士，士亦慕焉。得精兵萬餘人， ...)
1237:(瑜即遣甘寧前據夷陵。仁分兵騎別攻圍寧。寧告急於瑜。瑜用呂蒙計，留凌統以守其後，身與蒙上救寧。寧圍旣解，乃渡屯北岸，克期大戰。)
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video game series. He also appears in all instalments of Koei's
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convinced him. He then formed an alliance with another warlord,
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after Sun Ce's death in the year 200. In 203, Sun Quan attacked
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Ling Tong is a character in the 14th-century historical novel
298:, was a Chinese military general serving under the warlord
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General of the Household Who Defeats Bandits (蕩寇中郎將)
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1098:(統素愛士，士亦慕焉。得精兵萬餘人，過本縣，步入寺門，見長吏懷三版，恭敬盡禮，親舊故人，恩意益隆。)
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Zhou Yu#Advising Sun Quan to go to war with Cao Cao
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847:Ling Tong is featured as a playable character in
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1247:
16:General serving under warlord Sun Quan (189–217)
1208:(曹操遺權書曰：「近者奉辭伐罪，旄麾南指，劉琮束手。今治水軍八十萬眾，方與將軍會獵於吳。」)
1523:(in Chinese). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
1501:(in Chinese). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
1609:
1165:
1163:
1149:
1147:
338:, was among Sun Quan's most valued generals.
8:
1559:Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms
900:
898:
896:
894:
588:to counter an army led by Liu Bei's general
1494:Liang, Zhangju (2000). Yang, Yaokun (ed.).
908:recorded that he died at the age of 49 (by
541:), which was defended by Cao Cao's general
1616:
1602:
1594:
1499:(Circumstantial Evidence on the Sanguozhi)
1094:
1092:
1078:
1076:
641:, which was defended by Cao Cao's general
529:, Zhou Yu led Sun Quan's forces to attack
18:
1521:(Explanatory Commentary to the Sanguozhi)
1137:(統年十五，左右多稱述者，權亦以操死國事，拜統別部司馬，行破賊都尉，使攝父兵。)
761:to attack Yiling (夷陵; around present-day
549:to guard Yiling (夷陵; around present-day
346:Ling Tong was from Yuhang County (餘杭縣),
1025:
1023:
1019:
940:Lu Su#Urging Sun Quan to resist Cao Cao
890:
700:, another Wu general, at a later time.
1348:(吳書曰：統創甚，權遂留統於舟，盡易其衣服。其創賴得卓氏良藥，故得不死。)
1730:Princes, princesses and royal figures
1279:(又從破皖，拜盪寇中郎將，領沛相。與呂蒙等西取三郡，反自益陽， ...)
1067:
879:Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
7:
1182:(後權復征江夏，統為前鋒，與所厚健兒數十人共乘一船，常去大兵數十里。)
961:Lü Meng#Sun-Liu territorial dispute
1572:Seishi Sangokushi Gunyu Meimeiden
1055:
680:were tribal peoples rooted in the
471:In late 208, the northern warlord
14:
1042:(及凌統死，復領其兵。 ... 以隨陸遜破蜀軍於宜都， ...)
957:Lu Su#Sun-Liu territorial dispute
750:(盛憲) who was killed by Sun Quan.
713:to write a eulogy for Ling Tong.
515:Battles in central Jing Province
1577:(in Japanese). Tokyo: Kojinsha.
1570:Sakaguchi, Wazumi, ed. (2005).
1378:(時觀間隙，出為寇盜，......自前世以來，不能羈也。)
1111:(自創業功臣疾病，權意之所鍾，呂蒙、凌統最重，然其次矣。)
134:Commandant of Vehemence (承烈都尉)
1:
1543:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
1483:Records of the Three Kingdoms
904:Ling Tong's biography in the
866:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
797:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
789:Romance of the Three Kingdoms
604:Ling Tong had never forgiven
2486:Lady Sun (Sun Jian's sister)
684:of ancient China during the
1431:Dictionary definition of 國士
2614:
630:
584:. Later, they returned to
518:
464:
417:
258:
830:, when Ling Tong engages
826:In Chapter 68, after the
572:'s three commanderies of
521:Battle of Jiangling (208)
382:(江夏郡; around present-day
253:
164:
138:
107:
91:
73:
42:
33:
28:
1664:Empresses and noblewomen
1082:(雖在軍旅，親賢接士，輕財重義，有國士之風。)
910:East Asian age reckoning
533:(南郡; around present-day
38:Lieutenant-General (偏將軍)
2598:Generals under Sun Quan
1221:(... 與周瑜等拒破曹公於烏林， ...)
608:for killing his father
426:Xinzhou District, Wuhan
384:Xinzhou District, Wuhan
378:, the Administrator of
350:, which is present-day
926:Battle of Xiaoyao Ford
828:Battle of Xiaoyao Ford
808:is highly dramatised.
633:Battle of Xiaoyao Ford
627:Battle of Xiaoyao Ford
600:Conflict with Gan Ning
390:). During the ensuing
85:Chancellor of Pei (沛相)
672:Pacifying the Shanyue
1624:Prominent people of
916:'s biography in the
527:Battle of Red Cliffs
509:Battle of Red Cliffs
479:, who had succeeded
467:Battle of Red Cliffs
461:Battle of Red Cliffs
2593:Eastern Wu generals
1322:(凌統率親近扶權出圍，復還與遼戰。)
647:Hanzhong Commandery
483:as the Governor of
380:Jiangxia Commandery
304:Eastern Han dynasty
2501:Lady Sun (Yu clan)
1711:Empress Dowager He
922:Battle of Xiaoting
843:In popular culture
420:Battle of Jiangxia
414:Battle of Jiangxia
2570:
2569:
2153:Military officers
1530:978-7-101-01019-0
1508:978-7-211-03490-1
1309:(... 從往合肥，為右部督。)
1266:(... 遂攻曹仁，遷為校尉。)
1029:(... 會病卒，時年四十九。)
974:Hanzhong Campaign
257:
256:
2605:
1772:Sun Huan (Shuwu)
1696:Empress Jinghuai
1618:
1611:
1604:
1595:
1578:
1540:(14th century).
1534:
1512:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1439:
1433:
1428:
1422:
1415:
1409:
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1396:
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1007:
1001:
995:
983:
977:
970:
964:
953:
947:
936:
930:
902:
854:Dynasty Warriors
660:, Ling Tong and
489:Jiangling County
392:Battle of Xiakou
302:during the late
290:
289:
288:
286:
239:Military general
169:Personal details
160:
158:
152:
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129:
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96:
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56:
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2566:
2515:
2474:
2148:
1847:
1781:
1725:
1659:
1628:
1622:
1569:
1556:(5th century).
1531:
1516:Lu, Bi (1982).
1515:
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1493:
1480:(3rd century).
1474:
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984:
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937:
933:
903:
892:
887:
875:
860:Warriors Orochi
845:
792:
728:
719:
706:
674:
635:
629:
602:
562:Qianshan County
545:. Zhou Yu sent
523:
517:
469:
463:
422:
416:
352:Yuhang District
344:
284:
282:
281:
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274:
231:
214:
180:Yuhang District
178:
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2036:
2031:
2026:
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2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
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1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
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1855:
1853:
1852:Civil officers
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1620:
1613:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1587:Zizhi Tongjian
1579:
1567:
1551:
1538:Luo, Guanzhong
1535:
1529:
1513:
1507:
1491:
1472:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1434:
1423:
1410:
1397:
1384:
1371:
1358:
1352:annotation in
1341:
1328:
1324:Zizhi Tongjian
1315:
1302:
1296:annotation in
1285:
1272:
1259:
1243:
1227:
1214:
1210:Zizhi Tongjian
1201:
1188:
1175:
1159:
1143:
1130:
1117:
1104:
1088:
1072:
1060:
1048:
1035:
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996:
978:
965:
948:
931:
889:
888:
886:
883:
882:
881:
874:
871:
844:
841:
802:Three Kingdoms
791:
785:
732:scholar-gentry
727:
724:
718:
715:
705:
702:
673:
670:
631:Main article:
628:
625:
601:
598:
531:Nan Commandery
525:Following the
519:Main article:
516:
513:
465:Main article:
462:
459:
418:Main article:
415:
412:
362:. His father,
343:
340:
331:scholar-gentry
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105:
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71:
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40:
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31:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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1564:Sanguozhi zhu
1561:
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714:
712:
703:
701:
699:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
671:
669:
665:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
644:
640:
634:
626:
624:
621:
620:
615:
611:
607:
599:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
522:
514:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
485:Jing Province
482:
478:
474:
468:
460:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
439:
433:
431:
427:
421:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
348:Wu Commandery
341:
339:
337:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
294:
293:courtesy name
291:) (189–217),
287:
285:pronunciation
278:
272:
271:
266:
262:
252:
248:
246:
245:Courtesy name
242:
238:
234:
227:
224:
223:
221:
217:
210:
207:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
181:
176:
172:
167:
163:
142:
137:
132:
111:
106:
101:
95:
90:
83:
77:
72:
67:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
20:
2479:Others women
2219:
1919:Huang Xiang
1716:Teng Fanglan
1691:Empress Dayi
1585:
1575:
1571:
1563:
1557:
1554:Pei, Songzhi
1548:Sanguo Yanyi
1547:
1541:
1520:
1517:
1498:
1495:
1487:
1481:
1467:Sanguo Yanyi
1466:
1462:
1455:Sanguo Yanyi
1454:
1450:
1442:
1437:
1426:
1418:
1413:
1405:
1400:
1392:
1387:
1379:
1374:
1366:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1336:
1331:
1323:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1267:
1262:
1254:
1238:
1222:
1217:
1209:
1204:
1196:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1170:
1154:
1138:
1133:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1099:
1083:
1068:Liang (2000)
1063:
1051:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1003:
999:
991:
987:
981:
968:
963:for details.
951:
946:for details.
934:
917:
905:
864:
858:
852:
846:
825:
817:
810:
795:
793:
788:
781:
752:
739:
729:
720:
707:
694:
682:Wuyue region
675:
666:
651:
636:
617:
603:
559:
524:
470:
450:
436:
434:
423:
408:
404:
400:
345:
328:
295:
276:
275:
268:
261:Chinese name
197:217(aged 28)
140:
109:
103:Colonel (校尉)
93:
75:
44:
2557:Zhang Chang
2395:Zhang Cheng
1828:Puyang Xing
1786:Chancellors
1706:Empress Zhu
1701:Quan Huijie
1582:Sima, Guang
834:in a duel,
717:Descendants
711:Zhang Cheng
686:Han dynasty
594:Xiang River
265:family name
249:Gongji (公績)
2588:217 deaths
2583:189 births
2577:Categories
2552:Zhang Bing
2527:Cao Buxing
2506:Lu Yusheng
2491:Sun Hanhua
2470:Zhuge Rong
2460:Zhuge Jing
2410:Zhongli Mu
2134:Zheng Quan
2119:Zhang Zhao
1989:Quan Shang
1869:Cheng Bing
1721:Lady Zhang
1686:Bu Lianshi
1626:Eastern Wu
1574:正史三國志群雄銘銘傳
1478:Chen, Shou
1014:References
748:Sheng Xian
643:Zhang Liao
443:Mian River
342:Early life
308:Eastern Wu
236:Occupation
2532:Chen Zhuo
2496:Lady Zhao
2455:Zhuge Jin
2420:Zhou Fang
2405:Zhang Xiu
2400:Zhang Fen
2310:Tao Huang
2300:Song Qian
2290:Shao Chou
2285:Quan Cong
2280:Pan Zhang
2220:Ling Tong
2175:Ding Feng
2165:Chen Chi
2160:Chen Biao
2144:Zhou Zhao
2139:Zhi Chong
2114:Zhang Yan
2109:Zhang Wen
2104:Zhang Dun
1999:Shen Heng
1974:Meng Zong
1762:Sun Luban
1645:Sun Liang
1488:Sanguozhi
1443:Sanguozhi
1419:Sanguozhi
1406:Sanguozhi
1393:Sanguozhi
1380:Sanguozhi
1367:Sanguozhi
1354:Sanguozhi
1337:Sanguozhi
1311:Sanguozhi
1298:Sanguozhi
1281:Sanguozhi
1268:Sanguozhi
1255:Sanguozhi
1239:Sanguozhi
1223:Sanguozhi
1197:Sanguozhi
1184:Sanguozhi
1171:Sanguozhi
1155:Sanguozhi
1139:Sanguozhi
1126:Sanguozhi
1113:Sanguozhi
1100:Sanguozhi
1084:Sanguozhi
1056:Lu (1982)
1044:Sanguozhi
1031:Sanguozhi
992:Sanguozhi
988:Sanguozhi
918:Sanguozhi
906:Sanguozhi
736:Chen Shou
726:Appraisal
690:Jiangdong
658:Jiang Qin
451:mengchong
438:mengchong
277:Ling Tong
211:Ling Feng
141:In office
110:In office
94:In office
87:(nominal)
76:In office
45:In office
23:Ling Tong
2562:Zhi Qian
2542:Kang Tai
2465:Zhuge Ke
2435:Zhu Huan
2425:Zhou Tai
2415:Zhou Chu
2390:Zhang Bu
2385:Yuan Kan
2375:Xue Ying
2370:Xu Xiang
2360:Xu Sheng
2345:Xie Yuan
2335:Wen Yang
2325:Teng Yin
2320:Teng Xiu
2265:Luo Tong
2215:Liang Yu
2210:Hua Rong
2195:Han Dang
2180:Fan Shen
2170:Cheng Pu
2094:Yu Zhong
2069:Xue Zong
2064:Xie Jing
2054:Wei Teng
2049:Wei Jing
2034:Wei Zhao
2029:Wang Fan
2019:Sun Hong
1959:Lou Xuan
1884:Gu Cheng
1859:Cai Kuan
1843:Zhang Ti
1823:Sun Chen
1793:Sun Shao
1777:Sun Shao
1767:Sun Luyu
1737:Sun Deng
1671:Lady Xie
1640:Sun Quan
1633:Emperors
1584:(1084).
1445:vol. 55.
1421:vol. 55.
1408:vol. 55.
1395:vol. 55.
1382:vol. 64.
1369:vol. 55.
1356:vol. 55.
1339:vol. 55.
1326:vol. 67.
1313:vol. 55.
1300:vol. 55.
1283:vol. 55.
1270:vol. 55.
1257:vol. 54.
1241:vol. 54.
1225:vol. 55.
1212:vol. 65.
1199:vol. 55.
1186:vol. 55.
1173:vol. 55.
1157:vol. 55.
1141:vol. 55.
1128:vol. 55.
1115:vol. 56.
1102:vol. 55.
1086:vol. 55.
1046:vol. 57.
1033:vol. 55.
994:vol. 64.
972:See the
914:Luo Tong
873:See also
869:series.
806:Gan Ning
759:Gan Ning
757:ordered
744:Sun Quan
742:. Once,
698:Zhuge Ke
662:Gan Ning
610:Ling Cao
606:Gan Ning
578:Lingling
574:Changsha
547:Gan Ning
535:Jingzhou
493:Sun Quan
481:Liu Biao
477:Liu Cong
396:Gan Ning
376:Huang Zu
372:Sun Quan
364:Ling Cao
360:Zhejiang
356:Hangzhou
318:and the
312:Huang Zu
300:Sun Quan
259:In this
228:(father)
226:Ling Cao
208:Ling Lie
202:Children
188:Zhejiang
184:Hangzhou
2537:Ge Xuan
2511:Lady Xu
2450:Zhu Zhi
2440:Zhu Ran
2430:Zhu Cai
2380:Yin You
2355:Xu Ling
2350:Xu Biao
2330:Wen Qin
2315:Tao Jun
2305:Tang Zi
2275:Nie You
2270:Mi Fang
2240:Lu Kang
2235:Lu Jing
2230:Liu Zan
2225:Liu Lue
2129:Zhao Zi
2124:Zhao Da
2099:Yuan Ye
2074:Yan Jun
2024:Tang Gu
2009:Shi Xie
2004:Shi Wei
1984:Pan Zhu
1979:Pan Jun
1949:Liu Dun
1939:Li Heng
1909:Hu Zong
1899:He Shao
1879:Feng Xi
1874:Ding Gu
1864:Cen Hun
1818:Sun Jun
1798:Gu Yong
1757:Sun Fen
1681:Pan Shu
1676:Lady Xu
1655:Sun Hao
1650:Sun Xiu
1469:ch. 68.
1457:ch. 67.
836:Cao Xiu
832:Yue Jin
813:Lü Meng
776:Lü Meng
771:Cao Ren
763:Yichang
755:Zhou Yu
678:Shanyue
654:Lü Meng
614:Lü Meng
590:Guan Yu
582:Guiyang
570:Liu Bei
555:Lü Meng
551:Yichang
543:Cao Ren
505:Liu Bei
501:Zhou Yu
473:Cao Cao
455:Lü Meng
447:Dong Xi
336:Lü Meng
324:Cao Cao
320:Shanyue
316:Liu Bei
155: (
147: (
124: (
116: (
59: (
51: (
2520:Others
2445:Zhu Yi
2365:Xue Xu
2340:Wu Yan
2295:Shi Ji
2260:Lü Fan
2250:Lü Dai
2245:Lu Yin
2200:Hao Pu
2190:Guo Ma
2084:Yu Fan
2079:Yin Li
2059:Xie Ci
2044:Wu Fan
2039:Wu Can
2014:Shi Yi
1994:Si Dun
1964:Lu Mao
1954:Liu Ji
1934:Kan Ze
1929:Ji Zhi
1924:Ji Yan
1914:Hua He
1904:He Zhi
1889:Gu Tan
1838:Wan Yu
1833:Lu Kai
1813:Zhu Ju
1808:Bu Zhi
1803:Lu Xun
1752:Sun Ba
1747:Sun He
1742:Sun Lü
1527:
1505:
1350:Wu Shu
1294:Wu Shu
1004:Guoshi
740:guoshi
586:Yiyang
368:Sun Ce
296:Gongji
263:, the
219:Parent
2547:Lu Ji
2255:Lü Ju
2205:He Qi
2185:Gu Yu
2089:Yu Si
1969:Lü Yi
1944:Li Su
1894:Gu Ti
1519:三國志集解
1497:三國志旁證
885:Notes
767:Hubei
738:as a
704:Death
639:Hefei
566:Anhui
539:Hubei
497:Lu Su
430:Hubei
388:Hubei
1525:ISBN
1503:ISBN
959:and
955:See
942:and
938:See
857:and
849:Koei
676:The
580:and
499:and
270:Ling
194:Died
174:Born
153:–209
122:–215
57:–217
851:'s
787:In
769:).
267:is
177:189
157:209
149:208
145:208
126:215
118:209
114:209
98:215
80:215
61:217
53:215
49:215
2579::
1566:).
1550:).
1490:).
1246:^
1230:^
1162:^
1146:^
1091:^
1075:^
1022:^
893:^
819:ji
765:,
692:.
656:,
619:ji
596:.
576:,
564:,
537:,
428:,
398:.
386:,
358:,
354:,
314:,
186:,
182:,
29:凌統
1617:e
1610:t
1603:v
1590:.
1562:(
1546:(
1533:.
1511:.
1486:(
1070:.
1058:.
976:.
279:(
273:.
159:)
151:)
128:)
120:)
63:)
55:)
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