38:
50:
306:
388:
379:
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1277:; Wenwen Li; Dean Rehberger; Mark Schildhauer; Rui Zhu; Cogan Shimizu; Colby K. Fisher; Ling Cai; Gengchen Mai; Joseph Zalewski; Lu Zhou; Shirly Stephen; Seila Gonzalez Estrecha; Bryce D. Mecum; Anna Lopez-Carr; Andrew Schroeder; Dave Smith; Dawn J. Wright; Sizhe Wang; Yuanyuan Tian; Zilong Liu; Meilin Shi; Anthony D'Onofrio; Zhining G; Kitty Currier (2022).
426:
projects involving linked data. These include the linked open data around the clock (LATC) project, the AKN4EU project for machine-readable legislative data, the PlanetData project, the DaPaaS (Data-and-Platform-as-a-Service) project, and the Linked Open Data 2 (LOD2) project. Data linking is one of
505:) – an international database of 89,506 institutions engaged in academic research, with 14,401 relationships. GRID models two types of relationships: a parent-child relationship that defines a subordinate association, and a related relationship that describes other associations
382:
The above diagram shows which
Linking Open Data datasets are connected, as of August 2014. This was produced by the Linked Open Data Cloud project, which was started in 2007. Some sets may include copyrighted data which is freely
771:
414:, which were interlinked by over two million RDF links. By September 2011 this had grown to 31 billion RDF triples, interlinked by around 504 million RDF links. A detailed statistical breakdown was published in 2014.
89:, but rather than using them to serve web pages only for human readers, it extends them to share information in a way that can be read automatically by computers. Part of the vision of linked data is for the
41:
Wikidata in the Linked Open Data Cloud. Databases indicated as circles (with wikidata indicated as ‘WD’), with grey lines linking databases in the network if their data is aligned. Generated from
775:
362:
The term "linked open data" has been in use since at least
February 2007, when the "Linking Open Data" mailing list was created. The mailing list was initially hosted by the
1279:"Know, Know Where, Knowwheregraph: A Densely Connected, Cross-Domain Knowledge Graph and Geo-Enrichment Service Stack for Applications in Environmental Intelligence"
2315:
617:
554:
Clickable diagrams that show the individual datasets and their relationships within the DBpedia-spawned LOD cloud (as by the figures to the right) are available.
1447:, Kunal Verma, Peter Z. Yeh, Amit Sheth. In: Proceedings of the 23rd ACM Hypertext and Social Media conference (HT 2012), Milwaukee, WI, USA, June 25–28, 2012.
1479:
1476:- J Cheminform. 2011; 3: 19. Samwald, Jentzsch, Bouton, Kallesøe, Willighagen, Hajagos, Marshall, Prud'hommeaux, Hassenzadeh, Pichler, and Stephens (May 2011)
1170:
796:
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1426:
188:
Thus, we can identify the following components as essential to a global Linked Data system as envisioned, and to any actual Linked Data subset within it:
2155:
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53:
DBpedia as the most interlinked LOD dataset and crystallization point of the Linked Open Data Cloud since 2008, image from 2021, generated from
1778:
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1064:
367:
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1722:
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1470:, Amit Sheth, Kunal Verma, Peter Z. Yeh. In proceedings of the 9th International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2010, Shanghai, China
1985:
395:
The goal of the W3C Semantic Web
Education and Outreach group's Linking Open Data community project is to extend the Web with a
2237:
317:
suggested a 5-star scheme for grading the quality of open data on the web, for which the highest ranking is Linked Open Data:
2212:
2148:
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1398:(2011) by Tom Heath and Christian Bizer, Synthesis Lectures on the Semantic Web: Theory and Technology, Morgan & Claypool
439:
407:
343:
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82:
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Anything else that that same thing has a relationship with through its data should also be given a name beginning with HTTP.
1433:, Peter Z. Yeh, Kunal Verma, and Amit P. Sheth. In: Dan Brickley, Vinay K. Chaudhri, Harry Halpin, and Deborah McGuinness:
512:
of 30 data layers at the intersection between humans and their environment using
Semantic Web and Linked Data technologies.
37:
2340:
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1411:, by Chris Bizer, Richard Cyganiak and Tom Heath, Linked Data Tutorial at Freie Universität Berlin, Germany, 27 July 2007.
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Linked Open Data (LOD) is Linked Data which is released under an open license, which does not impede its reuse for free.
1920:
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192:
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86:
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897:
475:– a dataset containing extracted data from Knowledge; it contains about 3.4 million concepts described by 1 billion
1980:
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697:
563:
459:, which can act as binding classes to external data; also has links to 1.5 million named entities from DBpedia and
924:
Linking open data cloud diagram 2014, by Max
Schmachtenberg, Christian Bizer, Anja Jentzsch and Richard Cyganiak.
410:
links between data items from different data sources. In
October 2007, datasets consisted of over two billion RDF
2141:
1177:
800:
339:
104:
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1460:– Chris Bizer, Tom Heath, Danny Ayers, Yves Raimond. In Proceedings Poster Track, ESWC2007, Innsbruck, Austria
937:
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1975:
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566:- consortium of US art museums committed to establishing a critical mass of linked open data on American art
305:
1414:
1401:
455:– a lightweight reference structure of 20,000 subject concept classes and their relationships derived from
1523:
1380:
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1328:
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1965:
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256:. Tim Berners-Lee gives the clearest definition of linked open data as differentiated from linked data.
206:
143:
URIs should be used to allow these things to be looked up, interpreted, and subsequently "dereferenced".
49:
31:
1115:
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491:– a collaboratively-created linked dataset that acts as central storage for the structured data of its
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When publishing data on the Web, other things should be referred to using their HTTP URI-based names.
1540:
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Looking up an HTTP name should return useful data about the thing in question in a standard format.
146:
Useful information about what a name identifies should be provided through open standards such as
2345:
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515:
391:
The same diagram as above, but for
February 2017, showing the growth in just two and a half years
283:
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1823:
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396:
1452:"Querying Heterogeneous Datasets on the Linked Data Web: Challenges, Approaches, and Trends."
1144:
2016:
1620:
1451:
1300:
1290:
1052:
162:
747:"Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) - Linked Data - Connect Distributed Data across the Web"
2279:
1892:
1871:
1818:
1788:
1707:
1687:
1677:
1480:
Interview with Sören Auer, head of the LOD2 project about the continuation of LOD2 in 2011
1408:
1387:
665:
509:
476:
460:
446:
411:
314:
229:
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127:
100:
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is structured data which is interlinked with other data so it becomes more useful through
1381:"Ubiquitous Web Navigation through Harvesting Embedded Semantic Data: A Mobile Scenario."
1513:
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1044:
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74:
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1437:. Technical Report SS-10-07, AAAI Press, Menlo Park, California, 2010, pp. 82–86.
2309:
1944:
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are formal descriptions of data structures. Some of the better known ontologies are:
213:
387:
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2271:
2006:
1960:
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1485:
1045:"Model-Driven Development of AKN Application Profiles: Background and Requirements"
530:
108:
883:
485:– provides RDF descriptions of more than 7,500,000 geographical features worldwide
669:
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2057:
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outlined four principles of linked data, paraphrased along the following lines:
17:
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Freitas, André, Edward Curry, João
Gabriel Oliveira, and Sean O’Riain. 2012.
2164:
2098:
1913:
1906:
1808:
1646:
1600:
962:
Fensel, Dieter; Facca, Federico
Michele; Simperl, Elena; Ioan, Toma (2011).
596:
585:
431:, which makes available thousands of datasets for anyone to reuse and link.
253:
115:
62:
331:
3 stars: data is available in a non-proprietary structured format, such as
2108:
1798:
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488:
482:
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5 stars: all of the others, plus links to other Linked Open Data sources.
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90:
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403:
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2031:
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1441:
Moving beyond sameAs with PLATO: Partonomy detection for Linked Data
449:– an ontology describing persons, their properties and relationships
2103:
2093:
2011:
1990:
1763:
1379:
Ahmet Soylu, Felix Mödritscher, and
Patrick De Causmaecker. 2012.
911:
452:
386:
377:
1474:
Linked open drug data for pharmaceutical research and development
1394:
1249:
1225:
898:"SweoIG/TaskForces/CommunityProjects/LinkingOpenData/NewsArchive"
860:"What is 5 Star Linked Data? | Webize Everything Community Group"
42:
2062:
2052:
2026:
1846:
938:"SweoIG/TaskForces/CommunityProjects/LinkingOpenData - W3C Wiki"
606:
217:
197:
170:
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1554:
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1939:
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137:(URIs) should be used to name and identify individual things.
118:, in which case it is usually described as Linked Open Data.
2133:
1123:
1049:
Model-Driven Development of Akoma Ntoso Application Profiles
835:
750:
821:
324:
2 stars: data is available in a structured format, such as
1051:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 5–12,
1021:
161:
Tim Berners-Lee later restated these principles at a 2009
1093:
508:
KnowWhereGraph – an integrated 12 billion triples strong
54:
1201:
925:
772:"COAR » 7 things you should know about…Linked Data"
169:
All conceptual things should have a name starting with
107:(W3C), coined the term in a 2006 design note about the
1395:
Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space
1390:
Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering 19 (1): 93–109.
1488:- Florian Bauer and Martin Kaltenböck (January 2012)
2248:
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1953:
1839:
1832:
1731:
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636:
1043:Flatt, Amelie; Langner, Arne; Leps, Olof (2022),
1494:- semanticweb.com Richard Wallis (February 2012)
1415:The Web Turns 20: Linked Data Gives People Power
993:linkeddatacatalog.dws.informatik.uni-mannheim.de
321:1 star: data is openly available in some format.
479:, including abstracts in 11 different languages
258:
165:, again paraphrased along the following lines:
660:
658:
656:
618:List of datasets for machine-learning research
27:Structured data and method for its publication
2149:
1566:
593:– an older type of database management system
8:
698:"What are Linked Data and Linked Open Data?"
1171:"LOD2 Project Fact Sheet – Project Summary"
209:terms and dataset definitions expressed in
2156:
2142:
2134:
1836:
1573:
1559:
1551:
1014:"Linked open data around the clock (LATC)"
582:– for citations between scholarly articles
1435:Linked Data Meets Artificial Intelligence
1321:"Instance relationships amongst datasets"
1306:1983/be176aba-9dec-456c-9615-01a0e8556b7b
1304:
1294:
550:Dataset instance and class relationships
304:
48:
36:
1464:Ontology Alignment for Linked Open Data
628:
2316:Computer-related introductions in 2007
1779:Knowledge representation and reasoning
1713:Semantic service-oriented architecture
1454:IEEE Internet Computing 16 (1): 24–33.
1351:"Class relationships amongst datasets"
309:Deployment scheme for Linked Open Data
1402:How to Publish Linked Data on the Web
1086:"Welcome to PlanetData! - PlanetData"
368:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7:
609:– Vocabulary of Interlinked Datasets
270:Large linked open data sets include
499:Global Research Identifier Database
374:Linking Open Data community project
2331:Distributed computing architecture
1840:Syntax and supporting technologies
1417:, part 1 of 4, by Mark Fischetti,
1159:. European Commission. 2010-04-20.
533:open catalogue containing product
25:
1458:Interlinking Open Data on the Web
884:"public-lod@w3.org Mail Archives"
722:"Tim Berners-Lee on the next Web"
406:as RDF on the Web and by setting
1506:
1486:Linked Open Data: The Essentials
1157:"CORDIS FP7 ICT Projects – LOD2"
912:"SIMILE Project - Mailing Lists"
797:"Linked Data Basics for Techies"
126:In his 2006 "Linked Data" note,
1427:Linked Data Is Merely More Data
1546:OpenLink Software white papers
211:Resource Description Framework
43:https://lod-cloud.net/datasets
1:
1954:Schemas, ontologies and rules
2256:Open energy system databases
1492:The Flap of a Butterfly Wing
1176:. 2010-09-01. Archived from
265:Tim Berners-Lee, Linked Data
135:Uniform Resource Identifiers
1057:10.1007/978-3-031-14132-4_2
326:Microsoft Excel file format
2367:
1981:Semantic Web Rule Language
1145:Linking Open Data 2 (LOD2)
564:American Art Collaborative
73:. It builds upon standard
29:
2264:
1296:10.1609/aimag.v43i1.19120
252:are linked data that are
105:World Wide Web Consortium
2087:Microformat vocabularies
1759:Information architecture
989:"State of the LOD Cloud"
966:. Springer. p. 99.
114:Linked data may also be
30:Not to be confused with
1976:Rule Interchange Format
1739:Collective intelligence
418:European Union projects
301:5-star linked open data
427:the main goals of the
422:There are a number of
399:by publishing various
392:
384:
342:standards, like using
338:4 stars: data follows
333:Comma-separated values
310:
268:
58:
46:
2189:Open-notebook science
964:Semantic Web Services
926:http://lod-cloud.net/
637:"Linked Data as JSON"
613:Web Ontology Language
390:
381:
308:
207:controlled vocabulary
77:technologies such as
55:https://lod-cloud.net
52:
40:
32:Linked data structure
2341:Internet terminology
1774:Knowledge management
1769:Knowledge extraction
1273:Krzysztof Janowicz;
1024:on 19 September 2018
493:Wikimedia Foundation
239:Linked Data Platform
2046:Common vocabularies
2000:Semantic annotation
1698:Semantic publishing
1420:Scientific American
1126:on 18 December 2020
641:Linked Data as JSON
576:in library catalogs
574:controlled headings
429:EU Open Data Portal
93:to become a global
2249:Open data projects
1794:Digital humanities
1683:Semantic computing
1673:Semantic analytics
1657:Rule-based systems
1407:2021-04-19 at the
1386:2018-09-19 at the
1254:knowwheregraph.org
836:"5-star Open Data"
822:"5 Star Open Data"
393:
385:
311:
103:, director of the
59:
47:
2303:
2302:
2184:Open science data
2131:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2037:Facebook Platform
1924:
1923:(no W3C standard)
1916:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1860:
1824:Web Science Trust
1744:Description logic
1703:Semantic reasoner
1693:Semantic matching
1621:Semantic networks
1357:on 28 August 2011
1202:"GRID Statistics"
1120:project.dapaas.eu
1066:978-3-031-14131-7
580:Citation analysis
570:Authority control
16:(Redirected from
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1552:
1510:
1509:
1466:– Prateek Jain,
1443:– Prateek Jain,
1429:– Prateek Jain,
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1353:. Archived from
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1327:. Archived from
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1298:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1250:"KnowWhereGraph"
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1122:. Archived from
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1101:
1096:on 21 April 2021
1092:. Archived from
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1020:. Archived from
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799:. Archived from
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774:. Archived from
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749:. Archived from
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724:. Archived from
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495:sibling projects
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250:Linked open data
245:Linked open data
216:formats such as
71:semantic queries
21:
18:Linked Open Data
2366:
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2326:Data management
2321:Cloud standards
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2280:Open government
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1995:
1949:
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1819:Web engineering
1789:Digital library
1727:
1708:Semantic search
1688:Semantic mapper
1678:Semantic broker
1661:
1630:
1584:
1579:
1537:at the W3C Wiki
1531:
1530:
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1511:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1423:2010 October 23
1409:Wayback Machine
1388:Wayback Machine
1375:
1373:Further reading
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1482:, June 2011
1283:AI Magazine
519: [
516:Open ICEcat
287: [
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1804:References
1754:Geotagging
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