451:—all the furnaces were originally built as cold-blast furnaces. A cold air blast made it more difficult—but not impossible—to achieve a furnace temperature that allowed molten pig iron and slag to be run from the furnace, avoiding what was known as a 'chilled hearth'. Cold-blast technology was used successfully in some colonial-era blast furnaces—notably the two furnaces at
1816:
30:
has been called, 'Australia's age of iron.' However, the high prices did not last long, as global iron-making capacity increased, and pig-iron was once again imported cheaply as ballast in sailing ships returning from
England to Australia. After 1884, there was no commercial iron smelting in Australia, until
29:
prices in the early 1870s, which led to the formation of a number of colonial-era iron-making ventures in
Australia. A world-wide shortage caused the price of imported pig-iron to increase, from ÂŁ4 10s per ton in 1870 to ÂŁ9 per ton in 1873 greatly advantaging locally manufactured iron. This period
604:
The company changed its name to Mt. Pleasant Coal and Iron Co., in 1888 but, up to 1894, failed to obtain investment for a larger furnace, due to limited ore supplies and the unsuccessful outcomes of earlier iron-making ventures.
1841:
443:
as the waste product. In the 19th century, furnaces used either hot-blast technology—like modern blast furnaces, in which the blast air is preheated to a high temperature—or the older cold-blast technology.
467:—soon switched, with relative success, to hot-blast technology. With the exception of the modified blast furnace at the Fitzroy Iron Works, none of the furnaces recycled furnace off-gas as a fuel source.
716:
Excessive chromium content of the iron ore and pig iron. Furnace and other equipment sold, in 1883 and 1885, and reused for other purposes. Slag can still be found near the furnace site.
46:
usually used to melt iron to manufacture castings. Such furnaces could be adapted to make pig iron if charged with iron ore, coke or charcoal, and some limestone as a flux.
927:
was considered as a site, but final plans were for a works near Pipers Flat railway station, using deposits of iron ore, coal and limestone, all located in the vicinity.
1837:
2068:
1721:
1725:
2558:
2117:
1988:
1127:
578:
Iron-making was uneconomic at prevailing iron prices. The furnace was demolished in 1882. The rest of the ironworks continued in operation, rerolling scrap iron.
741:
Initially, a mismatch in furnace capacity and blast capacity. Finally, lack of economies of scale, and uneconomic at prevailing iron prices. Furnace demolished.
705:
448:
418:
414:
402:
108:
687:
Lack of economies of scale and price competition. Plans to build a larger furnace did not eventuate. Gold was found within the company's mining lease.
1663:
1796:
897:
896:. The site near Wallerawang was, in the eyes of experts at the time, a uniquely promising location for an iron and steelworks. Despite this and a
623:
1801:
2093:
515:
Deposits, referred to as 'scaffolding', built up inside
Australia's first blast furnace. It was modified and later used again in 1876-1877.
2194:. Ashley, Robert William P.,, National Trust of Australia (Vic.), Lal Lal Blast Furnace Reserve. Committee of Management. : . p. 176.
2161:. Ashley, Robert William P.,, National Trust of Australia (Vic.), Lal Lal Blast Furnace Reserve. Committee of Management. : . p. 124.
811:
789:
770:
545:
452:
229:
188:
1964:
1103:
959:
2335:. Light Railway Research Society of Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Light Railway Research Society of Australia. pp. 35, 36.
2006:. Light Railway Research Society of Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Light Railway Research Society of Australia. pp. 16, 17.
1568:. Light Railway Research Society of Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Light Railway Research Society of Australia. pp. 16, 17.
610:
247:
Local iron ore was smelted in a small furnace capable of smelting 5 hundredweight of iron. Made cast iron pipe samples and pigs.
590:
1601:. Light Railway Research Society of Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Light Railway Research Society of Australia. p. 18.
1535:. Light Railway Research Society of Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Light Railway Research Society of Australia. p. 16.
1474:. Light Railway Research Society of Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Light Railway Research Society of Australia. p. 16.
1385:. Light Railway Research Society of Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Light Railway Research Society of Australia. p. 15.
954:. Light Railway Research Society of Australia. Melbourne, Australia: Light Railway Research Society of Australia. p. 14.
2340:
2199:
2166:
2011:
1697:
1606:
1573:
1540:
1479:
1390:
1020:
617:
912:
93:
676:
460:
490:
455:—but it could not be made to work reliably in others. Some furnaces that were initially designed as cold blast—the
316:
868:
Iron ore mine and blast furnace, in the same district as other similar iron smelting ventures of the same period.
2423:
2395:
2054:
1889:
1508:
1419:
1317:
988:
556:
Failure of the furnace. Venture did not proceed beyond a trial. Abandoned furnace still stands on private land.
561:
540:
601:
10 tons, made in a small experimental blast furnace, using local clayband ore and coke made from local coal.
726:
721:
653:
645:
155:
101:
1635:
698:
669:
658:
Inability to achieve reliable furnace operation. It remains doubtful that any iron at all was produced.
566:
464:
381:
282:
1791:
2036:
447:
There were both cold-blast and hot-blast furnaces in 19th-century
Australia. With only one exception—
195:
1069:
117:
Small quantity of iron, some of which still survives in a commemorative fence in Murray St, Gawler.
2451:
1823:
575:
18,000 tonnes mainly made in a hot-blast furnace. The furnace was converted to hot blast in 1877.
2111:
1982:
1715:
1447:
1121:
520:
495:
456:
390:
370:
366:
343:
321:
265:
239:
74:
2369:
Illustrated Sydney News and New South Wales
Agriculturalist and Grazier (NSW : 1872 - 1881)
185:"within 70 miles of Melbourne, and not more than a quarter of a mile from a main line of railway
923:
Large iron and steel works based on a contract for steel rails with the N.S.W. Government. The
285:
operate at temperatures below the melting point of iron and make a semi-solid product known as
2346:
2336:
2205:
2195:
2172:
2162:
2099:
2089:
2062:
2017:
2007:
1970:
1960:
1703:
1693:
1612:
1602:
1579:
1569:
1546:
1536:
1485:
1475:
1396:
1386:
1109:
1099:
1026:
1016:
965:
955:
765:
86:
trial smelting. Pig iron was made in a 'blast furnace' that was probably an adapted foundry
1819:
Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of
Planning and Environment) under
746:
581:
169:
31:
25:
The earliest commercial iron ore smelting took place in 1848. There was an increase in
892:
Blast furnace and coke ovens to exploit the iron ore, coal and limestone deposits near
87:
43:
883:
Great
Western Iron Works / Great Western Iron & Coal Company / Partners including
2552:
1044:
432:
139:
83:
836:
These business ventures were established to smelt iron, but did not build furnaces.
1013:
A measure of greatness : the origins of the
Australian iron and steel industry
884:
358:
135:
1015:. Ward, R. G. Carlton South, Vic.: Melbourne University Press. pp. 12, 13.
893:
877:
354:
286:
2526:
2500:
2474:
2446:
1820:
1658:
1630:
2418:
2390:
2300:
2249:
2131:
2103:
1974:
1855:
1503:
1442:
1414:
1312:
1245:
1219:
1167:
1113:
983:
2364:
2350:
2332:
Furnace, fire & forge : Lithgow's iron and steel industry, 1874-1932
2274:
2037:"REPORT ON THE MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE BEACONSFIELD AND SALISBURY DISTRICTS"
2021:
2004:
Furnace, fire & forge : Lithgow's iron and steel industry, 1874–1932
1929:
1903:
1765:
1739:
1616:
1599:
Furnace, fire & forge : Lithgow's iron and steel industry, 1874–1932
1583:
1566:
Furnace, fire & forge : Lithgow's iron and steel industry, 1874–1932
1550:
1533:
Furnace, fire & forge : Lithgow's iron and steel industry, 1874–1932
1489:
1472:
Furnace, fire & forge : Lithgow's iron and steel industry, 1874–1932
1400:
1383:
Furnace, fire & forge : Lithgow's iron and steel industry, 1874–1932
1271:
1193:
1141:
969:
952:
Furnace, fire & forge : Lithgow's iron and steel industry, 1874–1932
689:
Any remnants of the furnace were buried under gold mining tailings in 1980s.
2223:
2209:
2176:
1707:
1030:
924:
684:
600 tons made in a cold-blast furnace that had been converted to hot-blast.
69:
2083:
1340:
2330:
1687:
436:
331:
215:
26:
1692:. Cremin, Aedeen. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 94.
435:
operate at temperatures above the melting point of iron and make molten
1815:
903:
The partners who held the mining leases fell out with Enoch Hughes.
210:
From an ore deposit at
Tarrengower, just west of Maldon, Victoria
595:
Patrick Lahiff, of lllawarra Coal Co. at Mount
Pleasant Colliery
42:
Trial smelting took place in foundries, typically using existing
440:
290:
553:
9 iron pigs made in a small cold-blast furnace (samples only)
264:
Smelted half a hundredweight of ore, under the direction of
654:
Possibly 12 iron pigs (total 2 tons), but more likely none.
421:, and subsequently built a blast furnace at Redbill Point.
660:
Remains of the blast furnace still exist on private land.
2085:
An iron will : mining at Beaconsfield - 1804 to 1877
1957:
An iron will : mining at Beaconsfield - 1804 to 1877
1096:
An iron will : mining at Beaconsfield - 1804 to 1877
521:
Fitzroy Bessemer Steel, Hematite, Iron and Coal Company
1689:
Australia's age of iron : history and archaeology
2365:"THE UNDERGROUND PERMANENT WEALTH OF NEW SOUTH WALES"
984:"The coal and iron fields of old and New South Wales"
757:
Approximately one ton made in a small brick furnace.
1345:
Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser
1313:"Australasian botanic and horticultural exhibition"
783:Upgraded in 1878, including higher blast capacity.
531:Inability to compete with imported iron on price.
417:failed due to extreme heat. The venture became the
2088:(3 ed.). . pp. 191, 196, 197, 212, 213.
819:2260 tons made in the second cold-blast furnace
20:19th-century iron smelting operations in Australia
911:A syndicate of English capitalists, organised by
871:Venture never went beyond issuing a prospectus..
824:Remains of the second blast furnace still exist.
805:Demolished and replaced by second blast furnace.
34:built a modern blast furnace at Lithgow in 1907.
2531:Maitland Weekly Mercury (NSW : 1894 - 1931)
2505:Maitland Weekly Mercury (NSW : 1894 - 1931)
2479:Maitland Weekly Mercury (NSW : 1894 - 1931)
1744:Queenslander (Brisbane, Qld. : 1866 – 1939)
1368:The Australian Iron and Steel Industry 1848–1962
1299:The Australian Iron and Steel Industry 1848–1962
172:, almost certainly from Victorian Iron Company.
151:A total of around 400 kg of iron was made.
2279:Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954)
778:127 tons made in its first cold-blast furnace
128:Railway Foundry, owned by Drysdale and Fraser
2305:Evening News (Sydney, NSW : 1869 - 1931)
1856:"(To the Editor of the "Illawarra Mercury.")"
1146:Launceston Examiner (Tas. : 1842 - 1899)
8:
2067:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2042:. Government Geologist's Office, Launceston.
1720:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
738:> 1.5 tons made in a cold-blast furnace.
201:(Uncertain, possibly the foundry as above.)
2057:. Illawarra Historical Society. p. 78.
2055:"The history of iron smelting in Australia"
1890:"THE HISTORY OF IRON SMELTING IN AUSTRALIA"
1838:"The History of Iron Smelting in Australia"
930:Death of its main backer, Joseph Mitchell.
900:(see below), nothing was ever built there.
706:British and Tasmanian Charcoal Iron Company
642:A tributary of Middle Arm Creek, Tasmania
634:Inability to operate its furnace reliably.
449:British and Tasmanian Charcoal Iron Company
419:British and Tasmanian Charcoal iron Company
2228:Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957)
2116:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1987:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1724:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1443:"Philosophical Society of New South Wales"
1126:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
851:Proposed operations that were never built
1930:"SOUTH AUSTRALIAN IRON AND STEEL COMPANY"
1664:Construction and Local Government Journal
803:Furnace capacity too low to be economic.
799:made in the upgraded first blast furnace
2192:The Lal Lal Blast Furnace Reserve report
2159:The Lal Lal Blast Furnace Reserve report
1802:Department of Planning & Environment
1370:. Melbourne University Press. p. 3.
1301:. Melbourne University Press. p. 2.
838:
713:6,000 tons made in a hot-blast furnace.
469:
295:
48:
2253:Ballarat Star (Vic. : 1865 - 1924)
1797:New South Wales State Heritage Register
1415:"Fitz Roy Iron and Coal Mining Company"
1070:"James Martin Phoenix Foundry - Gawler"
942:
624:South Australian Iron and Steel Company
528:3,273 tons made in a hot-blast furnace
2324:
2322:
2109:
2060:
1980:
1713:
1119:
631:40 tons made in a cold-blast furnace.
582:Australia's first modern blast furnace
138:(12.7 kg) and one pig weighing 3-
75:Fitzroy Iron & Coal Mining Company
2559:Ironworks and steelworks in Australia
1959:(3rd ed.). . pp. 181, 182.
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1766:"COLONIAL IRON FOR COLONIAL RAILWAYS"
832:Ventures that did not enter operation
822:Uneconomic at prevailing iron prices
311:Cause of end of production and fate
7:
790:Lal Lal Iron Company (No Liability)
485:Cause of end of production and fate
399:Andersons Creek, Northern Tasmania
2419:"The proposed Australian ironworks"
2035:Twelvetrees, W.H. (13 March 1903).
1844:from the original on 27 March 2019.
329:Small quantities. made in a small
134:Two bells, seven 'pigs' weighing 2-
908:Near Wallerawang, New South Wales
525:5 February 1876 to 16 March 1877
14:
1049:www.southaustralianhistory.com.au
775:19 October 1875 to January 1876
732:Derwent Iron Company (Tasmania)
156:Ilfracombe Iron Company, Tasmania
2190:Staughton, Peter Samuel (1976).
2157:Staughton, Peter Samuel (1976).
1840:. Illawarra Historical Society.
1814:
650:November 1873 to December 1873
391:first blast furnace in Australia
351:2 tons made in a Catalan forge.
1098:(3rd ed.). . p. 142.
591:Mount Pleasant, New South Wales
403:Tasmanian Charcoal Iron Company
2527:"The Late Mr. Joseph Mitchell"
2501:"The Late Mr. Joseph Mitchell"
2475:"The Late Mr. Joseph Mitchell"
2371:. 27 September 1873. p. 6
1955:Burch, Nigel (13 March 2012).
1512:. 21 September 1864. p. 8
1148:. 20 September 1873. p. 5
1094:Burch, Nigel (13 March 2012).
862:Swedish Charcoal Iron Company
636:Land and assets sold in 1876.
598:1872 to c.1882 (sporadically)
550:31 March 1874 to 20 May 1874
500:30 July 1864 to January 1866
1:
2399:. 18 December 1890. p. 8
2391:"The iron and steel industry"
1045:"Iron ore in South Australia"
1011:Johnston-Liik, E. M. (1998).
681:2 January 1875 to July 1875
198:(Precise location uncertain)
187:"; almost certainly ore from
2533:. 30 October 1897. p. 6
2507:. 30 October 1897. p. 6
2481:. 30 October 1897. p. 6
2329:McKillop, Robert F. (2006).
2002:McKillop, Robert F. (2006).
1597:McKillop, Robert F. (2006).
1564:McKillop, Robert F. (2006).
1531:McKillop, Robert F. (2006).
1470:McKillop, Robert F. (2006).
1381:McKillop, Robert F. (2006).
1321:. 6 December 1848. p. 2
1074:www.gawler.nowandthen.net.au
950:McKillop, Robert F. (2006).
816:20 March 1881 to June 1884
812:Lal Lal Iron Company Limited
735:July 1874 and November 1874
710:27 May 1876 to August 1877
628:16 July 1874 to 5 Dec 1874.
546:Bogolong Iron Mining Company
533:Furnace demolished in 1922.
1934:South Australian Advertiser
1451:. 14 August 1856. p. 4
1423:. 11 August 1855. p. 8
1194:"Australian Tin in England"
992:. 10 August 1858. p. 8
677:Tamar Hematite Iron Company
569:(later Eskbank Ironworks)
461:Tamar Hematite Iron Company
344:Fitz Roy Iron Mine Company
125:131 King Street, Melbourne
38:Trial smelting in foundries
2575:
2427:. 28 March 1891. p. 7
2307:. 14 April 1874. p. 2
2230:. 15 April 1884. p. 6
2053:Southern, J.L.N., B. Met.
496:Fitzroy Iron Works Company
491:Mittagong, New South Wales
317:Mittagong, New South Wales
255:20 Erskine Street, Sydney
2447:"Iron and steel industry"
2424:The Sydney Morning Herald
2396:The Sydney Morning Herald
2281:. 28 June 1873. p. 2
1746:. 18 July 1874. p. 7
1686:Jack, Ian, 1935– (1994).
1667:. 28 June 1922. p. 8
1509:The Sydney Morning Herald
1420:The Sydney Morning Herald
1318:The Sydney Morning Herald
989:The Sydney Morning Herald
794:18 October 1878 to 1879
764:
489:
415:direct-reduction furnace
315:
283:Direct reduction furnaces
278:Direct reduction furnaces
127:
124:
2455:. 14 May 1895. p. 4
2255:. 9 June 1884. p. 4
2224:"THE LAL LAL IRON WORKS"
1904:"IRON ONE AT WOLLONGONG"
1659:"Business Opportunities"
1639:. 9 June 1922. p. 2
1504:"The Fitzroy Iron Works"
567:Lithgow Valley Ironworks
562:Lithgow, New South Wales
541:Bookham, New South Wales
473:Blast furnace location
465:Lithgow Valley Ironworks
361:broke ending production
338:Expansion of the works
258:Halliday's Engine Works
1792:"Lithgow Blast Furnace"
751:Victorian Iron Company
646:Ilfracombe Iron Company
64:Client / Source of ore
1636:The Robertson Advocate
1366:Hughes, Helen (1964).
1297:Hughes, Helen (1964).
1246:"LAL LAL IRON COMPANY"
781:Equipment breakdown.
293:as the waste product.
2082:Burch, Nigel (2018).
1908:Sydney Morning Herald
572:October 1875 to 1882
482:Production achieved
479:Period of operation
389:Later became site of
308:Production achieved
305:Period of operation
61:Production achieved
58:Period of operation
2250:"MANAGERS' REPORTS."
1172:Mount Alexander Mail
771:Lal Lal Iron Company
614:(near Mount Jagged)
410:Very small quantity
387:Financial problems.
230:Lal Lal Iron Company
189:Lal Lal Iron Company
183:Ore from a location
142:(152 kg), and "
2452:The Australian Star
1888:Southern, J. L. N.
1740:"The Metal Markets"
382:reverbatory furnace
371:Coal Mining Company
367:Fitz Roy Iron &
250:Ore from Mittagong
226:More than one ton.
2463:– via Trove.
2435:– via Trove.
2407:– via Trove.
1910:. 27 November 1894
1675:– via Trove.
1647:– via Trove.
1520:– via Trove.
1459:– via Trove.
1431:– via Trove.
1329:– via Trove.
1252:. 18 November 1873
1000:– via Trove.
880:, New South Wales
859:Northern Tasmania
854:Reason for demise
848:Dates of activity
842:Proposed location
668:(near modern-day
666:Middle Arm Cove,
457:Fitzroy Iron Works
348:To September 1852
322:Fitz Roy Iron Mine
271:Ore from Tasmania
207:Unknown quantity.
180:Unknown quantity
144:half-a-dozen 18lb.
94:Ore from Mittagong
55:Company / Foundry
18:This is a list of
2138:. 19 October 1875
2095:978-0-9873713-6-2
1860:Illawarra Mercury
1836:Southern, J.L.N.
1772:. 14 October 1874
1347:. 7 February 1849
1226:. 19 October 1875
1174:. 16 October 1873
934:
933:
829:
828:
797:Unknown quantity
766:Lal Lal, Victoria
425:
424:
379:3 tons made in a
299:Smelter Location
275:
274:
266:William Brazenall
240:Brazenall and Son
120:Ore from Barossa
106:Phoenix Foundry,
79:Around July 1858
52:Foundry location
2566:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2443:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2326:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2260:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2107:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2032:
2026:
2025:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1978:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1936:. 2 January 1875
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1833:
1827:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1711:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1500:
1494:
1493:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1294:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1250:Ballarat Courier
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1142:"OUR IRON MINES"
1138:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1117:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
997:
980:
974:
973:
947:
913:Joseph Mitchell.
839:
747:Maldon, Victoria
695:Redbill Point,
470:
296:
49:
32:William Sandford
2574:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2536:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2428:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2343:
2328:
2327:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2284:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2202:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2169:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2108:
2096:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2059:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2014:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1979:
1967:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1886:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1807:
1805:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1712:
1700:
1685:
1684:
1680:
1670:
1668:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1631:"Old Mittagong"
1629:
1628:
1624:
1609:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1576:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1543:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1482:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1393:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1118:
1106:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1053:
1051:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1023:
1010:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
982:
981:
977:
962:
949:
948:
944:
939:
834:
618:South Australia
611:Hindmarsh Tiers
580:Became site of
430:
280:
170:Maldon Victoria
162:October 1873
44:cupola furnaces
40:
12:
11:
5:
2572:
2570:
2562:
2561:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2518:
2492:
2466:
2438:
2410:
2382:
2356:
2341:
2318:
2292:
2266:
2241:
2215:
2200:
2182:
2167:
2149:
2123:
2094:
2074:
2045:
2027:
2012:
1994:
1965:
1947:
1921:
1895:
1873:
1847:
1828:
1783:
1757:
1731:
1698:
1678:
1650:
1622:
1607:
1589:
1574:
1556:
1541:
1523:
1495:
1480:
1462:
1434:
1406:
1391:
1373:
1358:
1332:
1304:
1289:
1278:. 25 July 1891
1263:
1237:
1211:
1200:. 13 June 1874
1185:
1159:
1133:
1104:
1086:
1061:
1036:
1021:
1003:
975:
960:
941:
940:
938:
935:
932:
931:
928:
921:
915:
909:
905:
904:
901:
890:
887:
881:
873:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
856:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
833:
830:
827:
826:
820:
817:
814:
808:
807:
801:
795:
792:
786:
785:
779:
776:
773:
768:
762:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
743:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
718:
717:
714:
711:
708:
703:
692:
691:
685:
682:
679:
674:
663:
662:
656:
651:
648:
643:
639:
638:
632:
629:
626:
621:
607:
606:
602:
599:
596:
593:
587:
586:
576:
573:
570:
564:
558:
557:
554:
551:
548:
543:
536:
535:
529:
526:
523:
517:
516:
513:
501:
498:
493:
487:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
439:, with molten
433:Blast furnaces
429:
428:Blast furnaces
426:
423:
422:
411:
408:
407:18 April 1873
405:
400:
396:
395:
385:
377:
374:
363:
362:
352:
349:
346:
340:
339:
336:
327:
324:
319:
313:
312:
309:
306:
303:
300:
289:. with molten
279:
276:
273:
272:
269:
262:
259:
256:
252:
251:
248:
245:
242:
237:
233:
232:
227:
224:
223:November 1873
221:
220:Union Foundry
218:
212:
211:
208:
205:
202:
199:
192:
191:
181:
178:
174:
173:
168:Ore from near
166:
163:
159:
158:
153:
132:
131:November 1872
129:
126:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
104:
98:
97:
91:
88:cupola furnace
80:
77:
72:
66:
65:
62:
59:
56:
53:
39:
36:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2571:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2439:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2333:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2280:
2276:
2275:"Advertising"
2270:
2267:
2254:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2160:
2153:
2150:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1966:9780987371362
1962:
1958:
1951:
1948:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1862:. 7 June 1872
1861:
1857:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1784:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1758:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1679:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1466:
1463:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1346:
1342:
1341:"Sydney News"
1336:
1333:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1238:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1173:
1169:
1168:"SANDY CREEK"
1163:
1160:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1105:9780987371362
1101:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1050:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1004:
991:
990:
985:
979:
976:
971:
967:
963:
961:0-909340-44-7
957:
953:
946:
943:
936:
929:
926:
922:
920:
916:
914:
910:
907:
906:
902:
899:
898:later attempt
895:
891:
888:
886:
882:
879:
875:
874:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
857:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
840:
837:
831:
825:
821:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
806:
802:
800:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
784:
780:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
763:
759:
756:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
740:
737:
734:
731:
729:
728:
723:
722:Battery Point
720:
719:
715:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
700:
697:(modern-day
694:
693:
690:
686:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
671:
665:
664:
661:
657:
655:
652:
649:
647:
644:
641:
640:
637:
633:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
619:
615:
612:
609:
608:
603:
600:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
585:
583:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
555:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
538:
537:
534:
530:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
514:
512:
509:
506:
505:(cold blast)
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
488:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
471:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
442:
438:
434:
427:
420:
416:
412:
409:
406:
404:
401:
398:
397:
394:
392:
386:
384:
383:
378:
375:
373:
372:
368:
365:
364:
360:
357:used to make
356:
353:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
337:
335:
333:
332:Catalan forge
328:
326:1848 to 1851
325:
323:
320:
318:
314:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
297:
294:
292:
288:
284:
277:
270:
267:
263:
260:
257:
254:
253:
249:
246:
243:
241:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
217:
214:
213:
209:
206:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
186:
182:
179:
176:
175:
171:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
152:
148:
145:
141:
140:hundredweight
137:
133:
130:
123:
119:
116:
113:
111:
110:
105:
103:
100:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
84:hundredweight
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
63:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
47:
45:
37:
35:
33:
28:
23:
21:
16:
2535:. Retrieved
2530:
2521:
2509:. Retrieved
2504:
2495:
2483:. Retrieved
2478:
2469:
2457:. Retrieved
2450:
2441:
2429:. Retrieved
2422:
2413:
2401:. Retrieved
2394:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2368:
2359:
2331:
2309:. Retrieved
2304:
2295:
2283:. Retrieved
2278:
2269:
2257:. Retrieved
2252:
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2227:
2218:
2191:
2185:
2158:
2152:
2140:. Retrieved
2135:
2126:
2084:
2077:
2048:
2030:
2003:
1997:
1956:
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1933:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1907:
1898:
1864:. Retrieved
1859:
1850:
1831:
1806:. Retrieved
1795:
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1769:
1760:
1748:. Retrieved
1743:
1734:
1688:
1681:
1669:. Retrieved
1662:
1653:
1641:. Retrieved
1634:
1625:
1598:
1592:
1565:
1559:
1532:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1507:
1498:
1471:
1465:
1453:. Retrieved
1446:
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1418:
1409:
1382:
1376:
1367:
1361:
1349:. Retrieved
1344:
1335:
1323:. Retrieved
1316:
1307:
1298:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1275:
1266:
1254:. Retrieved
1249:
1240:
1228:. Retrieved
1223:
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1198:Queenslander
1197:
1188:
1176:. Retrieved
1171:
1162:
1150:. Retrieved
1145:
1136:
1095:
1089:
1077:. Retrieved
1073:
1064:
1052:. Retrieved
1048:
1039:
1012:
1006:
994:. Retrieved
987:
978:
951:
945:
918:
885:Enoch Hughes
835:
823:
804:
798:
782:
725:
699:Beauty Point
696:
688:
670:Beaconsfield
667:
659:
635:
616:
613:
579:
532:
511:(hot blast)
510:
507:
504:
446:
431:
388:
380:
376:1855 - 1856
369:
359:wrought iron
330:
281:
184:
165:Half a ton.
150:
147:cannon balls
146:
143:
109:James Martin
107:
41:
24:
19:
17:
15:
2375:27 November
2142:12 November
1866:18 November
1282:11 November
1256:12 November
1178:12 November
1054:11 November
917:c. 1890 to
894:Wallerawang
878:Wallerawang
701:) Tasmania
672:) Tasmania
508:2,394 tons
355:Tilt hammer
287:sponge iron
2342:0909340447
2301:"Untitled"
2201:090971018X
2168:090971018X
2104:1048604685
2013:0909340447
1975:1048604685
1940:17 October
1914:15 January
1776:17 October
1699:0424001586
1608:0909340447
1575:0909340447
1542:0909340447
1481:0909340447
1392:0909340447
1351:23 October
1204:17 October
1152:18 October
1114:1048604685
1079:10 January
1022:0522847218
996:9 November
937:References
261:July 1891
244:Late 1889
236:Mittagong
204:Late 1875
177:June 1874
2351:156757606
2112:cite book
2022:156757606
1983:cite book
1821:CC-BY 4.0
1750:20 August
1716:cite book
1617:156757606
1584:156757606
1551:156757606
1490:156757606
1401:156757606
1122:cite book
970:156757606
925:Illawarra
760:Unknown.
70:Mittagong
2553:Category
2259:16 March
2234:16 March
2210:27604498
2177:27604498
2063:cite web
1842:Archived
1804:. H00548
1708:30791353
1272:"MINING"
1230:15 April
1031:39269488
845:Company
727:Tasmania
584:in 1907
503:80 tons
476:Company
437:pig iron
302:Company
216:Ballarat
196:Victoria
114:c. 1871
27:pig iron
2537:10 June
2511:10 June
2485:10 June
2459:10 June
2431:10 June
2403:10 June
1824:licence
1276:Mercury
889:c.1873
865:c.1872
453:Lal Lal
2349:
2339:
2311:9 July
2285:9 July
2208:
2198:
2175:
2165:
2136:Herald
2132:"IRON"
2102:
2092:
2020:
2010:
1973:
1963:
1808:2 June
1770:Empire
1706:
1696:
1671:2 June
1643:2 June
1615:
1605:
1582:
1572:
1549:
1539:
1488:
1478:
1448:Empire
1399:
1389:
1224:Herald
1220:"IRON"
1112:
1102:
1029:
1019:
968:
958:
463:, and
102:Gawler
2040:(PDF)
1516:8 May
1455:3 May
1427:3 May
1325:3 May
919:1897
876:Near
754:1873
539:Near
136:stone
2539:2019
2513:2019
2487:2019
2461:2019
2433:2019
2405:2019
2377:2019
2347:OCLC
2337:ISBN
2313:2019
2287:2019
2261:2019
2236:2019
2206:OCLC
2196:ISBN
2173:OCLC
2163:ISBN
2144:2021
2118:link
2100:OCLC
2090:ISBN
2069:link
2018:OCLC
2008:ISBN
1989:link
1971:OCLC
1961:ISBN
1942:2021
1916:2022
1868:2021
1810:2018
1778:2021
1752:2019
1726:link
1722:link
1704:OCLC
1694:ISBN
1673:2019
1645:2019
1613:OCLC
1603:ISBN
1580:OCLC
1570:ISBN
1547:OCLC
1537:ISBN
1518:2019
1486:OCLC
1476:ISBN
1457:2019
1429:2019
1397:OCLC
1387:ISBN
1353:2021
1327:2019
1284:2021
1258:2021
1232:2022
1206:2021
1180:2021
1154:2019
1128:link
1110:OCLC
1100:ISBN
1081:2022
1056:2021
1027:OCLC
1017:ISBN
998:2019
966:OCLC
956:ISBN
441:slag
413:The
291:slag
149:".
82:16
2555::
2529:.
2503:.
2477:.
2449:.
2421:.
2393:.
2367:.
2345:.
2321:^
2303:.
2277:.
2226:.
2204:.
2171:.
2134:.
2114:}}
2110:{{
2098:.
2065:}}
2061:{{
2016:.
1985:}}
1981:{{
1969:.
1932:.
1906:.
1876:^
1858:.
1800:.
1794:.
1768:.
1742:.
1718:}}
1714:{{
1702:.
1661:.
1633:.
1611:.
1578:.
1545:.
1506:.
1484:.
1445:.
1417:.
1395:.
1343:.
1315:.
1274:.
1248:.
1222:.
1196:.
1170:.
1144:.
1124:}}
1120:{{
1108:.
1072:.
1047:.
1025:.
986:.
964:.
724:,
459:,
393:.
334:.
268:.
96:.
90:.
22:.
2541:.
2515:.
2489:.
2379:.
2353:.
2315:.
2289:.
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