2478:
100:, among others). Because of the different materials present in the islands, African slaves had to construct their instruments differently, and thus new instruments began to be developed.
124:
2297:
DjeDje, Jacqueline
Cogdell (Spring–Autumn 1998). "Remembering Kojo: History, Music, and Gender in the January Sixth Celebration of the Jamaican Accompong Maroons".
117:
1847:
601:
Two types of beating tubes: a length of bamboo laid upon two y-shaped sticks in the ground, and a hollow wooden cylinder; both are beaten with sticks
2473:
1606:, and filled with dried seeds, with a handle attached where the calabash stem had been, not normally decorated or painted, may be placed in a pair
110:
2468:
2115:
Hill, Donald R. (Spring–Autumn 1998). "West
African and Haitian Influences on the Ritual and Popular Music of Carriacou, Trinidad, and Cuba".
72:, most idiophones were introduced in the Caribbean between the 17th and 19th centuries by enslaved Africans, which were ethnically diverse (
33:. Some areas of South America that are not geographically part of the Caribbean, but are culturally associated with its traditions, such as
69:
2416:
2349:
2210:
1884:
157:
1334:
1027:
1653:
1628:
1595:
1485:
1273:
328:
147:
580:
Wooden box played as a bass drum, with hands held in front of the face, often while sitting on the instrument while playing
549:
with a hole, which the player plugs during performance, where the stem used to be, covered in beaded webbing, used in the
1656:, made from a single tin can and a few loose pebbles, often played by children practicing for the use of the more common
1757:
1737:
1671:
1644:
1587:
1176:
785:
537:
488:
436:
142:
1503:
Rattle used in both secular and religious purposes, with a specific rhythm for the spirit associated with each ritual
2279:
2080:
Glazier, Stephen D. (Spring–Summer 1997). "Embedded Truths: Creativity and
Context in Spiritual Baptist Music".
695:
with a hole, which the player plugs during performance, where the stem used to be, covered in beaded webbing
278:
with a hole, which the player plugs during performance, where the stem used to be, covered in beaded webbing
2402:
Garland
Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean
2338:
Garland
Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume Two: South America, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean
1785:
2252:
1343:
Box mounted with metal strips that can be plucked, used as a bass instrument in rural folk genres like
2284:
Los instrumentos de la mĂşsica afrocubana: Los tambores xilfĂłnicos y los membranĂłfonos abiertos, A a N
1812:
1789:
1619:
1437:
1160:
1061:
782:
643:
572:
2463:
1793:
2164:
Ramnarine, Tina K. (1998). ""Brotherhood of the Boat": Musical
Dialogues in a Caribbean Context".
390:
Large rattle made from a calabash, and covered with a network of webbing laced with nuts or beads
2382:
2314:
2181:
2132:
2097:
2009:
1237:
2341:
2333:
1631:, made from a pair of tin cans, emptied, then filled with a few loose pebbles and soldered shut
361:
Oblong rattle made from a gourd, and covered with a network of webbing laced with nuts or beads
2345:
2206:
1880:
1680:
1492:
1463:
1254:
1225:
1104:
971:
793:
560:
497:
445:
429:
2374:
2306:
2173:
2124:
2089:
2057:
2001:
1961:
1539:
1036:
748:
464:
377:
348:
199:
65:
2286:(in Spanish). Havana, Cuba: DirecciĂłn de Cultura del Ministerio de EducaciĂłn. p. 127.
2265:
1573:
1040:
807:
789:
523:
93:
23:
22:(percussion instruments without membranes or strings) have been widespread throughout the
1873:
1823:
1204:
948:
923:
905:
Frying pans harnessed to the torso of the player and struck with spoons, played during
759:
714:
625:
593:
291:
266:
2457:
1694:
1581:
1514:
1471:
1445:
1400:
1370:
1355:
1330:
1152:
1131:
1083:
1057:
1001:
932:
906:
897:
875:
844:
821:
710:
683:
659:
616:
568:
531:
468:
414:
381:
352:
319:
232:
203:
73:
53:
42:
30:
1769:
stomping tubes, used as a substitute percussion instrument when drums were outlawed
1345:
1010:
956:
Metal scraper with small, closely spaced holes, played with a piece of wire or nail
423:
Metal bell, struck with a wooden stick; the location of the strike determines pitch
1550:
used to accompany social dancing, wooden box with three metal brackets on one side
1547:
1495:
1228:
1107:
629:
97:
2200:
102:
1276:
across the
Greater and Lesser Antilles, and Central America, made from a hollow
1123:
633:
496:
Ordinary sitting bench, used spontaneously by banging against the ground in the
456:
89:
85:
884:
Tubular rattle with a looping basket-shaped handle, filled with chunks of wood
2177:
1965:
1374:
963:
853:
674:
212:
81:
77:
26:
2061:
1992:
Crowley, Daniel J. (September 1958). "The Shak-Shak in the Lesser
Antilles".
1139:
Hollow iron tube with a slit along the side, played with an external striker
1318:
1299:
980:
19:
1409:
Iron bell, held upside down and struck with a beater; may be used in pairs
871:
410:
228:
2365:
Brown, Ernest D. (1990). "Carnival, Calypso, and
Steelband in Trinidad".
1711:
1703:
1603:
1396:
1366:
1281:
1264:
1049:
1019:
830:
723:
692:
546:
332:
315:
275:
188:
61:
38:
2386:
2185:
1524:
1309:
1291:
774:
608:
2318:
2136:
2101:
2013:
1766:
984:
702:
550:
57:
46:
34:
2378:
331:
made of tin, with both ends conical and an attached handle, used by
2310:
2128:
2093:
2005:
1212:
Empty gourd filled with seeds; can also refer to the geared rattle
852:
Double-conical rattle, made of tin and held horizontally, known in
2424:. Centre de recherches Caraïbes, Université de Montréal. p. 9
2418:
Les pratiques musicales, image de l'histoire, reflet d'un contexte
1599:
1277:
993:
206:) and other Yoruba traditions throughout the Caribbean and Brazil
2373:(1/2). The Black Perspective in Music, Vol. 18, No. 1/2: 81–100.
2243:
Goines, Leonard (Spring 1975). "The Black
Perspective in Music".
1831:
Bamboo trumpet, played as an idiophone by tapping it with sticks
1479:
Box with two sloping sides, tapped with the fingers percussively
2123:(1/2). Black Music Research Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1/2: 183–201.
2048:
Courlander, Harold (July 1941). "Musical Instruments of Haiti".
1952:
Courlander, Harold (April 1942). "Musical Instruments of Cuba".
1522:
Bracelets with attached nuts and seeds, worn by drummers in the
1097:
802:
2305:(1/2). Black Music Research Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1/2: 67–120.
1875:
Popular Musics of the Non-Western World: An Introductory Survey
1679:
Staff, used spontaneously by banging against the ground in the
106:
1383:
Slit drum made of thin wood, shaped like an elongated gourd
1308:
Set of wooden bars struck with mallets, descended from the
722:
Cylindrical percussive sticks of African origin, made from
1091:
Set of four rattles attached to a pair of crossed sticks
1236:
Bench with a wooden top, played with two sticks, from a
1805:, or against a bamboo tube or a log sitting on a stand
2479:
Central American and Caribbean percussion instruments
2043:
1453:
Jawbone of a mule or donkey, teeth acting as rattles
1070:
Gourd scraper of either TaĂno or West African origin
667:
Large cowbell with no clapper, struck on the outside
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
1746:
Made from tempered metal drums, tuned chromatically
805:
and hit with a beater in a horseshoe-shape, used in
2205:. Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. pp. 16, 170.
2443:Bilby, Kenneth. "Netherlands Antilles and Aruba".
2075:
2073:
2071:
1872:
767:Notched stick played with a bamboo scraping blade
29:, which encompasses the islands and coasts of the
1702:Pair of normal spoons beaten together, common in
2224:
2222:
624:Hollowed out trunk hit with two sticks, used in
215:blade, struck with a nail or other heavy object
1430:Pieces of chain or other metal struck together
2000:(3). Ethnomusicology, Vol. 2, No. 3: 112–115.
1115:Pieces of any available metal struck together
118:
8:
1267:and other tribes (throughout the Caribbean)
2238:
2236:
2234:
1801:Wooden sticks, played against the rim of a
2150:
2148:
2146:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
168:
125:
111:
103:
2202:Origins of Cuban Music and Dance: ChangĂĽĂ
979:Long tube scraper made of wood, used in
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1899:
1855:Metal disks attached to a wooden board
829:Normal door, beaten with a hand during
2261:
2250:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
299:Wooden board, sometimes attached to a
1879:. New York: Oxford University Press.
801:Steel rod, adapted from a piece of a
60:already existed among the indigenous
52:Although some idiophones such as the
7:
2400:Guilbault, Jocelyne. "Saint Lucia".
70:Spanish colonization of the Americas
2166:British Journal of Ethnomusicology
14:
1660:or adults at impromptu occasions
178:Hornbostel–Sachs classification
2474:Lists of percussion instruments
2445:New Grove Encyclopedia of Music
2367:The Black Perspective in Music
1622:and other Francophone islands
1284:, and filled with dried seeds
1064:and the rest of the Caribbean
477:Bell with an external striker
241:Belt with many attached bells
133:Lists of Caribbean instruments
1:
2469:Caribbean musical instruments
49:are also taken into account.
2299:Black Music Research Journal
2117:Black Music Research Journal
2415:Desroches, Monique (1981).
2082:Latin American Music Review
1740:originally, now widespread
2495:
2199:Lapidus, Benjamin (2008).
2178:10.1080/09681229808567270
1163:, played using a striker
138:
2332:McDaniel, Lorna (1999).
656:(for secular uses only)
1966:10.1093/mq/XXVIII.2.227
1035:Metal scraper, used in
1009:Metal scraper, used in
444:Hand bell, used in the
180:
177:
174:
171:
2340:. Routledge. pp.
2260:Cite journal requires
2062:10.1093/mq/XXVII.3.371
1871:Manuel, Peter (1988).
1184:Pair of large cymbals
259:can also refer to the
2334:"Trinidad and Tobago"
2050:The Musical Quarterly
1954:The Musical Quarterly
839:double-conical rattle
1598:, made from a dried
1362:mayohabao, bayohabao
1333:, introduced to the
1302:and southern Mexico
1758:Trinidad and Tobago
1738:Trinidad and Tobago
1672:Trinidad and Tobago
1177:Trinidad and Tobago
786:Trinidad and Tobago
538:Trinidad and Tobago
489:Trinidad and Tobago
437:Trinidad and Tobago
263:in Northern Haiti)
1683:musical tradition
1335:Dominican Republic
1238:squatting position
1028:Dominican Republic
500:musical tradition
448:musical tradition
64:population of the
1862:
1861:
1681:Spiritual Baptist
1548:Maroon instrument
498:Spiritual Baptist
446:Spiritual Baptist
166:
165:
56:and probably the
2486:
2449:
2448:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2229:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2141:
2140:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2077:
2066:
2065:
2045:
2018:
2017:
1989:
1970:
1969:
1949:
1890:
1878:
1666:shepherd's crook
1509:rattle-bracelet
931:Rattle, used in
169:
127:
120:
113:
104:
66:Greater Antilles
2494:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2379:10.2307/1214859
2364:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2280:Ortiz, Fernando
2278:
2277:
2273:
2259:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2232:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2144:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2079:
2078:
2069:
2047:
2046:
2021:
1994:Ethnomusicology
1991:
1990:
1973:
1951:
1950:
1901:
1897:
1887:
1870:
1867:
1857:
1841:
1817:
1779:
1754:
1715:
1691:
1668:
1645:Lesser Antilles
1641:
1616:
1588:Lesser Antilles
1560:
1536:
1511:
1489:
1468:
1442:
1419:
1393:
1360:
1323:
1296:
1249:
1222:
1194:
1173:
1149:
1128:
1101:
1080:
1054:
1024:
998:
968:
945:
917:
894:
865:
841:
818:
779:
753:
707:
679:
648:
613:
590:
565:
510:
485:
461:
433:
400:
371:
345:
312:
288:
251:
225:
193:
167:
162:
134:
131:
24:Caribbean music
12:
11:
5:
2492:
2490:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2435:
2407:
2392:
2357:
2350:
2324:
2311:10.2307/779395
2289:
2271:
2262:|journal=
2230:
2228:Manuel, pg. 43
2218:
2211:
2191:
2156:
2154:Manuel, pg. 30
2142:
2129:10.2307/779398
2107:
2094:10.2307/780325
2067:
2056:(3): 371–383.
2019:
2006:10.2307/924654
1971:
1960:(2): 227–240.
1898:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1819:bois bourrique
1807:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1783:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1735:
1707:
1706:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1662:
1661:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1552:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1530:
1529:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1469:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1364:
1350:
1349:
1341:
1338:
1337:and elsewhere
1328:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1286:
1285:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1102:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1055:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1004:
999:
988:
987:
977:
974:
969:
958:
957:
954:
951:
946:
937:
936:
929:
926:
921:
911:
910:
903:
900:
895:
886:
885:
882:
879:
869:
857:
856:
850:
847:
842:
835:
834:
827:
824:
819:
812:
811:
799:
796:
783:Indo-Caribbean
780:
769:
768:
765:
762:
757:
743:
742:
720:
717:
708:
697:
696:
689:
686:
681:
669:
668:
665:
662:
657:
638:
637:
626:tumba francesa
622:
619:
614:
603:
602:
599:
596:
591:
582:
581:
578:
575:
566:
555:
554:
543:
540:
535:
502:
501:
494:
491:
486:
479:
478:
475:
472:
462:
450:
449:
442:
439:
434:
425:
424:
421:
418:
408:
392:
391:
388:
385:
375:
363:
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356:
346:
337:
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326:
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313:
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297:
294:
289:
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279:
272:
269:
264:
243:
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236:
226:
217:
216:
210:
207:
197:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
164:
163:
161:
160:
158:Membranophones
155:
150:
145:
139:
136:
135:
132:
130:
129:
122:
115:
107:
18:Historically,
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2491:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2446:
2439:
2436:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2351:0-8153-1865-0
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2254:
2246:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2212:9781461670292
2208:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1886:0-19-506334-1
1882:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1786:French Guiana
1784:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1752:tamboo-bamboo
1750:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1627:
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915:geared rattle
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909:performances
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45:and parts of
44:
43:French Guiana
40:
36:
32:
31:Caribbean Sea
28:
25:
21:
16:
2444:
2438:
2426:. Retrieved
2417:
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2370:
2366:
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2298:
2292:
2283:
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2253:cite journal
2244:
2201:
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2169:
2165:
2159:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2088:(1): 44–56.
2085:
2081:
2053:
2049:
1997:
1993:
1957:
1953:
1874:
1856:
1842:
1837:
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1818:
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1414:
1406:111.242.121
1389:
1388:
1361:
1354:
1353:
1344:
1324:
1317:
1316:
1290:
1289:
1258:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1218:
1217:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1169:
1168:
1145:
1144:
1136:111.242.121
1122:
1120:
1096:
1076:
1075:
1048:
1047:
1018:
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992:
991:
962:
961:
941:
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866:
861:
860:
838:
815:
806:
773:
772:
754:
747:
746:
739:
735:
732:quiebrahacha
731:
727:
701:
700:
673:
672:
653:
649:
642:
641:
607:
606:
586:
585:
559:
558:
527:
519:
515:
511:
506:
505:
482:
474:111.242.121
455:
453:
428:
420:111.242.121
405:
401:
396:
395:
373:arwé-koesolé
372:
367:
366:
341:
340:
308:
307:
300:
284:
283:
260:
256:
252:
247:
246:
238:111.242.222
221:
220:
194:
187:
186:
181:Description
152:
148:Chordophones
51:
17:
15:
2247:(1): 40–44.
1843:matrimonial
1790:Saint Lucia
1729:base kettle
1652:Improvised
1620:Saint Lucia
1570:xaque-xaque
1566:shack-shack
1121:iron tube,
1062:Puerto Rico
935:ceremonies
726:trees like
573:Puerto Rico
520:xaque-xaque
516:shack-shack
172:Instrument
68:before the
2464:Idiophones
2458:Categories
1865:References
1794:Martinique
1781:p'tit bois
1602:, often a
1528:tradition
1493:Surinamese
1375:Hispaniola
1356:mayohuacán
1280:, often a
1226:Surinamese
1105:Surinamese
964:guacharaca
891:frying pan
854:Jovellanos
740:granadillo
654:San MartĂn
175:Tradition
153:Idiophones
143:Aerophones
54:mayohuacán
20:idiophones
1838:wacharaca
1721:tock-tock
1717:steeldrum
1658:shak-shak
1638:shak-shak
1613:shak-shak
1562:chac-chac
1557:shak-shak
1534:rumba box
1327:(Mexico)
1319:marimbula
1300:Guatemala
1196:tcha-tcha
981:vallenato
512:chac-chac
2282:(1952).
2172:: 1–22.
1733:base bum
1712:steelpan
1699:111.141
1604:calabash
1519:112.112
1450:112.122
1380:111.231
1325:marimbol
1305:111.212
1282:calabash
1255:Garifuna
1200:tcha-kwa
1037:merengue
972:Colombia
867:ericunde
862:erikunde
826:111.221
794:Suriname
764:112.211
736:guayacán
724:hardwood
693:calabash
650:gangária
644:cencerro
621:111.231
598:111.231
547:calabash
457:SanterĂa
335:priests
309:assongwé
276:calabash
209:111.221
94:Mandinka
39:Suriname
2428:29 June
2387:1214859
2342:952–967
2186:3060707
1848:Curaçao
1813:vaccine
1689:spoons
1649:112.13
1540:Jamaica
1525:Kimbisa
1500:112.13
1496:Maroons
1438:quijada
1346:changĂĽĂ
1310:balafon
1292:marimba
1270:112.13
1261:(Cuba)
1251:shakkas
1229:maroons
1209:112.13
1191:kwa-kwa
1161:cowbell
1146:guataca
1108:Maroons
1088:112.13
1067:112.23
1041:bachata
1032:112.23
1011:changĂĽĂ
1006:112.23
976:112.23
953:112.23
919:kwa-kwa
902:111.24
881:112.13
849:112.13
808:chutney
775:dhantal
691:Hollow
675:chekeré
636:(rare)
545:Hollow
387:112.12
358:112.12
342:atcheré
325:112.13
301:tymbale
274:Hollow
255:(Note:
222:akanikĂŁ
2385:
2348:
2319:779395
2317:
2209:
2184:
2137:779398
2135:
2102:780325
2100:
2014:924654
2012:
1883:
1828:111.2
1767:bamboo
1765:Tuned
1743:111.2
1654:rattle
1629:Rattle
1596:Rattle
1578:chacha
1574:Brazil
1486:rattle
1476:111.2
1460:quinto
1427:111.1
1340:111.2
1274:Rattle
1259:maruga
1246:maraca
1219:kwakwa
1124:LucumĂ
1112:111.1
985:cumbia
872:Abakuá
790:Guyana
755:dentlé
749:dentli
738:, and
719:111.1
703:claves
577:111.2
551:Shango
528:chacha
524:Brazil
465:LucumĂ
454:bell,
411:Abakuá
378:LucumĂ
368:bakosĂł
349:LucumĂ
329:Rattle
253:baksor
229:Abakuá
200:LucumĂ
74:Yoruba
58:maraca
47:Brazil
35:Guyana
2422:(PDF)
2383:JSTOR
2315:JSTOR
2182:JSTOR
2133:JSTOR
2098:JSTOR
2010:JSTOR
1895:Notes
1824:Haiti
1776:tibwa
1725:belly
1704:yambĂş
1600:gourd
1464:cajĂłn
1421:asson
1397:Arará
1367:TaĂno
1278:gourd
1265:TaĂno
1205:Haiti
1170:jhanj
1077:erimé
1050:gĂĽiro
1020:gĂĽira
994:guayo
949:Haiti
942:grage
924:Haiti
907:conga
831:yambĂş
760:Haiti
728:acana
715:Haiti
680:abwé
634:rumba
594:Haiti
561:cajĂłn
553:cult
483:bench
406:ekĂłng
397:banká
333:Arará
316:Arará
292:Haiti
285:assot
267:Haiti
257:asson
248:asson
195:agogĂł
189:agogĂ´
98:Kongo
62:TaĂno
2430:2014
2346:ISBN
2266:help
2207:ISBN
1881:ISBN
1792:and
1695:Cuba
1582:Cuba
1515:Cuba
1472:Cuba
1446:Cuba
1416:ogan
1401:Cuba
1390:ogan
1371:Cuba
1331:Cuba
1153:Cuba
1132:Cuba
1098:iron
1084:Cuba
1058:Cuba
1039:and
1002:Cuba
983:and
933:rara
898:Cuba
876:Cuba
845:Cuba
822:Cuba
816:door
803:yoke
792:and
713:and
711:Cuba
684:Cuba
660:Cuba
632:and
630:yuka
617:Cuba
609:catá
587:cata
571:and
569:Cuba
532:Cuba
507:boli
469:Cuba
430:bell
415:Cuba
402:ekĂłn
382:Cuba
353:Cuba
320:Cuba
261:ogan
233:Cuba
204:Cuba
96:and
90:Efik
86:Igbo
27:area
2375:doi
2307:doi
2174:doi
2125:doi
2090:doi
2058:doi
2002:doi
1962:doi
1576:),
1257:),
526:),
213:Hoe
82:Fon
78:Ewe
2460::
2381:.
2371:18
2369:.
2344:.
2336:.
2313:.
2303:18
2301:.
2257::
2255:}}
2251:{{
2233:^
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2180:.
2168:.
2145:^
2131:.
2121:18
2119:.
2096:.
2086:18
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2070:^
2054:27
2052:.
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1974:^
1958:28
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1902:^
1852:1
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1798:2
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112:v
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