813:, with different authors differing wildly in what species they accept, from under 30 species, to over 60. The above (incomplete) list was compiled from the references cited below. Birches will hybridise very freely, particularly in cultivation but also in the wild where conditions and species present permit. While differing
965:
Li, J., Shoup, S. & Chen, Z.; Shoup, Suzanne; Chen, Zhiduan (2007). "Phylogenetic
Relationships of Diploid Species of Betula (Betulaceae) Inferred from DNA Sequences of Nuclear Nitrate Reductase".
825:, etc.) may reduce interbreeding, it is not an absolute bar to it. Many botanists regard differing chromosome number as a specific discriminant, though not all do so (e.g. some include
1000:
854:
871:
1064:
877:
863:
1069:
501:
1021:
994:
786:
230:
170:
111:
87:
935:
1987; "Betula leaves and reproductive structures from the Middle Eocene of
British Columbia, Canada."
294:
262:
155:
892:
794:
429:
386:
270:
186:
127:
762:
529:
342:
314:
982:
593:
565:
557:
541:
521:
135:
867:
687:
653:
485:
119:
37:
974:
778:
746:
601:
452:
437:
414:
1059:
754:
394:
378:
210:
1011:. Collins. (Useful details on chromosome numbers of many European & Asian birches).
770:
657:- Paper birch, canoe birch or American white birch (sometimes tetraploid or pentaploid)
633:
493:
334:
278:
954:. Eighth edition, revised, vol. 1 (1976) & Supplement (1988); editor D. L. Clarke.
1053:
731:
358:
178:
986:
723:
286:
55:
912:
1987. Middle Eocene
Dicotyledonous Plants from Republic, Northeastern Washington.
703:
978:
814:
205:
Bark on twigs contains some methyl salicylate. Female catkins pendulous.
818:
1016:
Byulleten
Moskovoskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody Otdel Biologie
822:
20:
470:
Bark on twigs without methyl salicylate. Female catkins pendulous.
1044:
672:
Small shrubs with small rounded leaves. Female catkins pendulous.
959:
Betula. Proceedings of the IDS Betula
Symposium 2-4 October 1992
247:
Bark on twigs without methyl salicylate. Female catkins erect.
1014:
Skvortsov, A. K. 2002. A new system of the genus Betula.
605:- White birch, European white birch or downy birch
809:There is no consensus at all on species limits in
1032:New Trees, Recent introductions to cultivation
952:Trees & Shrubs hardy in the British Isles
8:
999:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
40:(oil of wintergreen). Female catkins erect.
489:- Heart-leaf birch or mountain paper birch
914:United States Geological Survey Bulletin
846:
992:
856:English Names for Korean Native Plants
7:
961:. International Dendrology Society.
14:
1022:Flora of North America online -
354:) - White-barked Himalayan birch
741:chromosome number not reported
424:chromosome number not reported
165:chromosome number not reported
59:- Sweet birch or cherry birch
1:
1009:Trees of Britain & Europe
525:- Alaska birch or Yukon birch
533:- Water birch or red birch (
290:- River birch or black birch
1086:
979:10.1600/036364407781179699
937:Canadian Journal of Botany
782:- Newfoundland dwarf birch
553:) - Siberian silver birch
447:chromosome number unknown
328:- North Chinese red birch
32:- Wintergreen oil birches
950:Bean, W. J. 1976, 1988.
864:Korea National Arboretum
699:) - American dwarf birch
1007:Rushforth, K. D. 1999.
182:- Japanese cherry birch
1065:Lists of plant species
766:- Cascades dwarf birch
36:Bark on twigs rich in
866:. 2015. p. 373.
597:- Iberian white birch
231:Betula maximowicziana
112:Betula austrosinensis
88:Betula allegheniensis
1030:Grimshaw, J. 2009,
893:Korea Forest Service
833:as varieties within
795:Betula middendorffii
774:- Arctic dwarf birch
727:- Quebec dwarf birch
615:- Arctic white birch
318:- Chinese red birch
271:Betula chichibuensis
201:- Large-leaf birches
69:- Cherry Creek birch
530:Betula occidentalis
509:Betula mandschurica
505:- Manchurian birch
502:Betula mandschurica
343:Betula jacquemontii
322:Betula albosinensis
315:Betula albosinensis
214:- Alder-leaf birch
115:- South China birch
18:Subgenera of genus
787:Betula microphylla
594:Betula celtiberica
566:Betula szechuanica
558:Betula populifolia
542:Betula platyphylla
522:Betula neoalaskana
174:- Hazel-leaf birch
171:Betula corylifolia
136:Betula medwediewii
967:Systematic Botany
873:978-89-97450-98-5
688:Betula glandulosa
654:Betula papyrifera
577:) - Sichuan birch
486:Betula cordifolia
466:- Typical birches
441:- Schmidt's birch
390:- Delavay's birch
362:- Himalayan birch
298:- Potanin's birch
243:- Costate birches
139:- Caucasian birch
120:Betula globispica
38:methyl salicylate
1077:
1034:. Kew Publishing
1004:
998:
990:
943:
942:(12): 2490-2500.
934:
930:
926:
920:
911:
907:
903:
897:
896:
890:
888:
882:
876:. Archived from
861:
851:
779:Betula michauxii
747:Betula fruticosa
609:Betula pubescens
602:Betula pubescens
515:- Japanese birch
453:Betula leopoldae
438:Betula schmidtii
433:- Farges's birch
415:Betula chinensis
382:- Dahurian birch
295:Betula potaninii
263:Betula calcicola
156:Betula megrelica
91:- Yellow birch (
1085:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1050:
1049:
1041:
991:
964:
957:Hunt, D. 1993.
947:
946:
932:
928:
927:
923:
910:Wehr, Wesley C.
909:
905:
904:
900:
886:
884:
880:
874:
859:
853:
852:
848:
843:
807:
755:Betula gmelinii
670:
668:- Dwarf birches
468:
430:Betula fargesii
418:- Chinese birch
398:- Radde's birch
395:Betula raddeana
387:Betula delavayi
379:Betula dahurica
338:- Erman's birch
326:septentrionalis
245:
234:- Monarch birch
218:Betula alnoides
211:Betula alnoides
203:
187:Betula insignis
128:Betula insignis
34:
12:
11:
5:
1083:
1081:
1073:
1072:
1070:Lists of trees
1067:
1062:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1028:
1019:
1012:
1005:
973:(2): 357–365.
962:
955:
945:
944:
921:
906:Wolfe, Jack A.
898:
883:on 25 May 2017
872:
845:
844:
842:
839:
831:B. neoalaskana
806:
803:
802:
801:
800:
799:
791:
783:
775:
771:Betula humilis
767:
759:
751:
738:
737:
736:
728:
710:
709:
708:
700:
669:
662:
661:
660:
659:
658:
640:
639:
638:
634:Betula kenaica
620:
619:
618:
617:
616:
598:
580:
579:
578:
571:Betula pendula
562:
554:
547:Betula pendula
538:
526:
518:
517:
516:
498:
497:- Silver birch
494:Betula pendula
490:
467:
460:
459:
458:
457:
456:
444:
443:
442:
434:
421:
420:
419:
401:
400:
399:
391:
383:
365:
364:
363:
355:
339:
335:Betula ermanii
331:
330:
329:
301:
300:
299:
291:
283:
282:- Korean birch
279:Betula costata
275:
267:
244:
237:
236:
235:
227:
226:
225:
202:
195:
194:
193:
192:
191:
183:
175:
162:
161:
160:
142:
141:
140:
132:
124:
116:
98:
97:
96:
74:
73:
72:
71:
70:
33:
26:
24:(birch), are;
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1082:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1002:
996:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
963:
960:
956:
953:
949:
948:
941:
938:
925:
922:
918:
915:
902:
899:
894:
879:
875:
869:
865:
858:
857:
850:
847:
840:
838:
836:
835:B. papyrifera
832:
828:
827:B. cordifolia
824:
820:
816:
812:
804:
797:
796:
792:
789:
788:
784:
781:
780:
776:
773:
772:
768:
765:
764:
763:Betula hallii
760:
757:
756:
752:
749:
748:
744:
743:
742:
739:
735:- Swamp birch
734:
733:
732:Betula pumila
729:
726:
725:
721:
720:
718:
714:
711:
707:- Dwarf birch
706:
705:
701:
698:
694:
690:
689:
685:
684:
682:
678:
675:
674:
673:
667:
663:
656:
655:
651:
650:
648:
644:
641:
637:- Kenai birch
636:
635:
631:
630:
628:
624:
621:
614:
610:
607:
606:
604:
603:
599:
596:
595:
591:
590:
588:
584:
581:
576:
572:
568:
567:
563:
560:
559:
555:
552:
548:
544:
543:
539:
536:
535:B. fontinalis
532:
531:
527:
524:
523:
519:
514:
510:
507:
506:
504:
503:
499:
496:
495:
491:
488:
487:
483:
482:
480:
476:
473:
472:
471:
465:
461:
455:
454:
450:
449:
448:
445:
440:
439:
435:
432:
431:
427:
426:
425:
422:
417:
416:
412:
411:
409:
405:
402:
397:
396:
392:
389:
388:
384:
381:
380:
376:
375:
373:
369:
366:
361:
360:
359:Betula utilis
356:
353:
349:
345:
344:
340:
337:
336:
332:
327:
323:
320:
319:
317:
316:
312:
311:
309:
305:
302:
297:
296:
292:
289:
288:
284:
281:
280:
276:
273:
272:
268:
265:
264:
260:
259:
257:
253:
250:
249:
248:
242:
238:
233:
232:
228:
223:
219:
216:
215:
213:
212:
208:
207:
206:
200:
196:
189:
188:
184:
181:
180:
179:Betula grossa
176:
173:
172:
168:
167:
166:
163:
158:
157:
153:
152:
150:
146:
143:
138:
137:
133:
130:
129:
125:
122:
121:
117:
114:
113:
109:
108:
106:
102:
99:
94:
90:
89:
85:
84:
82:
78:
75:
68:
64:
61:
60:
58:
57:
53:
52:
50:
46:
43:
42:
41:
39:
31:
27:
25:
23:
22:
16:
1031:
1023:
1015:
1008:
995:cite journal
970:
966:
958:
951:
939:
936:
933:Stockey R.A.
924:
916:
913:
901:
891:– via
885:. Retrieved
878:the original
855:
849:
834:
830:
826:
810:
808:
793:
785:
777:
769:
761:
753:
745:
740:
730:
724:Betula minor
722:
716:
712:
702:
696:
692:
686:
680:
676:
671:
666:Chamaebetula
665:
652:
646:
642:
632:
626:
622:
612:
608:
600:
592:
586:
582:
574:
570:
564:
561:- Gray birch
556:
550:
546:
540:
534:
528:
520:
512:
508:
500:
492:
484:
478:
474:
469:
463:
451:
446:
436:
428:
423:
413:
407:
403:
393:
385:
377:
371:
367:
357:
352:jacquemontii
351:
347:
341:
333:
325:
321:
313:
307:
303:
293:
287:Betula nigra
285:
277:
269:
261:
255:
251:
246:
240:
229:
221:
217:
209:
204:
198:
185:
177:
169:
164:
154:
148:
145:Duodecaploid
144:
134:
126:
118:
110:
104:
100:
92:
86:
80:
76:
66:
63:Betula lenta
62:
56:Betula lenta
54:
48:
44:
35:
29:
19:
17:
15:
1018:107: 73–76.
887:16 December
862:. Pocheon:
704:Betula nana
575:szechuanica
551:platyphylla
241:Neurobetula
1054:Categories
929:Crane P.R.
841:References
823:tetraploid
815:chromosome
713:Tetraploid
697:glandulosa
623:Pentaploid
583:Tetraploid
304:Tetraploid
222:luminifera
199:Betulaster
664:Subgenus
643:Hexaploid
462:Subgenus
404:Octoploid
368:Hexaploid
348:B. utilis
239:Subgenus
197:Subgenus
101:Decaploid
77:Hexaploid
30:Betulenta
28:Subgenus
1039:See also
987:85837009
817:number (
613:tortuosa
513:japonica
410:= 112).
151:= 168).
107:= 140).
93:B. lutea
819:diploid
719:= 56).
695:subsp.
693:B. nana
683:= 28).
677:Diploid
649:= 84).
629:= 70).
611:subsp.
589:= 56).
481:= 28).
475:Diploid
374:= 84).
350:subsp.
310:= 56).
258:= 28).
252:Diploid
220:subsp.
83:= 84).
65:subsp.
51:= 28).
45:Diploid
1060:Betula
1024:Betula
985:
931:&
908:&
870:
811:Betula
464:Betula
21:Betula
1045:Birch
983:S2CID
881:(PDF)
860:(PDF)
805:Notes
573:var.
549:var.
511:var.
324:var.
1001:link
917:1597
889:2016
868:ISBN
829:and
67:uber
975:doi
919::13
837:).
147:(12
103:(10
1056::
997:}}
993:{{
981:.
971:32
969:.
940:65
821:,
715:(4
679:(2
645:(6
625:(5
585:(4
477:(2
406:(8
370:(6
306:(4
254:(2
79:(6
47:(2
1026:.
1003:)
989:.
977::
895:.
798:-
790:-
758:-
750:-
717:n
691:(
681:n
647:n
627:n
587:n
569:(
545:(
537:)
479:n
408:n
372:n
346:(
308:n
274:-
266:-
256:n
224:-
190:-
159:-
149:n
131:-
123:-
105:n
95:)
81:n
49:n
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