213:. The thousand-year presence of Oto-Manguean-speaking groups in this region makes it probable that they were active in this domestication process, which favored the inhabitants of the Altiplano's transition to a sedentary lifestyle and thus influenced the development of Mesoamerican civilization. Campbell and Kaufman have proposed that the Oto-Manguean languages began to diverge about 1500 BCE. The difficulty of establishing more general relationships between the eight subgroups of the family presents a difficulty for making more detailed inferences on the historical development of the languages.
127:
369:
Rensch revised the reconstruction work of
Longacre. He revised the probable phonological inventory and described some of his proposals, based on comparisons of the cognates in the Mixtecan languages. After this work, he proposed a reconstruction of the phonological system of Proto-Mixtecan. This
220:
and Calvin Rensch. The phonological system of the proto-language has nine consonants, four vowels, and four tones. The groups of consonants and the diphthongs formed from this limited repertory would have been the origin of the phonemes in the daughter proto-languages of the various subgroups of
726:
2000 census; the numbers are based on the number of total population for each group and the percentages of speakers given on the website of the Comisión
Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas,
859:
1885:
221:
Proto-Oto-Manguean. Some of the most significant changes in the diversification of Proto-Oto-Manguean phonemes into Proto-Mixtecan phonemes are the following:
852:
1684:
1073:
1846:
827:
162:, spoken by about 511,000 people. The relationship between Trique, Cuicatec, and Mixtec, is an open question. Unpublished research by
1514:
845:
1841:
1734:
1880:
1078:
1769:
1699:
1083:
1046:
969:
1113:
1709:
1098:
1093:
817:. The 15th Annual Sergei Starostin Memorial Conference on Comparative Historical Linguistics. Moscow: RSUH.
1784:
1504:
1436:
994:
868:
703:
696:
691:
677:
672:
665:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
626:
621:
603:
598:
593:
541:
534:
529:
515:
510:
505:
494:
479:
472:
465:
455:
431:
426:
399:
361:
356:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
317:
310:
305:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
198:
143:
1060:
832:
1809:
1441:
1130:
1007:
883:
1774:
1694:
1595:
1488:
1420:
1410:
1405:
1233:
1223:
1216:
1211:
1193:
1108:
1509:
1719:
1638:
1608:
1550:
1483:
1446:
1400:
1164:
1155:
1103:
394:
217:
102:
1527:
1368:
1347:
1290:
1285:
964:
1799:
1789:
1759:
1744:
1714:
1664:
1565:
1560:
1415:
1311:
1280:
1258:
1145:
1139:
1002:
892:
414:
404:
155:
1814:
1804:
1729:
1674:
1603:
1570:
1532:
1395:
1352:
1342:
1337:
1295:
1248:
1206:
1088:
1021:
979:
914:
909:
901:
389:
384:
163:
97:
1821:
1779:
1764:
1739:
1704:
1669:
1646:
1620:
1590:
1522:
1332:
1201:
1171:
1118:
939:
933:
409:
159:
151:
92:
58:
17:
1794:
1749:
562:
Longacre (1957) had reconstructed the following consonant inventory for Proto-Mixtecan:
1861:
1724:
1613:
1478:
1473:
954:
949:
924:
117:
1874:
1689:
1679:
1555:
1316:
1040:
1034:
1029:
984:
974:
959:
813:
1754:
944:
63:
131:
Extent of the
Mixtecan languages: prior to contact (olive green) and current (red)
728:
522:
202:
421:
1068:
486:
448:
111:
126:
837:
193:
51:
206:
147:
47:
43:
370:
proposal contains sixteen consonants, four vowels, and four tones.
210:
841:
744:. University of California Publications in Linguistics, pp 4–6.
209:
state. This site was one of the places of the domestication of
166:
in the 1980s supported grouping
Cuicatec and Mixtec together.
158:, spoken by about 15,000 people; and the large expanse of
376:
Reconstruction of the Proto-Mixtecan consonant system
154:(or Triqui) languages, spoken by about 24,500 people;
1834:
1655:
1637:
1583:
1543:
1497:
1466:
1459:
1429:
1388:
1381:
1361:
1325:
1304:
1273:
1266:
1257:
1241:
1232:
1192:
1185:
1154:
1129:
1059:
1020:
993:
923:
900:
891:
882:
875:
181:
176:
110:
86:
57:
37:
32:
729:http://www.cdi.gob.mx/index.php?id_seccion=660
853:
799:International Journal of American Linguistics
216:Proto-Oto-Manguean has been reconstructed by
8:
1463:
1385:
1270:
1263:
1238:
1189:
897:
888:
879:
860:
846:
838:
797:Longacre, Robert E. 1957. Proto-Mixtecan.
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
564:
372:
223:
719:
173:
29:
27:Oto-Manguean language branch of Mexico
814:Notes on Mixtec comparative phonology
85:
7:
1847:Classification of Mixtec languages
828:Classification of Mixtec languages
25:
125:
742:A grammar of Chalcatongo Mixtec
1842:List of Oto-Manguean languages
1:
1886:Verb–subject–object languages
684:
658:
614:
588:
520:
484:
446:
419:
360:
355:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
316:
309:
304:
142:constitute a branch of the
1902:
18:List of Mixtecan languages
1855:
1074:Chiltepec-Tlacoatzintepec
731:, accessed 28 July 2008).
707:
702:
700:
695:
690:
688:
681:
676:
671:
669:
664:
662:
652:
630:
618:
611:
609:
607:
602:
597:
592:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
550:
528:
454:
430:
408:
380:
375:
226:
124:
59:Linguistic classification
1515:Western Tlacolula Valley
811:Zhivlov, Mikhail. 2020.
740:Macaulay, Monica. 1996.
789:Silverman, 1993, p. 109
970:Estado de México Otomi
869:Oto-Manguean languages
182:Reconstruction of
1735:Mitlatongo-Yutanduchi
1685:Atatláhuca–San Miguel
833:Francisco de Alvarado
201:may be the valley of
762:Bellwood: 2005, 239.
227:Proto-Oto-Manguean
199:Oto-Manguean family
150:. They include the
146:language family of
1881:Mixtecan languages
1770:San Miguel Piedras
1700:Chayuco-Jamiltepec
1519:Extended Ocotepec
753:Suárez, 1983: 153.
554:Rensch (1977): 59.
218:Robert E. Longacre
185:Mixtecan languages
140:Mixtecan languages
1868:
1867:
1862:extinct languages
1830:
1829:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1579:
1578:
1455:
1454:
1377:
1376:
1181:
1180:
1055:
1054:
1016:
1015:
915:Michoacán Mazahua
780:Rensch, 1977: 59.
711:
710:
560:
559:
556:
367:
366:
189:
188:
136:
135:
16:(Redirected from
1893:
1464:
1386:
1271:
1264:
1239:
1190:
1172:Chorotega/Mangue
1047:Chichimeca Jonaz
980:Texcatepec Otomi
898:
889:
880:
862:
855:
848:
839:
790:
787:
781:
778:
772:
769:
763:
760:
754:
751:
745:
738:
732:
724:
705:
698:
693:
679:
674:
667:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
628:
623:
605:
600:
595:
565:
551:
543:
536:
531:
517:
512:
507:
496:
481:
476:
469:
459:
433:
428:
373:
363:
358:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
319:
312:
307:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
224:
174:
164:Terrence Kaufman
160:Mixtec languages
129:
120:
71:Amuzgo–Mixtecan?
30:
21:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1851:
1826:
1785:Southern Puebla
1651:
1625:
1575:
1539:
1493:
1451:
1425:
1373:
1357:
1321:
1300:
1253:
1228:
1177:
1150:
1125:
1084:Lalana-Tepinapa
1051:
1012:
989:
965:Querétaro Otomi
940:Mezquital Otomi
934:Classical Otomi
919:
910:Central Mazahua
871:
866:
824:
808:
806:Further reading
794:
793:
788:
784:
779:
775:
770:
766:
761:
757:
752:
748:
739:
735:
725:
721:
716:
474:
467:
457:
422:Nasal consonant
302:Proto-Mixtecan
172:
132:
116:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1899:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1710:Chigmecatitlán
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1667:
1661:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1499:
1498:Western Valley
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1467:Trans-Yautepec
1461:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1437:Coatecas Altas
1433:
1431:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1243:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1219:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1160:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1065:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1037:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1005:
999:
997:
991:
990:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
955:Highland Otomi
952:
950:Acazulco Otomi
947:
942:
937:
929:
927:
921:
920:
918:
917:
912:
906:
904:
895:
886:
877:
873:
872:
867:
865:
864:
857:
850:
842:
836:
835:
830:
823:
820:
819:
818:
807:
804:
803:
802:
792:
791:
782:
773:
764:
755:
746:
733:
718:
717:
715:
712:
709:
708:
706:
701:
699:
694:
689:
687:
683:
682:
680:
675:
670:
668:
663:
661:
657:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
629:
624:
619:
617:
613:
612:
610:
608:
606:
601:
596:
591:
587:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
558:
557:
548:
547:
544:
539:
537:
532:
527:
525:
519:
518:
513:
508:
503:
501:
499:
497:
492:
489:
483:
482:
477:
470:
463:
460:
453:
451:
445:
444:
442:
440:
437:
434:
429:
424:
418:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
378:
377:
365:
364:
359:
354:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
320:
315:
313:
308:
303:
299:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
187:
186:
183:
179:
178:
177:Proto-Mixtecan
171:
170:Proto-Mixtecan
168:
134:
133:
130:
122:
121:
114:
108:
107:
106:
105:
100:
95:
88:
84:
83:
82:
81:
80:
79:
78:
77:
61:
55:
54:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1898:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1276:
1274:Sierra Juárez
1272:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1041:Southern Pame
1038:
1036:
1035:Northern Pame
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
986:
985:Ixtenco Otomi
983:
981:
978:
976:
975:Temoaya Otomi
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
960:Tenango Otomi
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
935:
931:
930:
928:
926:
922:
916:
913:
911:
908:
907:
905:
903:
899:
896:
894:
890:
887:
885:
881:
878:
874:
870:
863:
858:
856:
851:
849:
844:
843:
840:
834:
831:
829:
826:
825:
821:
816:
815:
810:
809:
805:
800:
796:
795:
786:
783:
777:
774:
771:Rensch, 1966.
768:
765:
759:
756:
750:
747:
743:
737:
734:
730:
723:
720:
713:
685:
659:
647:
642:
637:
632:
625:
620:
615:
589:
567:
566:
563:
555:
549:
545:
540:
538:
533:
526:
524:
521:
514:
509:
504:
502:
500:
498:
493:
490:
488:
485:
478:
471:
464:
461:
452:
450:
447:
443:
441:
438:
435:
425:
423:
420:
416:
413:
411:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
379:
374:
371:
353:
321:
314:
301:
300:
225:
222:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:
184:
180:
175:
169:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
128:
123:
119:
115:
113:
109:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
90:
89:
76:
73:
72:
70:
69:
67:
66:
65:
62:
60:
56:
53:
49:
45:
42:
36:
31:
19:
1857:
1775:Silacayoapan
1695:Cacaloxtepec
1656:
1389:Cis-Yautepec
1170:
1163:
1138:
1039:
1030:Central Pame
995:Matlatzincan
945:Tilapa Otomi
932:
812:
801:23(4):1–195.
798:
785:
776:
767:
758:
749:
741:
736:
722:
686:Approximant
561:
553:
523:Approximants
400:Postalveolar
368:
215:
192:
190:
144:Oto-Manguean
139:
137:
87:Subdivisions
74:
64:Oto-Manguean
40:distribution
1810:Yoloxóchitl
1720:Cuyamecalco
1505:Chichicápam
1489:Quiavicuzas
1421:Tlacolulita
1114:Tepetotutla
1061:Chinantecan
1008:Matlatzinca
582:Labiovelar
1875:Categories
1800:Tilantongo
1790:Soyaltepec
1715:Coatzospan
1609:Texmelucan
1551:Albarradas
1484:Lachiguiri
1447:Ozolotepec
1442:Miahuatlán
1401:Quiegolani
1131:Tlapanecan
884:Oto-Pamean
714:References
660:Fricative
616:Occlusive
487:Fricatives
449:Occlusives
38:Geographic
1860:indicate
1815:Zacatepec
1805:Tututepec
1730:Ixtayutla
1675:Amoltepec
1600:Papabuco
1566:Ayoquezco
1561:Antequera
1234:Zapotecan
1224:Popolocan
1217:varieties
1194:Popolocan
1165:Chiapanec
1109:Sochiapam
1069:Chinantec
570:Bilabial
112:Glottolog
1780:Sindihui
1765:Pinotepa
1740:Mixtepec
1705:Chazumba
1665:Cuicatec
1657:Mixtecan
1639:Amuzgoan
1604:Elotepec
1596:Lachixío
1571:Quiatoni
1533:Zaachila
1411:Xanaguía
1406:Lapaguía
1396:Mixtepec
1382:Southern
1343:Yatzachi
1338:Zoogocho
1296:Abejones
1267:Northern
1156:Manguean
1146:Tlapanec
1140:Subtiaba
1104:Palantla
1099:Ozumacín
1079:Highland
1003:Tlahuica
822:See also
585:Glottal
576:Palatal
552:Source:
395:Alveolar
203:Tehuacán
194:urheimat
156:Cuicatec
118:mixt1422
103:Cuicatec
75:Mixtecan
52:Guerrero
33:Mixtecan
1858:Italics
1760:Peñasco
1725:Estetla
1621:Solteco
1591:El Alto
1528:Ocotlán
1523:Isthmus
1460:Central
1369:Choápam
1348:Yalálag
1333:Cajonos
1326:Cajonos
1291:Yavesía
1286:Aloápam
1259:Zapotec
1249:Chatino
1242:Chatino
1212:Mazatec
1207:Ixcatec
1186:Eastern
1094:Ojitlán
902:Mazahua
893:Otomian
876:Western
573:Dental
546:
491:
462:
439:
436:
415:Glottal
405:Palatal
381:
197:of the
68:Eastern
1822:Trique
1690:Ayutla
1680:Apoala
1670:Mixtec
1647:Amuzgo
1614:Zaniza
1479:Petapa
1474:Guevea
1430:Coatec
1416:Xánica
1312:Rincón
1305:Rincón
1281:Ixtlán
1202:Chocho
1089:Lealao
1022:Pamean
590:Nasal
579:Velar
390:Dental
385:Labial
207:Puebla
152:Trique
148:Mexico
98:Trique
93:Mixtec
48:Puebla
44:Oaxaca
1835:Lists
1795:Tidaá
1755:Nuyoo
1750:Nuxaá
1584:Other
1556:Mitla
1544:Other
1510:Güilá
1362:Other
1353:Tabaá
1317:Yatee
1119:Usila
925:Otomi
410:Velar
211:maize
1745:Ñumí
475:*ⁿɡʷ
350:*ⁿɡʷ
345:*ⁿɡʷ
276:*nkʷ
191:The
138:The
678:*xʷ
649:*ɡʷ
644:*kʷ
511:*xʷ
473:*kʷ
468:*ⁿɡ
458:*ⁿd
340:*ⁿɡ
335:*ⁿd
296:*nw
291:*ny
286:*nn
281:*ns
271:*nk
266:*nt
241:*kʷ
205:in
1877::
704:*w
697:*j
692:*l
673:*x
666:*θ
654:*ʔ
639:*ɡ
634:*k
627:*d
622:*t
604:*ñ
599:*n
594:*m
542:*w
535:*j
530:*l
516:*h
506:*x
495:*θ
480:*ʔ
466:*k
456:*t
432:*n
427:*m
362:*m
357:*l
330:*w
325:*y
318:*θ
311:*k
306:*t
261:*w
256:*y
251:*n
246:*s
236:*k
231:*t
50:,
46:,
861:e
854:t
847:v
20:)
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