470:
The following individuals proclaimed themselves emperor (or were proclaimed or appointed as emperor), but are not considered as legitimate emperors because they did not oust the ruling emperor, or did not establish control of the whole empire, or were not accepted by the senate or other imperial
35:(395–1453), rebellion and usurpation were so notoriously frequent (in the vision of the medieval West, where usurpation was rare) that the modern term "byzantine" became a byword for political intrigue and conspiracy. For usurpation in the Eastern Roman Empire, see
1032:(270–271) most probably in Southern Gaul. He was probably encouraged by Aurelian's difficulties in dealing with an Alamannic incursion into Italy that occurred early in his reign. His bid for power could have been suppressed by Aurelian's
106:
The following individuals began as usurpers, but became the legitimate emperor either by establishing uncontested control of the empire or by confirmation of their position by the
1470:
1408:
624:
of Syria, declared himself emperor upon the rumor that Marcus
Aurelius had died, continued his revolt even upon learning Marcus Aurelius was alive.
404:
385:
925:
486:
1418:
393:
400:, who accepted Constantine III as his co-emperor in 409. Upon his recognition, Constantine III appointed his son Constans II co-emperor.
1465:
1057:
796:(235), ordered some soldiers of Maximinus to destroy the bridge that allowed the Emperor to cross back the Rhine, a former consul
474:
They are listed here under the emperor whose rule they attempted to usurp. The noted date is the attempted year of usurpation.
1007:
1274:
1230:
195:
999:
577:
37:
494:
156:
119:
969:
735:
554:
191:
738:(after 221). He could be Julius Antonius Seleucus, in Moesia, or M. Flavius Vitellius Seleucus, consul for 221
1475:
1063:
1158:
1077:
793:
101:
645:
381:
314:
931:
865:
815:
32:
1302:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1164:
973:
751:
922:(also: Ballista) (Autumn e.261) in the East, former Praetorian prefect, associated with the former
1282:
1186:
1170:
1033:
943:
910:(September 260 – Autumn 261) in the East, all killed by their own soldiers in different occasions
887:
683:
682:
of
Britain, originally Septimius Severus's ally until Pescennius Niger was killed, killed at the
526:
518:
458:
397:
241:
229:
1439:
The
Imperial Index: The Rulers of the Roman Empire. From Augustus to Constantine XI Palaeologus
1414:
1364:
1296:
1097:
1085:
743:
721:
709:
629:
581:
550:
422:
271:
253:
166:
1410:
Medieval
European Coinage: With a Catalogue of the Coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge
1290:
1121:
1003:
977:
964:
956:
871:
776:
771:
637:
534:
344:
338:
283:
52:
1386:
1334:
1308:
1140:
903:
899:
823:
785:
717:
705:
667:
609:
601:
410:
389:
217:
201:
160:
529:, declared himself emperor after Nero's suicide, claiming he was the illegitimate son of
1210:
1136:
755:
679:
653:
621:
585:
440:
362:
356:
326:
27:
1459:
1266:
1194:
950:
671:
384:) but almost never recognized as colleagues by the Eastern Emperors. Three of them, (
350:
1224:
1051:
982:
802:(235), in the East, supported by soldiers loyal to former emperor Alexander Severus
502:
107:
21:
1381:
1377:
1326:
1320:
1037:
1029:
991:
843:
807:
649:
617:
1342:
1218:
1202:
1128:
1041:
1023:
913:
859:
831:
699:
691:
675:
641:
613:
332:
295:
259:
235:
211:
178:
380:
Most
Western emperors were accepted by the Roman Senate (possibly except for
1350:
1146:
879:
799:
765:
758:
by
Alexander, executed for attempted murder, prefect of the Praetorian Guard
452:
320:
308:
277:
247:
207:
143:
137:
88:
1434:
1358:
1178:
1152:
1113:
1091:
1015:
893:
837:
761:
657:
569:
530:
498:
478:
446:
434:
368:
265:
172:
1314:
1109:
919:
907:
729:
661:
589:
558:
490:
416:
1238:
1069:
851:
428:
223:
25:. For an overview of the problem and consequences of usurpation, see
1002:(269–kS.270), almost certainly non-existent: "attested" only by the
1105:
937:
593:
542:
510:
289:
125:
1010:) with no literary, epigraphical, numismatic support of any kind.
732:(c. 221), questioned existence and date; sources place him in 253
562:
522:
131:
220:(244–249) in the East, former prefect of the Praetorian Guard
431:(455–456) (unclear if recognized by the Emperor of the East)
1372:
Unsuccessful regional usurpers after the fall of Rome (476)
175:(217–218) in Syria, former prefect of the Praetorian Guard
764:(S. date unclear), in the East, committed suicide in the
656:
of Syria, proclaimed himself emperor after the death of
396:), reigned alongside the legitimate Emperor of the West
1054:(k.271) in Rome, a civil servant involved in corruption
934:(k.261) in Achaea, killed by Macrinus, former governor
896:(260) in Pannonia, committed suicide, former governor
840:(kS.248), in the Danube frontier, killed by soldiers
708:(219), in Syria, executed, originally an officer of
596:
thawed, put down by Lucius Appius
Maximus Norbanus.
660:, defeated in battle and killed while fleeing to
84:origin of the rebellion indicated where possible
874:in Illyria, great-uncle of Valens Thessalonicus
214:(238) in Africa, suicide after defeat in battle
1407:Philip Grierson, Mark A. S. Blackburn (1986).
1040:who was in the Rhone valley at the time or by
720:(late 219), in Syria, executed, commander of
87:the list is complete until the advent of the
8:
1026:in Dacia, contested numismatic evidence only
466:Usurpers not considered legitimate emperors
818:(240), in Africa, governor of the province
1413:. Cambridge University Press. p. 7.
588:of Germania Superior, could not bring in
928:(kS.261) in Achaea, questioned existence
774:, alleged usurper mentioned only in the
501:, he committed suicide on the island of
204:(235–238) in the Rhine, former centurion
1471:Lists of office-holders in ancient Rome
1399:
96:Usurpers who became legitimate emperors
1072:(k.273) in Egypt, questioned existence
916:(260) in Pannonia, ruled with his wife
487:Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus
780:, now thought to have been fictitious
497:. Considered a possible successor to
371:(392–394) (only recognized by Senate)
335:(350–353) (only recognized by Senate)
7:
81:dates are beginning and end of reign
14:
1227:(354–358), questioned existence
505:after his troops abandoned him.
110:or by the legitimate emperor.
1:
946:(261 – Spring e.262) in Egypt
754:(c. 227), in Rome, raised to
91:in the end of the 3rd century
846:in the Rhine, uncertain date
553:, in Asia, took refuge with
1389:(e.506), in the Ebro valley
1066:(271), questioned existence
768:after being hailed Augustus
196:Crisis of the Third Century
186:Crisis of the Third Century
1492:
1466:Ancient Rome-related lists
972:— Possibly the villain in
885:
578:Lucius Antonius Saturninus
306:
303:Tetrarchy and Later Empire
189:
154:
117:
99:
38:List of Byzantine usurpers
961:The fictitious usurpers:
537:as Galba approached Rome.
157:Year of the Five Emperors
151:Second Imperial civil war
120:Year of the Four Emperors
192:Year of the Six Emperors
114:First Imperial civil war
60:, killed by own soldiers
20:list of usurpers in the
862:(250) in Rome, executed
102:List of Roman emperors
868:(251–k?252) in Thrace
834:(kS.248), in the East
315:Constantine the Great
100:Further information:
1305:: (409–411, 420–421)
1060:(kS.271) in Dalmatia
955:The emperors of the
949:The emperors of the
33:Eastern Roman Empire
1303:Maximus of Hispania
1159:Domitius Domitianus
592:allies because the
489:(42), the imperial
18:The following is a
1187:Domitius Alexander
1165:Aurelius Achilleus
1034:Praetorian Prefect
1008:Trig. Tyr. 33
944:Mussius Aemilianus
888:Gallienus usurpers
684:battle of Lugdunum
561:leader, resembled
527:Praetorian Prefect
519:Nymphidius Sabinus
459:Romulus Augustulus
230:Trebonianus Gallus
66:, killed in battle
1420:978-0-521-26009-1
744:Alexander Severus
630:Septimius Severus
582:Germania Superior
551:Terentius Maximus
423:Petronius Maximus
254:Claudius Gothicus
167:Septimius Severus
1483:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1404:
1380:(e.496), in the
1122:Sabinus Julianus
1004:Augustan History
978:Titus Andronicus
957:Palmyrene Empire
940:(e.261) in Egypt
777:Historia Augusta
772:Ovinius Camillus
638:Pescennius Niger
535:Praetorian Guard
533:. Killed by the
53:Praetorian Guard
51:, killed by the
1491:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1374:
1355:
1339:
1335:Valentinian III
1309:Priscus Attalus
1287:
1271:
1243:
1215:
1199:
1183:
1133:
1118:
1082:
1020:
996:
904:Macrianus Minor
900:Macrianus Major
890:
884:
856:
828:
824:Philip the Arab
812:
790:
786:Maximinus Thrax
748:
706:Gellius Maximus
696:
668:Clodius Albinus
634:
610:Avidius Cassius
606:
602:Marcus Aurelius
574:
547:
515:
483:
468:
411:Priscus Attalus
405:Constantine III
390:Priscus Attalus
386:Constantine III
378:
311:
305:
218:Philip the Arab
202:Maximinus Thrax
198:
190:Main articles:
188:
163:
161:Severan dynasty
155:Main articles:
153:
122:
116:
104:
98:
12:
11:
5:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1476:Roman usurpers
1473:
1468:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1426:
1419:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1214:
1211:Constantius II
1208:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1117:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1046:Gallic Emperor
1027:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1011:
995:
989:
988:
987:
986:
985:
980:
967:
959:
953:
947:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
897:
886:Main article:
883:
877:
876:
875:
869:
863:
855:
849:
848:
847:
841:
835:
827:
821:
820:
819:
811:
805:
804:
803:
797:
789:
783:
782:
781:
769:
759:
747:
741:
740:
739:
733:
727:
715:
703:
695:
689:
688:
687:
670:(196–197), in
665:
640:(193–194), in
633:
627:
626:
625:
605:
599:
598:
597:
573:
567:
566:
565:
546:
540:
539:
538:
514:
508:
507:
506:
482:
476:
467:
464:
463:
462:
456:
450:
444:
441:Libius Severus
438:
432:
426:
420:
414:
408:
377:
376:Western Empire
374:
373:
372:
366:
363:Magnus Maximus
360:
357:Valentinian II
354:
348:
342:
336:
330:
327:Maximinus Daza
324:
318:
307:Main article:
304:
301:
300:
299:
293:
287:
281:
275:
269:
263:
257:
251:
245:
239:
233:
227:
221:
215:
205:
187:
184:
183:
182:
176:
170:
152:
149:
148:
147:
141:
135:
129:
118:Main article:
115:
112:
97:
94:
93:
92:
85:
82:
79:
73:
67:
61:
55:
28:Roman usurpers
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1488:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1403:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:Valentinian I
1265:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1195:Constantine I
1193:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
990:
984:
981:
979:
975:
971:
968:
966:
963:
962:
960:
958:
954:
952:
951:Gallic Empire
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
905:
901:
898:
895:
892:
891:
889:
881:
878:
873:
872:Valens Senior
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
857:
853:
850:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
829:
825:
822:
817:
814:
813:
809:
806:
801:
798:
795:
792:
791:
787:
784:
779:
778:
773:
770:
767:
763:
760:
757:
753:
750:
749:
745:
742:
737:
734:
731:
728:
726:
725:
719:
716:
714:
713:
707:
704:
701:
698:
697:
693:
690:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
666:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
636:
635:
631:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
608:
607:
603:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
576:
575:
571:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
549:
548:
544:
541:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
517:
516:
512:
509:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:
484:
480:
477:
475:
472:
465:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
402:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
375:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
351:Valentinian I
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
312:
310:
302:
297:
294:
291:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
209:
206:
203:
200:
199:
197:
193:
185:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
162:
158:
150:
145:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
121:
113:
111:
109:
103:
95:
90:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
59:
56:
54:
50:
47:
46:
45:
42:
40:
39:
34:
30:
29:
24:
23:
16:
1442:. Retrieved
1438:
1429:
1409:
1402:
1225:Carausius II
1052:Felicissimus
1045:
983:Trebellianus
775:
723:
711:
473:
471:colleagues.
469:
379:
108:Roman Senate
105:
75:
69:
63:
57:
48:
43:
36:
26:
22:Roman Empire
19:
17:
15:
1382:Ebro valley
1378:Burdunellus
1329:: (412–413)
1327:Heraclianus
1323:: (412–413)
1321:Sebastianus
1317:: (411–413)
1311:: (414-415)
1293:: (406–407)
1205:(e.333/334)
1189:(308–e.311)
1167:: (297–298)
1155:: (293–296)
1149:: (286–293)
1038:Placidianus
992:Claudius II
974:Shakespeare
844:Silbannacus
808:Gordian III
394:Constans II
382:Constans II
1460:Categories
1444:8 December
1394:References
1343:Bonifacius
1219:Nepotianus
1203:Calocaerus
1129:Diocletian
1098:Saturninus
1030:Domitianus
1024:Sponsianus
1000:Censorinus
970:Saturninus
914:Regalianus
860:Licinianus
832:Iotapianus
816:Sabinianus
752:Sallustius
722:Legio III
700:Triccianus
692:Elagabalus
612:(175), in
333:Magnentius
296:Diocletian
260:Quintillus
236:Aemilianus
212:Gordian II
179:Elagabalus
72:, executed
1353:: 467–472
1351:Anthemius
1337:: 423–455
1285:: 395–423
1277:(372–375)
1269:: 364–375
1259:Theodorus
1253:Marcellus
1247:Procopius
1241:: 364–378
1213:: 337–361
1197:: 309–337
1181:: 305–311
1147:Carausius
1131:: 284–305
1116:: 282–284
1080:: 276–282
1058:Septimius
1018:: 270–275
994:: 268–270
882:: 253–268
880:Gallienus
854:: 249–251
826:: 244–249
810:: 238–244
800:Quartinus
788:: 235–238
766:Euphrates
746:: 222–235
710:Legio IV
694:: 218–222
632:: 193–211
604:: 161–180
580:(89), in
555:Artabanus
461:(475–476)
455:(473–474)
453:Glycerius
443:(461–465)
437:(457–461)
419:(423–425)
413:(409–410)
407:(407–411)
365:(383–388)
359:(375–392)
353:(364–375)
347:(363–364)
341:(360–363)
329:(310–313)
323:(306–312)
321:Maxentius
317:(306–337)
309:Tetrarchy
298:(284–305)
292:(282–283)
286:(276–282)
278:Florianus
274:(275–276)
268:(270–275)
256:(268–270)
248:Saloninus
244:(253–260)
232:(251–253)
226:(249–251)
208:Gordian I
181:(218–222)
169:(193–211)
144:Vespasian
138:Vitellius
89:tetrarchy
78:, suicide
31:. In the
1435:"Avitus"
1359:Arvandus
1283:Honorius
1231:Silvanus
1179:Galerius
1171:Eugenius
1153:Allectus
1137:Aelianus
1114:Numerian
1092:Proculus
1042:Tetricus
1016:Aurelian
894:Ingenuus
838:Pacatian
762:Taurinus
736:Seleucus
712:Scythica
702:(c. 218)
680:governor
658:Pertinax
654:governor
622:governor
590:Germanic
586:governor
570:Domitian
559:Parthian
531:Caligula
499:Caligula
495:Dalmatia
479:Claudius
447:Olybrius
435:Majorian
398:Honorius
369:Eugenius
266:Aurelian
242:Valerian
173:Macrinus
1367:: (470)
1365:Romanus
1361:: (468)
1345:: (427)
1315:Jovinus
1299:: (407)
1297:Gratian
1173:: (303)
1161:: (297)
1143:: (285)
1141:Amandus
1110:Carinus
1086:Bonosus
1064:Urbanus
920:Balista
908:Quietus
866:Priscus
730:Uranius
724:Gallica
672:Britain
662:Parthia
572:: 81–96
545:: 79–81
513:: 68–69
481:: 41–54
417:Joannes
272:Tacitus
146:(69–79)
128:(68–69)
1417:
1291:Marcus
1275:Firmus
1239:Valens
1078:Probus
1070:Firmus
1044:, the
965:Celsus
932:Valens
852:Decius
794:Magnus
756:Caesar
521:(68),
491:legate
429:Avitus
392:, and
345:Jovian
339:Julian
284:Probus
224:Decius
1387:Peter
1261:(372)
1255:(366)
1249:(366)
1233:(355)
1221:(350)
1106:Carus
1100:(280)
1094:(280)
1088:(280)
938:Memor
718:Verus
650:Syria
642:Egypt
618:Syria
614:Egypt
594:Rhine
543:Titus
511:Galba
449:(472)
425:(455)
290:Carus
280:(276)
262:(270)
250:(260)
238:(253)
126:Galba
1446:2021
1415:ISBN
1139:and
926:Piso
906:and
676:Gaul
674:and
648:and
646:Asia
616:and
563:Nero
557:, a
523:Nero
503:Issa
210:and
194:and
159:and
140:(69)
134:(69)
132:Otho
44:Key
976:'s
525:'s
493:of
49:kPG
1462::
1437:.
1112:,
1108:,
1036:,
902:,
678:,
652:,
644:,
620:,
584:,
388:,
64:kB
58:kS
41:.
1448:.
1423:.
1048:.
1006:(
686:.
664:.
76:S
70:e
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