383:
329:: Production of these metals and their compounds requires a significant and increasing amount of energy, and when they become rarer, it is necessary to search deeper for them, and the further mineral recovered is sometimes less condensed than previous production had been. In 2012, from 7 to 8% of all the energy used in the world was used to extract these minerals. The magnets in electrical motors, or
370:
need to strengthen its global engagement with reliable partners to develop and diversify investment and promote stability in international trade and strengthen legal certainty for investors. In particular, the EU will seek mutually beneficial partnerships with emerging markets and developing economies, notably in the framework of its
350:
The Call for evidence preliminary to the Act was made in autumn 2022. The Act "identifies a list of strategic raw materials, which are crucial to technologies important to Europe's green and digital ambitions and for defence and space applications, while being subject to potential supply risks in the
190:
Europe alone produced about 12 million tons of metallic wastes in 2012, and this amount tended to grow more than 4% a year (faster than municipal waste). However, fewer than 20 metals, of the 60 studied by experts of the UNEP, were recycled to more than 50% in the world. 34 compounds were recycled at
1752:
In France as in other countries of Europe, le cost of traitement d'un cancer bronchique non à petites cellules par cisplatine-gemzar est inférieur à celui des associations cisplatine-vinorebine, cisplatine-paclitaxel ou cisplatine-docétaxel (Retrospective cost analysis of gemcitabine in combination
369:
The document acknowledges that the EU "will never be self-sufficient in supplying such raw materials and will continue to rely on imports for a majority of its consumption. International trade is therefore essential to supporting global production and ensuring diversification of supply. The EU will
365:
The Act will "reduce the administrative burden and simplify permitting procedures for critical raw materials projects in the EU. In addition, selected
Strategic Projects will benefit from support for access to finance and shorter permitting timeframes (24 months for extraction permits and 12 months
1712:
Steering the French economy towards economical use of raw materials in the inductrial sector is a priority that should be written into the framework for national strategy got ecological transition, according to CESE, which has proposed a series of measures towards this end], actu-environnement
174:
According to the United
Nations in 2011, as the demand for rare metals will quickly exceed the consumed tonnage in 2013, it is urgent and priority should be placed on recycling rare metals with a worldwide production lower than 100 000 t/year, in order to conserve natural resources and energy.
81:
Critical materials have been defined by one academic group as "raw materials for which there are no viable substitutes with current technologies, which most consumer countries are dependent on importing, and whose supply is dominated by one or a few producers".
390:
All critical raw materials are graphically summarised on the periodic table of elements published in review paper "The
Critical Raw Materials in Cutting Tools for Machining Applications: A Review". The list was updated in March 2023.
1828:
Rizzo, A.; Goel, S.; Grilli, M.L.; Iglesias, R.; Jaworska, L.; Lapkovskis, V.; Novak, P.; Postolnyi, B.O.; Valerini, D. The
Critical Raw Materials in Cutting Tools for Machining Applications: A Review. Materials 2020, 13, 1377.
1725:
Randomized trial comparing cisplatin, gemcitabine, and vinorelbine with either cisplatin and gemcitabine or cisplatin and vinorelbine in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: interim analysis of a phase III trial of the
Southern
351:
future." By 2030, one single ex-EU country shall produce not more than 65% of the EU's annual consumption of each strategic raw material. Clear benchmarks have been set for domestic capacities of the EU, which will by 2030:
208:
On 3 September 2020, the
European Commission presented its strategy to both strengthen and better control its supply of some thirty materials deemed critical, in particular rare earths. The list includes, for example:
1722:
Comella P, Frasci, Panza N, Manzione L, De
Cataldis G, Cioffi R, Maiorino L, Micillo E, Lorusso V, Di Rienzo G, Filippelli G, Lamberti A, Natale M, Bilancia D, Nicolella G, Di Nota A, Comella G (2000 ),
259:: These rare products are necessary for computer and other communications equipment and can themselves be the subject of armed conflict or simply provide armed conflict with a source of funding. Both
205:, whose intended role is to focus on finding and commercializing ways to reduce reliance on the critical materials essential for American competitiveness in the clean energy technologies.
291:. Paradoxically, some cytotoxins are used in cancer therapy (and then also improperly discarded although really dangerous for the environment; the average cost of the treatment of a
194:
According to the UNEP, even without new technologies, that rate could be greatly increased. The energy efficiency of the production and recycling methods has also to be developed.
1593:
1450:
1224:
127:
A decline in the ratio of production from the biggest deposits to production from smaller deposits, since the largest deposits supply most of a raw material's production
1675:
1551:
1807:
382:
1229:
1842:
1388:
Nassar, Nedal T.; Fortier, Steven M. (2021), "Methodology and technical input for the 2021 review and revision of the U.S. Critical
Minerals List",
226:
Where
European resources are insufficient, the Commission promises to strengthen long-term partnerships, notably with Canada, Africa and Australia.
1871:
70:
179:
of products which contain these metals should be limited, and all elements inside computers, mobile phones or other electronic objects found in
295:
varies between 20,000 and 27,000 euros). Thus, toxic and cancer-causing platinum is also widely used in cancer chemotherapy in the form of
234:
There are many issues about these resources and they concern a large number of people and human activities. It is possible to distinguish:
1755:; Revue des Maladies Respiratoires Vol 22, N° spécial juin 2005 pp. 185-198 Doi:RMR-06-2005-22-6-0761-8425-101019-200505465 J; 43: 101-12.
1709:
366:
for processing and recycling permits). Member States will also have to develop national programmes for exploring geological resources."
241:: the price of metals increases when their scarcity or inaccessibility increases, and not only according to demand for them. As part of
242:
160:
1710:
The French
Economic, Social and Environmental Council ((CESE)) is backing Ă©co-conception and recycling to economize mineral resources
1653:
1310:"Speech by President von der Leyen on EU-China relations to the Mercator Institute for China Studies and the European Policy Centre"
58:
establishing a framework for ensuring a secure and sustainable supply of critical raw materials". At the time, Europe depended on
1295:
187:
alternatives, and changes in consumer behavior in favor of selective sorting aimed at an almost total recycling of these metals.
1786:
66:
1214:
1219:
1610:
1540:
Rapport du Panel international des ressources du Programme des Nations unies pour l'environnement (Pnue) du 24 avril 2013
1209:
1254:
38:. To date, 14 CRMs were identified in 2011, 20 in 2014, 27 in 2017 and 30 in 2020. These materials are mainly used in
1611:"COM(2020) 474 final. Critical Raw Materials Resilience: Charting a Path towards greater Security and Sustainability"
1255:"COM(2020) 474 final. Critical Raw Materials Resilience: Charting a Path towards greater Security and Sustainability"
1861:
1449:
U.S. National Science and Technology Council,Subcommittee on Critical and Strategic Mineral Supply Chains (2016).
202:
386:
Figure gives a summary of critical raw materials lists reported by the European Commission in 2011, 2014 and 2017
1765:
35:
1753:
with cisplatin in non-small cell lung cancer compared to other combination therapies in Europe Lung Cancer)
1689:
65:
In the U.S., critical minerals that are at risk of shortage or supply chain disruption are assessed by the
98:
1282:"Critical Raw Materials: ensuring secure and sustainable supply chains for EU's green and digital future"
1597:
1309:
17:
1336:
253:
these resources as well as to save them and/or to replace them with alternatives when it is possible.
176:
43:
1428:
1637:
1615:
1573:
1569:
1281:
1259:
102:
51:
31:
1669:
1411:
1204:
1199:
1122:
1106:
1101:
147:
34:
has assessed every 3 years a list of Critical Raw Materials (CRMs) for the EU economy within its
1570:"Commission announces actions to make Europe's raw materials supply more secure and sustainable"
155:
Costs of extraction (money or effort) increase over time, as extraction becomes more difficult.
1866:
1737:
Schiller JH, Harrington D, Belani CP, Langer C, Sandler A, Krook J, Zhu J, Johnson DH (2002 )
1649:
1507:
1403:
1370:
1352:
1184:
39:
1641:
1497:
1487:
1393:
1360:
1344:
1194:
246:
180:
62:
for 98% of its rare-earth needs, 97% of its lithium supply and 93% of its magnesium supply.
55:
1633:
Critical Raw Materials for Strategic Technologies and Sectors in the EU - A Foresight Study
122:
1189:
1340:
1365:
1324:
971:
949:
898:
371:
278:
268:
1594:
Transition énergétique : le plan de Bruxelles pour accéder aux matières premières
1855:
1630:
Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs (2020).
1415:
334:
264:
109:
1750:
Schiller, D Tilden, M Aristides, M Lees, A Kielhorn, N Maniadakis, S Bhalla (2004)
330:
304:
143:
131:
86:
197:
Information about the location of deposits of rare metals is scarce. In 2013, the
1739:
Comparison of four chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer
1631:
1451:"Assessment of Critical Minerals: Screening Methodology and Initial Application"
648:
338:
312:
308:
296:
292:
1843:"Critical raw materials - Fifth list 2023 of critical raw materials for the EU"
1492:
1475:
1325:"Evaluating the mineral commodity supply risk of the U.S. manufacturing sector"
138:
of a raw material does not result in a proportional increase in its production
993:
320:
288:
1511:
1407:
1356:
1552:"A Strategic Approach to Rare-Earth Elements as Global Trade Tensions Flare"
1053:
885:
854:
838:
721:
683:
512:
429:
316:
300:
250:
213:
graphite, lithium and cobalt, used in the manufacture of electric batteries;
184:
1374:
1348:
277:: Increasing globalization and mobility of people, means that telecoms and
1502:
1163:
1138:
1091:
1063:
1006:
740:
676:
591:
436:
1766:"The future of sustainable energy is in the exploitation of rare earths"
1398:
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825:
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702:
537:
483:
467:
1830:
923:
797:
784:
638:
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260:
198:
1476:"The geopolitics of renewable energy: Debunking four emerging myths"
1645:
581:
381:
135:
59:
42:
and digital technologies. Then in March 2023 Commission President
1690:"List of Critical Raw Materials 2020 - including four new ones"
1429:"National Minerals Information Center - U.S. Geological Survey"
1296:"PROPOSAL FOR A REGULATION European Critical Raw Materials Act"
113:
281:
depend more and more on the availability of these resources.
1787:"A Scarcity of Rare Metals Is Hindering Green Technologies"
1323:
Nassar, Nedal T.; Brainard, Jamie; Gulley, Andrew (2020).
1225:
United Nations Framework Classification for Resources
341:
also need many of these same minerals or rare metals.
307:
combined with other molecules, including for example
361:
recycle at least 15% of the EU's annual consumption.
358:
process at least 40% of the EU's annual consumption;
355:
extract at least 10% of the EU's annual consumption;
287:: Several critical metals or minerals are toxic or
216:silicon, an essential component of solar panels;
191:lower than 1% of the total discarded as trash.
183:should be recycled. This involves looking for
8:
1674:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
93:resource. These may include the following:
1536:
1534:
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222:conductive seeds and electronic components.
175:However, this measure will not be enough.
396:
1501:
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1397:
1364:
1249:
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1245:
1230:United Nations Resource Management System
1276:
1274:
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394:They are also shown in the table below.
378:European lists of critical raw materials
1741:(; Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group).
1241:
71:National Science and Technology Council
1667:
1215:Joint Action Plan on Critical Minerals
85:Several factors may combine to make a
18:List of critical mineral raw materials
1845:. European Commission. 16 March 2023.
1312:. European Commission. 30 March 2023.
1298:. European Commission. 16 March 2023.
1284:. European Commission. 16 March 2023.
1220:Energy Resource Governance Initiative
7:
1480:Energy Research & Social Science
101:: when the raw material reaches its
1210:Canadian Critical Minerals Strategy
1831:https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13061377
271:that plagues some parts of Africa.
161:Cost-of-production theory of value
25:
337:, as well as some components of
67:United States Geological Survey
1872:Environmental impact of mining
1728:; Cooperative Oncology Group.
1550:Turner, Roger (21 June 2019).
1474:Overland, Indra (2019-03-01).
1:
1619:. Brussels. 3 September 2020.
1263:. Brussels. 3 September 2020.
219:rare earths used for magnets,
1692:. ESM Foundation. 2020-09-07
203:Critical Materials Institute
1572:(Press release). Brussels:
134:: when the increase in the
50:, "for a regulation of the
1888:
1493:10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.018
267:have been examples of the
170:European strategy pre-2023
158:
141:
107:
48:Critical Raw Materials Act
27:European Union legislation
1100:
1524:Rapport PNUE de mai 2011
1392:, US Geological Survey,
36:Raw Materials Initiative
1556:www.greentechmedia.com
1349:10.1126/sciadv.aay8647
963:Platinum group metals
960:Platinum group metals
957:Platinum group metals
954:Platinum group metals
387:
1810:. European Commission
950:Platinum group metals
385:
243:transition management
249:invites citizens to
177:Planned obsolescence
44:Ursula von der Leyen
1808:"Call for evidence"
1638:European Commission
1616:European Commission
1600:, 3 septembre 2020.
1574:European Commission
1399:10.3133/ofr20211045
1341:2020SciA....6.8647N
1260:European Commission
89:(mineral or not) a
52:European Parliament
32:European Commission
1205:Strategic material
1200:Petroleum politics
388:
148:Price optimization
1862:Natural resources
1185:Conflict resource
1175:
1174:
1133:Heavy rare earth
1130:Heavy rare earth
1127:Heavy rare earth
1117:Light rare earth
1114:Light rare earth
1111:Light rare earth
40:energy transition
16:(Redirected from
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1576:. September 2020
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1390:Open-File Report
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1329:Science Advances
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1195:Kimberly process
1123:Heavy rare earth
1107:Light rare earth
397:
247:circular economy
181:electronic waste
56:European Council
21:
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1335:(8): eaay8647.
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982:Phosphate rock
979:Phosphate rock
976:Phosphate rock
903:Natural rubber
380:
348:
279:social networks
232:
172:
163:
150:
123:proven reserves
116:
79:
30:Since 2011 the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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972:Phosphate rock
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899:Natural rubber
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372:Global Gateway
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335:water turbines
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269:resource curse
265:blood diamonds
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132:price system
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649:Coking coal
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309:gemcitabine
297:carboplatin
293:lung cancer
69:and by the
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1856:Categories
1793:2022-02-16
1772:2022-02-16
1768:. Phys.org
1713:2014-01-14
1696:2022-02-16
1661:2022-02-16
1580:2022-02-16
1459:30 January
1435:2022-01-30
1237:References
1102:Rare earth
1058:Strontium
994:Phosphorus
868:Magnesium
865:Magnesium
862:Magnesium
859:Magnesium
735:Germanium
732:Germanium
729:Germanium
726:Germanium
697:Fluorspar
694:Fluorspar
691:Fluorspar
688:Fluorspar
526:Beryllium
523:Beryllium
520:Beryllium
517:Beryllium
321:paclitaxel
305:cytotoxins
289:reprotoxic
159:See also:
142:See also:
121:A drop in
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1598:Les Échos
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1143:Tungsten
1096:Titanium
1077:Tantalum
1074:Tantalum
1071:Tantalum
1054:Strontium
1020:Scandium
1017:Scandium
1014:Scandium
886:Manganese
855:Magnesium
839:Magnesite
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751:Graphite
748:Graphite
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722:Germanium
684:Fluorspar
513:Beryllium
450:Antimony
447:Antimony
444:Antimony
441:Antimony
430:Aluminium
317:docetaxel
301:cisplatin
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830:Lithium
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713:Gallium
710:Gallium
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677:Feldspar
592:Chromium
545:Bismuth
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488:Bauxite
437:Antimony
239:Economic
91:critical
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