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Austenitic (300 series) stainless steel, particularly Types 304 and 316, is the material of choice for the food and beverage industry, though martensitic and ferritic (400 series) steels are also used. Stainless steels are advantageous because they do not affect the taste of the product, are easily
1129:
blends for use in rapid prototyping. One popular stainless steel grade used in 3D printing is 316L stainless steel. Due to the high temperature gradient and fast rate of solidification, stainless steel products manufactured via 3D printing tend to have a more refined microstructure; this, in turn,
724:
The largest use of stainless steel in cars is the exhaust line. Environment protection requirements aimed at reducing pollution and noise for the entirety of a car's lifespan led to the use of ferritic stainless steels (typically AISI409/409Cb in North
America, EN1.4511 and 1.4512 in Europe). They
903:
was built predominantly out of stainless steel due to the Soviet Union's inability to mass-produce an aircraft made from lightweight titanium, the only other way found to protect from the extreme kinetic heating. It severely hindered the aircraft's flight performance and the MiG-25 had to be kept
498:
Stainless steels have a long history of application in contact with water due to their excellent corrosion resistance. Applications include a range of conditions including plumbing, potable water and wastewater treatment, desalination, and brine treatment. Types 304 and 316 stainless steels are
1007:
Stainless steels are extensively used in all types of power stations, from nuclear to solar. Stainless steels are ideally suited as mechanical supports for power generation units when the permeation of gases or liquids are required, such as filters in cooling water or hot gas clean up or as
744:
Stainless steel is now used as one of the materials for tramlinks, together with aluminium alloys and carbon steel. Duplex grades tend to be preferred thanks to their corrosion resistance and higher strength, allowing a reduction of weight and a long life in maritime environments.
716:
model (2-door coupe hatchback) is made of stainless steel. Due to the Cayman's many curves and angles, it was discovered during early body prototyping that conventional steel could not be formed without cracking. Thus, Porsche was forced to use stainless steel. The body of the
1113:, can be made entirely from stainless steel. This gives a high-luster finish similar in appearance to nickel plating. Unlike plating, the finish is not subject to flaking, peeling, wear-off from rubbing (as when repeatedly removed from a holster), or rust when scratched.
569:
cleaned and sterilized to prevent bacterial contamination of the food, and are durable. Within the food and beverage industry, stainless steel is extensively used in cookware, commercial food processing, commercial kitchens, brewing beer, winemaking, and meat processing.
173:
Thanks to its low reflectivity, stainless steel is used as a roofing material for airports, which prevents pilots from being dazzled. It is also used for its ability to keep the surface of the roof close to ambient temperature. Examples of such airports include the
770:. Many railcars in the United States are still manufactured with stainless steel. In India, where rail infrastructure is developing, new stainless steel coaches in being put into service. South Africa is also commissioning stainless steel coaches.
753:
Rail cars have commonly been manufactured using corrugated stainless steel panels for additional structural strength. This was particularly popular during the 1960s and 1970s but has since declined. One notable example was the early
595:
Acidic foods with high salt additions, such as tomato sauce, and highly salted condiments, such as soy sauce, may require higher-alloyed stainless steels such as 6% Mo superaustenitics to prevent pitting corrosion by chloride.
1653:
1882:
499:
standard materials of construction in contact with water. However, with increasing chloride contents, higher alloyed stainless steels such as Type 2205 and super austenitic and super duplex stainless steels are used.
732:
Stainless steel has proved to be the best choice for miscellaneous applications, such as stiffeners for windshield wiper blades, balls for seat belt operation device in case of accident, springs, fasteners, etc.
1069:
grade of stainless steel, such as 432). Because stainless steel is a poor conductor of heat, it is often used as a thin surface cladding over a core of copper or aluminium, which conducts heat more readily.
266:
559:
industries for their corrosion resistance to aqueous, gaseous, and high-temperature environments, their mechanical properties at all temperatures, and occasionally for other special physical properties.
1622:
231:
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are used for collector, tubing, muffler, catalytic converter, tailpipe. Heat-resisting grades EN1.4913 or 1.4923 are used in parts of turbochargers, while other heat-resisting grades are used for
2248:
1913:
2005:
1085:
Stainless steel is used for jewelry and watches, with 316L being the type commonly used. Oxidizing stainless steel briefly gives it radiant colors that can also be used for coloration effects.
531:
to avoid iron contamination of the product and because of their corrosion resistance to the various chemicals used in the papermaking process. For example, duplex stainless steels are used in
1943:
991:
Stainless steel is used in a variety of applications in dentistry. It is common to use stainless steel in many instruments that need to be sterilized, such as needles, endodontic files in
982:
such as bone reinforcements and replacements (e.g. hip sockets and cranial plates) are made with special alloys formulated to resist corrosion, mechanical wear, and biological reactions
1974:
805:
636:
246:
41:
2036:
286:
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by water electrolysis. Conversely, stainless steel is used in fuel cells which perform the opposite reaction, combining hydrogen and oxygen to produce water and electrical energy.
2577:
1706:
Panagopoulos, Argyris; Loizidou, Maria; Haralambous, Katherine-Joanne (30 July 2019). "Stainless Steel in
Thermal Desalination and Brine Treatment: Current Status and Prospects".
1874:
1250:
1797:
368:(pictured) is clad entirely in stainless steel: 886 tons (804 metric tons) of 0.25 in (6.4 mm) plate, #3 finish, type 304 stainless steel. (St. Louis, United States)
1684:
1851:
1346:
1302:
154:
has a stainless steel flagpole weighing over 220 metric tons (240 short tons). The largest stainless steel building in North
America is the aeration building in the
170:
that reflects the sky. The development of high-strength stainless steel grades, such as "lean duplex" grades, has led to increasing use in structural applications.
1452:
198:
1766:
1560:
2452:"A study on characteristics and internal exposure evaluation of radioactive aerosols during stainless pipe cutting in decommissioning of nuclear power plant"
1427:"MX3D is 3D printing a fully functional stainless steel bridge to cross one of the oldest and most famous canals in the center of Amsterdam, the Oudesluijs"
123:
is used in a multitude of fields including architecture, art, chemical engineering, food and beverage manufacture, vehicles, medicine, energy and firearms.
1614:
999:, and arch wires and brackets in orthodontics. Surgical stainless steel alloys (e.g., 316 low-carbon steel) were also used in some early dental implants.
2244:
1905:
1220:
1997:
908:
allies from finding out about the realities of the aircraft's performance. It however holds the world altitude record for aircraft, at ~123,000 feet.
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high-speed research aircraft, which first flew in 1963. However, the practical problems encountered meant that later high-speed aircraft, such as the
327:
88:
60:
1935:
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1504:
1073:
Cutlery is often made of stainless steel, for low corrosion, ease of cleaning, negligible toxicity, and ability to avoid flavoring the food by
67:
2359:
1966:
1820:
388:, is constructed of Type 304L stainless steel as a spherical framework with a diameter of 120 feet (37 m). (New York City, United States)
1340:
1296:
2028:
1529:
1583:
217:, which links the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao to the University of Deusto. the Sant Fruitos Pedestrian Bridge in Spain; Stonecutter's Bridge,
441:
74:
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676:
2607:
974:
Surgical tools and medical equipment are usually made of stainless steel, because of its durability and ability to be sterilized in an
2059:
1184:
911:
The use of stainless steel in mainstream aircraft is hindered by its excessive weight compared to other materials, such as aluminium.
1242:
2571:
1789:
831:
662:
107:
56:
2219:
865:
1475:
391:
193:
Stainless steel is used for pedestrian and road bridges in the form of tubes, plates, or reinforcing bars. Examples include: the
175:
1155:
2111:
1676:
2707:
2437:
2416:
2395:
2330:
809:
640:
45:
2245:"Stainless Steel acts as the 'value maximizer' in LHB Coaches for meeting Passenger Safety norms – RailNews Media India Ltd"
1843:
1327:
1283:
893:, made extensive use of stainless steel in its external structure due to the extreme heat encountered at those high speeds.
729:
and for inlet and exhaust valves. In addition, common rail injection systems and their injectors rely on stainless steels.
1404:
1020:
890:
385:
309:
1074:
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with stainless steel bodies from the 1930s through the 1970s to demonstrate the material's potential. The 1957 and 1958
155:
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183:
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81:
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939:
861:
486:
395:
151:
813:
798:
644:
629:
34:
1430:
726:
519:
The use of stainless steel piping has helped to reduce the losses of drinking water in Tokyo, Seoul, and Taipei.
2629:
Veiko, V; et al. (2017). "Laser coloration of titanium films: New development for jewelry and decoration".
2682:
2672:
1016:
969:
702:
447:
418:
238:
210:
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results in better mechanical properties. However, stainless steel is not as commonly used as materials like Ti
1212:
897:
528:
297:
924:
852:, out of stainless steel tube and sheet. The first, which had fabric wing coverings, is on display at the
709:
682:
556:
536:
167:
2304:
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1138:
V, due to the availability of more cost-effective traditional manufacturing methods for stainless steel.
435:
2702:
1061:
may be clad in stainless steels to enhance their cleanability and durability and to permit their use in
1058:
920:
763:
581:
2638:
1715:
900:
143:
2510:
Xiao, Gang; et al. (2013). "Granular bed filter: A promising technology for hot gas clean-up".
2270:
2086:
1501:
2352:
950:
875:
872:
849:
315:
194:
1739:
1521:
1365:
992:
853:
686:
301:
131:
The use of stainless steel in buildings can be both practical and aesthetic. In vogue during the
2136:
1039:
because of its ruggedness, durability, heat resistance, and ease of cleaning. In better models,
1828:
2567:
2433:
2412:
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1731:
1336:
1292:
1062:
1048:
845:
736:
Some automotive manufacturers use stainless steel as decorative highlights in their vehicles.
552:
454:
372:
273:
136:
142:
Stainless steel is used in the construction of modern buildings, such as the exterior of the
139:. Thanks to its durability, many of these buildings have retained their original appearance.
2646:
2599:
2542:
2519:
2492:
2463:
1723:
979:
718:
222:
147:
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consists of fourteen steel sculptures by different artists. (Wijk aan Zee, the
Netherlands)
2383:
1508:
1377:
1044:
996:
957:
881:
Due to its thermal stability, the
Bristol Aeroplane Company built the all-stainless steel
460:
120:
2642:
2212:
1719:
1094:
1066:
1040:
932:
755:
713:
135:
period, the most famous use of stainless steel can be seen in the upper portion of the
1479:
2666:
1743:
1646:"Guidelines for the Use of Stainless Steel in Municipal Waste Water Treatment Plants"
577:
573:
540:
532:
2650:
1677:"Guidelines for the Use of Stainless Steel in the Water and Desalination Industries"
2483:
Reddy, V.S.; et al. (2013). "State-of-the-art of solar thermal power plants".
1110:
1024:
1012:
860:
was almost all stainless steel, save for the control surfaces. One survives at the
759:
698:
422:
365:
359:
333:
253:
2326:
572:
Stainless steel's superiority over plastic in preserving flavor is reportedly why
2523:
1047:
to dampen vibrations. The material is also used for cladding of surfaces such as
721:, which went into production in 2023, is composed of 300-series stainless steel.
1271:
1122:
882:
783:
690:
614:
480:
474:
470:
159:
23:
2496:
1727:
1396:
2468:
2451:
1098:
585:
512:
adherence to good fabrication practices, particularly removing weld heat tint;
355:
179:
1735:
758:. Notable former manufacturers of stainless steel rolling stock included the
535:
to convert wood chips into wood pulp. 6% Mo superaustenitics are used in the
1126:
975:
856:, being the longest continuous display of an aircraft ever, since 1934. The
705:
589:
381:
337:
257:
218:
206:
1821:"A workable, lasting solution for water losses through leaking water pipes"
995:, metal posts in root canal-treated teeth, temporary crowns and crowns for
1093:
Some firearms incorporate stainless steel components as an alternative to
889:, employed aluminium alloys. The experimental Mach 3 American bomber, the
2087:"Stainless is not just for the kitchen: inside the stainless steel Fords"
886:
767:
694:
293:
202:
163:
132:
432:
was renovated with stainless-steel cladding in 2006. (Brussels, Belgium)
378:
Metamorphosis by David Černỳ. Created in 2011 (Charlotte, United States)
2546:
1875:"Stainless Steels and Specialty Alloys for Modern Pulp and Paper Mills"
1243:"Edmonton's Record-Breaking Waste Management Systems | SkyriseEdmonton"
1102:
1052:
984:
928:
701:
production automobile used Type 304 stainless steel body panels over a
502:
Important considerations to achieve optimum corrosion performance are:
429:
319:
408:
The
Blossom pavilion by Zhan Wang. Created in 2015. (Shanghai, China)
214:
1426:
923:
used stainless steel in their fuel tanks. The tank structure of the
697:
Eldorado
Brougham had a stainless steel roof. In 1981 and 1982, the
1790:"Guidelines for Alloy Selection for Waters and Waste Water Service"
197:
in
Menorca, the first stainless steel road bridge to be built; the
187:
1998:"Chemical Processing, Pharmceutical and Petrochemical Industries"
919:
Stainless steel (SS) also has an application in spaceflight. The
878:
of 1936 was also built using a spot-welded stainless steel hull.
712:
are partially made of stainless steel. The aft body panel of the
1156:"Built to Last: Stainless Steel's Contributions to Architecture"
1036:
905:
857:
2327:"Stainless Steel, orbiting our planet at 17,150 miles per hour"
1329:
Design Manual for
Structural Stainless Steel 4th Edition Part 2
1285:
Design Manual for structural stainless steel 4th
Edition Part 1
506:
the correct grade choice for the chloride content of the water;
2300:
777:
608:
162:
in Paris has a dome composed of 6433 polished stainless steel
17:
457:
is made entirely of stainless steel tubes (Helsinki, Finland)
2541:(Thesis). University of British Columbia. pp. 37–143.
1023:
being the most common) that convert electrical energy into
1291:. SCI, Silwood park, Ascot, berkshire, SL5 7QN, UK. 2017.
252:
The 630-foot-high (190 m), stainless-clad (type 304)
2112:"1958 Cadillac Series 70 Eldorado Brougham Hardtop Sedan"
1335:. SCI, Silwood park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7QN UK. 2017.
428:
The aluminium cladding of the spheres and tubes of the
1008:
structural supports in electrolytic power generation.
1125:
providers have developed proprietary stainless steel
2188:"Tesla Cybertruck stainless steel supplier revealed"
1615:"Stainless steel for potable water treatment plants"
450:, currently under construction. (Rotherham, England)
1936:"The Role of Stainless Steel in Petroleum Refining"
509:
avoidance of crevices when possible by good design;
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2060:"Coke and McDonald's, Growing Together Since 1955"
1906:"Stainless Steels for Chemical Process Equipment"
1613:R.E. Avery; S. Lamb; C.A. Powell; A.H. Tuthill.
576:traditionally procures soft drink syrup for its
1397:"Stainless steel Reinforcing Bar: Applications"
444:by Chen Zhen. Created in 2008. (Paris, France)
2271:"Columbus produces Niche Products for Export"
1476:"Start of production: First coil on new mill"
551:Stainless steels are used extensively in the
527:Stainless steels are used extensively in the
8:
2539:On the degradation of porous stainless steel
1819:International Stainless Steel Forum (2018).
375:. Created in 2007. (Tuxla Guttierez, Mexico)
812:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
643:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
398:structural skin. (Arlington, United States)
938:The outer cladding of the modules and the
762:(USA), which has been licensed to Japan's
584:in stainless steel tanks, rather than the
2467:
832:Learn how and when to remove this message
663:Learn how and when to remove this message
384:, constructed as the theme symbol of the
152:Parliament House of Australia in Canberra
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
57:"List of applications of stainless steel"
2485:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
1967:"Stainless Steels in Ammonia Production"
539:and Type 316 is used extensively in the
477:. Created in 2015. (Stor-Elvdal, Norway)
467:. Created in 1990. (Reykjavik, Iceland)
237:Stainless steel cladding is used on the
2411:, 11th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company.
1759:"Stainless steel in the Water Industry"
1553:"Stainless Steel In The Water Industry"
1147:
1035:Stainless steel is often preferred for
227:
2213:"Tramlink low floor lightrail vehicle"
2137:"Diversified Alloys - Stainless Steel"
1373:
1363:
2563:Stainless Steels for Design Engineers
2409:Phillips' Science of Dental Materials
2281:from the original on 31 December 2018
1511:. Nps.gov. Retrieved on 29 June 2012.
1433:from the original on 1 September 2019
547:Chemical and petrochemical processing
7:
1885:from the original on 16 January 2018
1625:from the original on 16 January 2018
1407:from the original on 28 January 2019
1391:
1389:
1387:
1179:
1177:
810:adding citations to reliable sources
641:adding citations to reliable sources
225:, a pedestrian bridge in Singapore.
46:adding citations to reliable sources
2610:from the original on 7 October 2018
2365:from the original on 9 October 2019
2353:"Metal Corrosion in the Human Body"
2085:Skinner, Phil (29 September 2020).
844:Budd also built two airplanes, the
677:Braided stainless steel brake lines
523:Pulp, paper, and biomass conversion
515:prompt drainage after hydrotesting.
425:. Created in 1937. (Moscow, Russia)
280:stainless steel, a form of Type 302
2580:from the original on 14 April 2021
2456:Nuclear Engineering and Technology
2333:from the original on 14 April 2021
2251:from the original on 14 April 2021
2162:"Tesla Cybertruck stainless steel"
1708:Metals and Materials International
1675:Water Research Foundation (2015).
1532:from the original on 16 April 2014
1453:"Stainless Steel Bridge in Bilbao"
1253:from the original on 13 April 2021
1223:from the original on 14 April 2021
14:
2307:from the original on 27 June 2021
2186:Lambert, Fred (12 October 2023).
2039:from the original on 9 March 2018
2008:from the original on 9 March 2018
1977:from the original on 7 March 2018
1946:from the original on 7 March 2018
1916:from the original on 7 March 2018
1854:from the original on 9 March 2018
1800:from the original on 12 June 2018
1769:from the original on 19 June 2018
1687:from the original on 19 June 2018
1656:from the original on 19 June 2018
1594:from the original on 19 June 2018
1563:from the original on 19 June 2018
960:are largely made of type 300 SS.
442:La Danse de la fontaine émergente
2225:from the original on 1 July 2021
1352:from the original on 1 July 2021
1308:from the original on 1 July 2021
904:extremely secret to prevent the
782:
613:
392:United States Air Force Memorial
326:
308:
285:
265:
245:
230:
176:Sacramento International Airport
22:
2651:10.1016/j.optlastec.2017.01.036
2450:Kim, S.I.; et al. (2018).
33:needs additional citations for
2430:Contemporary Implant Dentistry
2029:"Food & Beverage Industry"
1522:"David Černý's Metalmorphosis"
1:
2631:Optics & Laser Technology
2407:Anusavice, Kenneth J. (2003)
2301:"International Space Station"
2058:Gelles, David (15 May 2014).
946:use stainless steel alloys.
766:, and the Portuguese company
588:technology preferred by most
438:monument (Terchova, Slovakia)
298:Niagara-Mohawk Power building
213:; the Padre Arrupe Bridge in
2560:McGuire, Michael F. (2008).
2524:10.1016/j.powtec.2013.04.003
2388:Handbook of Local Anesthesia
1211:Parliament House, Canberra.
866:Davis–Monthan Air Force Base
683:Allegheny Ludlum Corporation
156:Edmonton Composting Facility
2141:www.diversifiedalloys.co.za
1965:G. Kobrin (November 1978).
1904:G. Kobrin (November 1998).
1644:A. H. Tuthill and S. Lamb.
1107:Smith & Wesson Model 60
1011:Stainless steel is used in
944:International Space Station
862:Pima Air & Space Museum
272:The pinnacle of New York's
205:; the Oudesluijs bridge in
184:Hamad International Airport
2724:
2497:10.1016/j.rser.2013.06.037
1728:10.1007/s12540-019-00398-w
1584:"Stainless Steel Plumbing"
1247:edmonton.skyrisecities.com
1185:"What is Stainless Steel?"
1043:is controlled by applying
967:
940:Integrated Truss Structure
708:. Intercity buses made by
674:
396:austenitic stainless steel
386:1964 New York World's Fair
362:. (Chicago, United States)
2469:10.1016/j.net.2018.06.010
1492:. thyssenkrupp-nirosta.de
1021:solid oxide electrolysers
1017:proton exchange membranes
727:exhaust gas recirculation
1507:28 February 2011 at the
970:Surgical stainless steel
703:glass-reinforced plastic
419:Worker and Kolkhoz Woman
239:Walt Disney Concert Hall
211:Construction 3D printing
1502:Gateway Arch Fact Sheet
1401:stainlesssteelrebar.org
898:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25
529:pulp and paper industry
463:by Jon Gunnar Arnason,
316:The Cala Galdana Bridge
2428:Misch, Carl E. (2008)
2390:, 5th Edition. Mosby.
1873:A. H. Tuthill (2002).
1825:www.worldstainless.org
1213:"Learn about the flag"
1045:resilient undercoating
710:Motor Coach Industries
209:, a bridge made using
2708:Science-related lists
2566:. ASM International.
1075:electrolytic activity
1059:Cookware and bakeware
968:Further information:
764:Tokyu Car Corporation
740:Light commuter trains
582:The Coca-Cola Company
371:Jaime Latapí López's
1191:on 24 September 2006
1105:models, such as the
935:launchers uses SS.
901:interceptor aircraft
806:improve this section
637:improve this section
144:Petronas Twin Towers
42:improve this article
2643:2017OptLT..93....9V
1720:2019MMI....26.1463P
1463:on 22 January 2013.
1201:nickelinstitute.org
951:Space Launch System
927:upper stage of the
921:early Atlas rockets
876:amphibious aircraft
873:Fleetwings Sea Bird
850:Budd RB-1 Conestoga
749:Passenger rail cars
592:restaurant chains.
483:(Falkirk, Scotland)
195:Cala Galdana Bridge
2693:1916 introductions
2688:English inventions
2678:Building materials
2547:10.14288/1.0071732
2064:The New York Times
2027:Nickel Institute.
1996:Nickel Institute.
1842:Nickel Institute.
1788:Nickel Institute.
1757:Nickel Institute.
1551:Nickel Institute.
1162:. 21 November 2023
993:root canal therapy
949:Components of the
854:Franklin Institute
302:Syracuse, New York
2698:Roofing materials
2600:"care of cutlery"
2537:Rose, L. (2011).
2512:Powder Technology
1714:(10): 1463–1482.
1342:978-1-85942-226-7
1298:978-1-85942-226-7
1065:(this requires a
1063:induction cooking
980:surgical implants
846:Budd BB-1 Pioneer
842:
841:
834:
673:
672:
665:
564:Food and beverage
455:Sibelius Monument
373:Cristo de Chiapas
358:, a sculpture by
345:Art and monuments
296:sculpture on the
274:Chrysler Building
137:Chrysler Building
118:
117:
110:
92:
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2462:(7): 1088–1098.
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2384:Malamed, Stanley
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2076:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2033:Nickel Institute
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2002:Nickel Institute
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1971:Nickel Institute
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1940:Nickel Institute
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1910:Nickel Institute
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1879:Nickel Institute
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1848:Nickel Institute
1844:"Pulp and Paper"
1839:
1833:
1832:
1827:. Archived from
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1794:Nickel Institute
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1763:Nickel Institute
1754:
1748:
1747:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1681:Nickel Institute
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1650:Nickel Institute
1641:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1619:Nickel Institute
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1588:Nickel Institute
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1557:Nickel Institute
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1518:
1512:
1499:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1478:. Archived from
1472:
1466:
1464:
1459:. Archived from
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1393:
1382:
1381:
1375:
1371:
1369:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1334:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1290:
1280:
1274:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1187:. Archived from
1181:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1152:
837:
830:
826:
823:
817:
786:
778:
719:Tesla Cybertruck
668:
661:
657:
654:
648:
617:
609:
466:
465:9 m × 18 m × 7 m
330:
312:
289:
269:
249:
234:
223:The Helix Bridge
199:Champlain Bridge
148:Jin Mao Building
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2683:Chromium alloys
2673:Stainless steel
2663:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2574:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2427:
2423:
2406:
2402:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2355:
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2350:
2346:
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2325:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2299:
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2284:
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2269:
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2264:
2254:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2118:
2116:conceptcarz.com
2110:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2091:Old Cars Weekly
2084:
2083:
2079:
2069:
2067:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2042:
2040:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2009:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1980:
1978:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1917:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1831:on 4 July 2012.
1818:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1657:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1564:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1509:Wayback Machine
1500:
1496:
1485:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1395:
1394:
1385:
1372:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1299:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1254:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1175:
1165:
1163:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1133:
1119:
1091:
1083:
1033:
1005:
997:deciduous teeth
978:. In addition,
972:
966:
958:SpaceX Starship
956:Both stages of
917:
838:
827:
821:
818:
803:
787:
776:
751:
742:
679:
669:
658:
652:
649:
634:
618:
607:
602:
566:
549:
525:
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415:
405:
352:
347:
340:
331:
322:
313:
304:
290:
281:
270:
261:
250:
241:
235:
129:
121:Stainless steel
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
2721:
2719:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2656:
2621:
2591:
2572:
2552:
2529:
2502:
2475:
2442:
2421:
2400:
2376:
2344:
2318:
2292:
2262:
2236:
2204:
2178:
2153:
2128:
2103:
2077:
2050:
2019:
1988:
1957:
1927:
1896:
1865:
1834:
1811:
1780:
1749:
1698:
1667:
1636:
1605:
1574:
1543:
1513:
1494:
1482:on 30 May 2013
1467:
1444:
1418:
1383:
1374:|website=
1341:
1319:
1297:
1275:
1264:
1234:
1217:www.aph.gov.au
1203:
1173:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1118:
1115:
1090:
1087:
1082:
1079:
1041:acoustic noise
1032:
1029:
1004:
1001:
965:
962:
933:Vulcan Centaur
916:
913:
864:, adjacent to
840:
839:
790:
788:
781:
775:
772:
756:Pioneer Zephyr
750:
747:
741:
738:
714:Porsche Cayman
671:
670:
621:
619:
612:
606:
603:
601:
598:
578:soda fountains
565:
562:
548:
545:
524:
521:
517:
516:
513:
510:
507:
495:
492:
491:
490:
487:A Sea of Steel
484:
478:
468:
458:
451:
445:
439:
433:
426:
414:
411:
410:
409:
404:
401:
400:
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389:
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363:
351:
348:
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343:
342:
341:
332:
325:
323:
314:
307:
305:
291:
284:
282:
271:
264:
262:
251:
244:
242:
236:
229:
166:that form the
128:
125:
116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2720:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2661:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2622:
2609:
2605:
2604:www.catra.org
2601:
2595:
2592:
2579:
2575:
2573:9781615030590
2569:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2476:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2443:
2440:. pp. 277–278
2439:
2435:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2361:
2354:
2348:
2345:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2306:
2303:. Roscosmos.
2302:
2296:
2293:
2280:
2276:
2275:sassda.co.za/
2272:
2266:
2263:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2221:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2179:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2078:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1931:
1928:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1900:
1897:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1866:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1699:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1582:NiDI (1997).
1578:
1575:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1531:
1527:
1526:Atlas Obscura
1523:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1367:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1320:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1141:
1139:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1109:and the Colt
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:kitchen sinks
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:electrolysers
1009:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
989:
987:
986:
981:
977:
971:
963:
961:
959:
954:
952:
947:
945:
941:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
914:
912:
909:
907:
902:
899:
894:
892:
891:XB70 Valkyrie
888:
884:
879:
877:
874:
871:The American
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
836:
833:
825:
822:February 2022
815:
811:
807:
801:
800:
796:
791:This section
789:
785:
780:
779:
773:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
748:
746:
739:
737:
734:
730:
728:
722:
720:
715:
711:
707:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
678:
667:
664:
656:
653:February 2022
646:
642:
638:
632:
631:
627:
622:This section
620:
616:
611:
610:
604:
599:
597:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
563:
561:
558:
557:petrochemical
554:
546:
544:
542:
541:paper machine
538:
534:
530:
522:
520:
514:
511:
508:
505:
504:
503:
500:
493:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
472:
469:
462:
459:
456:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
436:Juraj Jánošík
434:
431:
427:
424:
420:
417:
416:
412:
407:
406:
402:
397:
393:
390:
387:
383:
380:
377:
374:
370:
367:
364:
361:
357:
354:
353:
349:
344:
339:
335:
329:
324:
321:
317:
311:
306:
303:
299:
295:
288:
283:
279:
276:is clad with
275:
268:
263:
259:
255:
248:
243:
240:
233:
228:
226:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
126:
124:
122:
112:
109:
101:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: –
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
2703:Biomaterials
2660:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2612:. Retrieved
2603:
2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2562:
2555:
2538:
2532:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2429:
2424:
2408:
2403:
2387:
2379:
2367:. Retrieved
2347:
2335:. Retrieved
2321:
2309:. Retrieved
2295:
2283:. Retrieved
2274:
2265:
2253:. Retrieved
2239:
2227:. Retrieved
2207:
2195:. Retrieved
2191:
2181:
2169:. Retrieved
2165:
2156:
2144:. Retrieved
2140:
2131:
2119:. Retrieved
2115:
2106:
2094:. Retrieved
2090:
2080:
2068:. Retrieved
2066:. p. B3
2063:
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
2032:
2022:
2010:. Retrieved
2001:
1991:
1979:. Retrieved
1970:
1960:
1948:. Retrieved
1939:
1930:
1918:. Retrieved
1909:
1899:
1887:. Retrieved
1878:
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1847:
1837:
1829:the original
1824:
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1793:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1762:
1752:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1689:. Retrieved
1680:
1670:
1658:. Retrieved
1649:
1639:
1627:. Retrieved
1618:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1587:
1577:
1565:. Retrieved
1556:
1546:
1534:. Retrieved
1525:
1516:
1497:
1486:14 September
1484:. Retrieved
1480:the original
1470:
1461:the original
1456:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1400:
1354:. Retrieved
1328:
1322:
1310:. Retrieved
1284:
1278:
1267:
1255:. Retrieved
1246:
1237:
1225:. Retrieved
1216:
1206:
1193:. Retrieved
1189:the original
1164:. Retrieved
1159:
1150:
1120:
1111:M1911 pistol
1101:steel. Some
1092:
1084:
1072:
1057:
1053:backsplashes
1034:
1025:hydrogen gas
1010:
1006:
990:
983:
973:
955:
948:
937:
918:
910:
895:
880:
870:
843:
828:
819:
804:Please help
792:
760:Budd Company
752:
743:
735:
731:
723:
699:DMC DeLorean
691:concept cars
685:worked with
680:
659:
650:
635:Please help
623:
594:
571:
567:
550:
537:bleach plant
526:
518:
501:
497:
448:Man of Steel
423:Vera Mukhina
366:Gateway Arch
360:Anish Kapoor
334:Helix Bridge
277:
254:Gateway Arch
192:
172:
141:
130:
127:Architecture
119:
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
2614:16 November
2491:: 258–273.
2166:www.sae.org
1195:31 December
1123:3D printing
1117:3D printing
883:Bristol 188
689:on various
605:Automobiles
481:The Kelpies
475:Linda Bakke
471:The Big Elk
461:Sun Voyager
258:St. Louis's
2667:Categories
2438:0323043739
2417:0721693873
2396:0323024491
2285:28 January
2197:24 January
2171:24 January
2070:27 January
1536:29 October
1411:28 January
1227:29 October
1142:References
1099:parkerized
1049:appliances
915:Spacecraft
675:See also:
586:bag-in-box
574:McDonald's
356:Cloud Gate
180:California
98:March 2020
68:newspapers
2584:1 October
2518:: 93–99.
2432:. Mosby.
2369:1 October
2255:1 October
2229:1 October
2146:27 August
2121:27 August
2096:27 August
2043:1 October
2012:1 October
1981:1 October
1950:1 October
1920:1 October
1889:1 October
1858:1 October
1804:1 October
1773:1 October
1744:199407573
1736:2005-4149
1691:1 October
1660:1 October
1629:1 October
1598:1 October
1567:1 October
1457:Outokumpu
1437:1 October
1376:ignored (
1366:cite book
1356:1 October
1312:1 October
1166:27 August
1160:ArchDaily
1127:sintering
976:autoclave
953:use SS..
793:does not
706:monocoque
624:does not
590:fast food
533:digesters
382:Unisphere
338:Singapore
219:Hong Kong
207:Amsterdam
164:triangles
2637:: 9–13.
2608:Archived
2578:Archived
2419:. p. 639
2386:(2004).
2360:Archived
2331:Archived
2305:Archived
2279:Archived
2277:. 2015.
2249:Archived
2220:Archived
2192:Electrek
2037:Archived
2006:Archived
1975:Archived
1944:Archived
1914:Archived
1883:Archived
1852:Archived
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