648:– It is a membrane-bound cell organelle found in most animal cells (they are absent in red blood cells). Structurally and chemically, they are spherical vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down virtually all kinds of biomolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and cellular debris. lysosomes act as the waste disposal system of the cell by digesting unwanted materials in the cytoplasm, both from outside of the cell and obsolete components inside the cell. For this function they are popularly referred to as "suicide bags" or "suicide sacs" of the cell.
1023:– They are organic pigments that are found in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants and some other photosynthetic organisms, including some bacteria and some fungi. Carotenoids can be produced from fats and other basic organic metabolic building blocks by all these organisms. There are over 600 known carotenoids; they are split into two classes, xanthophylls (which contain oxygen) and carotenes (which are purely hydrocarbons, and contain no oxygen).
31:
897:– They are functional and structural units of protein complexes involved in photosynthesis that together carry out the primary photochemistry of photosynthesis: the absorption of light and the transfer of energy and electrons. They are found in the thylakoid membranes of plants, algae and cyanobacteria (in plants and algae these are located in the chloroplasts), or in the cytoplasmic membrane of photosynthetic bacteria.
851:– A cell surface molecules present on white blood cells initially but found in almost any kind of cell of the body, providing targets for immunophenotyping of cells. Physiologically, CD molecules can act in numerous ways, often acting as receptors or ligands (the molecule that activates a receptor) important to the cell. A signal cascade is usually initiated, altering the behavior of the cell (see cell signaling).
2001:
1154:– Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) (Adenosine pyrophosphate (APP)) is an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells. A molecule of ADP consists of three important structural components: a sugar backbone attached to a molecule of adenine and two phosphate groups bonded to the 5 carbon atom of ribose.
207:– The scientific theory which states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells. Vital functions of an organism occur within cells. All cells come from preexisting cells and contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.
1198:
594:– A section of endoplasmic reticulum on which ribosomes are not attached is termed as smooth endoplasmic reticulum. It has functions in several metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates and calcium concentration, drug
1017:– It is a term used for several closely related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants. Chlorophyll is an extremely important biomolecule, critical in photosynthesis, which allows plants to absorb energy from light.
1547:– The process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside of their natural environment. In practice, the term "cell culture" now refers to the culturing of cells derived from multi-cellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells.
654:– It is a membrane-bounded compartment inside eukaryotic cells. It is a compartment of the endocytic membrane transport pathway from the plasma membrane to the lysosome. Endosomes represent a major sorting compartment of the endomembrane system in cells.
2063:
1585:– Specialized type of flow cytometry. It provides a method for sorting a heterogeneous mixture of biological cells into two or more containers, one cell at a time, based upon the specific light scattering and fluorescent characteristics of each cell.
494:– Undifferentiated cells found in most multi-cellular organisms which are capable of retaining the ability to reinvigorate themselves through mitotic cell division and can differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cell types.
640:– Space between the nuclear membranes, a region contiguous with the lumen (inside) of the endoplasmic reticulum. The nuclear membrane has many small holes called nuclear pores that allow material to move in and out of the nucleus.
138:– The branch of science concerned with the description, prediction, and understanding of natural phenomena based on observational and empirical evidence. Validity, accuracy, and social mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as
163:– Focused study in one academic field or profession. A discipline incorporates expertise, people, projects, communities, challenges, studies, inquiry, and research areas that are strongly associated with a given discipline.
1049:– The foundational process of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration, glycolysis is the archetype of universal metabolic processes known and occurring (with variations) in many types of cells in nearly all organisms.
797:– It is a large and complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation). Ribosomes build proteins from the genetic instructions held within
1284:) It is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction. It is one of the final phases of genetic recombination, which occurs in the
1129:– The anaerobic metabolic process by which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose, are converted into cellular energy and thereby producing ethanol, and carbon dioxide as metabolic waste products.
2068:
1591:– Using a special bioreactor which features an impeller, stirrer or similar device to agitate the contents (usually a mixture of cells, medium and products like proteins that can be harvested).
1141:– The biological conversion of one or more carbon molecules (usually carbon dioxide or methane) and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic molecules (e.g. hydrogen gas,
1569:– The device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other conditions such as the carbon dioxide (CO
1186:
used by cells as a source of energy and as a metabolic intermediate. Glucose is one of the main products of photosynthesis and starts cellular respiration in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
1102:– A series of anabolic biochemical reactions that takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms. It is one of the light-independent reactions or dark reactions.
176:– The structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of an organism that is classified as living, and also known as the building block of life.
1364:– The diffusion of water through a cell wall or membrane or any partially permeable barrier from a solution of low solute concentration to a solution with high solute concentration.
833:– (also called the plasma membrane, plasmalemma or "phospholipid bilayer") A semipermeable lipid bilayer found in all cells; it contains a wide array of functional macromolecules.
1115:) and mediating biochemical reactions that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is a major energy intermediate in living organisms. Typically occurs across a cellular membrane.
1078:) and mediating biochemical reactions that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is a major energy intermediate in living organisms. Typically occurs across a cellular membrane.
839:– A fairly rigid layer surrounding a cell, located external to the cell membrane, which provides the cell with structural support, protection, and acts as a filtering mechanism.
1242:– The stage of mitosis in which condensed chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the middle of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells.
1405:– This is a measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient (as defined by the water potential of the two solutions) of two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane.
942:– Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and some viruses.
552:– A specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is separately enclosed within its own lipid membrane or traditionally any subcellular functional unit.
608:
are attached is termed as rough endoplasmic reticulum which give it a "rough" appearance (hence its name). Its primary function is the synthesis of enzymes and other proteins.
1135:– An anaerobic metabolic process by which sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose, are converted into cellular energy and the metabolic waste product lactic acid.
530:
628:– It is the double lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells. The nuclear membrane consists of two lipid bilayers:
480:– The zygote of most birds and reptiles, resulting from fertilization of the ovum. The largest existing single cells currently known are (fertilized) eggs.
903:– An extrachromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA and capable of sexual replication, it is typically ring shaped and found in bacteria.
1730:– An American biologist best known for her theory on the origin of eukaryotic organelles, and her contributions and support of the endosymbiotic theory.
1236:– The stage of mitosis in which the chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called chromosomes and the nuclear membrane begins to break up.
1385:– It is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) into the cell by engulfing them in an energy-using process.
993:– Biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function.
722:– A membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Often called "cellular power plants", mitochondria generate most of cells' supply of
293:– The scale of objects, like cells, that are too small to be seen easily by the naked eye and which require a lens or microscope to see them clearly.
250:– The metabolic reactions and processes that take place in a cell or across the cell membrane to convert biochemical energy from fuel molecules into
1537:
to a variety of targets. In laboratories, successful transfers have been reported from bacteria to yeast, plants, mammalian cells and isolated mammalian
454:
reproductive cell. Sperm and ova are gametes. Gametes fuse with another gamete during fertilization (conception) in organisms that reproduce sexually.
2507:
287:– A condition of growth through metabolism, reproduction, and the power of adaptation to environment through changes originating internally.
2043:
2035:
929:– It is the site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis with the photosynthetic pigments embedded directly in the membrane.
131:– A systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
1258:– The stage of mitosis when the nucleus reforms and chromosomes unravel into longer chromatin structures for reentry into interphase.
820:– A membrane-bound compartments within some eukaryotic cells that can serve a variety of secretory, excretory, and storage functions.
1419:– A series of biochemical events leading to a characteristic cell morphology and death, which is not caused by damage to the cell.
1399:– The process a cell uses when engulfing solid particles into the cell membrane to form an internal phagosome, or "food vacuole."
620:– A eukaryotic organelle that processes and packages macromolecules such as proteins and lipids that are synthesized by the cell.
1582:
2271:
2187:
1638:
1163:
923:, the sub-organelles, the daughter cells, where photosynthesis is commenced before the chemical changes are completed in the stroma.
1391:– It is a form of active transport in which a cell transports molecules (such as proteins) out of the cell by expelling them.
153:– The study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy.
334:– Distinct morphological or functional form of cell. When a cell switches state from one cell type to another, it undergoes
965:– Ribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid made from a long chain of nucleotide, in a cell it is typically transcribed from DNA.
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419:– A group of organisms whose cells lack a membrane-bound cell nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelles, including
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1433:– The phenomenon where normal diploid differentiated cells lose the ability to divide after about 50 cell divisions.
2295:
Heinemann JA, Sprague GF (July 1989). "Bacterial conjugative plasmids mobilize DNA transfer between bacteria and yeast".
1797:– Shared a 2001 Nobel Prize for discoveries regarding cell cycle regulation by cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases.
1791:– Shared a 2001 Nobel Prize for discoveries regarding cell cycle regulation by cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases.
1785:– Shared a 2001 Nobel Prize for discoveries regarding cell cycle regulation by cyclin and cyclin dependent kinases.
857:– A cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" contained within the cytoplasm that is composed of three types of fibers:
411:– A highly variable kingdom of eukaryotic organisms which are mostly unicellular and not plants, animals, or fungi.
2500:
1616:
591:
1533:
by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells. Conjugation is a convenient means for
1160:– A multifunctional nucleotide that is most important as a "molecular currency" of intracellular energy transfer.
601:
585:
305:– Organisms consisting of more than one cell and having differentiated cells that perform specialized functions.
1769:– Shared the Nobel Prize in 1974 "for describing the structure and function of organelles in biological cells.”
1763:– Shared the Nobel Prize in 1974 "for describing the structure and function of organelles in biological cells"
1708:– Shared the Nobel Prize in 1974 "for describing the structure and function of organelles in biological cells"
546:– All closed parts within a cell whose lumen is usually surrounded by a single or double lipid layer membrane.
848:
277:– The property of either an open system or a closed system, especially a living organism, that regulates its
845:– A barrel shaped microtubule structure found in most eukaryotic cells other than those of plants and fungi.
1089:
1123:– A series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell which ultimately leads to sequestering of energy.
744:– The main microtubule organizing center of animal cells as well as a regulator of cell-cycle progression.
1947:
1689:
1306:
1132:
1105:
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426:
335:
314:
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1413:– The death of a cell in any form, mediated by an intracellular program (ex. apoptosis or autophagy).
2110:, Fourth Edition, Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, Peter Walter
1721:
1588:
1157:
1126:
1052:
723:
302:
251:
1702:– Known as America's first cellular biologist, discovered the sex chromosome arrangement in humans.
351:– Organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures enclosed within membranes, including
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1983:
1939:
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1526:
1458:
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1316:
1277:
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1942:– The study of the process by which organisms grow and develop, including the genetic control of
1814:
that studies and diagnoses diseases on the cellular level. The most common use of cytopathology is the
1720:– British biochemist who was awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his discovery of the
1655:
1004:– Proteins that catalyze (i.e. accelerate) the rates of specific chemical reactions within cells.
2304:
2212:
1933:
1693:
1252:(identical copies of chromosomes) separate as they are pulled towards opposite poles within the cell.
1040:
614:– A relatively small intracellular, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances.
543:
247:
226:
1176:– It is the "energy-molecule" output of the aerobic metabolism of glucose known as glycolysis.
1714:– In 1888 identified the centrosome and described it as the 'special organ of cell division.'
1534:
562:
160:
89:
level. Cell biology research extends to both the great diversities of single-celled organisms like
909:– The structure that separates the chromosomes into the daughter cells during cell division.
201:
cells viewed through his microscope to that of the small rooms (or monks' "cells") of a monastery.
2422:
2328:
2238:
2014:
1788:
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1274:– The process of cell division used to create gametes in sexually reproductive eukaryotes.
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604:– A section of the endoplasmic reticulum on with the protein manufacturing organelle i.e.
17:
2082:
311:– A collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function within an organism.
30:
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1218:– The series of events that take place in a eukaryotic cell leading to its replication.
1207:
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435:– A cell belonging to the prokaryotic and single-celled microorganisms in Domain Archea.
321:
whereby less specialized cells become a more specialized cell type in multicellular organisms.
875:– A gelatinous, semi-transparent fluid that fills most cells, it includes all cytosol,
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1679:
1579:– Commercially available mix of staining dyes for polychromatic staining in histology.
1425:– The process whereby cells "eat" their own internal components or microbial invaders.
1373:
1142:
996:
885:– It is the internal fluid of the cell, and where a portion of cell metabolism occurs.
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736:– An organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis.
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1370:– Movement of molecules into and out of cells without the input of cellular energy.
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1658:– In 1884 first observed the structures that would later be called "organelles".
1376:– Movement of molecules into and out of cells with the input of cellular energy.
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2133:"The Fate of Membrane-bound Ribosomes Following the Termination of Protein Synthesis"
1973:
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1676:– First observed microscopic single celled organisms in apparently clean water.
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1230:– In eukaryotes, the process of division of the nucleus and genetic material.
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1108:– A biochemical process which associates electron carriers (such as NADH and
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1071:– A biochemical process which associates electron carriers (such as NADH and
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1516:– A method or process for releasing biological molecules from inside a cell.
397:– The basic cellular unit of organisms in kingdom fungi. Typically tubular,
2426:
1092:– A series of biochemical reactions driven by light that take place across
1086:– The conversion of light energy into chemical energy by living organisms.
338:. There are at least several hundred distinct cell types in the adult human body.
2397:
Waters VL (December 2001). "Conjugation between bacterial and mammalian cells".
2346:
Kunik T, Tzfira T, Kapulnik Y, Gafni Y, Dingwall C, Citovsky V (February 2001).
1943:
1875:
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1455:– The various means for a cell to move, guided by cues in its environment.
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474:– A cell that is the result of fertilization (the fusing of two gametes).
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2000:
1145:) or methane as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in photosynthesis.
429:– A prokaryotic cell belonging to the mostly unicellular Domain Bacteria.
1996:
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1065:– Also known as the Krebs cycle, an important aerobic metabolic pathway.
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2442:"Transformation of isolated mammalian mitochondria by bacterial conjugation"
2072:
fourth edition, edited by Bruce
Alberts (2002) published by Garland Science.
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1753:– An American chemist who won a Nobel Prize for discovering cellular
758:). They digest excess or worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulfed
2324:
2256:
Holmes RK, Jobling MG (1996). "Genetics". In Baron S, et al. (eds.).
1166:– A coenzyme found in all living cells which serves as an important
588:– Polyribosomes that are attached to a cell's endoplasmic reticulum.
2457:
1976:, which are unicellular or cell-cluster microscopic organisms as well as
1851:
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1821:
1563:– Separation of homogeneous sets from a larger population of cells.
1530:
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693:– Viscous fluid, inside the nuclear envelope, similar to cytoplasm.
668:
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103:
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1670:– Coined the word "cell" after looking at cork under a microscope.
1224:– The stages of the cell cycle that prepare the cell for division.
1963:
1913:
1859:
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1266:– The process cells use to divide their cytoplasm and organelles.
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of findings, are among the criteria and methods used for this purpose.
128:
891:– A chemical substances found suspended directly in the cytosol.
260:– A membrane composed of two layers of lipid molecules (usually
2485:
2316:
1619:. Other articles pertaining to the history of cell biology include:
508:, these are often . Germ cells should not be confused with "germs" (
501:
488:– Undifferentiated plants cells analogous to animal stem cells.
471:
447:
432:
402:
356:
2225:
2200:
1664:– Coined the word "organells" which later became "organelle".
219:– The process of one parent cell separating into two or more
2410:
1977:
1867:
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1183:
1109:
1072:
759:
457:
394:
360:
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264:). The lipid bilayer is a critical component of the cell membrane.
181:
98:
29:
49:
is provided as an overview of and topical guide to cell biology:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1288:
stage of prophase I of meiosis during a process called synapsis.
1197:
983:
978:
973:
463:
284:
2489:
919:
within the chloroplast. Within the stroma are grana, stacks of
1929:
1925:
1499:
1467:– The process used by cells to fix damaged DNA sections.
1319:– It is the process in which cellular ribosomes create
962:
939:
672:
570:– An organelle composed of an interconnected network of
1818:, used to detect cervical cancer at an early treatable stage.
787:
and other metabolites. Peroxisomes have enzymes that rid the
69:
they contain; interactions with their environment; and their
1986:– A discipline bridging microbiology and cell biology.
1629:
History of biochemistry, microbiology, and molecular biology
1439:– Regulation of cell behavior by signals from outside.
699:– Where ribosomes are assembled from proteins and RNA.
705:– All DNA and its associated proteins in the nucleus.
1313:
through turning DNA segment into a functional unit of RNA.
1296:– The process of cell division used by prokaryotes.
377:, characteristically having no cell wall or chloroplasts.
1743:– An American biologist who won a Nobel Prize for
1611:
History of cell biology – is intertwined with the
1059:
linking glycolysis and the subsequent citric acid cycle.
598:, and attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins.
2348:"Genetic transformation of HeLa cells by Agrobacterium"
123:
Cell biology can be described as all of the following:
299:– Organisms which are composed of only one cell.
2131:
Seiser, Robert M.; Nicchitta, Christopher V. (2000).
2064:
Cell
Movements and the Shaping of the Vertebrate Body
711:– A single DNA molecule with attached proteins.
660:– A membrane-enclosed organelle found in most
1692:– Russian botanist who in 1905 described the
1557:– Methods for releasing molecules from cells.
1096:
membrane to provide for the Calvin cycle reactions.
93:and the complex specialized cells in multicellular
57:– A branch of biology that includes study of
1936:and learning how these interactions are regulated.
1775:– An American cell biologist who discovered
1624:History of cell theory, embryology and germ theory
1461:– Flowing of cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells.
254:(ATP) and then release the cell's waste products.
2201:"Evolutionary biology: essence of mitochondria"
2087:Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics, and You
522:forming the body of an organism, as opposed to
281:so as to maintain a stable, constant condition.
213:– (formerly cytology) The study of cells.
2266:(4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch.
1573:) and oxygen content of the atmosphere inside.
383:– Eukaryotic cells belonging to kingdom
373:– Eukaryotic cells belonging to kingdom
240:organisms which were taken inside the cell as
2501:
1858:and function of cellular components, such as
1529:– Transfer of genetic material between
915:– The colorless fluid surrounding the
675:molecules in complex with a large variety of
229:– The evolutionary theory that certain
27:Overview of and topical guide to cell biology
8:
807:– A temporary organelle that houses a
466:– Female reproductive cell (a gamete).
1954:", which is the process that gives rise to
1498:– Processes used to create copies of
1445:– Holding together cells and tissues.
2508:
2494:
2486:
2182:Benjamin/Cummings Publishing, pp. 120-121
2089:. Florida State University. August 1, 2003
1920:level, including the various systems of a
460:– Male reproductive cell (a gamete).
2465:
2373:
2363:
2224:
2148:
65:properties, structure, and function; the
2056:
1480:– The process of introducing new
783:that participates in the metabolism of
391:cell walls, and large central vacuoles.
1924:, including the interactions between
197:, where he compared the structure of
7:
750:– The organelles that contain
671:, organized as multiple long linear
191:first coined the term in his book,
1583:Fluorescent-activated cell sorting
1248:– The stage of mitosis when
25:
1639:Timeline of microscope technology
1634:History of the optical microscope
1201:An illustration of the stages of
726:(ATP), the body's main source of
667:. It contains most of the cell's
101:. Formerly, the field was called
18:List of basic cell biology topics
1999:
1353:Miscellaneous cellular processes
1055:– Enzyme in the eponymous
2585:Technology and applied sciences
2137:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1502:fragments (molecular cloning),
1309:– Fundamental process of
1170:carrier in metabolic processes.
38:of a moss's leaf cells at 400X
2120:ines.de/cope.cgi COPE database
1:
2560:Natural and physical sciences
2108:Molecular Biology of the Cell
2069:Molecular Biology of the Cell
1535:transferring genetic material
1472:Applied cell biology concepts
1301:Transcription and Translation
2352:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
2263:Baron's Medical Microbiology
2028:Introduction to Cell Biology
1617:history of molecular biology
1182:– An important simple
1030:Biological activity of cells
592:Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
2580:Society and social sciences
2575:Religion and belief systems
879:and cytoplasmic inclusions.
602:Rough endoplasmic reticulum
586:Membrane bound polyribosome
2637:
2199:Henze K, Martin W (2003).
849:Cluster of differentiation
111:, "a hollow;" and -λογία,
2523:
2440:Yoon YG, Koob MD (2005).
2178:Campbell, Neil A. (1996)
1892:, especially that of the
1846:– The study of the
1603:
1090:Light-dependent reactions
387:and having chloroplasts,
187:, meaning, a small room.
81:. This is done both on a
2517:Knowledge (XXG) outlines
1690:Konstantin Mereschkowski
1133:Lactic acid fermentation
1106:Electron transport chain
1069:Electron transport chain
538:General cellular anatomy
336:cellular differentiation
315:Cellular differentiation
2570:Philosophy and thinking
2259:Genetics: Conjugation.
2180:Biology Fourth Edition.
1802:Closely allied sciences
1694:Theory of Endosymbiosis
1682:– Discovered the
1613:history of biochemistry
1596:History of cell biology
236:originated as separate
168:Essence of cell biology
2365:10.1073/pnas.041327598
2150:10.1074/jbc.M004462200
1722:chemiosmotic mechanism
1211:
1127:Alcoholic fermentation
1053:Pyruvate dehydrogenase
863:intermediate filaments
724:adenosine triphosphate
634:Outer nuclear membrane
631:Inner nuclear membrane
252:adenosine triphosphate
42:
2621:Biology-related lists
2555:Mathematics and logic
2026:Young John K (2010).
1984:Cellular microbiology
1972:– The study of
1940:Developmental biology
1912:– The study of
1896:responsible for cell
1700:Edmund Beecher Wilson
1674:Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1527:Bacterial conjugation
1521:Laboratory procedures
1459:Cytoplasmic streaming
1411:Programmed cell death
1278:Chromosomal crossover
1205:in a human cell from
1200:
1193:Cellular reproduction
1148:Important molecules:
568:Endoplasmic reticulum
319:developmental biology
317:– A concept in
33:
2606:Outlines of sciences
2540:Geography and places
2535:Culture and the arts
1934:protein biosynthesis
1854:. It deals with the
1850:processes in living
1810:– A branch of
1488:in order to treat a
1041:Cellular respiration
544:Cellular compartment
279:internal environment
248:Cellular respiration
227:Endosymbiotic theory
2309:1989Natur.340..205H
2217:2003Natur.426..127H
2143:(43): 33820–33827.
1506:(cell cloning), or
1035:Cellular metabolism
791:of toxic peroxides.
563:Endomembrane system
161:Academic discipline
119:A branch of science
107:(from Greek κύτος,
2550:History and events
2545:Health and fitness
2458:10.1093/nar/gni140
2015:Outline of biology
1789:Leland H. Hartwell
1767:George Emil Palade
1656:Karl August Möbius
1561:Cell fractionation
1212:
927:Thylakoid membrane
43:
2593:
2592:
2528:General reference
2446:Nucleic Acids Res
2066:in Chapter 21 of
2044:978-981-4307-32-1
2036:978-981-4307-31-4
1910:Molecular biology
1761:Christian de Duve
1745:protein targeting
1724:of ATP synthesis.
1718:Peter D. Mitchell
1684:citric acid cycle
1368:Passive transport
1121:Metabolic pathway
1063:Citric acid cycle
752:digestive enzymes
638:Perinuclear space
16:(Redirected from
2628:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2487:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2377:
2367:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2317:10.1038/340205a0
2292:
2286:
2285:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2228:
2196:
2190:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2152:
2128:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2079:
2073:
2061:
2009:
2004:
2003:
1680:Hans Adolf Krebs
1374:Active transport
1143:hydrogen sulfide
997:List of proteins
716:Energy creators
669:genetic material
626:Nuclear envelope
269:Aspects of cells
61:regarding their
21:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2565:People and self
2519:
2514:
2484:
2483:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2303:(6230): 205–9.
2294:
2293:
2289:
2274:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2226:10.1038/426127a
2211:(6963): 127–8.
2198:
2197:
2193:
2177:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2023:
2021:Further reading
2005:
1998:
1995:
1948:differentiation
1804:
1795:R. Timothy Hunt
1737:
1652:
1647:
1645:Cell biologists
1604:Cell biologists
1598:
1572:
1551:Cell disruption
1531:bacterial cells
1523:
1514:Cell disruption
1474:
1431:Cell senescence
1379:Bulk transport
1358:Cell transport
1355:
1311:gene expression
1303:
1195:
1113:
1076:
1037:
1032:
936:
827:
809:nitrogen-fixing
618:Golgi apparatus
559:
540:
486:Meristemic cell
444:
427:Bacterial cells
345:
328:
271:
180:comes from the
170:
136:natural science
121:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2634:
2632:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2482:
2481:
2432:
2389:
2338:
2287:
2272:
2248:
2191:
2171:
2123:
2112:
2100:
2083:"Robert Hooke"
2074:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2007:Biology portal
1994:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1974:microorganisms
1967:
1937:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1894:macromolecules
1841:
1819:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1748:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1715:
1712:Theodor Boveri
1709:
1703:
1697:
1687:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1662:Bengt Lidforss
1659:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1609:
1608:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1567:Cell incubator
1564:
1558:
1555:cell unroofing
1548:
1542:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1493:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1453:Cell migration
1446:
1440:
1437:Cell signaling
1434:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1377:
1371:
1365:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1314:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1294:Binary fission
1291:
1290:
1289:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1243:
1237:
1225:
1208:Gray's Anatomy
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1171:
1161:
1155:
1146:
1139:Chemosynthesis
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1084:Photosynthesis
1081:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1066:
1060:
1050:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1007:
1006:
1005:
999:
988:
987:
986:
981:
976:
971:
969:RNA polymerase
960:
959:
958:
953:
951:DNA polymerase
948:
935:
932:
931:
930:
924:
910:
904:
898:
892:
886:
880:
870:
859:microfilaments
852:
846:
840:
834:
826:
823:
822:
821:
815:
802:
792:
767:
745:
739:
738:
737:
731:
714:
713:
712:
706:
700:
694:
655:
649:
643:
642:
641:
635:
632:
623:
622:
621:
615:
609:
599:
596:detoxification
589:
565:
558:
555:
554:
553:
547:
539:
536:
535:
534:
527:
513:
495:
489:
483:
482:
481:
469:
468:
467:
461:
443:
440:
439:
438:
437:
436:
430:
414:
413:
412:
406:
399:multinucleated
392:
378:
344:
341:
340:
339:
327:
326:Types of cells
324:
323:
322:
312:
306:
300:
294:
288:
282:
270:
267:
266:
265:
255:
245:
224:
221:daughter cells
214:
208:
202:
169:
166:
165:
164:
158:
157:
156:
155:
154:
120:
117:
45:The following
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2633:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2518:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2497:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2477:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2411:10.1038/ng779
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2358:(4): 1871–6.
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2273:0-9631172-1-1
2269:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2188:0-8053-1940-9
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:morphogenesis
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:Cytochemistry
1880:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1872:nucleic acids
1869:
1865:
1864:carbohydrates
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1808:Cytopathology
1806:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1741:GĂĽnter Blobel
1739:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1728:Lynn Margulis
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1706:Albert Claude
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1443:Cell adhesion
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1307:Transcription
1305:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1282:crossing over
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
992:
989:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
966:
964:
961:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
943:
941:
938:
937:
933:
928:
925:
922:
918:
914:
911:
908:
907:Spindle fiber
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
874:
871:
868:
864:
860:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
831:Cell membrane
829:
828:
824:
819:
816:
813:
810:
806:
803:
800:
799:messenger RNA
796:
793:
790:
786:
782:
778:
775:
771:
768:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
746:
743:
740:
735:
732:
729:
725:
721:
720:Mitochondrion
718:
717:
715:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
663:
659:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
639:
636:
633:
630:
629:
627:
624:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
603:
600:
597:
593:
590:
587:
584:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
556:
551:
548:
545:
542:
541:
537:
533:
532:
528:
525:
521:
517:
514:
511:
507:
503:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
479:
476:
475:
473:
470:
465:
462:
459:
456:
455:
453:
449:
446:
445:
441:
434:
431:
428:
425:
424:
422:
418:
415:
410:
407:
404:
401:, and with a
400:
396:
393:
390:
386:
382:
379:
376:
372:
369:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
347:
346:
342:
337:
333:
330:
329:
325:
320:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
303:Multicellular
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
276:
273:
272:
268:
263:
262:phospholipids
259:
258:Lipid bilayer
256:
253:
249:
246:
243:
242:endosymbionts
239:
235:
232:
228:
225:
222:
218:
217:Cell division
215:
212:
209:
206:
203:
200:
196:
195:
190:
186:
183:
179:
175:
172:
171:
167:
162:
159:
152:
148:
147:
145:
144:repeatability
141:
137:
133:
132:
130:
126:
125:
124:
118:
116:
114:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
63:physiological
60:
56:
55:
50:
48:
41:
40:magnification
37:
32:
19:
2616:Cell biology
2452:(16): e139.
2449:
2445:
2435:
2405:(4): 375–6.
2402:
2398:
2392:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2208:
2204:
2194:
2179:
2174:
2162:. Retrieved
2140:
2136:
2126:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2091:. Retrieved
2086:
2077:
2067:
2059:
2027:
1970:Microbiology
1886:biochemistry
1884:– The
1876:biomolecules
1874:, and other
1844:Biochemistry
1824:– The
1668:Robert Hooke
1610:
1601:
1545:Cell culture
1539:mitochondria
1478:Cell therapy
1397:Phagocytosis
1285:
1281:
1280:– (or
1206:
1100:Calvin cycle
946:DNA helicase
867:microtubules
855:Cytoskeleton
812:endosymbiont
658:Cell nucleus
529:
518:– Any
516:Somatic cell
395:Fungal hypha
211:Cell biology
194:Micrographia
192:
189:Robert Hooke
184:
177:
122:
112:
108:
102:
54:Cell biology
52:
51:
44:
1944:cell growth
1773:Ira Mellman
1383:Endocytosis
1317:Translation
1264:Cytokinesis
1015:Chlorophyll
895:Photosystem
785:fatty acids
734:Chloroplast
691:Nucleoplasm
685:chromosomes
442:By function
433:Archea cell
371:Animal cell
343:By organism
297:Unicellular
291:Microscopic
275:Homeostasis
238:prokaryotic
205:Cell theory
140:peer review
83:microscopic
2600:Categories
2399:Nat. Genet
2164:29 October
2051:References
1836:in living
1783:Paul Nurse
1755:aquaporins
1751:Peter Agre
1577:Cyto-Stain
1465:DNA repair
1389:Exocytosis
1250:chromatids
1222:Interphase
1216:Cell cycle
1047:Glycolysis
1021:Carotenoid
956:DNA ligase
921:thylakoids
889:Inclusions
877:organelles
825:Structures
805:Symbiosome
781:eukaryotes
774:ubiquitous
772:– A
770:Peroxisome
756:hydrolases
742:Centrosome
709:Chromosome
683:, to form
679:, such as
662:eukaryotic
557:Organelles
550:Organelles
450:– A
417:Prokaryote
405:cell wall.
381:Plant cell
234:organelles
231:eukaryotic
149:Branch of
134:Branch of
127:Branch of
71:life cycle
67:organelles
36:micrograph
2093:August 9,
1918:molecular
1898:structure
1856:structure
1852:organisms
1838:organisms
1834:variation
1816:Pap smear
1812:pathology
1777:endosomes
1747:in cells.
1602:See also
1508:organisms
1423:Autophagy
1417:Apoptosis
1286:pachytene
1256:Telophase
1240:Metaphase
1094:thylakoid
934:Molecules
873:Cytoplasm
843:Centriole
837:Cell wall
777:organelle
703:Chromatin
697:Nucleolus
652:Endosomes
646:Lysosomes
606:ribosomes
580:cisternae
510:pathogens
506:gonocytes
498:Germ cell
492:Stem cell
403:chitinous
389:cellulose
349:Eukaryote
332:Cell type
95:organisms
87:molecular
2611:Outlines
2476:16157861
2419:11726922
2384:11172043
2282:21413277
2235:14614484
2159:10931837
1993:See also
1902:function
1860:proteins
1848:chemical
1830:heredity
1822:Genetics
1686:in 1937.
1615:and the
1589:Spinning
1449:Motility
1403:Tonicity
1321:proteins
1246:Anaphase
1234:Prophase
1174:Pyruvate
1168:electron
1043:–
1010:Pigments
991:Proteins
795:Ribosome
764:bacteria
748:Lysosome
681:histones
677:proteins
576:vesicles
524:germline
500:–
421:bacteria
375:Animalia
365:protists
104:cytology
91:bacteria
75:division
2467:1201378
2333:4351266
2325:2666856
2305:Bibcode
2213:Bibcode
1978:viruses
1964:anatomy
1956:tissues
1914:biology
1826:science
1735:Current
1496:Cloning
1490:disease
1484:into a
1362:Osmosis
1342:Introns
1272:Meiosis
1228:Mitosis
1203:mitosis
1180:Glucose
1057:complex
1002:Enzymes
901:Plasmid
883:Cytosol
818:Vacuole
760:viruses
612:Vesicle
572:tubules
531:more...
502:Gametes
452:haploid
409:Protist
385:Plantae
357:animals
309:Tissues
185:cellula
151:biology
129:science
47:outline
2474:
2464:
2425:
2417:
2382:
2372:
2331:
2323:
2297:Nature
2280:
2270:
2243:862398
2241:
2233:
2205:Nature
2186:
2157:
2046:(pbk).
2042:
2038:&
2034:
1960:organs
1868:lipids
1553:, and
1486:tissue
913:Stroma
865:, and
754:(acid
728:energy
526:cells.
472:Zygote
448:Gamete
363:, and
353:plants
113:-logia
99:humans
77:, and
34:Light
2427:27160
2423:S2CID
2375:29349
2329:S2CID
2239:S2CID
1950:and "
1916:at a
1890:cells
1606:below
1504:cells
1482:cells
1347:Exons
1184:sugar
917:grana
665:cells
520:cells
458:Sperm
361:fungi
182:Latin
109:kytos
97:like
79:death
59:cells
2472:PMID
2415:PMID
2380:PMID
2321:PMID
2278:PMID
2268:ISBN
2231:PMID
2184:ISBN
2166:2017
2155:PMID
2095:2015
2040:ISBN
2032:ISBN
1962:and
1932:and
1922:cell
1900:and
1832:and
1650:Past
1451:and
1337:tRNA
1332:rRNA
1327:mRNA
1164:NADH
1110:FADH
1073:FADH
984:tRNA
979:rRNA
974:mRNA
789:cell
578:and
504:and
464:Ovum
285:Life
199:cork
178:Cell
174:Cell
142:and
85:and
2462:PMC
2454:doi
2407:doi
2370:PMC
2360:doi
2313:doi
2301:340
2261:in:
2221:doi
2209:426
2145:doi
2141:275
1930:RNA
1926:DNA
1888:of
1828:of
1500:DNA
1158:ATP
1152:ADP
963:RNA
940:DNA
779:in
762:or
673:DNA
478:Egg
115:).
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