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In the specific case of shear deformation, the elastomer besides abiding to the simplest model of rubber elasticity is also incompressible. For pure shear we relate the shear strain, to the extension ratios lambdas. Pure shear is a two-dimensional stress state making lambda equal to 1, reducing
268:
during curing (i.e., vulcanizing). The molecular structure of elastomers can be imagined as a 'spaghetti and meatball' structure, with the meatballs signifying cross-links. The elasticity is derived from the ability of the long chains to reconfigure themselves to distribute an applied stress. The
277:
per unit volume of the sample. The strand concentration, v, is the number of strands over the volume which does not depend on the overall size and shape of the elastomer. Beta relates the end-to-end distance of polymer strands across crosslinks over polymers that obey random walk statistics.
442:
678:
Shear stress is then proportional to the shear strain even at large strains. Notice how a low shear modulus correlates to a low deformation strain energy density and vice versa. Shearing deformation in elastomers, require less energy to change shape than volume.
802:
674:
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283:
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Crosslinking most likely occurs in an equilibrated polymer without any solvent. The free energy expression derived from the
Neohookean model of rubber elasticity is in terms of free energy change due to
508:
1322:
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248:(A) is an unstressed polymer; (B) is the same polymer under stress. When the stress is removed, it will return to the A configuration. (The dots represent cross-links)
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437:{\displaystyle \Delta f_{d}={\frac {\Delta F_{d}}{V}}={\frac {K_{B}T\nu _{el}\beta \lambda _{1}p^{2}+\lambda _{2}p+2\lambda _{3}p^{2}-3}{2}}}
1098:
237:
Rubber-like solids with elastic properties are called elastomers. Polymer chains are held together in these materials by relatively weak
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599:, then the energy strain function is differentiated with respect to shear strain to get the shear modulus, G, times the shear strain:
119:
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covalent cross-linkages ensure that the elastomer will return to its original configuration when the stress is removed.
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Efficient and eco-friendly polymerization of elastomers, By
Andreas Diener, Product Manager at List AG
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797:{\displaystyle \Delta f_{d}=W={\frac {G(\lambda _{1p}^{2}+\lambda _{2p}^{2}+\lambda _{3p}^{2}-3)}{2}}}
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Boczkowska, Anna; Awietjan, Stefan F.; Pietrzko, Stanisław; Kurzydłowski, Krzysztof J. (2012-03-01).
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1247:"Influence of Shear Deformation on the Normal Force of Magnetorheological Elastomer"
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17:
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1208:"Mechanical Properties of Magnetorheological Elastomers under Shear Deformation"
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935:(ethylene propylene diene rubber, a terpolymer of ethylene, propylene and a
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241:, which permit the polymers to stretch in response to macroscopic stresses.
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669:{\displaystyle \sigma _{12}={\frac {d(\Delta f_{d})}{d\gamma }}=G\gamma }
586:{\displaystyle \Delta f_{d}={\frac {k_{B}T\nu _{s}\beta \gamma ^{2}}{2}}}
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160:(E) and high failure strain compared with other materials. The term, a
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butyl rubbers (chloro butyl rubber: CIIR; bromo butyl rubber: BIIR)
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which link to form the polymer is usually a compound of several
1304:
1400:
970:
29:
1245:
Liao, Guojiang; Gong, Xinglong; Xuan, Shouhu (2013-09-01).
222:, such rubbers are thus relatively compliant (E ≈ 3 M
233:
IUPAC definition for an elastomer in polymer chemistry
687:
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451:
286:
174:, although the latter is preferred when referring to
1698:
1621:
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1103:(1st ed.). Smithers Rapra Press. p. 287.
503:{\displaystyle v_{el}={\frac {n_{el}}{V}},\beta =1}
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
796:
668:
585:
502:
436:
915:that cannot be cured by sulfur vulcanization:
1316:
8:
814:that can be cured by sulfur vulcanization:
27:Polymer with rubber-like elastic properties
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256:(requiring vulcanization) but may also be
1053:, elastic fiber used in fabric production
906:nitrile rubbers (HNBR) Therban and Zetpol
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1100:Rubber Technologist's Handbook, Volume 1
1089:
513:the energy strain function above to:
168:, is often used interchangeably with
7:
1061:hexachlorophosphazene polymerization
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1097:De, Sadhan K. (31 December 1996).
688:
630:
522:
306:
287:
25:
1224:10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.08.026
1019:Various other types of elastomers
826:(NR) and trans-1,4-polyisoprene
214:is feasible without breaking of
206:polymers maintained above their
34:
1187:from the original on 2017-02-07
1148:from the original on 2017-02-07
1117:from the original on 2017-02-07
832:Synthetic polyisoprene (IR for
45:needs additional citations for
1212:Composites Part B: Engineering
785:
716:
643:
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1:
1167:Alger, Mark (21 April 1989).
1138:"Elastomer Chemical Compound"
1059:, an "inorganic rubber" from
1006:Chlorosulfonated polyethylene
1331:Clothing materials and parts
1271:10.1016/j.matlet.2013.05.035
893:(copolymer of butadiene and
208:glass transition temperature
264:). The long polymer chains
1770:
1170:Polymer Science Dictionary
1173:. Springer. p. 503.
1057:Poly(dichlorophosphazene)
921:ethylene propylene rubber
1073:Liquid elastomer molding
1026:Thermoplastic elastomers
212:molecular reconformation
1142:Encyclopædia Britannica
822:: cis-1,4-polyisoprene
262:thermoplastic elastomer
252:Elastomers are usually
210:, so that considerable
1012:Ethylene-vinyl acetate
1000:Polyether block amides
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988:Perfluoroelastomers (
883:rubber (copolymer of
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154:intermolecular forces
897:, NBR), also called
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239:intermolecular bonds
220:ambient temperatures
54:improve this article
1263:2013MatL..106..270L
887:and butadiene, SBR)
869:and isoprene, IIR)
812:Unsaturated rubbers
778:
757:
736:
1522:Artificial leather
1337:Garment structures
996:, Chemraz, Perlast
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226:) and deformable.
18:List of elastomers
1749:Materials science
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1554:
1364:Detachable collar
1251:Materials Letters
1078:Rubber elasticity
992:) Tecnoflon PFR,
923:, a copolymer of
913:Saturated rubbers
881:Styrene-butadiene
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202:. Elastomers are
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943:Epichlorohydrin
854:polychloroprene
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1218:(2): 636–640.
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1136:Gent, Alan N.
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891:Nitrile rubber
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840:Polybutadiene
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71: –
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65:Find sources:
59:
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43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1668:Hook-and-eye
1631:Back closure
1561:Animal hides
1526:
1436:Shoulder pad
1359:Collar stays
1254:
1250:
1240:
1215:
1211:
1201:
1189:. Retrieved
1169:
1162:
1150:. Retrieved
1141:
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1099:
1092:
1018:
1017:
973:, and FEPM)
957:(SI, Q, VMQ)
945:rubber (ECO)
912:
911:
904:Hydrogenated
863:Butyl rubber
828:gutta-percha
820:polyisoprene
811:
810:
681:
677:
601:
597:shear stress
594:
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176:vulcanisates
169:
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1257:: 270–272.
1051:Elastolefin
1045:Polysulfide
981:, Fluorel,
939:-component)
933:EPDM rubber
873:Halogenated
850:Chloroprene
275:deformation
162:portmanteau
144:(i.e. both
69:"Elastomer"
1744:Elastomers
1738:Categories
1651:Buttonhole
1191:7 February
1180:1851662200
1152:7 February
1121:7 February
1084:References
985:and Dai-El
951:(ACM, ABR)
266:cross-link
254:thermosets
150:elasticity
110:April 2015
80:newspapers
1718:Waistline
1636:Belt hook
1623:Fasteners
1537:Polyester
1515:Synthetic
1456:Waistband
1279:0167-577X
1232:1359-8368
979:Tecnoflon
867:isobutene
844:butadiene
780:−
763:λ
742:λ
721:λ
689:Δ
664:γ
652:γ
631:Δ
610:σ
569:γ
565:β
556:ν
523:Δ
492:β
423:−
404:λ
385:λ
362:λ
358:β
346:ν
307:Δ
288:Δ
204:amorphous
146:viscosity
134:elastomer
1713:Bustline
1708:Neckline
1613:Stingray
1588:Kangaroo
1471:Textiles
1185:Archived
1146:Archived
1115:Archived
1067:See also
1033:proteins
858:neoprene
842:(BR for
834:isoprene
818:Natural
807:Examples
192:hydrogen
184:elements
180:monomers
1723:Hemline
1593:Ostrich
1565:leather
1547:Spandex
1527:Elastic
1479:Natural
1411:Placket
1344:Armscye
1259:Bibcode
1040:elastin
1036:resilin
929:propene
885:styrene
846:rubber)
836:rubber)
595:To get
200:silicon
138:polymer
94:scholar
1690:Zipper
1678:Velcro
1646:Button
1641:Buckle
1486:Cotton
1446:Sleeve
1431:Ruffle
1426:Revers
1421:Pocket
1406:Lining
1381:Facing
1349:Collar
1277:
1230:
1177:
1107:
1047:rubber
1002:(PEBA)
994:Kalrez
931:) and
925:ethene
196:oxygen
188:carbon
186:among
171:rubber
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1700:Seams
1661:Shank
1608:Snake
1603:Sheep
1542:Rayon
1532:Nylon
1496:Linen
1451:Train
1441:Strap
1416:Pleat
1391:Lapel
1028:(TPE)
1014:(EVA)
1008:(CSM)
983:Aflas
975:Viton
937:diene
919:EPM (
260:(see
218:. At
140:with
136:is a
101:JSTOR
87:books
1685:Snap
1656:Frog
1598:Seal
1583:Goat
1578:Deer
1573:Calf
1506:Wool
1501:Silk
1461:Yoke
1396:Gore
1376:Dart
1371:Cuff
1275:ISSN
1228:ISSN
1193:2017
1175:ISBN
1154:2017
1123:2017
1105:ISBN
1038:and
1031:The
990:FFKM
927:and
198:and
148:and
73:news
1491:Fur
1401:Hem
1386:Fly
1267:doi
1255:106
1220:doi
971:FKM
164:of
132:An
56:by
1740::
1563:/
1273:.
1265:.
1253:.
1249:.
1226:.
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1214:.
1210:.
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1144:.
1140:.
1113:.
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856:,
614:12
224:Pa
194:,
190:,
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1281:.
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1234:.
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969:(
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783:3
775:2
770:p
767:3
759:+
754:2
749:p
746:2
738:+
733:2
728:p
725:1
717:(
714:G
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705:W
702:=
697:d
693:f
661:G
658:=
649:d
644:)
639:d
635:f
628:(
625:d
619:=
579:2
573:2
560:s
552:T
547:B
543:k
536:=
531:d
527:f
498:1
495:=
489:,
484:V
479:l
476:e
472:n
466:=
461:l
458:e
454:v
430:2
426:3
418:2
414:p
408:3
400:2
397:+
394:p
389:2
381:+
376:2
372:p
366:1
353:l
350:e
342:T
337:B
333:K
326:=
321:V
315:d
311:F
301:=
296:d
292:f
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117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
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