129:
radiative/nonradiative recombinations and determines the luminous efficiency of the device. Quaternary and higher compositions allow adjusting simultaneously the band gap and the lattice constant, allowing increasing radiant efficiency at wider range of wavelengths; for example AlGaInP is used for LEDs. Materials transparent to the generated wavelength of light are advantageous, as this allows more efficient extraction of photons from the bulk of the material. That is, in such transparent materials, light production is not limited to just the surface. Index of refraction is also composition-dependent and influences the extraction efficiency of photons from the material.
7548:
285:
7560:
7609:
124:. The result is ternary, quaternary, or even quinary compositions. Ternary compositions allow adjusting the band gap within the range of the involved binary compounds; however, in case of combination of direct and indirect band gap materials there is a ratio where indirect band gap prevails, limiting the range usable for optoelectronics; e.g. AlGaAs
113:
which is suitable as a lattice-matching insulating substrate for GaAs devices. Conversely, silicon is robust, cheap, and easy to process, whereas GaAs is brittle and expensive, and insulation layers cannot be created by just growing an oxide layer; GaAs is therefore used only where silicon is not sufficient.
3458:
Direct band gap for x<0.4 (corresponding to 1.42–1.95 eV); can be lattice-matched to GaAs substrate over entire composition range; tends to oxidize; n-doping with Si, Se, Te; p-doping with Zn, C, Be, Mg. Can be used for infrared laser diodes. Used as a barrier layer in GaAs devices to confine
4053:
Also InAlGaP, InGaAlP, AlInGaP; for lattice matching to GaAs substrates the In mole fraction is fixed at about 0.48, the Al/Ga ratio is adjusted to achieve band gaps between about 1.9 and 2.35 eV; direct or indirect band gaps depending on the Al/Ga/In ratios; used for waveengths between 560 and
112:
of silicon; it can be alloyed to ternary and quaternary compositions, with adjustable band gap width, allowing light emission at chosen wavelengths, which makes possible matching to the wavelengths most efficiently transmitted through optical fibers. GaAs can be also grown in a semi-insulating form,
1801:
Tin sulfide (SnS) is a semiconductor with direct optical band gap of 1.3 eV and absorption coefficient above 10 cm for photon energies above 1.3 eV. It is a p-type semiconductor whose electrical properties can be tailored by doping and structural modification and has emerged as one of the
3955:
N, x usually between 0.02 and 0.3 (0.02 for near-UV, 0.1 for 390 nm, 0.2 for 420 nm, 0.3 for 440 nm). Can be grown epitaxially on sapphire, SiC wafers or silicon. Used in modern blue and green LEDs, InGaN quantum wells are effective emitters from green to ultraviolet. Insensitive to
1539:. Intrinsic n-type, p-type doping is difficult. Heavy aluminium, indium, or gallium doping yields transparent conductive coatings; ZnO:Al is used as window coatings transparent in visible and reflective in infrared region and as conductive films in LCD displays and solar panels as a replacement of
5046:
Nielsen, Rasmus; Youngman, Tomas H.; Moustafa, Hadeel; Levcenco, Sergiu; Hempel, Hannes; Crovetto, Andrea; Olsen, Thomas; Hansen, Ole; Chorkendorff, Ib; Unold, Thomas; Vesborg, Peter C. K. (2022). "Origin of photovoltaic losses in selenium solar cells with open-circuit voltages approaching 1 V".
5426:
Burton, Lee A.; Whittles, Thomas J.; Hesp, David; Linhart, Wojciech M.; Skelton, Jonathan M.; Hou, Bo; Webster, Richard F.; O'Dowd, Graeme; Reece, Christian; Cherns, David; Fermin, David J.; Veal, Tim D.; Dhanak, Vin R.; Walsh, Aron (2016). "Electronic and optical properties of single crystal
1198:
Used in early low to medium brightness cheap red/orange/green LEDs. Used standalone or with GaAsP. Transparent for yellow and red light, used as substrate for GaAsP red/yellow LEDs. Doped with S or Te for n-type, with Zn for p-type. Pure GaP emits green, nitrogen-doped GaP emits yellow-green,
1224:
Second most common in use after silicon, commonly used as substrate for other III-V semiconductors, e.g. InGaAs and GaInNAs. Brittle. Lower hole mobility than Si, P-type CMOS transistors unfeasible. High impurity density, difficult to fabricate small structures. Used for near-IR LEDs, fast
128:
are limited to 660 nm by this. Lattice constants of the compounds also tend to be different, and the lattice mismatch against the substrate, dependent on the mixing ratio, causes defects in amounts dependent on the mismatch magnitude; this influences the ratio of achievable
413:(InAsSbP). The properties of III-V compound semiconductors are similar to their group IV counterparts. The higher ionicity in these compounds, and especially in the II-VI compound, tends to increase the fundamental bandgap with respect to the less ionic compounds.
3512:=0.015, InGaAs perfectly lattice-matches germanium; can be used in multijunction photovoltaic cells. Used in infrared sensors, avalanche photodiodes, laser diodes, optical fiber communication detectors, and short-wavelength infrared cameras.
4436:
Used in infrared detectors, infrared imaging sensors, and infrared astronomy. Better mechanical and thermal properties than HgCdTe but more difficult to control the composition. More difficult to form complex heterostructures.
1337:
Used for infrared detectors for 1–3.8 μm, cooled or uncooled. High electron mobility. InAs dots in InGaAs matrix can serve as quantum dots. Quantum dots may be formed from a monolayer of InAs on InP or GaAs. Strong
1169:. Very sensitive to ESD. Insensitive to ionizing radiation. GaN transistors can operate at higher voltages and higher temperatures than GaAs, used in microwave power amplifiers. When doped with e.g. manganese, becomes a
5836:
Shin, S.; Suga, S.; Taniguchi, M.; Fujisawa, M.; Kanzaki, H.; Fujimori, A.; Daimon, H.; Ueda, Y.; Kosuge, K. (1990). "Vacuum-ultraviolet reflectance and photoemission study of the metal-insulator phase transitions in
1889:
Efficient thermoelectric material near room temperature when alloyed with selenium or antimony. Narrow-gap layered semiconductor. High electrical conductivity, low thermal conductivity. Topological insulator.
1371:
Used in infrared detectors and thermal imaging sensors, high quantum efficiency, low stability, require cooling, used in military long-range thermal imager systems. AlInSb-InSb-AlInSb structure used as
2473:
is a layered direct bandgap semiconductor with bandgap of 2.4 eV in its bulk form, whereas its 2D monolayer has an indirect bandgap of ~2.5 eV, with possibilities to tune the bandgap between 1–3 eV
3720:
Used as a buffer layer in InSb-based quantum wells and other devices grown on GaAs and GaSb substrates. Also used as the active layer in some mid-infrared LEDs and photodiodes.
6055:
Arora, Himani; Jung, Younghun; Venanzi, Tommaso; Watanabe, Kenji; Taniguchi, Takashi; Hübner, René; Schneider, Harald; Helm, Manfred; Hone, James C.; Erbe, Artur (2019-11-20).
5139:
Nielsen, Rasmus; Crovetto, Andrea; Assar, Alireza; Hansen, Ole; Chorkendorff, Ib; Vesborg, Peter C.K. (12 March 2024). "Monolithic
Selenium/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells".
302:
1068:
Piezoelectric. Not used on its own as a semiconductor; AlN-close GaAlN possibly usable for ultraviolet LEDs. Inefficient emission at 210 nm was achieved on AlN.
4857:
Isberg, Jan; Hammersberg, Johan; Johansson, Erik; Wikström, Tobias; Twitchen, Daniel J.; Whitehead, Andrew J.; Coe, Steven E.; Scarsbrook, Geoffrey A. (2002-09-06).
7712:
1572:
Used for blue lasers and LEDs. Easy to n-type doping, p-type doping is difficult but can be done with e.g. nitrogen. Common optical material in infrared optics.
7598:
7453:
7130:
1622:
Can be grown on AlSb, GaSb, InAs, and PbSe. Used in solar cells, components of microwave generators, blue LEDs and lasers. Used in electrooptics. Together with
5391:
Patel, Malkeshkumar; Indrajit
Mukhopadhyay; Abhijit Ray (26 May 2013). "Annealing influence over structural and optical properties of sprayed SnS thin films".
1420:. Intrinsic n-type, difficult to dope p-type, but can be p-type doped with nitrogen. Possible use in optoelectronics. Tested for high-efficiency solar cells.
4665:
4315:
6935:
4979:
S.H. Groves, C.R. Pidgeon, A.W. Ewald, R.J. Wagner
Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, Volume 31, Issue 9, September 1970, Pages 2031-2049 (1970).
1312:
Commonly used as substrate for epitaxial InGaAs. Superior electron velocity, used in high-power and high-frequency applications. Used in optoelectronics.
6808:
4585:
3618:
transistors, adjusting lattice constant between GaAs substrate and GaInAs channel. Can form layered heterostructures acting as quantum wells, in e.g.
2210:
One of the most studied semiconductors. Many applications and effects first demonstrated with it. Formerly used in rectifier diodes, before silicon.
7270:
5667:
Botha, J. R.; Scriven, G. J.; Engelbrecht, J. A. A.; Leitch, A. W. R. (1999). "Photoluminescence properties of metalorganic vapor phase epitaxial Zn
7237:
7232:
6566:
2980:
Used in infrared detectors for 1–5 μm. Used in infrared astronomy. High stability, low drift, used for measurements. Low quantum efficiency.
1951:
N-type intrinsic semiconductor. Very high electron mobility. Used in infrared detectors, photodetectors, dynamic thin-film pressure sensors, and
6436:
Trukhan, V. M.; Izotov, A. D.; Shoukavaya, T. V. (2014). "Compounds and solid solutions of the Zn-Cd-P-As system in semiconductor electronics".
7706:
6284:
5820:
5793:
5357:
5330:
4841:
4711:
4621:
1748:; the detectors are slow due to high dielectric constant of PbS. Oldest material used in infrared detectors. At room temperature can detect
4637:
4142:
465:
410:
5965:
Kobayashi, K.; Yamauchi, J. (1995). "Electronic structure and scanning-tunneling-microscopy image of molybdenum dichalcogenide surfaces".
4362:. Used in solar cells. Can be used to generate and detect terahertz radiation. Can be used as a substrate for epitaxial growth of HgCdTe.
3956:
radiation damage, possible use in satellite solar cells. Insensitive to defects, tolerant to lattice mismatch damage. High heat capacity.
5780:. Landolt-Börnstein - Group III Condensed Matter. Vol. 41C: Non-Tetrahedrally Bonded Elements and Binary Compounds I. pp. 1–4.
424:(MOVPE) is the most popular deposition technology for the formation of compound semiconducting thin films for devices. It uses ultrapure
7275:
4329:
Can be grown on InAs, GaSb, and other substrates. Can be lattice matched by varying composition. Possibly usable for mid-infrared LEDs.
1597:
Band gap 3.54 eV (cubic), 3.91 (hexagonal). Can be doped both n-type and p-type. Common scintillator/phosphor when suitably doped.
4405:, zero band gap) and CdTe. High electron mobility. The only common material capable of operating in both 3–5 μm and 12–15 μm
634:
High carrier mobilities and high electric breakdown field at room temperature as excellent electronics characteristics. Extremely high
7291:
6643:
4113:
4038:
3055:
Used in some gamma-ray and x-ray detectors and imaging systems operating at room temperature. Used as a real-time x-ray image sensor.
406:
6389:
Hussain, Aftab M.; Fahad, Hossain M.; Singh, Nirpendra; Sevilla, Galo A. Torres; Schwingenschlögl, Udo; Hussain, Muhammad M. (2014).
7644:
7591:
7419:
7354:
7296:
6793:
6162:
5215:
4673:
4645:
4089:
3829:
3664:
3558:
421:
324:
6154:
7804:
7424:
7187:
6668:
5748:"Physics and chemistry of photocatalytic titanium dioxide: Visualization of bactericidal activity using atomic force microscopy"
4291:
3255:
The following semiconducting systems can be tuned to some extent, and represent not a single material but a class of materials.
591:
Used in early radar detection diodes and first transistors; requires lower purity than silicon. A substrate for high-efficiency
7438:
6945:
6803:
6057:"Effective Hexagonal Boron Nitride Passivation of Few-Layered InSe and GaSe to Enhance Their Electronic and Optical Properties"
4472:
1491:
592:
5236:"Determination of the optical band-gap energy of cubic and hexagonal boron nitride using luminescence excitation spectroscopy"
7389:
6915:
6709:
6658:
4526:
2711:. Band gap for iron oxide nanoparticles was found to be 2.2 eV and on doping the band gap found to be increased up to 2.5 eV
618:
306:
6231:
Synthesis and Room
Temperature Magnetic Behavior of Nickel Oxide Nanocrystallites Kwanruthai Wongsaprom* and Santi Maensiri
7222:
4065:
3783:
6342:"Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Response from Copper Antimony Zinc Sulfide Thin Films on Transparent Conducting Electrode"
4267:
4171:
7584:
7509:
7489:
6869:
6628:
5373:
5294:
5234:
Evans, D. A.; McGlynn, A. G.; Towlson, B. M.; Gunn, M.; Jones, D.; Jenkins, T. E.; Winter, R.; Poolton, N. R. J (2008).
4195:
3633:
3173:
453:
54:—the search for new semiconductor materials and the improvement of existing materials is an important field of study in
6222:
Synthesis and
Characterization of Nano-Dimensional Nickelous Oxide (NiO) Semiconductor S. Chakrabarty and K. Chatterjee
4993:
4243:
7399:
6874:
6559:
3902:
3811:
3690:
5778:
Landolt-Börnstein – Group III Condensed Matter. Numerical Data and
Functional Relationships in Science and Technology
4219:
34:
it with impurities that alter its electronic properties in a controllable way. Because of their application in the
7755:
7750:
7650:
7409:
7262:
7251:
7125:
6972:
6930:
6910:
4768:
3967:
3837:
3755:
3428:
2682:
2615:
558:; dominates worldwide PV market; easy to fabricate; good electrical and mechanical properties. Forms high quality
295:
6823:
6798:
6638:
6372:
5649:
crystals on wavelength modulated photoconductivity and photoresponnse spectra of
Schottky diodes investigation".
4373:
4359:
4010:
3859:
3584:
3114:
2659:
1745:
5011:
Abass, A. K.; Ahmad, N. H. (1986). "Indirect band gap investigation of orthorhombic single crystals of sulfur".
7729:
7563:
7324:
7306:
7197:
7043:
7030:
7025:
6925:
4604:
Jones, E.D. (1991). "Control of
Semiconductor Conductivity by Doping". In Miller, L. S.; Mullin, J. B. (eds.).
3672:
3523:
1713:
635:
174:
5902:"Atomic structure and defect dynamics of monolayer lead iodide nanodisks with epitaxial alignment on graphene"
5633:
Syrbu, N. N.; Stamov, I. G.; Morozova, V. I.; Kiossev, V. K.; Peev, L. G. (1980). "Energy band structure of Zn
5076:"Ultrathin high band gap solar cells with improved efficiencies from the world's oldest photovoltaic material"
3731:
2637:
1776:
Low thermal conductivity, good thermoelectric material at elevated temperature for thermoelectric generators.
1165:
Problematic to be doped to p-type, p-doping with Mg and annealing allowed first high-efficiency blue LEDs and
3463:). AlGaAs with composition close to AlAs is almost transparent to sunlight. Used in GaAs/AlGaAs solar cells.
7723:
7414:
7334:
7212:
7182:
6940:
6920:
6849:
6735:
6730:
6699:
6694:
6176:"Synthesis of ultra small iron oxide and doped iron oxide nanostructures and their antimicrobial activities"
3474:
3203:
Copper zinc antimony sulfide is derived from copper antimony sulfide (CAS), a famatinite class of compound.
3132:
2874:
2848:
2118:
1503:
471:
402:
397:). The range of possible formulae is quite broad because these elements can form binary (two elements, e.g.
264:
258:
231:
23:
7672:
4448:
7552:
7394:
7364:
7329:
7316:
7202:
6977:
6778:
6768:
6663:
6552:
5514:
Borisenko, Sergey; et al. (2014). "Experimental
Realization of a Three-Dimensional Dirac Semimetal".
4420:
4340:
3930:
2820:
1170:
447:
350:
248:
66:
31:
5576:
7666:
7369:
7359:
7339:
7192:
7015:
6818:
6621:
6616:
4580:
4560:
4512:
3619:
3214:
2795:
433:
398:
253:
7718:
7689:
7404:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7349:
7344:
6859:
6788:
6633:
6601:
6488:
6402:
6187:
5974:
5913:
5866:
5684:
5599:
5533:
5485:
5400:
5250:
5158:
5087:
5020:
4933:
4870:
4691:
2772:
2536:
2511:
2484:
1499:
1487:
1388:. Transistors can operate below 0.5V and above 200 GHz. Terahertz frequencies maybe achievable.
1127:
773:
604:
551:
459:
168:
164:
125:
171:. Many have high carrier mobilities and direct energy gaps, making them useful for optoelectronics.
7612:
7058:
7038:
7005:
6813:
6749:
6689:
6648:
4157:
4128:
3505:
3042:
2991:
2262:
1627:
1495:
1385:
1343:
1259:
1079:
539:
6261:
Temperature
Dependence of Spectroscopic Performance of Thallium Bromide X- and Gamma-Ray Detectors
3800:
Used as a barrier layer in infrared photodetectors. Can be lattice matched to GaSb, InAs and InP.
3504:
Well-developed material. Can be lattice matched to InP substrates. Use in infrared technology and
7656:
7094:
7053:
7000:
6773:
6653:
6453:
6418:
6205:
6102:
5947:
5557:
5523:
5276:
5148:
5121:
4949:
4902:
4394:
3305:
3016:
2900:
2747:
2423:
2349:
2266:
1244:
1103:
817:
600:
563:
7099:
5651:
Proceedings of the First International Symposium on the Physics and Chemistry of II-V Compounds
7661:
7120:
7115:
7048:
6844:
6783:
6714:
6704:
6280:
6274:
6158:
6094:
6086:
6034:
5990:
5939:
5882:
5816:
5810:
5789:
5615:
5549:
5353:
5347:
5326:
5235:
5211:
5113:
4894:
4886:
4837:
4707:
4669:
4641:
4617:
4398:
3340:
3031:
Used in some gamma-ray and x-ray detectors and imaging systems operating at room temperature.
2968:
2708:
1901:
1869:
1665:
1472:
1381:
1377:
1357:
1184:
1054:
547:
342:
163:
semiconductors: Crystallizing with high degree of stoichiometry, most can be obtained as both
89:
55:
4831:
2269:
applications. Formerly used in URDOX resistors, conducting at high temperature. Resistant to
1963:
is actually a zero band-gap Dirac semimetal in which electrons behave relativistically as in
7777:
7177:
7145:
7135:
6606:
6531:
6496:
6445:
6410:
6353:
6320:
6195:
6076:
6068:
6024:
5982:
5929:
5921:
5874:
5781:
5728:
5715:
Rahimi, N.; Pax, R. A.; MacA. Gray, E. (2016). "Review of functional titanium oxides. I: TiO
5692:
5607:
5541:
5493:
5448:
5440:
5408:
5320:
5266:
5258:
5166:
5103:
5095:
5056:
5028:
4941:
4878:
4699:
4609:
4390:
2722:
2437:
2335:
2270:
2221:
2163:
2131:
2097:
2010:
1931:
1727:
1641:
1540:
1399:
1298:
1210:
1036:
996:
596:
533:
346:
221:
191:
181:
121:
109:
85:
5184:
Rajalakshmi, M.; Arora, Akhilesh (2001). "Stability of Monoclinic Selenium Nanoparticles".
4968:
Single-Crystal Diamond Nanomechanical Resonators with Quality Factors exceeding one Million
7771:
7734:
7089:
7020:
6240:
6174:
Kumar, Manish; Sharma, Anjna; Maurya, Indresh Kumar; Thakur, Alpana; Kumar, Sunil (2019).
5732:
4406:
4358:
Efficient solid-state x-ray and gamma-ray detector, can operate at room temperature. High
3833:
2935:
2585:
2561:
2453:
2391:
2311:
2245:
2193:
2067:
1952:
1813:
1787:
1623:
1532:
1431:
1323:
1151:
957:
740:
711:
682:
101:
6126:
6492:
6406:
6309:"Density Functional Theory Calculation of Band Gap of Iron (II) disulfide and Tellurium"
6191:
5978:
5917:
5870:
5688:
5603:
5537:
5489:
5404:
5262:
5254:
5162:
5091:
5024:
4937:
4874:
4695:
3573:
P is almost lattice-matched to GaAs, with AlGaIn used for quantum wells for red lasers.
1543:. Resistant to radiation damage. Possible use in LEDs and laser diodes. Possible use in
76:
Different semiconductor materials differ in their properties. Thus, in comparison with
7499:
7474:
7140:
6992:
6894:
6884:
6854:
6611:
5934:
5901:
5108:
5075:
4575:
4054:
650 nm; tends to form ordered phases during deposition, which has to be prevented
3888:
3370:
3093:
3066:
2695:
2408:
1978:
1763:
1608:
1457:. Crystals can act as solid-state lasers. Electroluminescent. When doped, can act as a
1273:
1014:
981:
374:
225:
211:
160:
105:
6013:"Recent progress in contact, mobility, and encapsulation engineering of InSe and GaSe"
5468:
Haacke, G.; Castellion, G. A. (1964). "Preparation and Semiconducting Properties of Cd
4858:
7798:
7161:
7084:
7074:
6987:
6879:
6596:
6575:
6535:
6209:
6106:
5951:
5125:
5032:
4953:
3988:
3772:
Used in red, orange and yellow LEDs. Often grown on GaP. Can be doped with nitrogen.
2759:
2369:
2365:
2331:
2327:
2036:
1844:
1802:
simple, non-toxic and affordable material for thin films solar cells since a decade.
1712:
Used in infrared detectors for thermal imaging. Nanocrystals usable as quantum dots.
1698:
1558:
1536:
1446:
1287:
Possible use in solar cells, but p-type doping difficult. Used frequently as alloys.
934:
908:
882:
559:
555:
425:
97:
27:
6457:
6422:
5812:
Planar Microwave Engineering: A practical guide to theory, measurement, and circuits
5575:
Kimball, Gregory M.; Müller, Astrid M.; Lewis, Nathan S.; Atwater, Harry A. (2009).
5561:
5280:
4906:
7529:
7484:
7217:
6889:
5545:
3374:
3277:
2086:
Used in infrared detectors and thermal imagers, transistors, and magnetoresistors.
1583:
1544:
1413:
1373:
1339:
1040:
1000:
502:
201:
150:
144:
138:
116:
By alloying multiple compounds, some semiconductor materials are tunable, e.g., in
39:
6200:
6175:
5747:
5577:"Photoluminescence-based measurements of the energy gap and diffusion length of Zn
96:, which allows operation of power devices at higher temperatures, and gives lower
6127:"Charge transport in two-dimensional materials and their electronic applications"
5412:
4613:
3162:
is derived from CIGS, replacing the Indium/Gallium with earth abundant Zinc/Tin.
7638:
7632:
7626:
7524:
7494:
7469:
7227:
6864:
6839:
4922:"High breakdown voltage Schottky diodes synthesized on p-type CVD diamond layer"
3880:
3388:
3244:
is p-type semiconductor and it can be used in thin film solar cell application.
2284:
1454:
1417:
821:
354:
284:
156:
62:
6377:
Optical properties of Si-Ge superlattices and wide band gap II-VI superlattices
6259:
5925:
5170:
5099:
4980:
4511:
Various applications in optoelectronics (incl. photovoltaics), electronics and
1453:
S was the first efficient solar cell. Used in solar cells with CdTe. Common as
7010:
6982:
6760:
6449:
5986:
4703:
3877:
3562:
3118:
2525:
Photoconductor. Uses in nonlinear optics. Used as 2D-material. Air sensitive.
1517:
1226:
1166:
543:
382:
51:
43:
6090:
6038:
5878:
5619:
4890:
7576:
7301:
7207:
7079:
6500:
6325:
6308:
4882:
4402:
1230:
859:
666:
632:
Excellent thermal conductivity. Superior mechanical and optical properties.
577:
362:
349:
of at least two different species. These semiconductors form for example in
215:
205:
185:
6414:
6376:
6098:
6072:
5943:
5553:
5453:
5117:
4945:
4898:
3991:
due to its small bandgap, which reaches a minimum of around 0.08 eV in InAs
6358:
6341:
5994:
5886:
7514:
7504:
7479:
6081:
6056:
4921:
3985:
3273:
2903:
2373:
2167:
2056:
The lowest direct and indirect bandgaps are within 30 meV or each other.
1964:
1749:
1531:
Photocatalytic. Band gap is tunable from 3 to 4 eV by alloying with
1458:
835:
802:
562:
for insulation purposes. Most common material used in the fabrication of
498:
437:
390:
378:
117:
93:
35:
20:
5785:
4776:
7519:
6029:
6012:
5444:
5060:
2938:
2377:
2101:
522:
429:
394:
386:
366:
309: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
195:
77:
7608:
5611:
5497:
5696:
3110:
2550:
Air sensitive. High electrical mobility in few- and mono-layer form.
2135:
1741:
769:
744:
715:
686:
370:
6390:
5271:
1506:. Fluorescent at 790 nm. Nanoparticles usable as quantum dots.
995:
Ultrahigh thermal conductivity for thermal management; Resistant to
188:
semiconductors: usually p-type, except ZnTe and ZnO which are n-type
5772:
O. Madelung; U. Rössler; M. Schulz, eds. (1998). "Cuprous oxide (Cu
5153:
5528:
4967:
4859:"High Carrier Mobility in Single-Crystal Plasma-Deposited Diamond"
358:
240:
70:
65:
inorganic solids. These materials are classified according to the
47:
6544:
3884:
3676:
3675:
and some niche optoelectronics. Also used as a buffer layer for
3668:
3615:
3554:
3460:
7580:
6548:
2265:, resistant to high temperatures, promising thermoelectric and
6391:"Tin – an unlikely ally for silicon field effect transistors?"
650:
278:
6524:
Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials
6155:
Semiconductor materials: an introduction to basic principles
4690:(4 ed.). Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 2.
2300:
Oxygen-deficient n-type semiconductor. Used in gas sensors.
4638:
Reliability and failure of electronic materials and devices
353:
13–15 (old groups III–V), for example of elements from the
6379:
Dissertation (Ph.D.), California Institute of Technology
3883:, ultraviolet LEDs (down to 250 nm), and AlGaN/GaN
3508:. Indium content determines charge carrier density. For
729:
Used for high-voltage and high-temperature applications
405:(InGaAs)) and quaternary alloys (four elements) such as
4966:
Y. Tao, J. M. Boss, B. A. Moores, C. L. Degen (2012).
4833:
Springer handbook of electronic and photonic materials
4027:
Used in some transistors and infrared photodetectors.
84:
have both advantages and disadvantages. For example,
4769:"NSM Archive - Physical Properties of Semiconductors"
4389:
Known as "MerCad". Extensive use in sensitive cooled
2957:
Semiconductive in both crystalline and glassy state
2924:
Semiconductive in both crystalline and glassy state
7764:
7743:
7699:
7682:
7619:
7462:
7446:
7437:
7315:
7284:
7261:
7250:
7170:
7154:
7108:
7067:
6965:
6958:
6903:
6832:
6759:
6748:
6723:
6677:
6589:
6582:
6276:
Chemical Solution Deposition of Semiconductor Films
3329:Used in infrared detectors and for thermal imaging
1687:S/CdS was the first efficient thin film solar cell
671:Low temperature allotrope (diamond cubic lattice).
92:than silicon, which allows faster operation; wider
2334:. Used in some uncooled thermal imagers. Used in
1744:, first semiconductor in practical use, used in
7713:Vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting-laser
61:Most commonly used semiconductor materials are
5431:: An earth-abundant disulfide photocatalyst".
824:. Band gap depends on fabrication conditions.
100:to low power devices at room temperature; its
7592:
7454:List of countries by photovoltaics production
7131:Solar-Powered Aircraft Developments Solar One
6560:
3561:structures and high-efficiency multijunction
8:
6273:Hodes; Ebooks Corporation (8 October 2002).
4608:. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 155–171.
4316:Gallium indium arsenide antimonide phosphide
3369:Adjustable band gap, allows construction of
2411:. Wide uses in electrooptics and photonics.
1833:is widely used in gas sensing applications.
607:, which impair reliability of some devices.
6936:Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector
6340:Prashant K Sarswat; Michael L Free (2013).
6307:Arumona Edward Arumona; Amah A. N. (2018).
5314:
5312:
5310:
5308:
436:source materials in an ambient gas such as
7639:Separate confinement heterostructure laser
7599:
7585:
7577:
7443:
7258:
6962:
6809:Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells
6756:
6586:
6567:
6553:
6545:
6471:Cisowski, J. (1982). "Level Ordering in II
5815:. UK: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 300.
5013:Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids
4660:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4292:Gallium indium nitride arsenide antimonide
3257:
1716:high temperature thermoelectric material.
482:
30:material is that it can be compromised by
6357:
6324:
6199:
6080:
6028:
5933:
5662:
5660:
5527:
5509:
5507:
5452:
5270:
5229:
5227:
5152:
5107:
4586:Semiconductor characterization techniques
1258:Used for infrared detectors and LEDs and
325:Learn how and when to remove this message
141:elemental semiconductors, (C, Si, Ge, Sn)
7271:Grid-connected photovoltaic power system
6180:Journal of Taibah University for Science
4763:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
1955:. Recent measurements suggest that 3D Cd
1233:, can be grown on germanium substrates.
923:Potentially useful for ultraviolet LEDs
897:Potentially useful for ultraviolet LEDs
554:. Most common semiconductor material in
7238:Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge
7233:Hunt-Winston School Solar Car Challenge
5201:
5199:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4596:
401:(GaAs)), ternary (three elements, e.g.
7707:Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser
6061:ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
4811:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4793:
1752:, longer wavelengths require cooling.
1486:Used in solar cells with CdS. Used in
6313:Advanced Journal of Graduate Research
6120:
6118:
6116:
6050:
6048:
6006:
6004:
5733:10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2016.07.002
5710:
5708:
5706:
4666:Handbook of optoelectronics, Volume 1
153:elemental semiconductors, (S, Se, Te)
7:
7559:
6346:International Journal of Photoenergy
5243:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter
4830:Safa O. Kasap; Peter Capper (2006).
4143:Indium arsenide antimonide phosphide
4066:Aluminium gallium arsenide phosphide
3887:. Can be grown on sapphire. Used in
3251:Table of semiconductor alloy systems
2407:Ferroelectric, piezoelectric, shows
466:Metal-organic molecular-beam epitaxy
443:Other techniques of choice include:
411:Indium arsenide antimonide phosphide
307:adding citations to reliable sources
7276:List of photovoltaic power stations
6011:Arora, Himani; Erbe, Artur (2021).
5776:O) band structure, band energies".
5208:The Electrical Engineering Handbook
4981:Interband magnetoreflection of α-Sn
4686:Yu, Peter; Cardona, Manuel (2010).
4397:, and infrared detectors. Alloy of
4268:Gallium arsenide antimonide nitride
4172:Aluminium indium arsenide phosphide
3373:structures. Certain thicknesses of
1229:. Very similar lattice constant to
595:. Very similar lattice constant to
7292:Rooftop photovoltaic power station
6695:Polycrystalline silicon (multi-Si)
6644:Third-generation photovoltaic cell
4196:Aluminium gallium arsenide nitride
4114:Indium gallium arsenide antimonide
4039:Aluminium gallium indium phosphide
407:aluminium gallium indium phosphide
14:
7645:Distributed Bragg reflector laser
7297:Building-integrated photovoltaics
6794:Carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics
6700:Monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si)
5746:S. Banerjee; et al. (2006).
5721:Progress in Solid State Chemistry
5210:. CRC Press. pp. 2235–2236.
4244:Indium aluminium arsenide nitride
4090:Indium gallium arsenide phosphide
1225:electronics, and high-efficiency
7607:
7558:
7547:
7546:
6669:Polarizing organic photovoltaics
5433:Journal of Materials Chemistry A
5049:Journal of Materials Chemistry A
599:. High-purity crystals used for
593:multijunction photovoltaic cells
479:Table of semiconductor materials
422:Metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy
283:
133:Types of semiconductor materials
7784:List of semiconductor materials
6804:Cadmium telluride photovoltaics
6685:List of semiconductor materials
4664:John Dakin, Robert G. W. Brown
4473:Zinc cadmium phosphide arsenide
4220:Indium gallium arsenide nitride
1492:cadmium telluride photovoltaics
546:, and in its amorphous form as
294:needs additional citations for
6916:Incremental conductance method
6710:Copper indium gallium selenide
6659:Thermodynamic efficiency limit
5546:10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.027603
4836:. Springer. pp. 54, 327.
4688:Fundamentals of Semiconductors
4527:Copper indium gallium selenide
1262:. Doped n with Te, p with Zn.
1:
7223:South African Solar Challenge
6201:10.1080/16583655.2019.1565437
5322:Semiconductors: Data Handbook
5263:10.1088/0953-8984/20/7/075233
3784:Aluminium arsenide antimonide
2863:Nonlinear optical properties
26:. The defining property of a
7633:Double heterostructure laser
6870:Photovoltaic mounting system
6536:10.1016/0960-8974(92)90030-T
6514:Arushanov, E. K. (1992). "II
6279:. CRC Press. pp. 319–.
5413:10.1016/j.optmat.2013.04.034
5346:Claus F. Klingshirn (1997).
5033:10.1016/0022-3697(86)90123-X
4614:10.1007/978-1-4615-3818-9_12
3634:Aluminium gallium antimonide
3614:Buffer layer in metamorphic
3459:electrons to GaAs (see e.g.
3174:Copper zinc antimony sulfide
88:(GaAs) has six times higher
42:industry—in devices such as
6875:Maximum power point tracker
6479:Semiconducting Compounds".
4559:. Polycrystalline. Used in
3986:mid- and long-wave infrared
3903:Aluminium gallium phosphide
3848:is lattice matched to InP.
3812:Gallium arsenide antimonide
3691:Aluminium indium antimonide
2660:Lanthanum calcium manganate
1039:, possible applications in
999:, possible applications in
700:Used for early yellow LEDs
454:Hydride vapor-phase epitaxy
7821:
7756:Laser diode rate equations
7751:Semiconductor laser theory
7651:Distributed-feedback laser
7126:Solar panels on spacecraft
6973:Solar-powered refrigerator
6931:Concentrated photovoltaics
6911:Perturb and observe method
6690:Crystalline silicon (c-Si)
5926:10.1038/s41467-020-14481-z
5677:Journal of Applied Physics
5478:Journal of Applied Physics
5171:10.1103/PRXEnergy.3.013013
5100:10.1038/s41467-017-00582-9
4409:. Can be grown on CdZnTe.
3968:Indium arsenide antimonide
3838:multi-junction solar cells
3756:Gallium arsenide phosphide
3429:Aluminium gallium arsenide
2683:Colossal magnetoresistance
2616:Gallium manganese arsenide
7542:
6824:Heterojunction solar cell
6799:Dye-sensitized solar cell
6639:Multi-junction solar cell
6629:Nominal power (Watt-peak)
6450:10.1134/S0020168514090143
6395:Physica Status Solidi RRL
6373:Yasantha Rajakarunanayake
5987:10.1103/PhysRevB.51.17085
5352:. Springer. p. 127.
5325:. Birkhäuser. p. 1.
4704:10.1007/978-3-642-00710-1
4374:Mercury cadmium telluride
4360:electro-optic coefficient
4011:Indium gallium antimonide
3919:Used in some green LEDs.
3860:Aluminium gallium nitride
3673:resonant-tunneling diodes
3585:Aluminium indium arsenide
3285:
3282:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
1199:ZnO-doped GaP emits red.
758:Used for early blue LEDs
259:Charge-transfer complexes
7730:Semiconductor ring laser
7307:Strasskirchen Solar Park
7198:American Solar Challenge
7044:Solar-powered flashlight
7031:Solar-powered calculator
7026:Solar cell phone charger
6715:Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
5879:10.1103/physrevb.41.4993
5719:and its modifications".
5295:"Boron nitride nanotube"
3732:Gallium arsenide nitride
3524:Indium gallium phosphide
2638:Lead manganese telluride
2547:direct (indirect in 2D)
2442:Stable below 67 °C
1858:Complex band structure.
1504:electro-optic modulators
803:Gray (trigonal) selenium
636:nanomechanical resonator
175:Template:III-V compounds
104:gives it more favorable
7805:Semiconductor materials
7724:Interband cascade laser
7213:Frisian Solar Challenge
7183:List of solar car teams
6941:Space-based solar power
6921:Constant voltage method
6850:Solar charge controller
6736:Timeline of solar cells
6731:Growth of photovoltaics
6522:compounds and alloys".
6501:10.1002/pssb.2221110132
6481:Physica Status Solidi B
6326:10.21467/ajgr.3.1.41-46
5809:Lee, Thomas H. (2004).
5592:Applied Physics Letters
5516:Physical Review Letters
4883:10.1126/science.1074374
3565:for e.g. satellites. Ga
3475:Indium gallium arsenide
3133:Copper zinc tin sulfide
3115:cat's whisker detectors
2631:Magnetic, diluted (DMS)
2609:Magnetic, diluted (DMS)
2152:Photocatalytic, n-type
1746:cat's whisker detectors
1449:and solar cells; CdS/Cu
472:Atomic layer deposition
403:indium gallium arsenide
275:Compound semiconductors
249:Magnetic semiconductors
147:compound semiconductors
82:compound semiconductors
17:Semiconductor materials
7203:Formula Sun Grand Prix
7035:Solar-powered fountain
6978:Solar air conditioning
6779:Quantum dot solar cell
6769:Nanocrystal solar cell
6664:Sun-free photovoltaics
6415:10.1002/pssr.201308300
6125:Arora, Himani (2020).
6073:10.1021/acsami.9b13442
5206:Dorf, Richard (1993).
4946:10.1002/pssa.201000055
4920:Pierre, Volpe (2010).
4640:Academic Press, 1998,
4581:Organic semiconductors
4421:Mercury zinc telluride
4341:Cadmium zinc telluride
3931:Indium gallium nitride
3620:quantum cascade lasers
3377:have direct band gap.
2875:Zinc silicon phosphide
2849:Silver gallium sulfide
2821:Copper indium selenide
2234:N-type semiconductor.
2119:Photocatalytic, n-type
1494:; less efficient than
1171:magnetic semiconductor
935:Boron nitride nanotube
448:Molecular-beam epitaxy
339:compound semiconductor
254:Organic semiconductors
245:Layered semiconductors
7673:External-cavity laser
7667:Quantum-cascade laser
7193:World Solar Challenge
7016:Photovoltaic keyboard
6946:PV system performance
6819:Perovskite solar cell
6617:Solar cell efficiency
6134:Doctoral Dissertation
5906:Nature Communications
5900:Sinha, Sapna (2020).
5319:Madelung, O. (2004).
5080:Nature Communications
4926:Physica Status Solidi
4561:thin film solar cells
4449:Mercury zinc selenide
3999:at room temperature.
3417:Adjustable band gap.
2796:Chromium(III) bromide
1488:thin film solar cells
552:thin-film solar cells
538:Used in conventional
409:(AlInGaP)) alloy and
399:gallium(III) arsenide
351:periodic table groups
69:of their constituent
67:periodic table groups
7719:Hybrid silicon laser
7690:Volume Bragg grating
7613:Semiconductor lasers
7463:Individual producers
7171:Solar vehicle racing
6860:Solar micro-inverter
6789:Plasmonic solar cell
6634:Thin-film solar cell
6602:Photoelectric effect
5349:Semiconductor optics
5074:Todorov, T. (2017).
4606:Electronic Materials
2773:Europium(II) sulfide
2485:Molybdenum disulfide
1500:electro-optic effect
1128:Aluminium antimonide
460:Liquid phase epitaxy
303:improve this article
108:properties than the
19:are nominally small
7059:Solar traffic light
7039:Solar-powered radio
7006:Solar-powered watch
6814:Printed solar panel
6649:Solar cell research
6493:1982PSSBR.111..289C
6438:Inorganic Materials
6407:2014PSSRR...8..332H
6359:10.1155/2013/154694
6241:Arsenic sulfide (As
6192:2019JTUS...13..280K
6067:(46): 43480–43487.
5979:1995PhRvB..5117085K
5973:(23): 17085–17095.
5918:2020NatCo..11..823S
5871:1990PhRvB..41.4993S
5786:10.1007/10681727_62
5689:1999JAP....86.5614B
5604:2009ApPhL..95k2103K
5538:2014PhRvL.113b7603B
5490:1964JAP....35.2484H
5405:2013OptMa..35.1693P
5255:2008JPCM...20g5233E
5186:Solid State Physics
5163:2024PRXE....3a3013N
5092:2017NatCo...8..682T
5055:(45): 24199–24207.
5025:1986JPCS...47..143A
4938:2010PSSAR.207.2088V
4875:2002Sci...297.1670I
4869:(5587): 1670–1672.
4696:2010fuse.book.....Y
4407:atmospheric windows
4158:thermophotovoltaics
4129:thermophotovoltaics
3506:thermophotovoltaics
3117:, investigated for
3043:Thallium(I) bromide
2992:Bismuth(III) iodide
2263:Seebeck coefficient
1628:terahertz radiation
1496:crystalline silicon
1344:terahertz radiation
1342:emitter, used as a
1260:thermophotovoltaics
1080:Aluminium phosphide
818:selenium rectifiers
564:integrated circuits
540:crystalline silicon
341:is a semiconductor
7657:Quantum well laser
7095:The Quiet Achiever
7054:Solar street light
7001:Solar-powered pump
6774:Organic solar cell
6654:Thermophotovoltaic
6622:Quantum efficiency
6030:10.1002/inf2.12160
5445:10.1039/C5TA08214E
5374:"Lead(II) sulfide"
5061:10.1039/D2TA07729A
4668:, CRC Press, 2006
4395:infrared astronomy
3984:Primarily used in
3891:with AlN and GaN.
3306:Lead tin telluride
3215:Copper tin sulfide
3017:Mercury(II) iodide
2901:Arsenic trisulfide
2748:Europium(II) oxide
2736:Antiferromagnetic
2424:Vanadium(IV) oxide
2376:. Conductive when
2350:Strontium titanate
2267:thermophotovoltaic
1498:but cheaper. High
1245:Gallium antimonide
1104:Aluminium arsenide
601:gamma spectroscopy
7792:
7791:
7662:Quantum dot laser
7574:
7573:
7538:
7537:
7433:
7432:
7246:
7245:
7121:Mauro Solar Riser
7116:Electric aircraft
7049:Solar-powered fan
6954:
6953:
6845:Balance of system
6833:System components
6784:Hybrid solar cell
6744:
6743:
6705:Cadmium telluride
6286:978-0-8247-4345-1
5967:Physical Review B
5859:Physical Review B
5822:978-0-521-83526-8
5795:978-3-540-64583-2
5683:(10): 5614–5618.
5612:10.1063/1.3225151
5522:(27603): 027603.
5498:10.1063/1.1702886
5393:Optical Materials
5359:978-3-540-61687-0
5332:978-3-540-40488-0
4970:. arXiv:1212.1347
4843:978-0-387-26059-4
4713:978-3-642-00709-5
4623:978-1-4613-6703-1
4567:
4566:
4399:mercury telluride
3341:Silicon-germanium
3248:
3247:
2969:Platinum silicide
2709:Antiferromagnetic
2495:1.23 eV (2H)
1902:Cadmium phosphide
1870:Bismuth telluride
1666:Copper(I) sulfide
1626:used to generate
1473:Cadmium telluride
1382:electron velocity
1378:electron mobility
1358:Indium antimonide
1185:Gallium phosphide
1055:Aluminium nitride
548:amorphous silicon
347:chemical elements
335:
334:
327:
110:indirect band gap
90:electron mobility
56:materials science
7812:
7778:Gallium arsenide
7611:
7601:
7594:
7587:
7578:
7562:
7561:
7550:
7549:
7444:
7285:Building-mounted
7263:PV power station
7259:
7188:Solar challenges
7178:Solar car racing
7146:Solar Challenger
7136:Gossamer Penguin
6963:
6757:
6607:Solar irradiance
6587:
6569:
6562:
6555:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6511:
6505:
6504:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6386:
6380:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6361:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6304:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6293:
6270:
6264:
6257:
6251:
6238:
6232:
6229:
6223:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6203:
6171:
6165:
6157:Springer, 2003,
6151:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6131:
6122:
6111:
6110:
6084:
6052:
6043:
6042:
6032:
6008:
5999:
5998:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5937:
5897:
5891:
5890:
5865:(8): 4993–5009.
5833:
5827:
5826:
5806:
5800:
5799:
5769:
5763:
5762:
5752:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5712:
5701:
5700:
5697:10.1063/1.371569
5664:
5655:
5654:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5589:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5531:
5511:
5502:
5501:
5484:(8): 2484–2487.
5465:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5439:(4): 1312–1318.
5423:
5417:
5416:
5399:(9): 1693–1699.
5388:
5382:
5381:
5370:
5364:
5363:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5316:
5303:
5302:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5274:
5240:
5231:
5222:
5221:
5203:
5194:
5193:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5156:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5111:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5043:
5037:
5036:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4990:
4984:
4977:
4971:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4932:(9): 2088–2092.
4917:
4911:
4910:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4827:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4775:. Archived from
4765:
4718:
4717:
4683:
4677:
4662:
4649:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4601:
4391:infrared imaging
3834:tunnel junctions
3258:
3113:. Used in later
2723:Nickel(II) oxide
2512:Gallium selenide
2336:nonlinear optics
2271:radiation damage
2222:Copper(II) oxide
2164:Titanium dioxide
2132:Titanium dioxide
2098:Titanium dioxide
2011:Zinc diphosphide
1999:Usually p-type.
1953:magnetoresistors
1932:Cadmium arsenide
1728:Lead(II) sulfide
1642:Cuprous chloride
1541:indium tin oxide
1400:Cadmium selenide
1386:ballistic length
1299:Indium phosphide
1211:Gallium arsenide
1037:radiation damage
997:radiation damage
638:quality factor.
597:gallium arsenide
483:
357:(old group III,
330:
323:
319:
316:
310:
287:
279:
122:lattice constant
86:gallium arsenide
7820:
7819:
7815:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7810:
7809:
7795:
7794:
7793:
7788:
7772:Indium arsenide
7760:
7739:
7735:Polariton laser
7695:
7678:
7615:
7605:
7575:
7570:
7534:
7458:
7429:
7311:
7280:
7253:
7242:
7166:
7155:Water transport
7150:
7104:
7090:Solar golf cart
7063:
7021:Solar road stud
6950:
6904:System concepts
6899:
6828:
6751:
6740:
6719:
6673:
6578:
6573:
6543:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6512:
6508:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6435:
6434:
6430:
6388:
6387:
6383:
6371:
6367:
6339:
6338:
6334:
6306:
6305:
6301:
6291:
6289:
6287:
6272:
6271:
6267:
6258:
6254:
6248:
6244:
6239:
6235:
6230:
6226:
6221:
6217:
6173:
6172:
6168:
6152:
6148:
6138:
6136:
6129:
6124:
6123:
6114:
6054:
6053:
6046:
6010:
6009:
6002:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5899:
5898:
5894:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5823:
5808:
5807:
5803:
5796:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5755:Current Science
5750:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5718:
5714:
5713:
5704:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5665:
5658:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5587:
5584:
5580:
5574:
5573:
5569:
5513:
5512:
5505:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5466:
5462:
5430:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5390:
5389:
5385:
5372:
5371:
5367:
5360:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5333:
5318:
5317:
5306:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5238:
5233:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5205:
5204:
5197:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5073:
5072:
5068:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5010:
5009:
5005:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4978:
4974:
4965:
4961:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4829:
4828:
4791:
4782:
4780:
4767:
4766:
4721:
4714:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4663:
4652:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4572:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4535:
4513:thermoelectrics
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4050:direct/indirect
3998:
3994:
3954:
3950:
3889:heterojunctions
3847:
3843:
3769:direct/indirect
3717:direct/indirect
3707:
3700:
3679:quantum wells.
3660:direct/indirect
3650:
3643:
3611:direct/indirect
3601:
3594:
3572:
3568:
3550:direct/indirect
3540:
3533:
3491:
3484:
3455:direct/indirect
3445:
3438:
3405:
3399:
3366:direct/indirect
3357:
3351:
3317:
3313:
3267:Material class
3253:
3243:
3239:
3227:
3223:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3161:
3157:
3145:
3141:
3101:
3074:
3024:
2999:
2950:
2946:
2936:Arsenic sulfide
2915:
2911:
2882:
2856:
2829:
2803:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2597:
2593:
2586:Bismuth sulfide
2537:Indium selenide
2492:
2472:
2461:
2454:Lead(II) iodide
2431:
2399:
2392:Lithium niobate
2357:
2319:
2312:Barium titanate
2292:
2253:
2246:Uranium dioxide
2201:
2194:Copper(I) oxide
2175:
2143:
2109:
2079:
2075:
2068:Zinc antimonide
2048:
2044:
2018:
1990:
1986:
1962:
1958:
1943:
1939:
1913:
1909:
1881:
1877:
1832:
1821:
1814:Tin(IV) sulfide
1798:direct/indirect
1788:Tin(II) sulfide
1686:
1673:
1624:lithium niobate
1533:magnesium oxide
1452:
1432:Cadmium sulfide
1324:Indium arsenide
1152:Gallium nitride
1138:indirect/direct
1026:
1022:
958:Boron phosphide
784:
741:Silicon carbide
712:Silicon carbide
683:Silicon carbide
481:
419:
331:
320:
314:
311:
300:
288:
277:
235:
135:
102:direct band gap
12:
11:
5:
7818:
7816:
7808:
7807:
7797:
7796:
7790:
7789:
7787:
7786:
7781:
7775:
7768:
7766:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7758:
7753:
7747:
7745:
7741:
7740:
7738:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7721:
7716:
7710:
7703:
7701:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7693:
7686:
7684:
7680:
7679:
7677:
7676:
7670:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7648:
7642:
7636:
7630:
7623:
7621:
7617:
7616:
7606:
7604:
7603:
7596:
7589:
7581:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7568:
7556:
7543:
7540:
7539:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7500:Solar Frontier
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7475:Hanwha Q CELLS
7472:
7466:
7464:
7460:
7459:
7457:
7456:
7450:
7448:
7441:
7435:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7427:
7422:
7420:United Kingdom
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7355:Czech Republic
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7321:
7319:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7273:
7267:
7265:
7256:
7248:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7241:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7174:
7172:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7158:
7156:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7148:
7143:
7141:Qinetiq Zephyr
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7071:
7069:
7068:Land transport
7065:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6995:
6993:Solar backpack
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6969:
6967:
6960:
6956:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6907:
6905:
6901:
6900:
6898:
6897:
6895:Synchronverter
6892:
6887:
6885:Solar shingles
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6855:Solar inverter
6852:
6847:
6842:
6836:
6834:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6765:
6763:
6754:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6738:
6733:
6727:
6725:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6681:
6679:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6614:
6612:Solar constant
6609:
6604:
6599:
6593:
6591:
6584:
6580:
6579:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6564:
6557:
6549:
6542:
6541:
6530:(3): 131–201.
6519:
6515:
6506:
6487:(1): 289–293.
6476:
6472:
6463:
6444:(9): 868–873.
6428:
6401:(4): 332–335.
6381:
6365:
6332:
6299:
6285:
6265:
6252:
6246:
6242:
6233:
6224:
6215:
6186:(1): 280–285.
6166:
6146:
6112:
6044:
6023:(6): 662–693.
6000:
5957:
5892:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5828:
5821:
5801:
5794:
5773:
5764:
5738:
5716:
5702:
5672:
5668:
5656:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5625:
5598:(11): 112103.
5582:
5578:
5567:
5503:
5473:
5469:
5460:
5428:
5418:
5383:
5378:www.matweb.com
5365:
5358:
5338:
5331:
5304:
5299:www.matweb.com
5286:
5223:
5216:
5195:
5176:
5131:
5066:
5038:
5003:
4998:www.matweb.com
4985:
4972:
4959:
4912:
4849:
4842:
4789:
4719:
4712:
4678:
4650:
4636:Milton Ohring
4629:
4622:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4576:Heterojunction
4571:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4470:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4418:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4193:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4140:
4137:
4133:
4132:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4111:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4008:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3989:photodetectors
3982:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3920:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3440:
3434:
3431:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3401:
3394:
3391:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3371:heterojunction
3367:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3346:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3221:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3094:Iron disulfide
3091:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3067:Silver sulfide
3064:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2784:Ferromagnetic
2782:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2696:Iron(II) oxide
2693:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2409:Pockels effect
2405:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1979:Zinc phosphide
1976:
1973:
1969:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1764:Lead telluride
1761:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1609:Zinc telluride
1606:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1450:
1447:photoresistors
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1274:Indium nitride
1271:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1015:Boron arsenide
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:
993:
990:
987:
984:
982:Boron arsenide
979:
976:
972:
971:
969:
966:
963:
960:
955:
952:
948:
947:
945:
943:
940:
937:
932:
929:
925:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
906:
903:
899:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
880:
877:
873:
872:
870:
868:
865:
862:
857:
854:
850:
849:
847:
844:
841:
838:
833:
830:
826:
825:
814:
811:
808:
805:
800:
797:
793:
792:
790:
788:
785:
782:
779:
767:
764:
760:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
738:
735:
731:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
709:
706:
702:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
680:
677:
673:
672:
669:
664:
661:
658:
648:
645:
641:
640:
630:
627:
624:
621:
616:
613:
609:
608:
589:
586:
583:
580:
575:
572:
568:
567:
536:
531:
528:
525:
520:
517:
513:
512:
509:
506:
496:
493:
490:
487:
480:
477:
476:
475:
469:
463:
457:
451:
418:
415:
377:(old group V,
333:
332:
315:September 2021
291:
289:
282:
276:
273:
272:
271:
268:
261:
256:
251:
246:
243:
238:
236:semiconductors
233:
229:
228:semiconductors
219:
218:semiconductors
209:
208:semiconductors
199:
198:semiconductors
189:
179:
154:
148:
142:
134:
131:
106:optoelectronic
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7817:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7800:
7785:
7782:
7779:
7776:
7773:
7770:
7769:
7767:
7763:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7748:
7746:
7742:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7714:
7711:
7708:
7705:
7704:
7702:
7698:
7691:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7674:
7671:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7652:
7649:
7646:
7643:
7640:
7637:
7634:
7631:
7628:
7625:
7624:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7602:
7597:
7595:
7590:
7588:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7567:
7566:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7545:
7544:
7541:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7467:
7465:
7461:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7436:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7320:
7318:
7314:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7283:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7264:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7249:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7173:
7169:
7163:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7153:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7109:Air transport
7107:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7085:Solar roadway
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7075:Solar vehicle
7073:
7072:
7070:
7066:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6988:Solar charger
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6964:
6961:
6957:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6902:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6880:Solar tracker
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6835:
6831:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6747:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6676:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
6597:Photovoltaics
6595:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6576:Photovoltaics
6570:
6565:
6563:
6558:
6556:
6551:
6550:
6547:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6510:
6507:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6467:
6464:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6432:
6429:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6385:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6369:
6366:
6360:
6355:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6336:
6333:
6327:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6303:
6300:
6288:
6282:
6278:
6277:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6256:
6253:
6250:
6237:
6234:
6228:
6225:
6219:
6216:
6211:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6163:0-306-47361-5
6160:
6156:
6153:B. G. Yacobi
6150:
6147:
6135:
6128:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6083:
6082:11573/1555190
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6040:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6007:
6005:
6001:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5961:
5958:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5896:
5893:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5832:
5829:
5824:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5805:
5802:
5797:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5768:
5765:
5760:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5739:
5734:
5730:
5727:(3): 86–105.
5726:
5722:
5711:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5652:
5629:
5626:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5586:
5571:
5568:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5464:
5461:
5455:
5454:10044/1/41359
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5422:
5419:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5387:
5384:
5379:
5375:
5369:
5366:
5361:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5342:
5339:
5334:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5287:
5282:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5249:(7): 075233.
5248:
5244:
5237:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5219:
5217:0-8493-0185-8
5213:
5209:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5147:(1): 013013.
5146:
5142:
5135:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5070:
5067:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5042:
5039:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5007:
5004:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4960:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4913:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4853:
4850:
4845:
4839:
4835:
4834:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4779:on 2015-09-28
4778:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4715:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4674:0-7503-0646-7
4671:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4646:0-12-524985-3
4643:
4639:
4633:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4597:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4562:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4003:
4002:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3875:
3872:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3532:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3375:superlattices
3372:
3368:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3275:
3259:
3256:
3250:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2761:
2760:Ferromagnetic
2758:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2544:1.26–2.35 eV
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2370:piezoelectric
2367:
2366:Ferroelectric
2364:
2362:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:piezoelectric
2329:
2328:Ferroelectric
2326:
2324:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2040:
2038:
2037:Zinc arsenide
2035:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1954:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1863:V-VI, layered
1862:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:Tin telluride
1843:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1699:Lead selenide
1697:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:Zinc selenide
1557:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1545:random lasers
1542:
1538:
1537:cadmium oxide
1534:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1414:Nanoparticles
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:Resistant to
1034:
1031:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
991:
988:
985:
983:
980:
977:
974:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
959:
956:
953:
950:
949:
946:
944:
941:
938:
936:
933:
930:
927:
926:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
909:Boron nitride
907:
904:
901:
900:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
883:Boron nitride
881:
878:
875:
874:
871:
869:
866:
863:
861:
858:
855:
852:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
837:
834:
831:
828:
827:
823:
819:
815:
812:
809:
806:
804:
801:
798:
795:
794:
791:
789:
786:
780:
778:
776:
771:
768:
765:
762:
761:
757:
754:
751:
748:
746:
742:
739:
736:
733:
732:
728:
725:
722:
719:
717:
713:
710:
707:
704:
703:
699:
696:
693:
690:
688:
684:
681:
678:
675:
674:
670:
668:
665:
662:
659:
656:
652:
649:
646:
643:
642:
639:
637:
631:
628:
625:
622:
620:
617:
614:
611:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
587:
584:
581:
579:
576:
573:
570:
569:
565:
561:
560:thermal oxide
557:
556:photovoltaics
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
535:
532:
529:
526:
524:
521:
518:
515:
514:
510:
507:
504:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
484:
478:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
446:
445:
444:
441:
439:
435:
431:
427:
426:metalorganics
423:
416:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
329:
326:
318:
308:
304:
298:
297:
292:This section
290:
286:
281:
280:
274:
269:
266:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
230:
227:
223:
220:
217:
213:
210:
207:
203:
200:
197:
193:
190:
187:
183:
180:
178:
176:
170:
166:
162:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
132:
130:
127:
123:
119:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
98:thermal noise
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
74:
72:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
28:semiconductor
25:
22:
18:
7783:
7683:Hybrid types
7564:
7551:
7530:Yingli Solar
7510:Sungen Solar
7485:Motech Solar
7439:PV companies
7400:South Africa
7218:Solar Splash
6959:Applications
6890:Solar mirror
6750:Photovoltaic
6684:
6527:
6523:
6509:
6484:
6480:
6466:
6441:
6437:
6431:
6398:
6394:
6384:
6368:
6349:
6345:
6335:
6316:
6312:
6302:
6290:. Retrieved
6275:
6268:
6260:
6255:
6236:
6227:
6218:
6183:
6179:
6169:
6149:
6137:. Retrieved
6133:
6064:
6060:
6020:
6016:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5909:
5905:
5895:
5862:
5858:
5831:
5811:
5804:
5777:
5767:
5758:
5754:
5741:
5724:
5720:
5680:
5676:
5650:
5628:
5595:
5591:
5570:
5519:
5515:
5481:
5477:
5463:
5436:
5432:
5421:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5377:
5368:
5348:
5341:
5321:
5298:
5289:
5246:
5242:
5207:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5144:
5140:
5134:
5083:
5079:
5069:
5052:
5048:
5041:
5016:
5012:
5006:
4997:
4988:
4975:
4962:
4929:
4925:
4915:
4866:
4862:
4852:
4832:
4781:. Retrieved
4777:the original
4773:www.ioffe.ru
4772:
4687:
4681:
4632:
4605:
4599:
3704:
3697:
3647:
3640:
3598:
3591:
3537:
3530:
3509:
3488:
3481:
3442:
3435:
3402:
3396:
3354:
3348:
3286:Description
3254:
1584:Zinc sulfide
1511:II-VI, oxide
1455:quantum dots
1418:quantum dots
1376:. Very high
1374:quantum well
1340:photo-Dember
1041:betavoltaics
1001:betavoltaics
920:quasi-direct
836:Red selenium
774:
654:
633:
511:Description
442:
420:
345:composed of
338:
336:
321:
312:
301:Please help
296:verification
293:
172:
115:
81:
75:
60:
40:photovoltaic
16:
15:
7700:Other Types
7627:Laser diode
7620:Basic types
7525:Trina Solar
7470:First Solar
7410:Switzerland
7390:Netherlands
7228:Tour de Sol
6926:Fill factor
6865:Solar cable
6840:Solar panel
6761:Solar cells
5761:(10): 1378.
4532:Cu(In,Ga)Se
3563:solar cells
3389:Silicon-tin
3119:solar cells
2562:Tin sulfide
2422:monoclinic
2416:Oxide, V-VI
2285:Tin dioxide
1227:solar cells
1167:blue lasers
911:, hexagonal
822:solar cells
603:. May grow
544:solar cells
417:Fabrication
373:) and from
355:Boron group
173:(See also:
63:crystalline
52:solar cells
44:transistors
7447:By country
7317:By country
7252:Generation
7162:Solar boat
7011:Solar Tuki
6997:Solar tree
6983:Solar lamp
6966:Appliances
6590:Technology
5912:(1): 823.
5653:: 237–242.
5154:2307.05996
5141:PRX Energy
5086:(1): 682.
5019:(2): 143.
4783:2010-07-10
4592:References
3878:blue laser
2569:>1.5 eV
2372:. Used in
1683:p-type, Cu
1518:Zinc oxide
1502:, used in
1490:and other
550:(a-Si) in
383:phosphorus
24:insulators
7765:Materials
7325:Australia
7302:Solar Ark
7208:Solar Cup
7100:Sunmobile
7080:Solar car
6678:Materials
6319:: 41–46.
6210:139826266
6107:204884014
6091:1944-8244
6039:2567-3165
5952:256633781
5620:0003-6951
5529:1309.7978
5126:256640449
4994:"Tin, Sn"
4954:122210971
4891:0036-8075
4648:, p. 310.
4403:semimetal
4393:sensors,
4320:GaInAsSbP
4296:GaInNAsSb
3553:Used for
3283:Gap type
2374:varistors
1591:3.54/3.91
1231:germanium
860:Tellurium
667:semimetal
578:Germanium
434:precursor
363:aluminium
7799:Category
7715:(VECSEL)
7553:Category
7515:Sunpower
7505:Solyndra
7480:JA Solar
7415:Thailand
7335:Bulgaria
6583:Concepts
6458:94409384
6423:93729786
6099:31651146
5944:32041958
5562:19882802
5554:25062235
5281:52027854
5272:2160/612
5118:28947765
4907:27736134
4899:12215638
4570:See also
4118:InGaAsSb
3916:indirect
3876:Used in
3828:Used in
3797:indirect
3663:Used in
3414:indirect
3274:Band gap
3270:Formula
3109:Mineral
2904:Orpiment
2789:Magnetic
2766:Magnetic
2741:Magnetic
2716:Magnetic
2689:Magnetic
2653:Magnetic
2530:Layered
2522:indirect
2498:indirect
2380:-doped.
2168:brookite
2115:indirect
1965:graphene
1740:Mineral
1680:indirect
1459:phosphor
1445:Used in
1416:used as
1346:source.
1195:indirect
1114:indirect
1090:indirect
1032:indirect
968:indirect
894:indirect
846:indirect
816:Used in
813:indirect
810:1.83–2.0
755:indirect
726:indirect
697:indirect
651:Gray tin
629:indirect
605:whiskers
588:indirect
534:indirect
508:Gap type
499:Band gap
492:Material
438:hydrogen
430:hydrides
391:antimony
379:nitrogen
375:group 15
343:compound
263:Some of
232:I–III–VI
151:Group VI
145:Group IV
139:Group IV
118:band gap
94:band gap
36:computer
21:band gap
7709:(VCSEL)
7565:Commons
7520:Suntech
7395:Romania
7365:Germany
7330:Belgium
7254:systems
6724:History
6489:Bibcode
6403:Bibcode
6375:(1991)
6352:: 1–7.
6292:28 June
6188:Bibcode
6139:July 1,
6017:InfoMat
5995:9978722
5975:Bibcode
5935:7010709
5914:Bibcode
5887:9994356
5867:Bibcode
5849:, and V
5685:Bibcode
5645:and CdP
5600:Bibcode
5534:Bibcode
5486:Bibcode
5401:Bibcode
5251:Bibcode
5159:Bibcode
5109:5613033
5088:Bibcode
5021:Bibcode
4934:Bibcode
4871:Bibcode
4863:Science
4692:Bibcode
4272:GaAsSbN
4248:InAlAsN
4224:InGaAsN
4200:AlGaAsN
4176:AlInAsP
4156:Use in
4147:InAsSbP
4127:Use in
4094:InGaAsP
4070:AlGaAsP
4043:AlGaInP
3832:and in
2939:Realgar
2730:3.6–4.0
2579:Layered
2555:Layered
2505:Layered
2478:Layered
2447:Layered
2438:optical
2378:niobium
2102:anatase
1795:1.3/1.0
1135:1.6/2.2
885:, cubic
619:Diamond
542:(c-Si)
523:Silicon
495:Formula
468:(MOMBE)
428:and/or
395:bismuth
387:arsenic
367:gallium
78:silicon
7780:(GaAs)
7774:(InAs)
7744:Theory
7370:Greece
7360:France
7340:Canada
6752:system
6456:
6421:
6283:
6208:
6161:
6105:
6097:
6089:
6037:
5993:
5950:
5942:
5932:
5885:
5819:
5792:
5618:
5560:
5552:
5356:
5329:
5279:
5214:
5192:: 109.
5124:
5116:
5106:
4952:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4840:
4710:
4672:
4644:
4620:
4544:direct
4529:, CIGS
4453:HgZnSe
4425:HgZnTe
4378:HgCdTe
4355:direct
4346:CdZnTe
4024:direct
4015:InGaSb
3981:direct
3972:InAsSb
3944:direct
3881:diodes
3873:direct
3840:. GaAs
3825:direct
3816:GaAsSb
3788:AlAsSb
3501:direct
3294:Upper
3264:Elem.
3261:Group
3233:direct
3200:direct
3176:, CZAS
3151:direct
3135:, CZTS
3111:pyrite
2921:direct
2835:direct
2826:CuInSe
2733:direct
2642:PbMnTe
2620:GaMnAs
2572:direct
2149:direct
2136:rutile
1996:direct
1855:direct
1742:galena
1709:direct
1652:direct
1619:direct
1594:direct
1569:direct
1528:direct
1483:direct
1442:direct
1410:direct
1368:direct
1334:direct
1309:direct
1284:direct
1255:direct
1221:direct
1162:direct
1065:direct
992:direct
770:Sulfur
745:6H-SiC
716:4H-SiC
687:3C-SiC
456:(HVPE)
371:indium
270:Others
241:Oxides
169:p-type
165:n-type
50:, and
48:lasers
32:doping
7726:(ICL)
7692:laser
7675:(ECL)
7669:(QCL)
7653:(DFB)
7647:(DBR)
7641:(SCH)
7495:Sharp
7405:Spain
7385:Japan
7380:Italy
7375:India
7350:China
7345:Chile
6454:S2CID
6419:S2CID
6206:S2CID
6130:(PDF)
6103:S2CID
5948:S2CID
5751:(PDF)
5641:, ZnP
5588:(PDF)
5558:S2CID
5524:arXiv
5277:S2CID
5239:(PDF)
5149:arXiv
5122:S2CID
4950:S2CID
4903:S2CID
4676:p. 57
4520:other
4442:II-VI
4414:II-VI
4367:II-VI
4343:, CZT
4334:II-VI
4309:III-V
4285:III-V
4261:III-V
4237:III-V
4213:III-V
4189:III-V
4165:III-V
4136:III-V
4107:III-V
4083:III-V
4059:III-V
4032:III-V
4004:III-V
3961:III-V
3935:InGaN
3924:III-V
3907:AlGaP
3896:III-V
3885:HEMTs
3864:AlGaN
3853:III-V
3805:III-V
3777:III-V
3760:GaAsP
3749:III-V
3736:GaAsN
3725:III-V
3684:III-V
3669:HEMTs
3627:III-V
3578:III-V
3517:III-V
3468:III-V
3422:III-V
3299:IV-VI
3291:Lower
3217:, CTS
3208:other
3167:other
3158:ZnSnS
3142:ZnSnS
3126:other
3087:other
3060:other
3036:other
3010:other
2985:other
2962:other
2929:other
2894:other
2879:ZnSiP
2868:other
2853:AgGaS
2842:other
2823:, CIS
2814:other
2541:InSe
2396:LiNbO
2385:Oxide
2354:SrTiO
2343:Oxide
2316:BaTiO
2305:Oxide
2278:Oxide
2261:High
2239:Oxide
2215:Oxide
2187:Oxide
2157:Oxide
2125:Oxide
2091:Oxide
1838:IV-VI
1807:IV-VI
1781:IV-VI
1757:IV-VI
1721:IV-VI
1692:IV-VI
1635:I-VII
1602:II-VI
1577:II-VI
1552:II-VI
1466:II-VI
1425:II-VI
1393:II-VI
1351:III-V
1317:III-V
1292:III-V
1267:III-V
1238:III-V
1204:III-V
1178:III-V
1145:III-V
1121:III-V
1097:III-V
1073:III-V
1048:III-V
1008:III-V
975:III-V
951:III-V
928:III-V
902:III-V
876:III-V
489:Elem.
486:Group
474:(ALD)
462:(LPE)
450:(MBE)
359:boron
71:atoms
7635:(DH)
7629:(LD)
6350:2013
6294:2011
6281:ISBN
6159:ISBN
6141:2021
6095:PMID
6087:ISSN
6035:ISSN
5991:PMID
5940:PMID
5883:PMID
5817:ISBN
5790:ISBN
5616:ISSN
5550:PMID
5354:ISBN
5327:ISBN
5212:ISBN
5114:PMID
4895:PMID
4887:ISSN
4838:ISBN
4708:ISBN
4670:ISBN
4642:ISBN
4618:ISBN
4547:CuIn
4466:II-V
4431:2.25
4018:0.17
3978:0.36
3975:0.17
3913:2.45
3910:2.26
3870:6.28
3867:3.44
3846:0.49
3842:0.51
3830:HBTs
3822:1.42
3794:2.16
3791:1.61
3766:2.26
3763:1.43
3714:1.61
3711:0.17
3677:InAs
3665:HBTs
3657:1.61
3616:HEMT
3608:2.16
3605:0.36
3557:and
3555:HEMT
3547:2.26
3544:1.35
3498:1.43
3495:0.36
3461:QWIP
3452:2.16
3449:1.42
3411:1.11
3363:1.11
3360:0.67
3324:0.29
3230:0.91
3189:1.90
3185:0.40
3181:1.18
3148:1.49
3104:0.95
3050:2.68
3047:TlBr
2973:PtSi
2800:CrBr
2516:GaSe
2205:2.17
2178:3.26
2112:3.20
2061:II-V
2030:II-V
2004:II-V
1972:II-V
1925:II-V
1895:II-V
1884:0.13
1852:0.18
1849:SnTe
1771:0.32
1768:PbTe
1750:SWIR
1735:0.37
1714:Good
1706:0.26
1703:PbSe
1677:1.2
1659:I-VI
1646:CuCl
1613:ZnTe
1563:ZnSe
1535:and
1525:3.37
1480:1.49
1477:CdTe
1439:2.42
1407:1.74
1404:CdSe
1384:and
1365:0.17
1362:InSb
1331:0.36
1328:InAs
1306:1.35
1252:0.73
1249:GaSb
1218:1.42
1215:GaAs
1192:2.26
1159:3.44
1132:AlSb
1111:2.16
1108:AlAs
1087:2.45
1062:6.28
1029:3.47
989:1.82
917:5.96
891:6.36
867:0.33
843:2.05
820:and
626:5.47
585:0.67
530:1.12
265:MOFs
167:and
126:LEDs
38:and
7490:REC
6532:doi
6497:doi
6485:111
6446:doi
6411:doi
6354:doi
6321:doi
6196:doi
6077:hdl
6069:doi
6025:doi
5983:doi
5930:PMC
5922:doi
5875:doi
5857:".
5841:, V
5782:doi
5729:doi
5693:doi
5675:".
5608:doi
5542:doi
5520:113
5494:doi
5476:".
5449:hdl
5441:doi
5427:SnS
5409:doi
5267:hdl
5259:doi
5167:doi
5104:PMC
5096:doi
5057:doi
5029:doi
4942:doi
4930:207
4879:doi
4867:297
4700:doi
4610:doi
4553:1–x
4541:1.7
4506:1.5
4491:1−y
4479:1−x
4477:(Zn
4401:(a
4384:1.5
4352:2.2
4349:1.4
4021:0.7
3997:0.6
3993:0.4
3953:1–x
3941:3.4
3836:in
3819:0.7
3654:0.7
3571:0.5
3567:0.5
3559:HBT
3408:1.0
3312:1−x
3240:SnS
3224:SnS
3197:2.2
3193:7.2
3098:FeS
3078:0.9
3021:HgI
2996:BiI
2918:2.7
2885:2.0
2777:EuS
2752:EuO
2727:NiO
2703:2.2
2700:FeO
2672:MnO
2670:0.3
2666:0.7
2600:1.3
2566:SnS
2519:2.1
2489:MoS
2469:PbI
2464:2.4
2458:PbI
2434:0.7
2360:3.3
2295:3.7
2289:SnO
2256:1.3
2229:1.2
2226:CuO
2172:TiO
2146:3.0
2140:TiO
2106:TiO
2051:1.0
2021:2.1
2015:ZnP
1993:1.5
1916:0.5
1829:SnS
1824:2.2
1818:SnS
1792:SnS
1732:PbS
1649:3.4
1616:2.3
1588:ZnS
1566:2.7
1522:ZnO
1436:CdS
1303:InP
1281:0.7
1278:InN
1189:GaP
1156:GaN
1084:AlP
1059:AlN
986:BAs
965:2.1
942:5.5
787:2.6
752:3.0
749:SiC
723:3.3
720:SiC
694:2.3
691:SiC
657:-Sn
432:as
305:by
196:VII
157:III
120:or
7801::
7425:US
6528:25
6526:.
6495:.
6483:.
6475:-V
6452:.
6442:50
6440:.
6417:.
6409:.
6397:.
6393:.
6348:.
6344:.
6315:.
6311:.
6204:.
6194:.
6184:13
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6178:.
6132:.
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6101:.
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6065:11
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5863:41
5861:.
5847:13
5837:VO
5788:.
5759:90
5757:.
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5725:44
5723:.
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5691:.
5681:86
5679:.
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5659:^
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4698:.
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4551:Ga
4515:.
4493:As
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4481:Cd
4160:.
4131:.
3995:Sb
3951:Ga
3947:In
3844:Sb
3708:Sb
3703:1−
3701:In
3695:Al
3671:,
3667:,
3651:Sb
3646:1−
3644:Ga
3638:Al
3622:.
3602:As
3597:1−
3595:In
3589:Al
3569:In
3536:1−
3534:Ga
3528:In
3492:As
3487:1−
3485:Ga
3479:In
3446:As
3441:1−
3439:Ga
3433:Al
3400:Sn
3395:1−
3393:Si
3382:IV
3352:Ge
3347:1−
3345:Si
3334:IV
3318:Te
3314:Sn
3310:Pb
3280:)
3278:eV
3236:Cu
3220:Cu
3187:Sb
3183:Zn
3179:Cu
3154:Cu
3138:Cu
3121:.
3071:Ag
2943:As
2908:As
2668:Ca
2664:La
2590:Bi
2533:2
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2273:.
2250:UO
2198:Cu
2166:,
2134:,
2100:,
2076:Sb
2072:Zn
2045:As
2041:Zn
1983:Zn
1967:.
1959:As
1940:As
1936:Cd
1906:Cd
1878:Te
1874:Bi
1670:Cu
1630:.
1547:.
1461:.
1380:,
1173:.
1043:.
1023:As
1021:12
1003:.
962:BP
939:BN
914:BN
888:BN
864:Te
853:VI
840:Se
829:VI
807:Se
796:VI
777:-S
772:,
763:VI
743:,
734:IV
714:,
705:IV
685:,
676:IV
660:Sn
653:,
644:IV
612:IV
582:Ge
571:IV
566:.
527:Si
516:IV
503:eV
440:.
393:,
389:,
385:,
381:,
369:,
365:,
361:,
337:A
222:II
216:VI
206:VI
202:IV
186:VI
182:II
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4469:4
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4417:3
4381:0
4370:3
4337:3
4312:5
4288:5
4264:4
4240:4
4216:4
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3728:3
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3698:x
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3648:x
3641:x
3630:3
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3581:3
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3520:3
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3489:x
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3471:3
3443:x
3436:x
3425:3
3403:x
3397:x
3385:2
3355:x
3349:x
3337:2
3321:0
3316:x
3302:3
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3242:3
3238:2
3226:3
3222:2
3211:3
3191:S
3170:4
3160:4
3156:2
3144:4
3140:2
3129:4
3100:2
3090:2
3075:S
3073:2
3063:2
3039:2
3023:2
3013:2
2998:3
2988:2
2965:2
2949:4
2947:S
2945:4
2932:2
2914:3
2912:S
2910:2
2897:2
2881:2
2871:3
2855:2
2845:3
2832:1
2828:2
2817:3
2802:3
2792:2
2769:2
2744:2
2719:2
2692:2
2674:3
2656:4
2634:3
2612:3
2596:3
2594:S
2592:2
2582:2
2558:2
2508:2
2491:2
2481:2
2471:2
2460:2
2450:2
2430:2
2419:2
2402:4
2398:3
2388:3
2356:3
2346:3
2322:3
2318:3
2308:3
2291:2
2281:2
2252:2
2242:2
2218:2
2202:O
2200:2
2190:2
2174:2
2160:2
2142:2
2128:2
2108:2
2094:2
2078:2
2074:3
2064:2
2047:2
2043:3
2033:2
2017:2
2007:2
1989:2
1987:P
1985:3
1975:2
1961:2
1957:3
1946:0
1942:2
1938:3
1928:2
1912:2
1910:P
1908:3
1898:2
1880:3
1876:2
1866:2
1841:2
1831:2
1820:2
1810:2
1784:2
1760:2
1724:2
1695:2
1685:2
1674:S
1672:2
1662:2
1638:2
1605:2
1580:2
1555:2
1514:2
1469:2
1451:2
1428:2
1396:2
1354:2
1320:2
1295:2
1270:2
1241:2
1207:2
1181:2
1148:2
1124:2
1100:2
1076:2
1051:2
1025:2
1019:B
1011:2
978:2
954:2
931:2
905:2
879:2
856:1
832:1
799:1
783:8
781:S
775:α
766:1
737:2
708:2
679:2
663:0
655:α
647:1
623:C
615:1
574:1
519:1
505:)
501:(
328:)
322:(
317:)
313:(
299:.
267:.
234:2
226:V
224:–
214:–
212:V
204:–
194:–
192:I
184:–
161:V
159:–
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