Knowledge (XXG)

List of spacetimes

Source đź“ť

24: 1651: 1389: 1371: 218:
During the course of the development of the field of general relativity, a number of explicit metrics have been found which satisfy the Einstein field equations, a number of which are collected here. These model various phenomena in general relativity, such as possibly
844: 1646:{\displaystyle g=-{\frac {\Delta }{\rho ^{2}}}\left(dt-a\sin ^{2}\theta \,d\phi \right)^{2}+{\frac {\sin ^{2}\theta }{\rho ^{2}}}{\Big (}\left(r^{2}+a^{2}\right)\,d\phi -a\,dt{\Big )}^{2}+{\frac {\rho ^{2}}{\Delta }}dr^{2}+\rho ^{2}\,d\theta ^{2}.} 1169: 468: 1806: 672: 1116: 922: 693: 345: 358: 1674: 547: 961: 681:
These spacetimes model black holes. The Schwarzschild and Reissner–Nordstrom black holes are spherically symmetric, while Schwarzschild and Kerr are electrically neutral.
529: 488: 1861: 1151: 187: 1366:{\displaystyle g=-\left(1-{\frac {2M}{r}}+{\frac {e^{2}}{r^{2}}}\right)dt^{2}+\left(1-{\frac {2M}{r}}+{\frac {e^{2}}{r^{2}}}\right)^{-1}dr^{2}+r^{2}d\Omega ^{2}} 1826: 946: 157: 231:
models of the universe. On the other hand, some of the spacetimes are more for academic or pedagogical interest rather than modelling physical phenomena.
263: 849: 41: 2026: 2005: 107: 952: 88: 1654: 1997: 60: 45: 1161: 1867: 1896: 67: 132:
is given, a particular choice of coordinates is used, but there are often other useful choices of coordinate available.
2041: 839:{\displaystyle g=-\left(1-{\frac {2M}{r}}\right)dt^{2}+\left(1-{\frac {2M}{r}}\right)^{-1}dr^{2}+r^{2}d\Omega ^{2},} 74: 2018: 1926: 34: 1988: 56: 211:. In this case, the metric can be written down in terms of the coordinates, or more precisely, the coordinate 207:
On certain regions of spacetime (and possibly the entire spacetime) one can describe the points by a set of
193: 1381: 1938: 685: 539: 244: 201: 255: 1911: 493: 1964: 1921: 125: 81: 2022: 2001: 1943: 1879: 1154: 532: 463:{\displaystyle g=-dt^{2}+\alpha ^{2}\sinh ^{2}\left({\frac {1}{\alpha }}t\right)dH_{n-1}^{2},} 473: 1891: 1831: 1121: 208: 162: 1801:{\displaystyle g=-dt^{2}+a(t)^{2}\left({\frac {dr^{2}}{1-kr^{2}}}+r^{2}d\Omega ^{2}\right)} 667:{\displaystyle g={\frac {1}{y^{2}}}\left(-dt^{2}+dy^{2}+\sum _{i=1}^{n-2}dx_{i}^{2}\right)} 2014: 350: 220: 136: 1906: 1901: 1811: 1376: 931: 142: 1111:{\displaystyle g=-{\frac {32M^{3}e^{-r(U,V)/2M}}{r(U,V)}}dUdV+r(U,V)^{2}d\Omega ^{2},} 135:
In general relativity, spacetime is described mathematically by a metric tensor (on a
2035: 1916: 129: 1993: 23: 1666: 224: 251:, and each of these can be formulated in an arbitrary number of dimensions. 248: 228: 121: 240: 212: 925: 197: 190: 917:{\displaystyle d\Omega ^{2}=d\theta ^{2}+\sin ^{2}\theta d\phi ^{2}} 1969: 1963:
Mueller, Thomas; Grave, Frank (2009). "Catalogue of Spacetimes".
17: 204:, then one has the Einstein field equations with matter. 239:
These are spacetimes which admit the maximum number of
1834: 1814: 1677: 1392: 1172: 1124: 964: 934: 852: 696: 550: 496: 476: 361: 340:{\displaystyle g=-dt^{2}+\sum _{i=1}^{n-1}dx_{i}^{2}} 266: 165: 145: 1657:
for details on the terms appearing in this formula.
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1855: 1820: 1800: 1645: 1365: 1145: 1110: 940: 916: 838: 666: 523: 482: 462: 339: 181: 151: 1569: 1508: 1828:is often restricted to take values in the set 189:. This metric is sufficient to formulate the 8: 955:(Maximally extended Schwarzschild spacetime) 1968: 1833: 1813: 1787: 1774: 1758: 1737: 1727: 1716: 1694: 1676: 1634: 1626: 1620: 1607: 1589: 1583: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1559: 1546: 1535: 1522: 1507: 1506: 1498: 1481: 1474: 1465: 1453: 1441: 1411: 1402: 1391: 1357: 1344: 1331: 1315: 1302: 1292: 1286: 1268: 1247: 1227: 1217: 1211: 1193: 1171: 1123: 1099: 1086: 1016: 994: 984: 974: 963: 933: 908: 889: 876: 860: 851: 827: 814: 801: 785: 765: 744: 717: 695: 653: 648: 629: 618: 605: 589: 566: 557: 549: 515: 504: 495: 475: 451: 440: 415: 401: 391: 378: 360: 331: 326: 307: 296: 283: 265: 173: 164: 144: 108:Learn how and when to remove this message 1955: 7: 46:adding citations to reliable sources 1897:Einstein static universe spacetime 1784: 1595: 1404: 1354: 1096: 857: 824: 14: 22: 1998:The University of Chicago Press 948:is a positive, real parameter. 33:needs additional citations for 1713: 1706: 1140: 1128: 1083: 1070: 1046: 1034: 1013: 1001: 235:Maximally symmetric spacetimes 1: 1874:Gravitational wave spacetimes 120:This is a list of well-known 1162:Reissner–Nordstrom spacetime 524:{\displaystyle dH_{n-1}^{2}} 200:is included, described by a 1655:Boyer–Lindquist coordinates 924:is the round metric on the 2058: 2019:Cambridge University Press 1927:Non-relativistic spacetime 139:), conventionally denoted 1868:LemaĂ®tre–Tolman spacetime 1902:Ellis wormhole spacetime 540:Anti de-Sitter spacetime 194:Einstein field equations 1661:Cosmological spacetimes 686:Schwarzschild spacetime 483:{\displaystyle \alpha } 2011:Spacetime and Geometry 1857: 1856:{\displaystyle -1,0,1} 1822: 1802: 1647: 1367: 1147: 1146:{\displaystyle r(U,V)} 1112: 942: 918: 840: 668: 640: 525: 484: 464: 341: 318: 183: 182:{\displaystyle ds^{2}} 153: 1858: 1823: 1803: 1648: 1382:Kerr–Newman spacetime 1368: 1148: 1113: 943: 919: 841: 677:Black hole spacetimes 669: 614: 526: 485: 465: 342: 292: 245:Killing vector fields 184: 154: 1939:Spacetime symmetries 1892:Alcubierre spacetime 1832: 1812: 1675: 1390: 1170: 1122: 962: 932: 850: 694: 548: 494: 474: 359: 264: 202:stress-energy tensor 163: 143: 57:"List of spacetimes" 42:improve this article 1922:Mixmaster spacetime 658: 520: 456: 351:de-Sitter spacetime 336: 256:Minkowski spacetime 2042:General relativity 1989:General Relativity 1912:Taub–NUT spacetime 1853: 1818: 1798: 1643: 1363: 1143: 1108: 938: 914: 836: 664: 644: 521: 500: 480: 460: 436: 337: 322: 179: 149: 126:general relativity 1944:Quantum spacetime 1880:pp-wave spacetime 1821:{\displaystyle k} 1765: 1598: 1504: 1417: 1308: 1281: 1233: 1206: 1050: 953:Kruskal spacetime 941:{\displaystyle M} 778: 730: 572: 533:hyperbolic metric 423: 215:and coordinates. 152:{\displaystyle g} 118: 117: 110: 92: 2049: 1975: 1974: 1972: 1960: 1917:Kasner spacetime 1862: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1827: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1807: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1779: 1778: 1766: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1728: 1721: 1720: 1699: 1698: 1652: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1638: 1625: 1624: 1612: 1611: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1572: 1545: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1527: 1526: 1512: 1511: 1505: 1503: 1502: 1493: 1486: 1485: 1475: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1446: 1445: 1418: 1416: 1415: 1403: 1372: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1361: 1349: 1348: 1336: 1335: 1323: 1322: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1306: 1297: 1296: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1269: 1252: 1251: 1239: 1235: 1234: 1232: 1231: 1222: 1221: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1194: 1152: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1117: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1103: 1091: 1090: 1051: 1049: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1020: 989: 988: 975: 947: 945: 944: 939: 923: 921: 920: 915: 913: 912: 894: 893: 881: 880: 865: 864: 845: 843: 842: 837: 832: 831: 819: 818: 806: 805: 793: 792: 784: 780: 779: 774: 766: 749: 748: 736: 732: 731: 726: 718: 673: 671: 670: 665: 663: 659: 657: 652: 639: 628: 610: 609: 594: 593: 573: 571: 570: 558: 531:is the standard 530: 528: 527: 522: 519: 514: 489: 487: 486: 481: 469: 467: 466: 461: 455: 450: 432: 428: 424: 416: 406: 405: 396: 395: 383: 382: 346: 344: 343: 338: 335: 330: 317: 306: 288: 287: 188: 186: 185: 180: 178: 177: 158: 156: 155: 150: 113: 106: 102: 99: 93: 91: 50: 26: 18: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2047: 2046: 2032: 2031: 1984: 1979: 1978: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1935: 1907:Gödel spacetime 1888: 1876: 1830: 1829: 1810: 1809: 1783: 1770: 1754: 1744: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1712: 1690: 1673: 1672: 1663: 1630: 1616: 1603: 1585: 1566: 1531: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1494: 1477: 1476: 1437: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1407: 1388: 1387: 1353: 1340: 1327: 1298: 1288: 1270: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1243: 1223: 1213: 1195: 1186: 1182: 1168: 1167: 1120: 1119: 1095: 1082: 1030: 990: 980: 976: 960: 959: 930: 929: 904: 885: 872: 856: 848: 847: 823: 810: 797: 767: 758: 754: 753: 740: 719: 710: 706: 692: 691: 679: 601: 585: 578: 574: 562: 546: 545: 492: 491: 472: 471: 414: 410: 397: 387: 374: 357: 356: 279: 262: 261: 237: 169: 161: 160: 141: 140: 137:smooth manifold 114: 103: 97: 94: 51: 49: 39: 27: 12: 11: 5: 2055: 2053: 2045: 2044: 2034: 2033: 2030: 2029: 2008: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1817: 1796: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1725: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1670: 1669: 1667:FLRW spacetime 1662: 1659: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1582: 1577: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1544: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1510: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1452: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1433: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1377:Kerr spacetime 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1318: 1313: 1305: 1301: 1295: 1291: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1230: 1226: 1220: 1216: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1198: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1165: 1164: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 993: 987: 983: 979: 973: 970: 967: 957: 956: 937: 911: 907: 903: 900: 897: 892: 888: 884: 879: 875: 871: 868: 863: 859: 855: 835: 830: 826: 822: 817: 813: 809: 804: 800: 796: 791: 788: 783: 777: 773: 770: 764: 761: 757: 752: 747: 743: 739: 735: 729: 725: 722: 716: 713: 709: 705: 702: 699: 689: 688: 678: 675: 662: 656: 651: 647: 643: 638: 635: 632: 627: 624: 621: 617: 613: 608: 604: 600: 597: 592: 588: 584: 581: 577: 569: 565: 561: 556: 553: 543: 542: 518: 513: 510: 507: 503: 499: 479: 459: 454: 449: 446: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 422: 419: 413: 409: 404: 400: 394: 390: 386: 381: 377: 373: 370: 367: 364: 354: 353: 334: 329: 325: 321: 316: 313: 310: 305: 302: 299: 295: 291: 286: 282: 278: 275: 272: 269: 259: 258: 236: 233: 176: 172: 168: 148: 116: 115: 30: 28: 21: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2054: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2037: 2028: 2027:9781108488396 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2006:0-226-87033-2 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1971: 1966: 1959: 1956: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1815: 1794: 1788: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1723: 1717: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1640: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1590: 1586: 1580: 1575: 1563: 1560: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1542: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1412: 1408: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1358: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1316: 1311: 1303: 1299: 1293: 1289: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1271: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1228: 1224: 1218: 1214: 1208: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1163: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1156: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1125: 1105: 1100: 1092: 1087: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1031: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1010: 1007: 1004: 998: 995: 991: 985: 981: 977: 971: 968: 965: 954: 951: 950: 949: 935: 927: 909: 905: 901: 898: 895: 890: 886: 882: 877: 873: 869: 866: 861: 853: 833: 828: 820: 815: 811: 807: 802: 798: 794: 789: 786: 781: 775: 771: 768: 762: 759: 755: 750: 745: 741: 737: 733: 727: 723: 720: 714: 711: 707: 703: 700: 697: 687: 684: 683: 682: 676: 674: 660: 654: 649: 645: 641: 636: 633: 630: 625: 622: 619: 615: 611: 606: 602: 598: 595: 590: 586: 582: 579: 575: 567: 563: 559: 554: 551: 541: 538: 537: 536: 534: 516: 511: 508: 505: 501: 497: 477: 457: 452: 447: 444: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 420: 417: 411: 407: 402: 398: 392: 388: 384: 379: 375: 371: 368: 365: 362: 352: 349: 348: 347: 332: 327: 323: 319: 314: 311: 308: 303: 300: 297: 293: 289: 284: 280: 276: 273: 270: 267: 257: 254: 253: 252: 250: 246: 242: 234: 232: 230: 226: 222: 216: 214: 210: 205: 203: 199: 195: 192: 174: 170: 166: 146: 138: 133: 131: 130:metric tensor 127: 123: 112: 109: 101: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: 62: 59: â€“  58: 54: 53:Find sources: 47: 43: 37: 36: 31:This article 29: 25: 20: 19: 16: 2010: 1987: 1958: 1671: 1386: 1166: 958: 690: 680: 544: 490:is real and 355: 260: 247:for a given 238: 229:cosmological 223:or rotating 217: 206: 134: 128:. Where the 119: 104: 95: 85: 78: 71: 64: 52: 40:Please help 35:verification 32: 15: 1153:is defined 225:black holes 209:coordinates 2015:S. Carroll 1950:References 1155:implicitly 241:isometries 122:spacetimes 68:newspapers 1970:0904.4184 1836:− 1785:Ω 1749:− 1685:− 1632:θ 1618:ρ 1596:Δ 1587:ρ 1554:− 1551:ϕ 1496:ρ 1491:θ 1488:⁡ 1458:ϕ 1451:θ 1448:⁡ 1432:− 1409:ρ 1405:Δ 1400:− 1355:Ω 1317:− 1266:− 1191:− 1180:− 1097:Ω 996:− 972:− 906:ϕ 899:θ 896:⁡ 874:θ 858:Ω 825:Ω 787:− 763:− 715:− 704:− 634:− 616:∑ 580:− 509:− 478:α 445:− 421:α 408:⁡ 389:α 369:− 312:− 294:∑ 274:− 249:dimension 213:one-forms 2036:Category 2021:, 2019, 2000:, 1984, 1933:See also 1808:, where 98:May 2023 1994:R. Wald 1982:Sources 221:charged 82:scholar 2025:  2004:  1118:where 928:, and 926:sphere 846:where 470:where 198:matter 191:vacuum 84:  77:  70:  63:  55:  1965:arXiv 1886:Other 196:. If 89:JSTOR 75:books 2023:ISBN 2002:ISBN 1653:See 399:sinh 227:and 61:news 1479:sin 1439:sin 887:sin 243:or 159:or 124:in 44:by 2038:: 2017:, 2013:, 1996:, 1992:, 1863:. 1157:. 978:32 535:. 1973:. 1967:: 1851:1 1848:, 1845:0 1842:, 1839:1 1816:k 1795:) 1789:2 1781:d 1776:2 1772:r 1768:+ 1760:2 1756:r 1752:k 1746:1 1739:2 1735:r 1731:d 1724:( 1718:2 1714:) 1710:t 1707:( 1704:a 1701:+ 1696:2 1692:t 1688:d 1682:= 1679:g 1641:. 1636:2 1628:d 1622:2 1614:+ 1609:2 1605:r 1601:d 1591:2 1581:+ 1576:2 1570:) 1564:t 1561:d 1557:a 1548:d 1543:) 1537:2 1533:a 1529:+ 1524:2 1520:r 1515:( 1509:( 1500:2 1483:2 1472:+ 1467:2 1462:) 1455:d 1443:2 1435:a 1429:t 1426:d 1422:( 1413:2 1397:= 1394:g 1359:2 1351:d 1346:2 1342:r 1338:+ 1333:2 1329:r 1325:d 1320:1 1312:) 1304:2 1300:r 1294:2 1290:e 1284:+ 1279:r 1275:M 1272:2 1263:1 1259:( 1254:+ 1249:2 1245:t 1241:d 1237:) 1229:2 1225:r 1219:2 1215:e 1209:+ 1204:r 1200:M 1197:2 1188:1 1184:( 1177:= 1174:g 1141:) 1138:V 1135:, 1132:U 1129:( 1126:r 1106:, 1101:2 1093:d 1088:2 1084:) 1080:V 1077:, 1074:U 1071:( 1068:r 1065:+ 1062:V 1059:d 1056:U 1053:d 1047:) 1044:V 1041:, 1038:U 1035:( 1032:r 1025:M 1022:2 1018:/ 1014:) 1011:V 1008:, 1005:U 1002:( 999:r 992:e 986:3 982:M 969:= 966:g 936:M 910:2 902:d 891:2 883:+ 878:2 870:d 867:= 862:2 854:d 834:, 829:2 821:d 816:2 812:r 808:+ 803:2 799:r 795:d 790:1 782:) 776:r 772:M 769:2 760:1 756:( 751:+ 746:2 742:t 738:d 734:) 728:r 724:M 721:2 712:1 708:( 701:= 698:g 661:) 655:2 650:i 646:x 642:d 637:2 631:n 626:1 623:= 620:i 612:+ 607:2 603:y 599:d 596:+ 591:2 587:t 583:d 576:( 568:2 564:y 560:1 555:= 552:g 517:2 512:1 506:n 502:H 498:d 458:, 453:2 448:1 442:n 438:H 434:d 430:) 426:t 418:1 412:( 403:2 393:2 385:+ 380:2 376:t 372:d 366:= 363:g 333:2 328:i 324:x 320:d 315:1 309:n 304:1 301:= 298:i 290:+ 285:2 281:t 277:d 271:= 268:g 175:2 171:s 167:d 147:g 111:) 105:( 100:) 96:( 86:· 79:· 72:· 65:· 38:.

Index


verification
improve this article
adding citations to reliable sources
"List of spacetimes"
news
newspapers
books
scholar
JSTOR
Learn how and when to remove this message
spacetimes
general relativity
metric tensor
smooth manifold
vacuum
Einstein field equations
matter
stress-energy tensor
coordinates
one-forms
charged
black holes
cosmological
isometries
Killing vector fields
dimension
Minkowski spacetime
de-Sitter spacetime
hyperbolic metric

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

↑