List of pre-Columbian inventions and innovations of Indigenous Americans

1478: 6118: 2010: 2082: 1160: 1203:, generating the electric current needed to start the electroplating process. The gold ions in the solution were attracted to the copper anode and cathode and formed a thin layer over the copper, giving the latter the appearance of a solid gold object, even though gold only coated the outermost layer of the copper object. The Moche then allowed the acidic solution to boil slowly, causing a very thin layer/coating of gold to permanently coat the copper anode and cathode. This battery-less electroplating technique was developed around 500 CE by the Moche, a thousand years before Europeans invented the same process. 1665:, and many other metallurgical techniques independent of any Old World influences. The Moche were skilled in hammering and shaping gold, silver, copper, and bronze into intricate ornamental objects and chisels, while the later Incas developed more utilitarian objects using these metals and alloys. Metallurgical techniques later diffused from the Andean region of South America to Colombia and then later to Mesoamerica, where local artists and metallurgists developed even more unique techniques using a wide range of material, including alloys of copper-silver, copper-arsenic, copper-tin and copper-arsenic-tin. 1077: 2913: 2889: 1300: 2698: 2901: 1096:

of a million inhabitants, the Aztec built a system of dams that separated the salty waters of the lake from the rainwater that was accumulated during periods of heavy rains. The Aztec also used the dam to control the level of water in the lake and prevent their city from being flooded during times of heavy rains. To prevent flooding, the Aztec constructed an inner system of channels that helped to control the water level and held the level steady during flooding and periods of intense rains.

734: 1750:– Andean and Mesoamerican astronomers constructed towers to observe the movements of the planets and other astronomical features and events. Although culture groups throughout the world have observed the planets and stars and recorded their movements, the stone structures of the Mesoamerican and Andean culture groups are significant because they show the emphasis these early astronomers placed on making clear and accurate observations. In the U.S., the 2734: 986:– floating gardens, which were highly productive areas used for farming and growing food, were constructed by the Aztecs to provide food and sustenance to their 250,000 inhabits in the city of Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs used the chinampas in and around Tenochtitlan to grow corn, squash, beans, tomato, avocado, chilli peppers, and a plethora of other food products to feed the burgeoning population of their great metropolis. 1545: 378: 2351: 320: 2788: 35: 875: 1676: 536:. The Nazca built these artworks, which could only be viewed from the sky or from space. It was as if the Nazca were building monuments, which only their gods could view from up in the sky. Some of these artworks, otherwise known as the Nazca Lines, could only be viewed from the sky and each one of these works of Nazca art spans several miles across in size and dimension in the 1809: 1732: 2877: 1446:, and others. The Inca also further refined and expanded upon the earlier innovations and systems laid in place by previous Indigenous cultures. The Incan road system, at its peak, spanned over 20,000 mi (32,000 km) and crisscrossed mountains, rivers, deserts, rainforests, and plains. The road system connected the empire from the Andes mountain in 1392: 2400:– Tlingit armor was worn by coastal Indigenous nations in Alaska and British Columbia. Tlingit warriors wore battle helmets depicting either crest animals or ancestors, along with wooden visors, thick leather tunics, and body armor covered with wooden slats or coins. This battle attire combines technology, ingenuity, and symbolic power and protection. 2232: 1246: 2539: 972: 1420:), lined the inside living area of an igloo with animal skin and hides. This assisted in increasing the temperature within an igloo from around 2 °C (36 °F) to 10–20 °C (50–68 °F), thereby insuring a more comfortable existence for the inhabitants of the igloo from the fierce cold outside. With the addition of a 1586:– first cultivated in present-day Mexico several thousand years ago, corn is currently the most cultivated grain in the world with the US being the largest cultivator of maize followed by mainland China. Over 700 million tons of maize are grown worldwide annually today in order to feed people and animals. In addition, 1462:, and present-day northern Chile. The Inca roads were used to transport food, goods, people, and armies, while Inca officials frequently relayed messages using the roads across the vast stretches of the Inca Empire. In areas, where rivers blocked the directions of the roads, the Inca constructed elaborate and complex 1646:

also developed complex arithmetic functions and operations such as additions, subtractions, divisions, and multiplications. The development of mathematics by the Mexicans assisted them in making sense of the universe, cosmos, astronomy, architecture, and pre-Columbian calendars that were so essential

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bullrush. These reed boats varied in size from that of a small canoe used for navigation, transportation, and for small-scale fishing to large ships of up to 30 m (98 ft) in length, which were used for war, transportation, bulk goods hauling, and transporting royalty and nobility. They are

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in 1325 CE. The Aztec created various large artificial islands around the small island using a system that was similar to building the chinampas (floating gardens in the lake that was used to grow food for the cities' population). To provide drinking water to the cities' population of over a quarter

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Cassava (Manihot esculenta), also known as manioc, tapioca, yuca, and mandioca, is a domesticated species of tuber, a root crop originally domesticated perhaps as long ago as 8,000–10,000 years ago, in southern Brazil and eastern Bolivia along the southwestern border of the Amazon basin. Cassava is

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into fine works of art, as well for utilitarian usage. The Moche and Maya were some of the best potters from the ancient Americas, and their work still inspires awe amongst us for the level of artistry, creativity, and sophistication, which such highly prized works of arts involved. The Navajo are

1874:– the Inuit in the Arctic were the first peoples in the world to develop parkas. Parkas are great insulators, which protected the Inuit against the harsh Arctic winter. The pocket of air that was located within sewed caribou fur in a parka, protected a person against the brutal Arctic winter. 809:– bolas are a type of throwing weapon made of weights on the ends of interconnected cords and were initially used to capture animals via the entanglement of their legs. Bolas were used in the Andes and Patagonia where indigenous peoples–particularly the Tehuelche–used them to catch 200-pound 558:, lived in dry environments, yet they sustained large scale agriculture consisting of a wide variety of crops by employing aqueducts connecting various freshwater sources, such as mountain streams and lakes to their agricultural fields which were sometimes injecting pressure with the aid of 432:. Their culture arose, and presumably began using almanacs, around 3,500 years ago, while Europeans are known to have created written almanacs only after 1150 CE. Almanacs are books containing meteorological and astronomical information, which the Maya used in various aspects of their life. 480:

and other plants for partial or total loss of sensation or consciousness during surgery. Western doctors had effective anesthetics only after the mid-19th century. Before this, they either had to perform surgery while the patient dealt with the pain or they needed to knock the patient out

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also very skilled developers of pottery and their works in the present time are highly detailed and much prized. Many other indigenous American cultures also developed their own pottery styles during the pre-Columbian time periods and continued to refine their artwork into the modern era.

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Ebberts, Derek (9 March 2015). "To Brew or Not to Brew: A Brief History of Beer in Canada". Manitoba Historical Society. Manitoba Historical Society. Retrieved 28 January 2017. "Quebec was the geographic epicentre of the development and expansion of the brewing industry in

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copper with a thin layer of gold. In order to start the electroplating process, the Moche first concocted a very corrosive and a highly acidic liquid solution in which they dissolved small traces of gold. Copper inserted into the resulting acidic solution acted both as a

2128:– quipus were developed by the ancient Andeans. Quipus mimic an accounting, record-keeping, and communication system that uses knots and strings in order to record valuable information related to population, economic data, food grain supplies, calendars, events, etc. 2815:. The symbol used for "zero" is a shell glyph, which is seen on the stone carving. Although the Olmec didn't leave behind any statues or reliefs with a "zero" glyph, the use of the Long Count calendar requires the knowledge of this concept since it is based on a ( 52: 1671:– highly comfortable shoes used by indigenous Americans to travel vast distances. These shoes were often made of leather and were highly comfortable to wear. In addition, the moccasins could withstand the rugged terrain over which Native Americans traversed. 2406:– tobacco was used in the Americas for many centuries prior to the arrival of white Europeans. Consumed in high doses, tobacco can become highly hallucinogenic and was accordingly used by many indigenous peoples in the Americas to inspire dreams and 889:– calendars were developed by indigenous Americans throughout North America, Mesoamerica, and South America. They are known to have been in use since 600 BCE. Some calendars were so precise, that by the 5th century BCE, they were only 19 minutes off. 2267:– invented and then used first in the Americas by the indigenous tribes, which resided in the cold areas of North America in order to travel across a snow-laden landscape, especially during the long winter months, that gripped all of the region. 1221:

their dead since around 5000 BCE. Embalming is using preservatives to prevent decay of the body. Many other indigenous American peoples further perfected the art of embalming and mummification including the skilled Moche peoples in present-day

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is a domed room-dwelling formerly used by certain Native American and First Nations tribes, and still used for ceremonial purposes. The wigwam is not to be confused with the Plains tipi, which has a very different construction, structure, and

2465:– indigenous Americans were the first peoples in the world to domesticate and cultivate the tomato by 500 BCE. The tomato was an essential ingredient that formed the basis of many indigenous foods including tamales, tostado, soups, and salads. 1960:– the Maya have been found to be the earliest inventors of plumbing in Mesoamerica, with the earliest example of a pressurized water system being constructed in 750 CE—or earlier. This pressurized water system was located in the Maya site of 513: 832:

hung bottle gourds on poles in their cornfields to serve as habitats for insect-eating birds (a form of biological pest control, which they developed). Indigenous Americans in northern Peru also used bottle gourds as floats for fishing

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in the Andes area of South America. The medicine was used by many Andean people to prevent shivering due to cold in the low-temperature areas in the high Andes mountains of Peru. The ancient Peruvians would mix the ground bark of

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weather. While the temperature outside an igloo may have been −45 °C (−49 °F), the temperature within an igloo was stable ranging from −7 to 16 °C (19 to 61 °F) when warmed by body heat. The Central Inuit in

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continue to reside in some of these ancient multistory apartment complexes–which were constructed by their ancestors many centuries ago–even before the first apartments were built in the United States during the 18th century.

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surveyed the site and suggested that ancient Maya astronomers used the structure to observe the planet Venus. The Maya, as well as other Mesoamerican culture groups, used Venus to set times for ceremonies and as a divination

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Phillips, Charles "The Complete Illustrated History of the Aztec & Maya: The Definitive Chronicle of the Ancient Peoples of Central America & Mexico - Including the Aztec, Maya, Olmec, Mixtec, Toltec & Zapotec"

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learned to first cultivate bottle gourds around 8,000 BCE. Indigenous peoples grew bottle gourds for use as bowls, scoops, colanders, ladles, spoons, canteens, and dippers. Larger gourds were used as cooking vessels. The

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found many other uses for rubber. The science and technique of extracting sap from rubber trees and then using the sap to make goods made of rubber then spread to the high civilizations of the Andes and elsewhere in the

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Bitocchi, Elena; Nanni, Laura; Bellucci, Elisa; Rossi, Monica; Giardini, Alessandro; Zeuli, Pierluigi Spagnoletti; Logozzo, Giuseppina; Stougaard, Jens; McClean, Phillip; Attene, Giovanna; Papa, Roberto (3 April 2012).

1091:– the Aztec in Tenochtitlan constructed great dams during the heyday of the Aztec Empire. Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec empire, was first built on a small island that was located in the western section of 847:

and other substances. It was originally intended to protect the wearer against projectiles and other weaponry, such as spears, arrows, and obsidian swords, but later was discovered to be capable of stopping musket

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and medicine men. Eastern tribes in the mainland US also traded tobacco as a trade item in exchange for food, clothing, beads, and salt, and would often smoke tobacco during sacred and ritualized ceremonies using

4478: 2419:. Tobacco was considered to be a gift from the gods and it was believed that the exhaled tobacco smoke generated from smoking a pipe would carry one's thoughts and prayers to the creator up above in the heavens. 1560:

and early settlers allegedly record the use of the lasso as a sort of snare to trap large game. The Lenape eventually brought this to Texas, where it came to be implemented by the American and Mexican cowboy

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are known to have knowledge of magnetism. The discovery of a hematite artifact has led many experts to believe that Olmec invented the compass 1,000 years before the Chinese did, although some still are not

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Miles, Susanna W, "An Analysis of the Modern Middle American Calendars: A Study in Conservation." In Acculturation in the Americas. Edited by Sol Tax, p. 273. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952.

1796:, are some of the most refined paintings ever to come out of the ancient Americas. Besides the Maya, other indigenous civilizations were also known for their wall paintings, including the Aztec and the 346:

performed arithmetic operations using an abacus. It served as a more accurate and faster alternative to a written solution or relying on memory. Archaeologists have recorded the Mesoamerican abacus, or

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were the first to cultivate the pineapple. From there, pineapple cultivation spread to Mexico, Central and South America and the Caribbean. Indigenous Americans used the pineapple as a source of food.

1320:, South and Central America at first contact with Europeans. The Spanish liked the comfortable way of sleeping and adopted them. Europeans eventually used them as the primary way of sleeping on ships. 931:– these appear to have been first used as a sort of leather armor to protect the legs from injury during guerrilla attacks by east coast native peoples. Some of these peoples ended up migrating to 6098: 939:, where it appears that others discovered that wearing chaps over pants reduced chafing on long horseback rides. It came to be later adopted by US, Mexican, and indigenous horse-riding cultures. 895:– the Aztecs constructed great canals used for transporting food, cargo, and relaying people to the chinampas (floating gardens used for growing food) in their great metropolis of Tenochtitlan. 2327:

would have been one of the longest bridges in use in the ancient past. The bridge was constructed in the 7th century CE and was a very long suspension bridge with a relatively level pathway.

2607:, Mexico treated the sap from rubber trees with chemicals and shaped the resulting rubber into a myriad of products such as balls, sandals, balloons, rubber syringes, etc. centuries before 1430:– the Inca built one of the most extensive road systems in the ancient world. The Incas built upon the roads, which were originally constructed by previous Andean civilizations such as the 4686: 2103:– first grown and cultivated in the Andes. This is a food grain which the indigenous Americans first developed and the grain is considered to be one of the most nutritious items there is. 925:. The causeways served as arteries used for transporting food, goods, people, captive warriors, and wastes during the heyday of the Aztec Empire in the 14th century to the 16th century. 1912:, the Iroquois, lit petroleum which seeped from underground to fire ceremonial fires. In addition, they also used petroleum to cover their bodies against insect bites and as a form of 99: 1473:– the Inuit made snow goggles which protected their eyes against the harsh winds in the Arctic regions of North America, long before sunglasses became available to modern Europeans. 71: 2072:

in the 3rd century BCE. In the Andean regions, the Moches, and some ancient Peruvians also constructed gigantic pyramids as well without any influence from Old World civilizations.

2572:– independent of the ancient Chinese (who had also invented the umbrellas on their own), the Maya and the Inca had invented circular umbrellas, which were made from bird feathers. 6093: 2864: 1268:) and other food items, so that the resultant dehydrated powder could be stored for years and then later transported across vast distances to feed countless peoples. The Spanish 858: 4414: 78: 3484: 2376:(knotted strings) as recording devices. Quipus were transported through the Inca road network messengers (chaskis) and administered by the quipu authorities (quipucamayoc). 4530: 4409: 1922:– indigenous people realized the antibiotic property of peyote and used the extract to treat fevers and enhance the energy in their bodies and treatment as an anesthetic. 462:

claim to have played football. While no specification is made as to whether this is meant to be American football or soccer. Soccer is said to have been invented in Asia.

85: 4538: 4419: 1016:– a Native American game where a person rolls a hoop covered in a leather strap framework and tries to hit it with spears or arrows. This may have inspired the sport of 370: 3549: 2293:– the people of southern Mexico were the first to grow squash. Squash along with maize (corn) and beans represented the three sister crops of the ancient Mesoamericans. 4483: 4373: 3680: 67: 491:

and other tribes which once thrived in the present day Southwest of the US, developed complex multistory apartment complexes, some of which are still in use today.

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recorded the Lakota peoples as making such toys for their children out of log rounds. However, whether or not they actually invented the device is up for debate.

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nations of Canada developed a sled in the form of the toboggan. These sleds were used to transport people and cargo across the snow using dogs as draft animals.

6058: 4543: 4398: 4346: 4264: 2662:– Mesoamericans invented wheels but only used these as toys. The oldest wheeled figure to have been uncovered in Mesoamerica is a crowned, dog-like figure in 2005:

is seen creating a dish in exactly the same manner as we make pot roasts today—sealing a large chunk of meat and vegetables in a bag and steaming it in a pot.

1722:– the process originated in Mesoamerica, with the earliest evidence of its presence found in Guatemala's southern coast with equipment dated to 1200-1500 BCE. 1330:

had developed the harpoon independent of any Old World influences, in order to hunt seals, walrus, and whales. The Inuit of West Greenland called the harpoon

1295:– indigenous South Americans had domesticated the guinea pig as a food source around 9000 to 6000 BCE. The Inca people took guinea pig farming to new heights. 4388: 4331: 4299: 4269: 4180: 6151: 6146: 5035: 4658: 4575: 4336: 4289: 4284: 4239: 4229: 4207: 4195: 4185: 4165: 4150: 1037:– the Aztec Triple Alliance, which ruled from 1428 to 1521 CE, is considered to be the first state to implement a system of universal compulsory education. 829: 2672:– natives of the great plains were known to use animal bladders as whoopee cushions to play practical jokes on each other. They were so popular, a common 4600: 4555: 4550: 4378: 4368: 4304: 4279: 4274: 4212: 4190: 3168:

Filloy Nadal discusses the Aztecs' use of "ancient rolling technique" (page 30) while Ortiz discusses the use of this technique by the Olmecs (page 244).

2849: 2362:– although largely associated with Mexico, and its indigenous Mesoamerican origin, records from the Iroquoian people show that they too made such a dish. 1653:– many pre-Columbian cultures, especially the Moche in the Andean regions were skilled metallurgists. Indigenous Americans mastered smelting, soldering, 3518:

New perspectives on Moche Metallurgy: Techniques of Gilding Copper at Loma Negra, Northern Peru, Heather Lechtman, Antonieta Erlij, and Edward J. Barry

6063: 4615: 4610: 4341: 4309: 4294: 4259: 4249: 4244: 2481:– this staple food well known today was used throughout Mesoamerican and Southwestern US cultures. Although they were mainly made of corn, squash and 2009: 92: 2341:

made from materials fashioned from hollow bird bones and animal bladders to inject medicine into sick patients and treat the illness of the patients.

5067: 4595: 4580: 4383: 4314: 4254: 4234: 4200: 2299:– the Inca and other pre-Columbian Americans constructed elaborate sundials for both ceremonial and religious purposes, but also for record-keeping. 865:

peoples, since these longhouses included several bed combinations which featured one bed built on top of another, akin to bunk beds in modern times.

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independently invented the concept of zero. The second earliest found instance of the use of zero—in Mesoamerica—has been dated to 32 BCE by the

504:, one of the seminal archaeological sites today, is an example of this indigenous multistory apartment complex construction from the Anasazi and 2081: 6156: 2485:

were also popular. The tortillas were wrapped around different fillings such as avocado. Today this has resulted in the creation of the modern

1057:– an unsoaked meal (coarse flour) ground from dried maize. It is a common staple food, and is ground to fine, medium, and coarse consistencies. 3509:

H. Lechtman, "A Pre-Columbian Technique for Electrochemical Plating of Gold and Silver on Copper Objects," Journal of Metals 31 (1979): 154–60

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built structures with windows aligned for the observation of celestial events. The most notable example of Maya astronomical observatories is

5055: 4426: 4064: 3892: 3613: 3576: 3467: 3421: 2653: 862: 843:, was a military armor used by various Mesoamerican cultures. It consisted of a layered cotton shirt, at least 2 inches thick, hardened with 3629:

Aveni, Anthony F., Gibbs, Sharon L., Hartung, Horst (June 1975). "The Caracol Tower at Chichen Itza: An Ancient Astronomical Observatory?".

3246: 2394:. Tipis were warm, durable, comfortable, and could be easily disassembled and packed. A settlement could be ready to move in about one hour. 5969: 5084: 4129: 1866: 759:– Indigenous people's used the stomach of large prey and would attach a quill on the end to act as a nipple creating a type of baby bottle. 619: 2475:

before the arrival of Europeans, the Tomahawk would then later spread from the Algonquian culture to tribes in the South and Great Plains.

6028: 5079: 4957: 2517:– approximately 2,000 years ago, ancient Mesoamericans domesticated the turkey during the Late Preclassic period—from 300 BCE to 100 CE. 1650: 1159: 1044: 626:. These tactics consisted in a combination of espionage, cattle raiding, and using attack waves in the battlefield to exhaust the enemy. 17: 2778:– the plant was cultivated throughout the Americas, and is mostly distributed in coastal lowlands and dry beach scrub of coastal areas. 1289:– this, as well as other varieties, were first farmed in South America and migrated to North America where it was adopted by Europeans. 6083: 5062: 4701: 4461: 4037: 3494: 2936: 2834: 2284: 1590:

extracted from corn is also used to fuel engines in millions of vehicles, thousands of planes, and other engines throughout the world.

921:– the Aztec built many giant causeways that connected the mainland to their capital city of Tenochtitlan, located in the heart of the 144: 6022: 5091: 4515: 4451: 4160: 3949: 3863: 3765: 3274: 2984: 2859: 118: 4027: 3821: 3070: 5913: 5843: 5532: 2808: 1076: 5543: 5225: 5040: 4651: 4468: 4356: 2056:– advanced civilizations in Mexico, such as the Toltecs, Olmecs, Zapotecs, Aztecs, Mayans, Mixtecs, developed their own myriad 3980:

Buechel, Eugene & Manhart S.J., Paul "Lakota Dictionary: Lakota-English / English-Lakota, New Comprehensive Edition" 2002.

2261:. This was an unknown concept to Europeans and the idea was adopted by them and was shortly thereafter brought to the Chinese. 6005: 5848: 4696: 4363: 3553: 2829: 56: 5984: 5260: 6016: 6010: 5994: 5235: 4739: 4590: 3810: 3084: 2844: 2666:, Veracruz, dated ca. 100-200 CE. The most common examples of the Mesoamerican wheel and axle are Aztec clay wheeled toys. 1684: 2410:. Tobacco was also often consumed as a medicine amongst some tribes, although this was strictly practiced by experienced 1865:. Although it was extensively used during the Triple Alliance, its production was mostly banned by the Spanish after the 6088: 5980: 5050: 4473: 4456: 2717: 5140: 3360: 3338:

today a primary calorie source in tropical regions around the world, and the sixth most important crop plant worldwide.

2693:- Several Native American groups in the Great Plains have used winter counts as pictorial calendars for record-keeping. 2064:, which served for ceremonial/religious and administrative functions. In Mesoamerica, the largest pyramid in the world— 5682: 5554: 4882: 4691: 4505: 4488: 4222: 2772:– indigenous Americans in the Guyana region of South America domesticated the most important New World yam: D. Trifada 2069: 654:

Diaspora) from over 11,500 years ago had developed a highly developed spear thrower in the form of the atlatl to hunt

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was "primitive" until the 1890s when it served as inspiration for the modern American abstract art movement. See also

5909: 3264: 2634:- indigenous peoples in the Great Plains have conducted methods of weather forecasting by observing changing seasons. 2283:– a beverage made using pine needles. Also called pine beer and nettle beer, it was most likely originally brewed by 1356:– this is a specialized corn dish known by many North American native people. Today, it is most commonly seen in the 3231: 5793: 5636: 4644: 4324: 4217: 3266:

Ingenious: How Canadian Innovators Made the World Smaller, Smarter, Kinder, Safer, Healthier, Wealthier and Happier

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later expanded on these previously constructed aqueducts and built a more complex and large aqueduct system in the

397: 3853: 2720:. Other native peoples to the north—mainly Algonquians—had organized pictographing, a common precursor of writing. 45: 4620: 4605: 4585: 4319: 2854: 2146: 5145: 3720: 1407:, igloos were constructed for many centuries as a form of protection and shelter to house people from the harsh 1272:

used this Andean invented freeze-drying technique to transport several tonnes of dehydrated potatoes across the

5616: 5220: 5022: 4997: 4711: 4122: 2324: 2065: 1163: 5365: 1299: 765:– most commonly eaten beans today were originally cultivated in the Americas by indigenous Americans. Beans ( 5917: 5692: 4862: 4568: 4498: 4142: 2869: 915:– the first cultivation of cassava took place in southern Brazil and eastern Bolivia 8,000-10,000 years ago. 543: 488: 3099: 2676:

actually depicts a sorcerer using an animal bladder to put a spell of flatulence on a girl who spurned him.

1567:– lacrosse may have developed as early as 1100 CE among indigenous peoples on the North American continent. 5335: 2905: 2397: 1662: 1654: 1357: 1006:. Indigenous people in Mesoamerica introduced it to the Spanish and Portuguese, but they kept the beloved 445: 3781: 3606:

Pre-Columbian Foodways: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica

1228:– the Aztecs used ephedra in order to treat common colds. Unlike the Chinese version of the ephedra, the 909:, Iroquois, and others–had developed many distinct forms, styles, and types of canoes over the millennia. 5838: 5687: 5320: 5074: 5045: 4844: 4819: 4784: 4446: 4351: 3674: 3152: 2697: 2150: 2057: 1976: 1696: 1135: 750: 640:, were able to accurately predict astronomical events, like eclipses, hundreds of years into the future. 4972: 3016: 3941:

Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World: 15,000 Years of Inventions and Innovations

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Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World: 15,000 Years of Inventions and Innovations

2141:– the indigenous cultures of Mesoamerica were the first peoples in the world to extract the sap from 6122: 5989: 5853: 5818: 5427: 5315: 5030: 5012: 4912: 3638: 2917: 2893: 2170: 1824: 1643: 1261: 1127: 1111: 1063:– Native Americans were the first to domesticate and grow cranberries in the north east coast of the 1034: 879: 824: 563: 439: 2900: 2716:– many indigenous American cultures, such as the Olmec, Maya, Aztec, Zapotec, and Toltec, developed 5955: 5717: 4947: 4749: 4729: 4115: 3920: 3594:

Chafe, Wallace L. "Handbook of the Seneca Language (North American Indian Languages Edition)" 2007.

2645: 2631: 1767: 1709: 1621: 1143: 5974: 1097: 733: 6078: 6068: 5798: 5707: 5486: 5230: 5175: 5150: 4814: 4809: 4779: 4774: 3662: 3046: 2649: 2142: 1225: 1218: 1214: 1104:, destroyed these engineering marvels that the Aztec had developed during the previous 200 years. 611: 403: 3320: 1759: 3398: 2350: 1892:– indigenous Americans were the first to develop pemmican as a nutritious and high-energy food. 6103: 6033: 5999: 5722: 5712: 5422: 5390: 5300: 5270: 5200: 5165: 5135: 5131: 4932: 4907: 4839: 4829: 4667: 4525: 4060: 4033: 3945: 3907: 3888: 3859: 3761: 3654: 3609: 3572: 3490: 3463: 3417: 3270: 3212: 3078: 3038: 2980: 2804: 2472: 2391: 2338: 2312: 2306: 2154: 1943: 993: 778: 687: 455: 449: 3181:"Mesoamerican origin of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is revealed by sequence data" 2507:

claim tug of war was once related to a sort of celebratory ritual they used to practice. The

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of all types and sweet red, green, yellow, and all other colorful hues of non-chilli peppers.

5803: 5743: 5727: 5610: 5574: 5481: 5385: 5185: 5002: 4977: 4794: 4789: 4008: 3999: 3646: 3457: 3372: 3202: 3192: 3028: 2705: 2673: 2608: 2559: 2534:

of Peru built dense housing at city centers, and included grid arrangements in road layouts.

2452: 2448: 2316: 1998: 1886:– the Inca and Aztec processed ground roasted peanuts into a paste similar to peanut butter. 1836: 1763: 1463: 1431: 1427: 1147: 936: 836: 718:

within a short 3,000 year time period–from about 14,500 years ago to about 11,500 years ago.

547: 4636: 2976: 1544: 319: 5926: 5605: 5564: 5549: 5512: 5476: 5370: 5265: 5180: 5155: 5116: 5101: 4922: 4759: 2787: 2769: 2669: 2590: 2416: 2254: 2206: 2169:

were the first people to use rubber balloons. Their civilization arose in 1700 BCE in the

1913: 1719: 1413: 1131: 707: 3991: 2153:, and many other utilitarian uses. Indigenous peoples, especially those who lived in the 1933: 422:. Some of these beverages have gained popularity in modern times, particularly in Mexico. 3642: 2024:– many indigenous American cultures and peoples independently invented and then refined 5959: 5943: 5857: 5823: 5667: 5642: 5599: 5589: 5579: 5569: 5527: 5310: 5121: 5111: 4804: 4764: 4754: 3881: 3207: 3180: 2881: 2713: 2659: 2625: 2383: 2184: 2138: 2110: 1785: 1524: 1273: 1179: 1171: 1017: 655: 605: 601: 537: 382: 3965: 3005:

Froman, Frances & Keye, Alfred J. "English-Cayuga/Cayuga-English Dictionary" 2014.

2733: 1964:, where public baths and toilets were accessible to the residents of the ancient city. 1808: 377: 6140: 5904: 5900: 5813: 5657: 5626: 5594: 5538: 5506: 5345: 5305: 5295: 5290: 5280: 5275: 5210: 5205: 5160: 4892: 4887: 4724: 4681: 4080: 3118: 3033: 2596: 2531: 2514: 2508: 2236: 2202: 2189: 2183:

was a boat that was constructed by pre-Columbian South Americans from woven reeds of

2089: 1994: 1883: 1850: 1743: 1532: 1512: 1443: 1435: 1335: 1257: 1183: 1064: 902: 840: 695: 671: 647: 643: 597: 555: 551: 529: 501: 362: 358: 132: 3696:"The Construction of the Codex In Classic- and Postclassic-Period Maya Civilization" 3666: 2118:

trees with water to eliminate the bark's bitter taste, and then drink the resultant

1979:

in the Andean regions of South America by Andeans. It was principally cultivated in

1616:- several Native American groups have developed styles of martial arts, such as the 5896: 5872: 5828: 5778: 5773: 5662: 5647: 5631: 5496: 5447: 5442: 5417: 5395: 5360: 5240: 4942: 4877: 4834: 3247:"Transoceanic drift and the domestication of African bottle gourds in the Americas" 3104: 3050: 2812: 2690: 2663: 2527: 2456: 2387: 2334: 2270: 2258: 2250: 2224: 2180: 2061: 1951: 1909: 1899: 1801: 1747: 1635: 1613: 1520: 1470: 1439: 1417: 1367: 1347: 1269: 1167: 1139: 1101: 1092: 1081: 1048: 954: 922: 796: 683: 659: 633: 575: 429: 354: 339: 5380: 3744: 3017:"History of the Development and Evolution of Local Anesthesia Since the Coca Leaf" 2969: 2624:– some of the first water guns were more of a syringe-type device. The missionary 861:

housed several families together. The concept of bunk beds was developed by these

400:

tribes of the U.S. It is estimated that it was developed around the year 3000 BCE.

4054: 3650: 3411: 2192:

in Peru and Bolivia by the indigenous peoples living along the banks of the lake.

1699:– indigenous peoples were the first in the world to domesticate the Muscovy duck. 749:

produced rubber balls around 1700 BCE. They were the first people to develop and

588:

tree bark for thousands of years to reduce fever and pain as were the peoples of

5892: 5882: 5753: 5697: 5501: 5432: 5285: 5255: 4962: 4854: 4734: 2369: 2280: 2274: 2220: 2119: 2013: 1954:–incorporated planned city design, including streets laid out in a grid pattern. 1947: 1880:– indigenous Americans were the first peoples in the world to cultivate peanuts. 1627: 1603: 1599: 946: 942: 814: 784: 756: 691: 675: 567: 525: 465: 393: 343: 34: 5930: 5768: 5748: 5375: 5190: 4982: 4744: 2500: 2302: 2176: 2042: 1736: 1713: 1675: 1528: 1494:– indigenous Americans were the first to develop jerky from smoked bison meat. 1371: 1292: 1286: 976: 623: 496: 415: 366: 140: 4107: 5951: 5947: 5922: 5672: 5007: 4897: 4138: 3197: 2816: 2621: 2494: 2411: 2407: 2320: 2305:– indigenous Americans were the first peoples in the world to cultivate the 2290: 2038: 1990: 1925: 1905: 1731: 1658: 1459: 1379: 1317: 1229: 1213:, which began around 6000 BCE to 600 CE. In what is now Chile, however, the 1206: 1187: 1107: 1060: 1040: 989: 874: 770: 766: 724:– Indigenous Americans were the first to domesticate and cultivate avocados. 715: 629: 484: 5456: 5126: 3992:"Vitamin C in the Diet of Inuit Hunters From Holman, Northwest Territories" 3658: 3216: 3042: 1596:– Native Americans were the first peoples in the world to cultivate manioc. 574:

also constructed complex, dual-pipe aqueducts to supply their vast city of

3695: 1382:

game was played throughout North America well before the European arrival.

512: 68:"List of pre-Columbian inventions and innovations of Indigenous Americans" 5938: 5788: 5350: 5330: 5325: 5215: 5195: 3921:"UF researchers discover earliest use of Mexican turkeys by ancient Maya" 2604: 2569: 2504: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2442: 2434: 2422: 2365: 2264: 2241: 2216: 2115: 1961: 1957: 1937: 1895: 1889: 1840: 1813: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1688: 1680: 1668: 1564: 1447: 1265: 1249: 1233: 1054: 1002: 983: 918: 886: 855: 851: 820: 787:– various indigenous cultures had board games, among these can be found: 679: 663: 651: 459: 425: 406:- Several fermented beverages were produced by Native Americans, such as 148: 4029:

Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People Sixth Edition

4012: 3400:. Lodestone Compass: Chinese or Olmec Primacy?. Retrieved February 2015. 1391: 996:

was the first to drink cocoa. This tradition was later passed on to the

351:, as being present in Mesoamerica from at least between 900 and 1000 CE. 18:

List of pre-Columbian inventions and innovations of indigenous Americans

5934: 5471: 5400: 5355: 5096: 4992: 4967: 4952: 4872: 4867: 4824: 4799: 4769: 3233:

Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899

2637: 2586: 2582: 2490: 2403: 2330: 2296: 2253:– indigenous Americans invented the smoking pipe and in particular the 2231: 2162: 2106: 2093: 2053: 2048: 2035:– indigenous Americans were the first to domesticate and grow pumpkins. 2032: 2021: 1984: 1967: 1755: 1751: 1617: 1587: 1455: 1451: 1323: 1313: 1245: 1196: 1191: 1023: 1013: 912: 810: 792: 788: 721: 615: 589: 581: 559: 505: 411: 136: 3376: 2538: 604:. When chemists analyzed willows in the last century, they discovered 5877: 5867: 5763: 5738: 5250: 5245: 5170: 5106: 4987: 4937: 4927: 4902: 2701: 2679: 2543: 2462: 2359: 2100: 2085: 1972: 1929: 1919: 1877: 1846: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1797: 1593: 1573:– indigenous people from Peru domesticated llamas in around 5000 BCE. 1557: 1421: 1408: 1375: 1363: 1353: 1119: 1027: 997: 963: 950: 703: 699: 667: 585: 571: 492: 477: 473: 435: 407: 348: 331: 324: 971: 3519: 2511:

occasionally used tug-of-war matches as means of settling disputes.

2109:– a muscle relaxant, which has been used for many centuries by the 1839:, Nazca and many more built elaborate palaces. The Mayan palace in 1232:

ephedra that was used by the indigenous Americans contained milder

5517: 5461: 5452: 5340: 4917: 3444: 3307: 2800: 2786: 2775: 2696: 2641: 2600: 2563: 2555: 2537: 2438: 2373: 2349: 2230: 2212: 2166: 2125: 2080: 2008: 2002: 1871: 1861: 1856: 1807: 1730: 1674: 1647:

in maintaining a connection between them and the gods and heavens.

1631: 1607: 1583: 1570: 1553: 1543: 1516: 1508: 1504: 1491: 1476: 1404: 1400: 1390: 1343: 1339: 1327: 1298: 1244: 1210: 1200: 1158: 1075: 970: 958: 932: 928: 898: 892: 873: 844: 806: 774: 746: 732: 711: 637: 593: 516: 511: 419: 389: 376: 335: 318: 2593:

from the pods of vanilla orchids and use it as a flavor enhancer.

1642:(independent of the ancient Hindus in India) in mathematics. The 1190:

influences. The Moche used electricity derived from chemicals to

3801:

Jahner, Elaine A. & DeMallie, Raymond J. "Lakota Myth" 2006.

2796: 2683: 2644:, have been whaling for many centuries using boats as part of a 2486: 2430: 2426: 2379: 1980: 1823:– indigenous American civilizations such as the Olmecs, Mayans, 1638:–who succeeded the Olmec–independently developed the concept of 906: 800: 762: 742: 533: 469: 4640: 4111: 1898:– Mesoamericans were the first to cultivate peppers, including 508:

time periods; approximately dating back one thousand years ago.

3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3389:"Chumash Indians-Sports and Recreation". Retrieved 2008-09-16. 2728: 2551: 2455:

of the North American east coast, they were later used by the

1606:– indigenous Americans were the first to extract the sap from 1186:

independently developed electroplating technology without any

1088: 1080:

Detail of Nezahualcóyotl's dam to control water levels around

28: 3967:

Rubber processed in ancient Mesoamerica, MIT researchers find

777:, formed the "Three Sister (crops)" which were grown by many 154: 6099:

Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

3413:

Daily life of the Aztecs: on the eve of the Spanish Conquest

2315:– the ancient Maya constructed a suspension bridge over the 3908:

Homicide, Race, and Justice in the American West, 1880-1920

1610:

trees and convert the sap into maple syrup and maple sugar.

1114:

believed to have been bred by indigenous Americans are the

4102:

Encyclopedia Of American Indian Contributions To The World

4059:. Vol. 4 R-Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 2862. 3883:

The Tomato in America: Early History, Culture, and Cookery

3822:

Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World

3811:

Encyclopedia of American Indian Contributions to the World

1519:

to hunt on inland lakes, rivers and coastal waters of the

3797: 3795: 3758:

Indian Givers: How Native Americans Transformed the World

1859:- the Maya used bark to make a type of bark paper called 1843:

is one of the best examples of Mayan palace architecture.

1639: 3855:

Native North American Armor, Shields, and Fortifications

3590: 3588: 3887:. Columbia SC, US: University of South Carolina Press. 3858:. University of Texas Press, Austin. pp. 107–111. 3569:

World Prehistory and Archaeology: Pathways through Time

2744: 3001: 2999: 781:

American cultures, tribes, nations, and civilizations.

710:, South America, and, finally, all the way south into 6094:

Painting in the Americas before European colonization

2865:

Painting in the Americas before European colonization

1853:

and Mexico, such as the Mayans, domesticated papayas.

1788:

Maya paintings, found in the archaeological sites of

1679:

Beaded moccasins originally from the estate of Chief

949:

introduced the settlers to chewing gum made from the

147:

during the 15,000 years that they have inhabited the

2368:– the Inca had a sophisticated taxation system, the 618:

developed effective military tactics to counter the

392:– Adobe was used by the peoples from South America, 5965: 5888: 5863: 5834: 5809: 5784: 5759: 5734: 5703: 5678: 5653: 5622: 5585: 5560: 5523: 5492: 5467: 5438: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5414: 5021: 4853: 4710: 4674: 4514: 4437: 4149: 2277:

times. A device used as a toy and made out of wood.

357:– Abstract art was used by nearly all societies of 59:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3880: 2968: 2382:– a cone-shaped, portable dwelling popularized by 957:, on the other hand, were the first people to use 3782:"Ancient Mayans Likely Had Fountains and Toilets" 3071:"The Science of Asprin [sic] and Willows" 371:Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas 323:An illustration of the Pre-Columbian abacus: the 3483:Emory Dean Keoke, Kay Marie Porterfield (2009). 2937:"The Prehispanic Computer? The Nepohualtzintzin" 2611:re-invented the process during the 19th century. 698:were able to traverse much of the Americas from 3550:"16 Indian Innovations: From Popcorn to Parkas" 3251:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3185:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 2952: 2950: 2068:—began to be constructed by the inhabitants of 753:as well as manufacture other objects of rubber. 452:carved wooden maps that represented coastlines. 6074:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas 6059:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas 714:as they hunted and followed these Pleistocene 428:– Almanacs were invented independently by the 4652: 4123: 3073:. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. 2807:. This date has been arrived at based on the 2223:used by many cultures in Mesoamerica and the 1010:from the rest of Europe for nearly a century. 8: 3679:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3604:Staller, John E.; Carrasco, Michael (2009). 2386:(Native Americans and First Nations) of the 1928:– indigenous people residing in what is now 442:were among the first to domesticate alpacas. 3990:Geraci, Joseph; Smith, Thomas (June 1979). 3416:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 173. 3100:"Ancient Maya Predicted 1991 Solar Eclipse" 1334:. Harpoons enabled the Inuit to hunt large 830:indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands 6042: 4659: 4645: 4637: 4130: 4116: 4108: 4032:. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 17. 3462:. Water Resources Publication. p. 6. 3321:"The History and Domestication of Cassava" 1424:the temperature could be raised even more. 6064:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 3206: 3196: 3032: 2554:– a multi-purpose knife normally used by 694:animals. Using the atlatl, these ancient 365:. Members of European art world believed 119:Learn how and when to remove this message 4668:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures 4085:The Olmecs: America's First Civilization 3608:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 317. 2287:, and predates the arrival of Europeans. 2041:- the Puna ibis was domesticated by the 1849:– indigenous people residing around the 1416:(especially those, who lived around the 901:– many indigenous nations–including the 3571:. Pearson Education, Inc. p. 272. 3410:Soustelle, Jacques (11 November 2002). 2928: 1916:to prevent their skins from drying out. 608:; the basis of the modern drug aspirin. 584:– Indigenous Americans have been using 546:– The ancient Andean cultures, such as 3672: 3076: 2589:are believed to had been the first to 2445:along the harsh Canadian winter snows. 1908:use – Native Americans in present-day 975:One of the few remaining chinampas at 3745:Early Native American Oil Discoveries 2975:. Stanford University Press. p. 2654:European colonization of the Americas 1716:domesticated the neotropic cormorant. 1316:– hammocks were commonly used in the 632:– Mesoamerican cultures, such as the 7: 2205:– one of several sauces typical of 57:adding citations to reliable sources 5092:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela 4104:.New York, NY: Facts On File, 2002. 4056:CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names 1946:– ancient cities in Mexico–such as 1651:Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America 6152:Lists of inventions or discoveries 6147:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 6084:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas 5063:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia 4151:Lists of inventions or discoveries 2835:Domesticated plants of Mesoamerica 2640:– indigenous peoples, such as the 2122:to soothe their nerves and senses. 524:Art to be viewed from space – The 145:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 25: 5075:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador 5046:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia 4516:Lists of inventors or discoverers 3459:Hydraulics of Dams and Reservoirs 2860:Indigenous music of North America 2850:Mesoamerican diet and subsistence 2145:and then use it to make clothes, 1276:back to Europe to feed Europeans. 6116: 5068:Archaeological sites in Colombia 5041:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil 3964:Halber, Deborah (14 July 1999), 3034:10.1097/00000542-200306000-00031 2911: 2899: 2887: 2875: 2732: 1812:The palace observation tower at 1264:learned to freeze dry potatoes ( 1043:– brewed in the Andes, it is of 33: 5051:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile 3842:D'altroy, Terence N. (2001). 18 3319:Hirst, Kris (20 January 2019). 3142:"Native American Contributions" 3098:Kramer, Miriam (January 2013). 2245:pipestem, without the pipe bowl 299: 44:needs additional citations for 3361:"Brief History of Chewing Gum" 2830:List of pre-Columbian cultures 2652:in the Arctic region predates 1762:. In 1975, archaeoastronomers 1548:Llama overlooking Machu Picchu 1507:– originally developed by the 562:(wind-based water pumps). The 131:This is an alphabetic list of 1: 6157:Native American-related lists 5995:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala 5056:Archaeological sites in Chile 4053:Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). 3721:"Who invented peanut butter?" 1685:Wind River Indian Reservation 961:gum; better known to them as 614:– Araucanian leaders such as 294: 6089:Mesoamerican writing systems 5085:Archaeological sites in Peru 3651:10.1126/science.188.4192.977 3269:. Signal Books. p. 71. 2819:) place-value number system. 2471:- created originally by the 2066:The Great Pyramid of Cholula 528:were created by the ancient 5985:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán 3327:. Dotdash Publishing Family 3236:. Vol. 1. p. 267. 1800:, who developed the art of 1374:are based on a game called 495:communities in present-day 6173: 6011:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 5914:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil 3756:Weatherford, Jack (2010). 3359:Smithsonian, Eeva (2012). 2906:Central America portal 2840:Agriculture in Mesoamerica 1209:– Egyptians are known for 1000:, who called the beverage 468:– Indigenous peoples used 304: 6112: 6054: 6045: 5409: 5236:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia) 3938:Emory Dean Keoke (2002), 3083:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3015:Calatayud, Jesus (2003), 2855:Mesoamerican architecture 1950:and the Aztec capital of 1944:Planned city construction 6123:Civilizations portal 5080:Cultural periods of Peru 3567:Chazan, Michael (2008). 3489:. Infobase. p. 98. 3298:Walker, C. 1980, p. 162. 3263:Johnston, David (2017). 2918:South America portal 2894:North America portal 2682:– a wigwam, wickiup, or 2325:Maya Bridge at Yaxchilan 1219:embalming and mummifying 1164:Children of Llullaillaco 1100:, and the other Spanish 6017:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 4863:Mesoamerican chronology 3230:Scott, William (1903). 3198:10.1073/pnas.1108973109 2967:Sharer, Robert (2006). 2870:Mesoamerican chronology 2026:pottery in the Americas 1338:from a distance in the 1252:, a freeze dried potato 1217:are known to have been 489:Ancestral Pueblo people 4720:Archaeological periods 3760:. Crown. p. 240. 3456:Şentürk, Fuat (1994). 2792: 2741:This section is empty. 2709: 2547: 2542:An ulu in the western 2441:were used to pull the 2355: 2333:– indigenous American 2246: 2096: 2017: 1816: 1739: 1692: 1549: 1482: 1396: 1358:Southern United States 1304: 1253: 1175: 1084: 979: 945:– Native Americans in 882: 751:play with rubber balls 738: 520: 446:Ammassalik wooden maps 385: 327: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 6023:List of Conquistadors 5910:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal 5321:Quebrada de Humahuaca 4740:Caddoan Mississippian 4026:Murrin, John (2014). 3879:Smith, A. F. (1994). 3852:Jones, David (2004). 3725:National Peanut Board 3556:on 17 September 2004. 3349:Coe, M. 2008, p. 193. 2790: 2700: 2541: 2353: 2234: 2151:ceremonial ball games 2084: 2012: 1811: 1734: 1678: 1547: 1480: 1394: 1302: 1248: 1162: 1136:Peruvian Hairless Dog 1079: 974: 877: 736: 515: 380: 322: 5990:Francisco de Montejo 5918:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I 5031:Andean civilizations 4958:Shaft tomb tradition 4457:multiple discoveries 3700:Duquesne Mathematics 3520:online abstract via 3253:, February 10, 2014. 3158:on 11 November 2014. 2991:maya almanac origin. 2845:Mesoamerican cuisine 2451:– first used by the 2188:still used today on 1997:legends recorded in 1661:, alloying, low-wax 1262:Andean civilizations 1112:Native American dogs 1035:Compulsory education 880:Aztec Calendar Stone 440:Andean civilizations 53:improve this article 5956:Manco Inca Yupanqui 5261:Manteño-Huancavilca 4730:Ancestral Puebloans 4506:Spurious inventions 4469:Historic inventions 4100:Keoke/Porterfield. 4013:10.14430/arctic2611 3944:, Checkmark Books, 3788:. 23 December 2009. 3643:1975Sci...188..977A 2811:date on Stela C at 2791:The back of Stela C 2646:subsistence economy 2632:Weather forecasting 1710:Neotropic cormorant 1691:), Wyoming, c. 1900 1144:Canadian Eskimo Dog 935:shortly before the 570:. The Mesoamerican 404:Alcoholic beverages 381:Adobe buildings at 158:Contents: 6079:Columbian exchange 6069:Portal:Mesoamerica 5221:La Tolita (Tumaco) 5036:Indigenous peoples 4775:Hopewell tradition 4702:Indigenous peoples 3365:Energy & Fuels 2882:History portal 2793: 2710: 2548: 2356: 2339:hypodermic needles 2337:used syringes and 2247: 2097: 2058:styles of pyramids 2018: 2016:incense burner lid 1817: 1740: 1735:Maya observatory: 1693: 1657:, electroplating, 1550: 1483: 1397: 1378:. This indigenous 1305: 1254: 1215:Chinchorro peoples 1176: 1126:(known as xolo or 1085: 980: 883: 739: 612:Asymmetric warfare 521: 386: 328: 6134: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6104:Pre-Columbian art 6040: 6039: 6034:Francisco Pizarro 6000:Pedro de Alvarado 5316:Pucará de Tilcara 4634: 4633: 4519:by country/region 4154:by country/region 4066:978-0-8493-2678-3 3894:978-1-57003-000-0 3694:Tobin, Thomas J. 3637:(4192): 977–985. 3615:978-1-4419-0471-3 3578:978-0-205-40621-0 3469:978-0-918334-80-0 3443:Knowledge (XXG): 3423:978-0-486-42485-9 3377:10.1021/ef2018836 3249:, Kistler et al, 3191:(14): E788–E796. 2943:. September 1986. 2805:Epi-Olmec culture 2761: 2760: 2650:whaling tradition 2473:Algonquian people 2392:Canadian Prairies 2313:Suspension bridge 2171:Yucatán Peninsula 2155:Amazon rainforest 1428:Inca road systems 1026:(possibly) – the 994:Maya civilization 791:(South America), 737:Solid rubber ball 688:saber-toothed cat 456:American football 450:Greenlandic Inuit 129: 128: 121: 103: 16:(Redirected from 6164: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6043: 6029:Spanish Conquest 6006:Spanish Conquest 5981:Spanish Conquest 5970:Spanish Conquest 5412: 5411: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4638: 4539:African-American 4484:Medieval Islamic 4474:Byzantine Empire 4132: 4125: 4118: 4109: 4089: 4088: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4023: 4017: 4016: 3996: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3927:. 8 August 2012. 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3886: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3849: 3843: 3840: 3834: 3830: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3790: 3789: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3753: 3747: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3678: 3670: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3583: 3582: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3552:. Archived from 3546: 3525: 3516: 3510: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3480: 3474: 3473: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3407: 3401: 3396: 3390: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3371:(2): 1275–1283. 3356: 3350: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3334: 3332: 3316: 3310: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3290: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3260: 3254: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3210: 3200: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3151:. Archived from 3146: 3138: 3121: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3082: 3074: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3036: 3027:(6): 1503–1508, 3012: 3006: 3003: 2994: 2993: 2974: 2971:The Ancient Maya 2964: 2958: 2954: 2945: 2944: 2933: 2916: 2915: 2914: 2904: 2903: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2880: 2879: 2878: 2756: 2753: 2743:You can help by 2736: 2729: 2706:Edward S. Curtis 2609:Charles Goodyear 2453:Red Paint People 2449:Toggling harpoon 2317:Usumacinta River 2307:common sunflower 2149:to be played in 2001:, the character 1999:Lakota mythology 1993:– in one of the 1977:first cultivated 1764:Anthony F. Aveni 1644:ancient Mexicans 1148:Alaskan Malamute 1128:Mexican hairless 1047:origin from the 937:Texas Revolution 837:Bulletproof vest 825:ancient Mexicans 620:Spanish invasion 485:Apartment blocks 349:Nepohualtzintzin 325:Nepohualtzintzin 159: 135:achievements in 124: 117: 113: 110: 104: 102: 61: 37: 29: 21: 6172: 6171: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6126: 6117: 6115: 6108: 6050: 6041: 6031: 6020: 6014: 6008: 5997: 5993: 5987: 5983: 5972: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5927:Quemuenchatocha 5925: 5916: 5912: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5856: 5725: 5634: 5608: 5597: 5544:Human Sacrifice 5541: 5533:Human Sacrifice 5530: 5504: 5477:Mayan Languages 5405: 5017: 4849: 4706: 4687:Genetic history 4670: 4665: 4635: 4630: 4518: 4510: 4499:Lost inventions 4494:Native American 4433: 4153: 4145: 4136: 4097: 4092: 4079: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4040: 4025: 4024: 4020: 3994: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3895: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3793: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3727: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3702: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3671: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3586: 3579: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3548: 3547: 3528: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3445:Aztec#Education 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3384: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3330: 3328: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3262: 3261: 3257: 3245: 3241: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3124: 3117: 3113: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3075: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3055: 3053: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3004: 2997: 2987: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2948: 2941:Chispa Magazine 2935: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2912: 2910: 2898: 2888: 2886: 2876: 2874: 2826: 2785: 2766: 2757: 2751: 2748: 2727: 2718:writing systems 2670:Whoopee cushion 2618: 2591:extract vanilla 2579: 2524: 2348: 2255:ceremonial pipe 2207:Mexican cuisine 2199: 2135: 2079: 1778: 1729: 1720:Nixtamalization 1706: 1580: 1542: 1501: 1488: 1458:, northeastern 1414:Northern Canada 1403:– built by the 1395:Inside an igloo 1389: 1310: 1303:Two guinea pigs 1283: 1243: 1157: 1074: 872: 863:Native American 795:(Mesoamerica), 745:, rubber – the 731: 708:Central America 656:woolly mammoths 317: 312: 311: 310: 309: 160: 157: 125: 114: 108: 105: 62: 60: 50: 38: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6170: 6168: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6139: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6038: 6037: 6026: 6003: 5978: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5941: 5920: 5907: 5890: 5889:Notable Rulers 5886: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5861: 5860: 5858:Neo-Inca State 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5629: 5624: 5620: 5619: 5614: 5603: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5536: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5077: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5027: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4716: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4664: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4641: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4572: 4571: 4566: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4533: 4528: 4522: 4520: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4403:United States 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4354: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4235:Czech Republic 4232: 4227: 4226: 4225: 4220: 4210: 4205: 4204: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4157: 4155: 4147: 4146: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4127: 4120: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4081:Diehl, Richard 4072: 4065: 4045: 4039:978-0495904991 4038: 4018: 4007:(2): 135–139. 3982: 3973: 3956: 3950: 3930: 3912: 3900: 3893: 3871: 3864: 3844: 3835: 3825: 3814: 3803: 3791: 3773: 3766: 3748: 3737: 3712: 3686: 3621: 3614: 3596: 3584: 3577: 3559: 3526: 3511: 3502: 3496:978-0816040520 3495: 3475: 3468: 3448: 3436: 3422: 3402: 3391: 3382: 3351: 3342: 3311: 3300: 3291: 3282: 3275: 3255: 3239: 3222: 3170: 3161: 3122: 3111: 3090: 3062: 3021:Anesthesiology 3007: 2995: 2985: 2959: 2946: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2920: 2908: 2896: 2884: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2779: 2773: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2739: 2737: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2714:Writing system 2695: 2694: 2688: 2677: 2667: 2660:Wheel and axle 2657: 2635: 2629: 2626:Eugene Buechel 2617: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2594: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2567: 2536: 2535: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2512: 2498: 2476: 2466: 2460: 2446: 2420: 2401: 2395: 2384:Plains Indians 2377: 2363: 2354:Nez Perce tipi 2347: 2344: 2343: 2342: 2328: 2310: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2278: 2268: 2262: 2229: 2228: 2210: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2174: 2159: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2129: 2123: 2111:Quechua people 2104: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2073: 2051: 2046: 2036: 2030: 2007: 2006: 1988: 1970: 1965: 1955: 1941: 1923: 1917: 1903: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1869: 1854: 1844: 1806: 1805: 1786:Classic period 1777: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1717: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1673: 1672: 1666: 1648: 1625: 1611: 1597: 1591: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1541: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1525:North Atlantic 1500: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1487: 1484: 1475: 1474: 1467: 1425: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1361: 1351: 1336:marine mammals 1321: 1309: 1306: 1297: 1296: 1290: 1282: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1274:Atlantic Ocean 1242: 1239: 1238: 1237: 1223: 1204: 1180:Electroplating 1172:Salta Province 1156: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1124:xoloitzcuintli 1105: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1058: 1052: 1038: 1032: 1021: 1018:skeet shooting 1011: 987: 969: 968: 940: 926: 916: 910: 896: 890: 871: 868: 867: 866: 849: 834: 818: 804: 803:culture), etc. 782: 769:), along with 760: 754: 730: 727: 726: 725: 719: 641: 627: 622:, winning the 609: 606:salicylic acid 602:Ancient Greece 579: 541: 538:Sechura Desert 532:in modern-day 510: 509: 482: 463: 453: 443: 433: 423: 401: 383:Cuarenta Casas 375: 374: 352: 316: 313: 308: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 161: 156: 155: 153: 127: 126: 41: 39: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6169: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6125: 6124: 6111: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6035: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6007: 6004: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5975:Hernán Cortés 5971: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5862: 5859: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5702: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5529: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5413: 5408: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5023:South America 5020: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4845:Weeden Island 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4820:Poverty Point 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4785:Mississippian 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4712:North America 4709: 4703: 4700: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4682:Paleo-Indians 4680: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4657: 4655: 4650: 4648: 4643: 4642: 4639: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4128: 4126: 4121: 4119: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4073: 4068: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4049: 4046: 4041: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4022: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3993: 3986: 3983: 3977: 3974: 3969: 3968: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3951:9781438109909 3947: 3943: 3942: 3934: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3901: 3896: 3890: 3885: 3884: 3875: 3872: 3867: 3865:9780292779709 3861: 3857: 3856: 3848: 3845: 3839: 3836: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3774: 3769: 3767:9780307717153 3763: 3759: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3741: 3738: 3726: 3722: 3716: 3713: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3687: 3682: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3622: 3617: 3611: 3607: 3600: 3597: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3522:www.jstor.org 3515: 3512: 3506: 3503: 3498: 3492: 3488: 3487: 3479: 3476: 3471: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3425: 3419: 3415: 3414: 3406: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3304: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3278: 3276:9780771050916 3272: 3268: 3267: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3240: 3235: 3234: 3226: 3223: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3149:nrcs.usda.gov 3143: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3119:Paleo-Indians 3115: 3112: 3107: 3106: 3101: 3094: 3091: 3086: 3080: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3008: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2986:9780804748179 2982: 2978: 2973: 2972: 2963: 2960: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2932: 2929: 2923: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2782: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2597:Vulcanization 2595: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2533: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2509:Mohave people 2506: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2398:Tlingit armor 2396: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2285:First Nations 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273:– known from 2272: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2190:Lake Titicaca 2186: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2090:Lake Titicaca 2087: 2083: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1900:chili peppers 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1884:Peanut butter 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1851:Caribbean Sea 1848: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1815: 1810: 1803: 1802:sand painting 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1768:Horst Hartung 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1744:Observatories 1742: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1622:Kollellaullin 1619: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1539: 1534: 1533:North Pacific 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1485: 1479: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1393: 1386: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1352: 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790: 786: 783: 780: 779:pre-Columbian 776: 772: 768: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 748: 744: 741: 740: 735: 728: 723: 720: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 696:Paleo-Indians 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 672:euceratherium 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 648:Paleo-Indians 645: 642: 639: 635: 631: 628: 625: 621: 617: 613: 610: 607: 603: 599: 598:Ancient Egypt 595: 591: 587: 583: 580: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 542: 539: 535: 531: 530:Nazca culture 527: 523: 522: 518: 514: 507: 503: 502:Pueblo Bonito 498: 494: 490: 486: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 464: 461: 457: 454: 451: 447: 444: 441: 437: 434: 431: 427: 424: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 402: 399: 395: 391: 388: 387: 384: 379: 372: 368: 364: 363:South America 360: 356: 353: 350: 345: 341: 337: 333: 330: 329: 326: 321: 314: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 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Retrieved 3724: 3715: 3703:. Retrieved 3699: 3689: 3675:cite journal 3634: 3630: 3624: 3605: 3599: 3568: 3562: 3554:the original 3521: 3514: 3505: 3485: 3478: 3458: 3451: 3439: 3427:. Retrieved 3412: 3405: 3394: 3385: 3368: 3364: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3329:. 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The 859:longhouses 702:, down to 624:Arauco War 497:New Mexico 416:Agave wine 367:tribal art 300:References 141:technology 109:March 2007 79:newspapers 5952:Atahualpa 5948:Pachacuti 5923:Nemequene 5789:Chinampas 5611:Astronomy 5600:Astronomy 5580:Mythology 5575:Mythology 5570:Mythology 5565:Mythology 5561:Mythology 5391:Wankarani 5381:Tuncahuán 5271:Marajoara 5226:Las Vegas 5112:Atacameño 5008:Xochipala 4948:Purépecha 4908:Epi-Olmec 4898:Cuicuilco 4840:Troyville 4830:St. Johns 4576:Bulgarian 4535:American 4526:Worldwide 4452:cosmology 4447:chemistry 4415:1890–1945 4265:Indonesia 4161:Australia 3325:ThoughtCo 2817:vigesimal 2622:Water gun 2570:Umbrellas 2495:enchilada 2479:Tortillas 2435:Sled dogs 2408:dreamtime 2321:Yaxchilan 2303:Sunflower 2265:Snowshoes 2158:Americas. 2039:Puna ibis 1991:Pot roast 1926:Pineapple 1906:Petroleum 1831:, Moche, 1669:Moccasins 1659:sintering 1655:annealing 1620:style of 1561:cultures. 1460:Argentina 1380:stickball 1318:Caribbean 1234:alkaloids 1230:New World 1207:Embalming 1188:Old World 1166:found at 1132:chihuahua 1045:pre-Incan 1041:Corn beer 990:Chocolate 887:Calendars 856:Iroquoian 767:Phaseolus 716:megafauna 652:Beringian 630:Astronomy 544:Aqueducts 6048:See also 5966:Conquest 5939:Zoratama 5606:Calendar 5595:Calendar 5590:Calendar 5586:Calendar 5555:Religion 5550:Religion 5539:Religion 5528:Religion 5524:Religion 5513:Numerals 5507:Numerals 5468:Language 5448:Multiple 5386:Valdivia 5371:Tiwanaku 5331:Saladoid 5326:Quimbaya 5216:Kuhikugu 5196:Diaguita 5186:Chorrera 5003:Veraguas 4998:Veracruz 4978:Tlatilco 4790:Mogollon 4697:Cultures 4675:Americas 4601:Romanian 4560:British 4556:Austrian 4551:Armenian 4489:Military 4438:by topic 4394:Thailand 4347:Portugal 4332:Pakistan 4300:Malaysia 4196:Scotland 4083:(2005). 3833:Canada." 3667:10865295 3659:17759669 3331:9 August 3217:22393017 3079:cite web 3056:8 August 3043:12766665 2824:See also 2648:. 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