728:
386:
788:
1372:
545:
35:
1476:, although a 7 km section remains in use as a tourist attraction. Built in the 1920s, the 84 km line had a cogwheel part 34 km long, running through four tunnels with a total length of almost 1,000 meters, taking trains from the Krongpha Pass up the Ngoan Muc (Bellevue) Pass to Da Lat.
995:) gauge Mapimi Railroad in Durango State had a short Abt rack section from El Cambio to Ojuela. The maximum grade was 13.6% and it was worked by two Baldwin 0-6-2T steam locomotives built in 1896 and two Baldwin 2-6-2T steam locomotives built in 1898 and 1900. The railroad closed in the early 1930s.
857:
Lagonegro-Castrovillari-Spezzano
Albanese of Ferrovie Calabro Lucane (1915–1978; it consisted of a series of separated lines which had to be unified into a single one but the project was never completed)
727:
711:
1681:
1103:
883:
of
Ferrovie dello Stato (1863–1958; it was part of a railway which connected Cecina to Volterra. Downstream flat line, from Cecina to Saline, is actually on service)
929:
line in Japan, on the Shin-Etsu Line of the then
Japanese National Railway. It was replaced in 1963 by a new parallel adhesion line, and in turn replaced by the
1200:
1226:
756:
1210:
1220:
893:
Dittaino-Piazza
Armerina of Ferrovie dello Stato (1912–1971; it was dismissed after a series of landslides which damaged some parts of the line)
128:
1657:"Historical Sites in the Eland's Valley, Gateway to the Kruger National Park - stay over with us on your way to the Big Five in South Africa"
1563:
1205:
870:
Catanzaro Città – Catanzaro Sala of
Ferrovie della Calabria (Actually on service; it connects the city of Catanzaro to the borough of Sala)
841:
1447:
1391:
715:
410:
1547:
1423:
896:
Lercara Bassa-Filaga-Palazzo
Adriano-Magazzolo of Ferrovie dello Stato (1924–1959; it was used for mining and workers transports in
1656:
354:
599:
488:
385:
1180:
1524:
533:
1689:
1502:
1163:
874:
817:
eruptions. With its last destruction in 1944, it was never built again. It is famous worldwide as a result of the song "
787:
501:
120:
1465:
1409:
1405:
1024:
146:
1262:
1621:
1337:
1231:
42:
1433:
1195:
917:
667:
655:
638:
374:
214:
1355:
1090:
903:
Agrigento-Naro-Licata (1911–1960; it was used to transport sulfur extracted from mines located on the island of
442:
1350:
1274:
1082:
695:
150:
131:
copper mine and closed and completely removed in 1960s. Rebuilt and re-opened for tourists in 2003. Uses the
1190:
1158:
818:
796:
772:
528:
860:
Vibo
Valentia-Mileto of Ferrovie Calabro Lucane (1917–1966; it was a local rack railway localized in south
1740:
1381:
1294:
1013:(mules), running on rack rails on the lock walls. The new locks, projected to open in 2015, will use tugs.
619:
548:
404:
389:
178:
1416:. Bio Diesel & live steam cog train operations with Marsh rack system, world's first to be used as a
1360:
1314:
1310:
802:
1371:
168:
283:
1450:(abandoned) was constructed in the 1880s. It used rack and pinion (Abt system) on a steep section at
1385:
1186:
934:
880:
836:
270:
544:
1318:
1215:
1028:
707:
628:
609:
583:
556:
467:
95:
1571:
1704:
1278:
1249:
1175:
1006:
523:
518:
475:
99:
1543:
1427:
1402:. Swiss-made Diesel-Pneumatic railcars, 1- or 2-car trains. Strub rack system, originally Abt.
930:
513:
319:
1716:
1417:
1282:
1065:
737:
471:
418:
235:
103:
82:
25:
1395:
1299:
1057:
926:
824:
679:
186:
1660:
1451:
1323:
1288:
1266:
1243:
1137:
1133:
1061:
886:
Dittaino-Leonforte of
Ferrovie dello Stato (1918–1959; it was located on the island of
745:
393:
1734:
1636:
1413:
1333:
1086:
1045:
613:
603:
589:
574:
362:
327:
243:
1705:"The Trincheras Steep Incline on the Puerto Cabello and Valencia Railway, Venezuela"
1255:
741:
566:
456:
446:
182:
172:
154:
132:
19:
1078:
1516:
1031:
cog locomotives starting in 1914 until 1917. One of these locomotives were named
1473:
1329:
1304:
1049:
830:
809:
and then changed to a rack railway. It was the only railway climbing an active
1494:
1237:
768:
749:
703:
432:
Teresopolis and
Petropolis railways, both out of service, near Rio de Janeiro.
309:
305:
297:
1720:
1585:
922:
806:
623:
1613:
1035:, named after one of the mountains along the proposed Aringay–Baguio line.
1682:"Large Photo 169A – Quincy & Torch Lake Cog Railway heads to Hancock"
1399:
814:
764:
760:
671:
460:
291:
124:
791:
Rack railway Saline-Volterra, built with Strub system. Italy, about 1920
1469:
1112:
1053:
810:
675:
153:– rack system existed until 1952 when the line was deviated. Used the
850:
S.Ellero – Saltino (1892–1922; it was the first rack railway built in
744:'s line between Kayu Tanam and Batu Tabal (reactivation pending), and
1108:
948:
904:
897:
887:
867:
Rocchette-Asiago (1910–1958; it was the highest
Italian rack railway)
450:
397:
313:
278:
1370:
1129:
952:
861:
851:
845:
786:
726:
699:
543:
414:
384:
107:
1384:(abandoned) used the Morgan rack system on the steep grade up to
1709:
Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
1590:
682:
1064:, which operated between 1893 and 1943, and went further up to
29:
771:
line. Only the Ambarawa-Bedono section is in operation as a
1023:
The Manila Railway and Manila Railroad companies (now the
1128:
There used to be a Riggenbach rack railway built by the
1093:
railway, measuring 18.78 km, between 1909 and 1978.
478:
The rebuild will be adhesion only and use a base tunnel.
46:
827:(1902–1928; rack replaced with a funicular section)
1326:– the longest continuous rack railway in the world
26:Mountain railway § List of mountain railways
429:) gauge between Paranapiacaba and Raiz de Serra.
947:A rack railway used to exist on the climb from
491:(under construction, to be opened in 2024~2025)
1118:Žakarovce rack railway (Marienhütte ironworks)
8:
1291:(1950-1975, funicular before and afterwards)
1227:Chemin de fer Montreux-Glion-Rochers-de-Naye
127:, originally opened in 1896 to service the
1201:Chemin de fer Aigle-Ollon-Monthey-Champéry
779:Both railways used the Riggenbach system.
731:The State Railways of West Sumatra in 1898
415:Rede Ferroviária Federal Sociedade Anônima
1542:. New York: Bonde Press. pp. 64–65.
1246:(owned by BVZ Holding and managed by MGB)
763:and Gemawang, on the Kedungjati-Ambarawa-
489:Dujiangyan–Siguniangshan mountain railway
1375:The Mount Washington Cog Railway in 2006
877:(1915–1987; it was replaced by a tunnel)
1486:
1221:Chemin de Fer de Martigny au Châtelard
1307:(Arth-Rigi and Vitznau-Rigi railways)
813:. It was destroyed various times by
7:
1586:"四川这条铁路是我国首个山地铁路，长约123公里，桥隧比达98.34%"
1258:– the highest rack railway in Europe
799:; temporary while main tunnel built.
1448:Puerto Cabello and Valencia Railway
1211:Chemin de fer Blonay – Les Pléiades
1140:. It was in operation until 1908.
1005:Large ships are guided through the
685:in the hilly Buda part of the city.
85:– 1906. 1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in) gauge.
1334:Swiss Federal Railway's Brünigbahn
1104:Štrbské Pleso – Štrba rack railway
805:(1880–1944; originally built as a
716:Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works
225:) gauge construction railway, 1995
14:
1424:Quincy and Torch Lake Cog Railway
1261:Lausanne-Ouchy (1958-2006), see
1206:Chemin de fer Bex-Villars-Bretaye
1009:by electric locomotives known as
1624:from the original on 2011-09-28.
1540:The Tramways of Chile: 1858–1978
1527:from the original on 2014-06-02.
1505:from the original on 2009-01-22.
1426:, cog rail tram opened in 1997.
757:Netherlands East Indies Railways
551:with wagon to transport bicycles
417:(RFFSA) 1957–1997, now owned by
33:
1392:Manitou and Pike's Peak Railway
842:Principe–Granarolo rack railway
411:Estrada de Ferro Santos-Jundiaí
1181:Bergbahn Rheineck-Walzenhausen
1068:at 867 m above sea level.
710:. It runs using steam powered
104:Santa Rosa de Los Andes, Chile
1:
1637:"Manila RR Steam Locomotives"
1263:Métro Lausanne–Ouchy #History
502:Cog railway Tanvald-Harrachov
217:sewerage project – temporary
121:West Coast Wilderness Railway
69:, both operating and closed.
1406:Mount Washington Cog Railway
1025:Philippine National Railways
1594:(in Chinese). 31 March 2021
1495:"trains-worldexpresses.com"
1338:Luzern-Stans-Engelberg-Bahn
1275:Matterhorn-Gotthard Railway
1252:(a now closed freight line)
1232:Dampfbahn Furka-Bergstrecke
1757:
1614:"The Railroads of Peñoles"
1434:Green Mountain Cog Railway
1196:Chemin de fer Aigle-Leysin
1164:Vall de Núria Rack Railway
918:Ikawa Line, Oigawa Railway
656:Diakofto Kalavrita Railway
639:Bavarian Zugspitze Railway
455:Santa Lucía Hill tramway (
23:
17:
1703:Carruthers, John (1889).
1686:www.michiganrailroads.com
1499:trains-worldexpresses.com
1356:Snaefell Mountain Railway
1283:Brig-Visp-Zermatt Railway
1048:– there was previously a
1721:10.1680/imotp.1889.20790
1538:Morrison, Allen (1992).
1466:Đà Lạt-Tháp Chàm Railway
1351:Snowdon Mountain Railway
1267:Lausanne Metro's M2 line
1142:3 ft 6 in
993:2 ft 6 in
696:Nilgiri Mountain Railway
427:5 ft 3 in
175:rack – installed in 1984
163:3 ft 6 in
141:3 ft 6 in
1191:Schynige Platte Railway
1159:Montserrat Rack Railway
797:Mont Cenis Pass Railway
643:Bayerische Zugspitzbahn
529:Petit train de la Rhune
472:Santa Rosa de Los Andes
375:Rio Mulatos-Potosí line
1472:. Abandoned after the
1420:(inaugurated in 1868).
1382:Chicago Tunnel Company
1376:
1295:Monte Generoso Railway
792:
732:
620:Stuttgart Rack Railway
552:
549:Stuttgart Rack Railway
405:Corcovado Rack Railway
400:
390:Corcovado Rack Railway
179:Skitube Alpine Railway
147:Mt Morgan Rack Railway
1374:
1311:Rorschach-Heiden-Bahn
833:(rack section closed)
790:
730:
712:'X' Class locomotives
547:
534:Panoramique des Domes
413:which became part of
388:
67:list of rack railways
1187:Berner Oberland Bahn
935:1998 Winter Olympics
933:line opened for the
875:Ferrovie dello Stato
837:Superga Rack Railway
443:Arica–La Paz railway
47:adding missing items
1361:Beamish Cog Railway
1216:Brienz Rothorn Bahn
1027:) briefly operated
821:" written about it)
708:World Heritage Site
629:Wendelstein Railway
610:Murg Valley Railway
557:Drachenfels Railway
468:Transandine Railway
96:Transandine Railway
1377:
1279:Furka Oberalp Bahn
1271:Lausanne Flon-Gare
1250:Joweid Zahnradbahn
1176:Appenzeller Bahnen
1007:Panama Canal Locks
803:Vesuvius Funicular
793:
733:
553:
524:Montenvers Railway
519:Mont Blanc Tramway
476:Mendoza, Argentina
401:
355:Schneeberg Railway
298:Kahlenberg Railway
189:, opened in 1987;
45:; you can help by
1428:Hancock, Michigan
931:Nagano Shinkansen
873:Paola-Cosenza of
819:Funiculì Funiculà
668:Fogaskerekű Vasút
514:Lyon Metro Line C
320:Schafberg Railway
169:Ellalong Colliery
63:
62:
1748:
1725:
1724:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1688:. Archived from
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1659:. Archived from
1653:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1570:. Archived from
1560:
1554:
1553:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1491:
1418:mountain railway
1147:
1143:
1066:Terreiro da Luta
994:
990:
976:
974:
973:
969:
966:
958:
616:only since 1926)
606:only since 1933)
584:Rübeland Railway
428:
424:
350:
348:
347:
343:
340:
332:
284:Gaisberg Railway
266:
264:
263:
259:
256:
248:
236:Achensee Railway
224:
220:
210:
208:
207:
203:
200:
192:
164:
160:
142:
138:
83:Benguela railway
58:
55:
37:
36:
30:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1666:
1664:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1618:www.mexlist.com
1612:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1568:seconstruye.com
1562:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1461:
1443:
1396:Manitou Springs
1369:
1347:
1300:Pilatus Railway
1172:
1155:
1145:
1141:
1125:
1100:
1075:
1042:
1020:
1002:
992:
988:
984:
971:
967:
964:
962:
961:3 ft
960:
956:
944:
927:rack and pinion
914:
881:Saline-Volterra
844:in the city of
825:Opicina Tramway
785:
759:' line between
725:
692:
664:
652:
633:Wendelsteinbahn
561:Drachenfelsbahn
542:
510:
498:
485:
439:
426:
422:
383:
371:
345:
341:
338:
336:
335:3 ft
334:
330:
271:Erzberg Railway
261:
257:
254:
252:
251:3 ft
250:
246:
232:
222:
218:
205:
201:
198:
196:
195:4 ft
194:
190:
187:Snowy Mountains
162:
158:
155:Abt rack system
140:
136:
133:Abt rack system
117:
92:
75:
59:
53:
50:
34:
28:
22:
12:
11:
5:
1754:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1695:
1692:on 2008-02-27.
1673:
1648:
1635:J.D.H. Smith.
1627:
1605:
1577:
1574:on 2007-03-10.
1564:"Se construye"
1555:
1548:
1530:
1508:
1485:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1431:
1421:
1403:
1389:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1345:United Kingdom
1343:
1342:
1341:
1327:
1324:Wengernalpbahn
1321:
1308:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1277:(MGB) (former
1272:
1269:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1244:Gornergratbahn
1241:
1235:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1189:, also owning
1184:
1178:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1138:Waterval Onder
1134:Waterval Boven
1124:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1062:Madeira Island
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
983:
980:
979:
978:
943:
940:
939:
938:
925:was the first
920:
913:
910:
909:
908:
901:
894:
891:
884:
878:
871:
868:
865:
858:
855:
848:
839:
834:
828:
822:
800:
784:
781:
777:
776:
753:
746:Padang Panjang
738:State Railways
724:
721:
720:
719:
691:
688:
687:
686:
663:
660:
659:
658:
651:
648:
647:
646:
636:
626:
617:
607:
597:
596:
595:
588:Rübelandbahn,
564:
541:
538:
537:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
509:
506:
505:
504:
497:
496:Czech Republic
494:
493:
492:
484:
481:
480:
479:
464:
453:
438:
435:
434:
433:
430:
407:
394:Rio de Janeiro
382:
379:
378:
377:
370:
367:
366:
365:
359:Schneebergbahn
352:
317:
302:Kahlenbergbahn
295:
281:
268:
231:
228:
227:
226:
215:Blue Mountains
212:
185:rack – in the
176:
171:– underground
166:
144:
116:
113:
112:
111:
91:
88:
87:
86:
79:
74:
71:
61:
60:
40:
38:
18:Main article:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1753:
1742:
1741:Rack railways
1739:
1738:
1736:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1663:on 2010-05-04
1662:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1638:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1551:
1549:0-9622348-2-6
1545:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1414:New Hampshire
1411:
1410:Bretton Woods
1407:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1367:United States
1366:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1332:(Zb) (former
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1146:1,067 mm
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:Sarmizegetusa
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:Monte Railway
1044:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:
999:
986:
985:
981:
957:1,050 mm
954:
950:
946:
945:
941:
936:
932:
928:
924:
921:
919:
916:
915:
911:
906:
902:
899:
895:
892:
889:
885:
882:
879:
876:
872:
869:
866:
863:
859:
856:
853:
849:
847:
843:
840:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
801:
798:
795:
794:
789:
782:
780:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:
729:
722:
717:
714:built by the
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
694:
693:
689:
684:
681:
678:is a kind of
677:
673:
669:
666:
665:
661:
657:
654:
653:
649:
644:
640:
637:
634:
630:
627:
625:
621:
618:
615:
611:
608:
605:
601:
600:Höllentalbahn
598:
593:
591:
585:
582:
581:
579:
576:
572:
568:
565:
562:
558:
555:
554:
550:
546:
539:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
507:
503:
500:
499:
495:
490:
487:
486:
482:
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:
458:
454:
452:
448:
444:
441:
440:
436:
431:
423:1,600 mm
420:
419:MRS Logística
416:
412:
408:
406:
403:
402:
399:
395:
391:
387:
380:
376:
373:
372:
368:
364:
363:Lower Austria
360:
356:
353:
331:1,000 mm
329:
328:Upper Austria
325:
324:Schafbergbahn
321:
318:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
296:
293:
289:
285:
282:
280:
276:
272:
269:
247:1,000 mm
245:
241:
237:
234:
233:
229:
216:
213:
191:1,435 mm
188:
184:
180:
177:
174:
170:
167:
159:1,067 mm
156:
152:
148:
145:
137:1,067 mm
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:
118:
114:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:
93:
89:
84:
80:
78:Lengue gorge.
77:
76:
72:
70:
68:
57:
48:
44:
41:This list is
39:
32:
31:
27:
21:
16:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1690:the original
1685:
1676:
1665:. Retrieved
1661:the original
1651:
1640:. Retrieved
1630:
1617:
1608:
1596:. Retrieved
1589:
1580:
1572:the original
1567:
1558:
1539:
1533:
1520:
1511:
1498:
1489:
1468:in Southern
1256:Jungfraubahn
1123:South Africa
1115:rack railway
1032:
1010:
778:
773:tourist line
742:West Sumatra
642:
632:
587:
577:
570:
567:Harz Railway
560:
358:
323:
301:
288:Gaisbergbahn
287:
274:
240:Achenseebahn
239:
151:Mount Morgan
66:
64:
51:
20:Rack railway
15:
1474:Vietnam War
1436:(abandoned)
1330:Zentralbahn
1305:Rigi Bahnen
1289:Mühleggbahn
1170:Switzerland
1085:segment of
1050:cog railway
1029:oil burning
1018:Philippines
989:762 mm
831:Rittnerbahn
755:The former
736:The former
463:(1902–1910)
316:(1872–1920)
294:(1887–1928)
275:Erzbergbahn
219:610 mm
129:Mount Lyell
54:August 2008
1667:2010-05-27
1642:2020-08-22
1517:"Railpage"
1481:References
1452:Trincheras
1386:Grant Park
1238:Dolderbahn
1087:Caransebeș
937:at Nagano.
769:Yogyakarta
752:(disused).
750:Payakumbuh
706:is also a
704:Tamil Nadu
592:only today
578:only today
306:Kahlenberg
65:This is a
43:incomplete
24:See also:
1598:1 January
1441:Venezuela
1315:Rorschach
1091:Subcetate
923:Usui Pass
807:funicular
723:Indonesia
702:state of
698:, in the
680:cog-wheel
624:Stuttgart
459:system),
223:2 ft
115:Australia
90:Argentina
1735:Category
1622:Archived
1525:Archived
1521:Railpage
1503:Archived
1400:Colorado
1148:) gauge.
1132:between
1098:Slovakia
1040:Portugal
975: in
955:, gauge
815:Vesuvius
765:Magelang
761:Ambarawa
672:Budapest
614:adhesion
604:adhesion
590:adhesion
575:adhesion
571:Harzbahn
461:Santiago
349: in
292:Gaisberg
265: in
211:) gauge.
209: in
165:) gauge.
143:) gauge.
125:Tasmania
98:between
1470:Vietnam
1459:Vietnam
1113:Tisovec
1079:Bouțari
1073:Romania
1054:Funchal
1033:Mirador
970:⁄
942:Lebanon
811:volcano
676:Hungary
662:Hungary
540:Germany
369:Bolivia
344:⁄
310:Döbling
260:⁄
230:Austria
204:⁄
183:Lamella
173:Lamella
100:Mendoza
1546:
1319:Heiden
1265:; now
1109:Brezno
1000:Panama
982:Mexico
949:Beirut
905:Sicily
898:Sicily
888:Sicily
700:Indian
650:Greece
508:France
451:La Paz
398:Brazil
381:Brazil
314:Vienna
279:Styria
110:below.
106:, see
73:Angola
1234:(DFB)
1183:(RhW)
1153:Spain
1130:NZASM
1058:Monte
1052:from
1011:mulas
953:Syria
912:Japan
862:Italy
852:Italy
846:Genoa
783:Italy
690:India
483:China
447:Arica
437:Chile
244:Tyrol
108:Chile
1600:2023
1591:Sohu
1544:ISBN
1464:The
1446:The
1380:The
1336:and
1281:and
1240:(Db)
1223:(MC)
1136:and
987:The
683:tram
466:The
409:The
102:and
1717:doi
1317:to
1060:in
1056:to
951:to
748:to
740:of
670:in
457:Abt
392:in
361:),
326:),
304:),
290:),
277:),
242:),
157:.
149:on
123:in
81:on
49:.
1737::
1715:.
1713:96
1711:.
1707:.
1684:.
1620:.
1616:.
1588:.
1566:.
1523:.
1519:.
1501:.
1497:.
1412:,
1408:,
1398:,
1394:,
1313:,
1111:–
1089:-
1081:-
977:).
972:32
968:11
674:,
622:,
580:)
573:,
474:–
470:,
445:,
421:.
396:,
312:,
308:,
181:–
135:.
1723:.
1719::
1670:.
1645:.
1602:.
1552:.
1454:.
1430:.
1388:.
1340:)
1285:)
1144:(
991:(
965:+
963:5
959:(
907:)
900:)
890:)
864:)
854:)
775:.
767:-
718:.
645:)
641:(
635:)
631:(
612:(
602:(
594:)
586:(
569:(
563:)
559:(
449:–
425:(
357:(
351:)
346:8
342:3
339:+
337:3
333:(
322:(
300:(
286:(
273:(
267:)
262:8
258:3
255:+
253:3
249:(
238:(
221:(
206:2
202:1
199:+
197:8
193:(
161:(
139:(
56:)
52:(
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