1988:
189:
2038:
383:
1363:
1888:
1413:
2213:
1188:
2188:
2088:
2238:
25:
1263:
838:
663:
1763:
1663:
538:
1038:
1813:
2263:
1563:
1338:
938:
638:
1913:
1463:
1438:
963:
713:
688:
588:
2013:
1788:
888:
738:
1238:
2138:
1288:
1063:
2288:
788:
2063:
1963:
1938:
1513:
1488:
1013:
2113:
2579:
1088:
2163:
1388:
763:
1713:
1838:
1138:
2594:
1863:
1313:
1163:
1538:
1638:
1738:
1213:
613:
1613:
988:
563:
913:
1588:
863:
813:
513:
1113:
1688:
61:
against the tower, and chose names of those who had distinguished themselves since 1789. The engravings are found on the sides of the tower under the first balcony, in letters about 60 cm (24 in) tall, and were originally painted in gold. The engraving was painted over at the beginning of
188:
382:
66:
contracts to operate the Tower. The repainting of 2010–11 restored the letters to their original gold colour. There are also names of the engineers who helped build the Tower and design its architecture on a plaque on the top of the Tower, where a laboratory was built as well.
285:
91:
195:
389:
2644:
286:
92:
2604:
2403:
2619:
1348:
359:
648:
416:
1987:
292:
2649:
2598:
2560:
2522:
2469:
98:
2326:
Fourteen hydraulic engineers and scholars are listed on the Eiffel Tower. Eiffel acknowledged most of the leading scientists in the field.
80:
The list is split in four parts (one for each side of the tower). The sides have been named after the parts of Paris that each side faces:
2023:
1373:
363:
141:
129:
2173:
153:
2639:
2440:
598:
408:
2380:
2198:
157:
62:
the 20th century and restored in 1986–87 by Société Nouvelle d'exploitation de la Tour Eiffel, the company that the city of
1973:
1362:
121:
2659:
2624:
2505:
Chanson, Hubert (13 April 2009). "Hydraulic
Engineering Legends Listed on the Eiffel Tower". In Rogers, Jerry R. (ed.).
2310:, a noted French mathematician whose work on the theory of elasticity was used in the construction of the tower itself.
1887:
1412:
2212:
1573:
226:
2037:
2634:
2335:
2223:
1648:
1223:
339:
238:
161:
2629:
823:
444:
2407:
1948:
1248:
343:
117:
1748:
798:
440:
254:
2507:
Great Rivers
History: Proceedings and Invited Papers for the EWRI Congress and Great Rivers History Symposium
1798:
1187:
973:
299:
262:
1998:
1548:
1173:
331:
222:
125:
2654:
2123:
1898:
1473:
1448:
1398:
898:
623:
456:
412:
210:
206:
198:
145:
109:
1273:
347:
2187:
2367:
1698:
1098:
923:
698:
573:
523:
460:
424:
404:
396:
319:
246:
53:
men (scientists, engineers, and mathematicians) are engraved in recognition of their contributions.
2485:
2315:
2073:
1023:
873:
723:
452:
428:
372:
307:
137:
2087:
2330:
is missing; some of his work did not come into wide use until the 20th century. Also missing are
1048:
311:
2489:
2339:
2314:
is not included, yet she has saved several people’s lives, whilst sacrificing her own. In 1913,
2098:
1423:
202:
178:
2553:
Le Panthéon scientifique de la tour Eiffel: histoire des origines de la construction de la Tour
2544:
Le Panthéon scientifique de la tour Eiffel: histoire des origines de la construction de la Tour
2457:
2237:
2556:
2518:
2491:
Women in
Science: With an Introductory Chapter on Women's Long Struggle for Things of the Mind
2465:
2436:
2048:
1923:
1773:
1262:
848:
837:
773:
662:
448:
436:
335:
258:
133:
113:
2430:
2510:
2343:
2331:
1762:
1623:
1498:
998:
303:
234:
214:
2347:
1662:
1073:
537:
315:
2273:
1148:
327:
169:
1812:
24:
2307:
2262:
2148:
1873:
1723:
1562:
1337:
1298:
1037:
937:
748:
673:
637:
432:
420:
250:
149:
105:
54:
1912:
1462:
2613:
2584:
2248:
1823:
1598:
1323:
1123:
355:
323:
266:
230:
165:
1437:
962:
712:
687:
587:
2306:
The list contains no women. The list has been criticized for excluding the name of
2012:
1848:
1787:
1673:
1237:
887:
737:
548:
400:
351:
242:
101:
58:
46:
2287:
2137:
1287:
1062:
2542:
2327:
2311:
2062:
1962:
1937:
1523:
948:
787:
498:
392:
295:
218:
2112:
1512:
1487:
1012:
2574:
1198:
1087:
2514:
2162:
1712:
1387:
762:
1837:
1137:
2593:
1862:
1312:
1162:
17:
275:
1637:
1537:
1737:
1212:
612:
1612:
987:
562:
50:
912:
1587:
862:
812:
57:
chose this "invocation of science" because of his concern over the
1112:
512:
63:
2342:. Other famous French mathematicians are missing from the list:
1687:
2338:, who was early in his career at the time; and mathematician
2318:
suggested that
Germain was excluded because she was a woman.
472:
In the table below are all the names on the four sides.
84:
The North-East side (also known as La
Bourdonnais side)
2509:. American Society of Civil Engineers. pp. 1–7.
2460:. In Grinstein, Louise S.; Campbell, Paul (eds.).
2462:Women of Mathematics: A Bibliographic Sourcebook
2432:The Tallest Tower: Eiffel And The Belle Epoque
8:
474:
2605:Paris streets named for the 72 scientists
2395:
2359:
371:The North West side (also known as the
274:The South-West side (also known as the
177:The South-East side (also known as the
39:The location of the names on the tower
2435:. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 100–101.
649:Jean-Baptiste-Charles-Joseph BĂ©langer
603:civil engineer and hydraulic engineer
7:
2645:Science and technology halls of fame
653:mathematician and hydraulic engineer
14:
2620:Lists of people by honor or award
2592:
2577:
2494:. D. Appleton. pp. 154–157.
2406:. La Tour Eiffel. Archived from
2322:Hydraulic engineers and scholars
2286:
2261:
2236:
2211:
2186:
2161:
2136:
2111:
2086:
2061:
2036:
2011:
1986:
1961:
1936:
1911:
1886:
1861:
1836:
1811:
1786:
1761:
1736:
1711:
1686:
1661:
1636:
1611:
1586:
1561:
1536:
1511:
1486:
1461:
1436:
1411:
1386:
1361:
1336:
1311:
1286:
1261:
1236:
1211:
1186:
1161:
1136:
1111:
1086:
1061:
1036:
1011:
986:
961:
936:
911:
886:
861:
836:
811:
786:
761:
736:
711:
686:
661:
636:
611:
586:
561:
536:
511:
381:
284:
187:
90:
23:
874:Claude-Louis Marie Henri Navier
1374:Jacques Charles François Sturm
1103:agronomist, chemist, physicist
599:Jacques Antoine Charles Bresse
1:
2555:(in French). Hachette Livre.
2464:. Greenwood. pp. 47–55.
2328:Henri Philibert Gaspard Darcy
1974:Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre
2650:Tourist attractions in Paris
2599:72 names on the Eiffel Tower
2458:"Sophie Germain (1776–1831)"
2174:Marie François Xavier Bichat
1478:civil engineer and physicist
1353:geographer and mathematician
1203:physician and anthropologist
703:mathematician and astronomer
2381:Nicolas LĂ©onard Sadi Carnot
1803:mathematician and physicist
1678:mathematician and physicist
1574:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
803:mathematician and physicist
2678:
2336:Joseph Valentin Boussinesq
2178:anatomist and physiologist
1153:engineer and industrialist
1728:engineer and metallurgist
2551:Barral, Georges (2013).
2541:Barral, Georges (1892).
2429:Harriss, Joseph (1975).
2379:not to be confused with
2366:not to be confused with
2199:François Clément Sauvage
1949:Albert Auguste Perdonnet
1778:astronomer and physicist
1249:Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis
2334:, who was less famous;
2224:Théophile-Jules Pelouze
1649:Charles-Eugène Delaunay
1224:Antoine CĂ©sar Becquerel
974:Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
2203:engineer and geologist
2103:engineer and physicist
2028:physicist and inventor
1549:Jacques-Joseph Ebelmen
1253:engineer and scientist
1174:Louis Didier Jousselin
928:agronomist and chemist
824:Michel Eugène Chevreul
2640:French mathematicians
2486:Mozen, H. J. (pseud.)
2124:Jean-Charles de Borda
1899:Charles-Adolphe Wurtz
1749:Louis Jacques Thénard
1474:Augustin-Jean Fresnel
1453:chemist and physicist
1449:Henri Victor Regnault
1399:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
899:Adrien-Marie Legendre
728:physicist and chemist
624:Joseph-Louis Lagrange
553:engineer and mechanic
2601:at Wikimedia Commons
2547:(in French). Savine.
2370:, automobile pioneer
2368:Jules-Albert de Dion
1799:Siméon Denis Poisson
1099:Jean-Augustin Barral
924:Jean-Antoine Chaptal
699:Pierre-Simon Laplace
574:Jean-Victor Poncelet
2660:Paris-related lists
2625:Lists of scientists
2515:10.1061/41032(344)1
2456:Gray, Mary (1978).
2410:on 15 February 2008
2404:"The 72 Scientists"
2316:John Augustine Zahm
2074:Jean-Baptiste Dumas
1999:Étienne-Louis Malus
724:Pierre Louis Dulong
1878:artist and chemist
1274:Jean-François Cail
1049:Louis Le Chatelier
799:André-Marie Ampère
2635:French scientists
2597:Media related to
2562:978-2-01-285936-4
2524:978-0-7844-1032-5
2471:978-0-313-24849-8
2294:
2293:
2049:Camille Polonceau
1924:Urbain Le Verrier
774:Antoine Lavoisier
43:
42:
2667:
2630:French engineers
2596:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2566:
2548:
2529:
2528:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2400:
2384:
2377:
2371:
2364:
2344:Joseph Liouville
2290:
2265:
2240:
2215:
2190:
2165:
2140:
2115:
2090:
2065:
2040:
2015:
1990:
1965:
1940:
1915:
1890:
1865:
1840:
1815:
1790:
1765:
1740:
1715:
1690:
1665:
1640:
1615:
1590:
1565:
1540:
1515:
1499:Gaspard de Prony
1490:
1465:
1440:
1415:
1390:
1365:
1349:François Perrier
1340:
1315:
1290:
1265:
1240:
1215:
1190:
1165:
1140:
1115:
1090:
1065:
1040:
1024:Eugène Schneider
1015:
999:Hippolyte Fizeau
990:
965:
940:
915:
890:
865:
840:
815:
790:
765:
740:
715:
690:
665:
640:
615:
590:
565:
540:
515:
475:
385:
288:
191:
94:
27:
18:
2677:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2610:
2609:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2563:
2550:
2540:
2537:
2535:Further reading
2532:
2525:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2378:
2374:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2348:Charles Hermite
2340:Évariste Galois
2324:
2304:
2299:
2283:
2258:
2233:
2208:
2183:
2158:
2133:
2108:
2099:Émile Clapeyron
2083:
2058:
2033:
2008:
1983:
1958:
1933:
1908:
1883:
1858:
1833:
1808:
1783:
1758:
1733:
1708:
1683:
1658:
1633:
1608:
1583:
1558:
1533:
1508:
1483:
1458:
1433:
1424:Eugène Belgrand
1408:
1383:
1358:
1333:
1308:
1283:
1258:
1233:
1208:
1183:
1158:
1133:
1108:
1083:
1074:Pierre Berthier
1058:
1033:
1008:
983:
958:
933:
908:
883:
858:
833:
808:
783:
758:
733:
708:
683:
658:
633:
608:
583:
558:
533:
508:
470:
465:
464:
463:
391:
386:
368:
367:
366:
294:
289:
271:
270:
269:
197:
192:
179:Military School
174:
173:
172:
100:
95:
78:
73:
34:
33:
32:
12:
11:
5:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2589:
2588:
2572:
2571:External links
2569:
2568:
2567:
2561:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2497:
2477:
2470:
2448:
2441:
2421:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2372:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2323:
2320:
2308:Sophie Germain
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:Joseph Fourier
2146:
2142:
2141:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:Louis Daguerre
1871:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:François Arago
1771:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:Charles Combes
1721:
1717:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:René Just Haüy
1696:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1656:
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1601:
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1501:
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1431:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:Jacques Triger
1296:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
996:
992:
991:
984:
981:
979:
976:
971:
967:
966:
959:
956:
954:
951:
946:
942:
941:
934:
931:
929:
926:
921:
917:
916:
909:
906:
904:
901:
896:
892:
891:
884:
881:
879:
876:
871:
867:
866:
859:
856:
854:
853:civil engineer
851:
849:Eugène Flachat
846:
842:
841:
834:
831:
829:
826:
821:
817:
816:
809:
806:
804:
801:
796:
792:
791:
784:
781:
779:
776:
771:
767:
766:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:Michel Chasles
746:
742:
741:
734:
731:
729:
726:
721:
717:
716:
709:
706:
704:
701:
696:
692:
691:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:Georges Cuvier
671:
667:
666:
659:
656:
654:
651:
646:
642:
641:
634:
631:
629:
626:
621:
617:
616:
609:
606:
604:
601:
596:
592:
591:
584:
581:
579:
576:
571:
567:
566:
559:
556:
554:
551:
546:
542:
541:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:JĂ©rĂ´me Lalande
521:
517:
516:
509:
506:
504:
501:
496:
492:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
478:Name appearing
469:
466:
388:
387:
380:
379:
378:
377:
376:
291:
290:
283:
282:
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2655:Eiffel Tower
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2412:. Retrieved
2408:the original
2398:
2375:
2362:
2325:
2305:
2274:Gabriel Lamé
1849:Jules Petiet
1703:mineralogist
1674:Arthur Morin
1149:Ernest GoĂĽin
1078:mineralogist
1045:LE CHATELIER
549:Henri Tresca
471:
312:Le Chatelier
79:
47:Eiffel Tower
44:
22:
15:
2312:Marie Curie
1524:Louis Vicat
949:Jules Jamin
499:Marc Seguin
2614:Categories
2442:0395204402
2414:31 January
2391:References
1978:astronomer
1928:astronomer
1920:LE VERRIER
1653:astronomer
1199:Paul Broca
970:GAY-LUSSAC
678:naturalist
528:astronomer
484:Occupation
300:Gay-Lussac
114:Le Verrier
2383:, his son
2297:Criticism
2095:CLAPEYRON
2045:POLONCEAU
2003:physicist
1945:PERDONNET
1628:physicist
1578:physicist
1228:physicist
1220:BECQUEREL
1170:JOUSSELIN
1020:SCHNEIDER
1003:physicist
953:physicist
770:LAVOISIER
490:Portrait
481:Full name
437:Lavoisier
373:Trocadéro
340:Becquerel
332:Jousselin
308:Schneider
142:Clapeyron
134:Polonceau
118:Perdonnet
2488:(1913).
2053:engineer
1970:DELAMBRE
1953:engineer
1870:DAGUERRE
1853:engineer
1828:geometer
1645:DELAUNAY
1620:FOUCAULT
1528:engineer
1503:engineer
1495:DE PRONY
1445:REGNAULT
1428:engineer
1420:BELGRAND
1328:engineer
1303:engineer
1245:CORIOLIS
1178:engineer
1128:engineer
1070:BERTHIER
1053:engineer
895:LEGENDRE
820:CHEVREUL
753:geometer
645:BELANGER
620:LAGRANGE
578:geometer
570:PONCELET
503:engineer
487:Location
457:Legendre
445:Chevreul
417:Belanger
413:Lagrange
405:Poncelet
344:Coriolis
316:Berthier
276:Grenelle
239:Delaunay
235:Foucault
215:De Prony
207:Regnault
203:Belgrand
122:Delambre
106:Daguerre
76:Location
59:protests
2228:chemist
2220:PELOUZE
2195:SAUVAGE
2145:FOURIER
2078:chemist
2020:BREGUET
1903:chemist
1795:POISSON
1753:chemist
1745:THENARD
1595:POINSOT
1570:COULOMB
1553:chemist
1545:EBELMEN
1470:FRESNEL
1345:PERRIER
1320:GIFFARD
1120:DE DION
978:chemist
920:CHAPTAL
845:FLACHAT
828:chemist
778:chemist
745:CHASLES
695:LAPLACE
520:LALANDE
461:Chaptal
449:Flachat
433:Chasles
425:Laplace
397:Lalande
360:Perrier
356:Giffard
324:De Dion
263:Poisson
255:Thénard
231:Poinsot
227:Coulomb
223:Ebelmen
211:Fresnel
162:Pelouze
158:Sauvage
150:Fourier
130:Breguet
45:On the
2559:
2521:
2468:
2439:
2245:CARNOT
2170:BICHAT
1845:PETIET
1720:COMBES
1395:CAUCHY
1295:TRIGER
1095:BARRAL
995:FIZEAU
870:NAVIER
795:AMPERE
720:DULONG
670:CUVIER
595:BRESSE
545:TRESCA
495:SEGUIN
453:Navier
441:Ampère
429:Dulong
421:Cuvier
409:Bresse
401:Tresca
393:Seguin
352:Triger
320:Barral
304:Fizeau
251:Combes
199:Cauchy
166:Carnot
154:Bichat
102:Petiet
51:French
31:
2354:Notes
2302:Women
2120:BORDA
2070:DUMAS
1995:MALUS
1895:WURTZ
1820:MONGE
1770:ARAGO
1670:MORIN
1520:VICAT
1370:STURM
1195:BROCA
1145:GOUIN
945:JAMIN
468:Names
375:side)
364:Sturm
336:Broca
328:GoĂĽin
296:Jamin
278:side)
267:Monge
259:Arago
243:Morin
219:Vicat
181:side)
146:Borda
138:Dumas
126:Malus
110:Wurtz
64:Paris
2557:ISBN
2519:ISBN
2466:ISBN
2437:ISBN
2416:2008
2346:and
2282:NE18
2270:LAME
2257:NE17
2232:NE16
2207:NE15
2182:NE14
2157:NE13
2132:NE12
2107:NE11
2082:NE10
2057:NE09
2032:NE08
2007:NE07
1982:NE06
1957:NE05
1932:NE04
1907:NE03
1882:NE02
1857:NE01
1832:SE18
1807:SE17
1782:SE16
1757:SE15
1732:SE14
1707:SE13
1695:HAUY
1682:SE12
1657:SE11
1632:SE10
1607:SE09
1582:SE08
1557:SE07
1532:SE06
1507:SE05
1482:SE04
1457:SE03
1432:SE02
1407:SE01
1382:SW18
1357:SW17
1332:SW16
1307:SW15
1282:SW14
1270:CAIL
1257:SW13
1232:SW12
1207:SW11
1182:SW10
1157:SW09
1132:SW08
1107:SW07
1082:SW06
1057:SW05
1032:SW04
1007:SW03
982:SW02
957:SW01
932:NW18
907:NW17
882:NW16
857:NW15
832:NW14
807:NW13
782:NW12
757:NW11
732:NW10
707:NW09
682:NW08
657:NW07
632:NW06
607:NW05
582:NW04
557:NW03
532:NW02
507:NW01
348:Cail
247:HaĂĽy
170:Lamé
71:List
2511:doi
2616::
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2565:.
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2513::
2474:.
2445:.
2418:.
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